Diphtheria toxin. Medical search

An ADP-ribosylating polypeptide produced by CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that causes the signs and symptoms of DIPHTHERIA. It can be broken into two unequal domains: the smaller, catalytic A domain is the lethal moiety and contains MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASES which transfers ADP RIBOSE to PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2 thereby inhibiting protein synthesis; and the larger B domain that is needed for entry into cells.

A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.

The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with TETANUS TOXOID and PERTUSSIS VACCINE; (DTP); or with tetanus toxoid alone (DT for pediatric use and Td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN is for treatment.

An antitoxin produced against the toxin of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that is used for the treatment of DIPHTHERIA.

A species of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria in which three cultural types are recognized. These types (gravis, intermedius, and mitis) were originally given in accordance with the clinical severity of the cases from which the different strains were most frequently isolated. This species is the causative agent of DIPHTHERIA.

Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.

A combined vaccine used to prevent infection with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. This is used in place of DTP vaccine (DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE) when PERTUSSIS VACCINE is contraindicated.

A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.

Ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of two polypeptide chains, the toxic A subunit and a lectin B subunit, linked by disulfide bridges. The lectin portion binds to cell surfaces and facilitates transport into the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.

A vaccine consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and whole-cell PERTUSSIS VACCINE. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.

A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.

Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect.

Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.

An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.

Protein synthesized by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI as a single chain of ~150 kDa with 35% sequence identity to BOTULINUM TOXIN that is cleaved to a light and a heavy chain that are linked by a single disulfide bond. Tetanolysin is the hemolytic and tetanospasmin is the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal CONVULSIONS.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate.

An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.

A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.

A toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, Abrus precatorius L. Very active poison. Five different proteins have so far been isolated: Abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for: hemagglutinating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principals each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds.

Combined vaccines consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and an acellular form of PERTUSSIS VACCINE. At least five different purified antigens of B. pertussis have been used in various combinations in these vaccines.

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

Protein factors uniquely required during the elongation phase of protein synthesis.

Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.

A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

A cultured line of C3H mouse FIBROBLASTS that do not adhere to one another and do not express CADHERINS.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous FISHES.

Substances which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts may, by their chemical action, cause damage to structure or disturbance of function. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS.

A subtype of tetraspanin proteins that play a role in cell adhesion, cell motility, and tumor metastasis. CD9 antigens take part in the process of platelet activation and aggregation, the formation of paranodal junctions in neuronal tissue, and the fusion of sperm with egg.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.

Inorganic compounds that contain fluorine as an integral part of the molecule.

A class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS. They include SHIGA TOXIN which is produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE and a variety of shiga-like toxins that are produced by pathologic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157.

Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.

Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus.

Diphtheria toxin effects on human cells in tissue culture. (1/946)

HeLa cells exposed to a single sublethal concentration of diphtheria toxin were found to have diminished sensitivity when subsequently reexposed to the toxin. Three cells strains exhibiting toxin resistance were developed. In the cells that had previously been exposed to toxin at 0.015 mug/ml, 50% inhibition of protein synthesis required a toxin concentration of 0.3 mug/ml, which is more than 10 times that required in normal HeLa cells. There appears to be a threshold level of diphtheria toxin action. Concentrations of toxin greater than that required for 50% inhibition of protein synthesis (0.01 mug/ml) are associated with cytotoxicity, whereas those below this concentration may not be lethal. Several established human cell lines of both normal and neoplastic origin were tested for their sensitivity to the effects of the toxin. No special sensitivity was observed with the cells of tumor origin. Fifty % inhibition of protein synthesis of HeLa cells was achieved with diphtheria toxin (0.01 mug/ml) as compared to the normal human cell lines tested (0.03 and 0.5 mug/ml) and a cell line derived from a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (0.2 mug/ml). A human breast carcinoma cell line showed a maximum of 45% inhibition of protein synthesis. This required a diphtheria toxin concentration of 5 mug/ml. These results suggest that different human cell lines show wide variation in their sensitivity to the toxin. (+info)

Endoprotease PACE4 is Ca2+-dependent and temperature-sensitive and can partly rescue the phenotype of a furin-deficient cell strain. (2/946)

PACE4 is a member of the eukaryotic subtilisin-like endoprotease family. The expression of human PACE4 in RPE.40 cells (furin-null mutants derived from Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells) resulted in the rescue of a number of wild-type characteristics, including sensitivity to Sindbis virus and the ability to process the low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Expression of PACE4 in these cells failed to restore wild-type sensitivity to Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Co-expression of human PACE4 in these cells with either a secreted form of the human insulin pro-receptor or the precursor form of von Willebrand factor resulted in both proproteins being processed; RPE.40 cells were unable to process either precursor protein in the absence of co-expressed PACE4. Northern analysis demonstrated that untransfected RPE.40 cells express mRNA species for four PACE4 isoforms, suggesting that any endogenous PACE4 proteins produced by these cells are either non-functional or sequestered in a compartment outside of the secretory pathway. In experiments in vitro, PACE4 processed diphtheria toxin and anthrax toxin protective antigen, but not Pseudomonas exotoxin A. The activity of PACE4 in vitro was Ca2+-dependent and, unlike furin, was sensitive to temperature changes between 22 and 37 degrees C. RPE.40 cells stably expressing human PACE4 secreted an endoprotease with the same Ca2+ dependence and temperature sensitivity as that observed in membrane fractions of these cells assayed in vitro. These results, in conjunction with other published work, demonstrate that PACE4 is an endoprotease with more stringent substrate specificity and more limited operating parameters than furin. (+info)

Interaction of diphtheria toxin T domain with molten globule-like proteins and its implications for translocation. (3/946)

The transmembrane (T) domain of diphtheria toxin has a critical role in the low pH-induced translocation of the catalytic domain (A chain) of the toxin across membranes. Here it is shown that at low pH, addition of proteins in a partly unfolded, molten globule-like conformation converted the T domain from a shallow membrane-inserted form to its transmembrane form. Fluorescence energy transfer demonstrated that molten globule-like proteins bound to the T domain. Thus, the T domain recognizes proteins that are partly unfolded and may function in translocation of the A chain as a transmembrane chaperone. (+info)

Translocation of the catalytic domain of diphtheria toxin across planar phospholipid bilayers by its own T domain. (4/946)

The T domain of diphtheria toxin is known to participate in the pH-dependent translocation of the catalytic C domain of the toxin across the endosomal membrane, but how it does so, and whether cellular proteins are also required for this process, remain unknown. Here, we report results showing that the T domain alone is capable of translocating the entire C domain across model, planar phospholipid bilayers in the absence of other proteins. The T domain therefore contains the entire molecular machinery for mediating transfer of the catalytic domain of diphtheria toxin across membranes. (+info)

Expression and immunogenicity of a mutant diphtheria toxin molecule, CRM(197), and its fragments in Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA. (5/946)

Mutant diphtheria toxin molecule CRM(197) and fragments thereof were expressed in attenuated Salmonella typhi CVD 908-htrA, and the constructs were tested for their ability to induce serum antitoxin. Initially, expressed proteins were insoluble, and the constructs failed to induce neutralizing antitoxin. Soluble CRM(197) was expressed at low levels by utilizing the hemolysin A secretion system from Escherichia coli. (+info)

Ablation of a specific cell population by the replacement of a uniquely expressed gene with a toxin gene. (6/946)

The transgenic expression of a toxin gene or a thymidine kinase gene under the control of cell type-specific promoter/enhancer has been shown to be useful for removing a specific cell population in mice. However, this approach requires extensive analysis of the control elements for gene expression in the preparation of the transgenic constructs, and furthermore, the toxin gene might be expressed ectopically because of random integration, resulting in aberrant depletion of unrelated cells. To avoid such difficulties with the transgenic approach, we established a method for the specific depletion of a cell population by replacing a uniquely expressed gene in the population with the diphtheria toxin gene by using homologous recombination. The NKR-P1 gene, a specific cell surface marker of natural killer (NK) cells, was selected as the target gene for depleting NK cells. In chimeric mice reconstituted with embryonic stem cells in which the NKR-P1 gene was replaced by the toxin gene, NKR-P1(+) cells were almost completely depleted, and NK cell function was abrogated in the embryonic stem cell-derived lymphoid cells. Other cell lineages developed normally. These results show that all NK cells express NKR-P1, that NKR-P1(+) cells do not influence the development of T and B cells, and further, that this technology of cell targeting is a fast and powerful method of generating mice lacking any chosen cell population. (+info)

Receptor-mediated uptake of an extracellular Bcl-x(L) fusion protein inhibits apoptosis. (7/946)

Bcl-x(L), a member of the Bcl-2 family, inhibits many pathways of apoptosis when overexpressed in the cell cytosol. We examined the capacity of Bcl-x(L) fusion proteins to bind cells from the outside and block apoptosis. Full-length Bcl-x(L) protein at micromolar concentrations did not affect apoptosis when added to cell media. To increase uptake by cells, Bcl-x(L) was fused to the receptor-binding domain of diphtheria toxin (DTR). The Bcl-x(L)-DTR fusion protein blocked apoptosis induced by staurosporine, gamma-irradiation, and poliovirus in a variety of cell types when added to media. The potency of inhibition of poliovirus-induced apoptosis by Bcl-x(L)-DTR was greater than that of strong caspase inhibitors. Brefeldin A, an inhibitor of vesicular traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, prevented the Bcl-x(L)-DTR blockade of apoptosis induced by staurosporine, suggesting that Bcl-x(L)-DTR must be endocytosed and reach intracellular compartments for activity. Many diseases are caused by overexpression or underexpression of Bcl-x(L) homologues. Extracellular delivery of Bcl-2 family member proteins may have a wide range of uses in promoting or preventing cell death. (+info)

Amino acid substitution in alpha-helix 7 of Cry1Ac delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis leads to enhanced toxicity to Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. (8/946)

Insecticidal proteins or delta-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis are highly toxic to a wide range of agronomically important pests. The toxins are formed of three structural domains. The N-terminal domain is a bundle of eight alpha-helices and is implicated in pore formation in insect midgut epithelial membranes. All the delta-endotoxins share a common hydrophobic motif of eight amino acids in alpha-helix 7. A similar motif is also present in fragment B of diphtheria toxin (DT). Site-directed mutagenesis of Cry1Ac delta-endotoxin of B. thuringiensis was carried out to substitute its hydrophobic motif with that of DT fragment B. The mutant toxin was shown to be more toxic to the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) than the wild-type toxin. Voltage clamp analysis with planar lipid bilayers revealed that the mutant toxin opens larger ion channels and induces higher levels of conductance than the wild-type toxin. (+info)

"Cellular ADP-ribosyltransferase with the same mechanism of action as diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas toxin A". Proc. Natl. ... Diphtheria toxin Molecular and Cellular Biology portal. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAD( )—diphthamide_ADP-ribosyltransferase

"Notes on the immunity to diphtheria toxin". Journal of Hygiene. 20: 179-220. doi:10.1017/s0022172400033945. Oakley, C.F. (1966 ... His scientific work focused on the mechanisms of antibody production and the prevention of diphtheria. In 1921 he and H. J. ... In 1925-6 he developed alum-precipitated diphtheria toxoid. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1944 and awarded the ... In the same paper they also briefly described the properties of diphtheria toxoid, which had been discovered by Glenny in 1904 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Glenny

Glenny, A.T.; Südmerson, H.J. (1921). "Notes on the production of immunity to diphtheria toxin". J. Hyg. 21: 176-220. National ... In 1888 Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin isolated diphtheria toxin, and following the 1890 discovery by Behring and Kitasato of ... Examples of toxoid-based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria. Subunit vaccines are composed of small fragments of disease ... antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals. Passive immunization is used when there ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medical)

... , like diphtheria toxin, is a single polypeptide chain of 535 amino acids (58.4 kD) consisting of two subunits (linked by ... CRM197 is a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin, currently used as a carrier protein for polysaccharides and haptens to make ... CRM197 is a genetically detoxified form of diphtheria toxin. A single mutation at position 52, substituting glutamic acid for ... the bacteria that produces the native toxin. Like the wild type toxin, CRM197 is expressed as a secreted protein at relatively ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRM197

An example is Shiga toxin. Other toxins act at elongation factor-2. In the case of the diphtheria toxin, EF2 is ADP-ribosylated ... Toxins of this type include cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, Shiga toxin and heat-liable enterotoxin from E. coli. Once in the ... AB5 toxin) By domain architecture of the toxin (for example, polymorphic toxins) By the ability of the toxin to endure in ... Membrane-damaging toxins can be divided into two categories, the channel-forming toxins and toxins that function as enzymes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotoxin

Spiering MM, Ringe D, Murphy JR, Marletta MA (April 2003). "Metal stoichiometry and functional studies of the diphtheria toxin ... The domain is named after Corynebacterium diphtheriae dtxR, an iron-specific diphtheria toxin repressor, and Bacillus subtilis ... The dtxR protein regulates the expression of diphtheria toxin in response to environmental iron concentrations. Furthermore, ... These include: Corynebacterium diphtheriae dtxR, a diphtheria toxin repressor, which regulates the expression of the high- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_dependent_repressor

Brucellosis infections Used toxin/antitoxin as a vaccine for diphtheria (1909). In the process of investigating an epidemic of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_Smith

Was a Pioneer in Arousing Scientific Interest in Diphtheria Anti-Toxin". New York Times. February 26, 1932. Retrieved 2013-12- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_O'Malley_(author)

Diphtheria toxin engineered protein combining Interleukin-2 and Diphtheria toxin Interleukin-2 receptor binder ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologics

1 August 2001). "Diphtheria toxin receptor mediated conditional and targeted cell ablation in transgenic mice". Nature ... For example, a laser beam or a controllable gene promoter for a toxin gene can be used to destroy a selected amount of cells. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_ablation

The mechanism of the toxin is similar to that of Diphtheria toxin.) It has been investigated as a treatment for hepatitis B and ... Stuckey, Daniel; Hingtgen, Shawn; Karaka, Nihal; Rich, Benjamin; Shah, Khalid (2014). "Engineering toxin-resistant therapeutic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_exotoxin

Constitutive cell ablation can be induced by diphtheria toxin (DT) in zebrafish. Genome Fatal/harmful mutations Ohnmacht, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_ablation

Ouchterlony, O. (1948). "In vitro method for testing the toxin-producing capacity of diphtheria bacteria". Acta pathologica et ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouchterlony_double_immunodiffusion

Diphtheria toxin mice 10 ng/kg 0.00000001 [89]. Shiga toxin (from dysentery) mice 2 ng/kg 0.000000002 [89]. ... Tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin) mice 2 ng/kg 0.000000002 [89]. Botulinum toxin (Botox) human, oral, injection, inhalation 1 ng/kg ... Nagai H (2003). "Recent Progress in Jellyfish Toxin Study". Journal of Health Science. 49 (5): 337-340. doi:10.1248/jhs.49.337 ... or LCt50 is a measure of the lethal dose of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen.[1] The value of LD50 for a substance is the dose ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD-50

The protein can be a toxin, an apoptotic factor, or a viral protein. Toxins such as diphtheria toxin interfere with cellular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase

"Nucleotide sequence of the structural gene for diphtheria toxin carried by corynebacteriophage beta". Proceedings of the ... Diphtheria is caused by a bacterium, but only after that bacterium has been infected by a bacteriophage carrying the structural ... as well the study of possible medicinal uses of toxins. As far back as 1974, DNA sequence similarity was recognized as a ... genes for the toxin. In Herpes simplex virus, the structural gene sequence responsible for virulence was found in two locations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_gene

"Nanoparticulate delivery of diphtheria toxin DNA effectively kills Mesothelin expressing pancreatic cancer cells". Cancer Biol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Sawicki

... the binding of diphtheria toxin to cells revealed the association of a 27-kDa membrane protein with the diphtheria toxin ... 1995). "Diphtheria toxin binds to the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain of human heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor ... The transmembrane form of HB-EGF is the unique receptor for diphtheria toxin and functions in juxtacrine signaling in cells. ... Louie GV, Yang W, Bowman ME, Choe S (1998). "Crystal structure of the complex of diphtheria toxin with an extracellular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparin-binding_EGF-like_growth_factor

When House tells Park to call the CDC for anti-toxin, she realizes it's diphtheria. They didn't consider it because no one gets ... House turns back to toxins, but there was no-one with the opportunity to poison the patient on all occasions. However, Park ... After they go through the possibilities, House figures it's a toxin and orders tests and an environmental scan. He also tells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perils_of_Paranoia

It is the target of diphtheria toxin (from Corynebacterium diphtheriae), and exotoxin A (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The ... inactivation of EF-2 by toxins inhibits protein production in the host, causing symptoms due to loss of function in affected ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEF2

The two men developed a diphtheria serum by repeatedly injecting the deadly toxin into a horse. The serum was used effectively ... and Behring stimulated Meyer's interest in the mode of action of tetanus toxin. Behring was the discoverer of diphtheria ... for his discovery of a diphtheria antitoxin. He was widely known as a "saviour of children," as diphtheria used to be a major ... He won the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for the development of serum therapies against diphtheria (which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_von_Behring

The arrangement of the α-helices in Bcl-X(L) resembles that for diphtheria toxin and the colicins. Diphtheria toxin forms a ... Active cell suicide (apoptosis) is induced by events such as growth factor withdrawal and toxins. It is controlled by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2_family

Examples: Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces the toxin of diphtheria only when it is infected by the phage β. In this case, ... Vibrio cholerae is a non-toxic strain that can become toxic, producing cholera toxin, when it is infected with the phage CTXφ. ... Shigella dysenteriae, which produces dysentery has toxins that fall into two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, whose genes are ... Certain strains of Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism, express botulinum toxin from phage-tranduced genes. Strategies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysogenic_cycle

The findings suggest similarities between the pore-forming 'hotspots' of TcdB and the diphtheria toxin translocation domain. ... In this respect, they superficially resemble diphtheria toxin (DT; TC# 1.C.7) although no significant sequence similarity ... The distantly related ToxA toxin of Pasteurella multocida (TC# 1.C.57.3.1) is 1285 aas while the E. coli Cnf1 and 2 toxins(TC#s ... pH-dependent channel formation has been demonstrated for C. difficile Toxin B and C as well as Sordellina lethal toxin. Low pH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridial_Cytotoxin_family

An example of a neutralizing antibody is diphtheria antitoxin, which can neutralize the biological effects of diphtheria toxin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralizing_antibody

... could bind to Interleukin-2 receptors and introduce the diphtheria toxin into cells that express those ... an engineered protein combining Interleukin-2 and Diphtheria toxin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denileukin_diftitox

... s are similar in structure to the toxins found in cholera, tetanus, diphtheria and botulinum; and their physiological ... There is an enormous variation in sensitivity to the toxin, and a lethal dose may be as little as two-millionths of body weight ... The toxins present in poisonous mushrooms such as Amanita phalloides are quite different from toxalbumins and are mostly ... Brieger first used the term toxin. Toxalbumins notably are present in the plant families Leguminosae and Euphorbiaceae, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxalbumin

Pertussis toxin of B. Pertussis; C3 toxin of C. botulinum; and Diphtheria toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Histone code ... It is also the basis for the toxicity of bacterial compounds such as cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, and others. The first ... corynebacterium diphtheria diphtheria toxin was shown to be dependent on NAD+ in order for it to be completely effective, ... In diphtheria, ADP-ribosylates ribosomal elongation factor EF-2, which attenuates protein synthesis. There are a variety of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-ribosylation

In the late 19th century, Emil von Behring isolated the diphtheria toxin and demonstrated its effects in guinea pigs. He went ... which resulted in the modern methods of immunization and largely ended diphtheria as a threatening disease. The diphtheria ... The success of animal studies in producing the diphtheria antitoxin has also been attributed as a cause for the decline of the ... on to develop an antitoxin against diphtheria in animals and then in humans, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism

... s are also a target for pathogen toxins. Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces the diphtheria toxin that alters ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongation_factor

Diphtheria toxin. *NAD(P)+:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase *Pertussis toxin. *Cholera toxin. *Poly ADP ribose polymerase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharyltransferase

Diphtheria toxin. *Dermaseptin. *Magainin. *Melittin. *Nisin. *Pneumolysin. This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histatin

Diphtheria toxin. *NAD(P)+:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase *Pertussis toxin. *Cholera toxin. *Poly ADP ribose polymerase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase

Tetanus toxin is so lethal that humans cannot develop immunity to a natural infection, as the amount of toxin and time required ... Some diseases, such as tetanus, cause disease not by bacterial growth but by bacterial production of a toxin. ... However the tetanus toxin is easily denatured losing its ability to produce disease, but leaving it able to induce immunity to ... to kill a person is much less than is required by the immune system to recognize the toxin and produce antibodies against it.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity

Epidermolytic toxin-producing staphylococci as the etiologic agent of the fourth childhood exanthem". American Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritter's_disease

... made especially dangerous by the toxin.[1]:74 Some German researchers had also discovered the diphtheria toxin and were trying ... The anti-diphtheria serum which was able to agglutinate the bacteria and neutralize the toxin was supplied by a horse ... Unlike diphtheria, which releases toxins via exocytotic secretion, typhoid pathogens encapsulate endotoxins which survive even ... Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin discovered the mechanism of action of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and how to treat diphtheria ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur_Institute

... and diphtheria came to humans this way. Various forms of the common cold and tuberculosis also are adaptations of strains ... or toxins ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis

NOTE: This article seems to be split between two pages. More about cathelicidin's clinical significance can be found on the page for its encoding gene, LL-37. Patients with rosacea have elevated levels of cathelicidin and elevated levels of stratum corneum tryptic enzymes (SCTEs). Cathelicidin is cleaved into the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by both kallikrein 5 and kallikrein 7 serine proteases. Excessive production of LL-37 is suspected to be a contributing cause in all subtypes of Rosacea.[15] Antibiotics have been used in the past to treat rosacea, but antibiotics may only work because they inhibit some SCTEs.[16] Higher plasma levels of human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein (hCAP18), which are up-regulated by vitamin D, appear to significantly reduce the risk of death from infection in dialysis patients. Patients with a high level of this protein were 3.7 times more likely to survive kidney dialysis for a year without a fatal infection.[17] Vitamin D up-regulates genetic expression of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathelicidin

Most people who have an uncomplicated skin abscess should not use antibiotics.[4] Antibiotics in addition to standard incision and drainage is recommended in persons with severe abscesses, many sites of infection, rapid disease progression, the presence of cellulitis, symptoms indicating bacterial illness throughout the body, or a health condition causing immunosuppression.[1] People who are very young or very old may also need antibiotics.[1] If the abscess does not heal only with incision and drainage, or if the abscess is in a place that is difficult to drain such as the face, hands, or genitals, then antibiotics may be indicated.[1] In those cases of abscess which do require antibiotic treatment, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is a common cause and an anti-staphylococcus antibiotic such as flucloxacillin or dicloxacillin is used. The Infectious Diseases Society of America advises that the draining of an abscess is not enough to address community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess

... it also makes diphtheria toxin, which harms the brain, heart, and kidneys; protection against diphtheria is afforded by ... diphtheria, n. గళగండం; కంఠసర్పి; కండమాల; ఒక ప్రమాదకరమైన అంటువ్యాధి; *---(note) a disease caused by the bacterium ... immunity to this single toxin; so diphtheria vaccine contains one single protein; ...

https://te.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ఇంగ్లీషు-తెలుగు_నిఘంటువు_

Biological Toxins[edit]. Main article: Toxin. *X - botulinum toxin A. *XR - partially purified botulinum toxin A ... DK - diphtheria. *TQ - listeriosis. Chlamydial Biological Agents[edit]. *SI - psittacosis. Rickettsial Biological Agents[edit] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon_designation

A carbuncle is a cluster of several boils, which is typically filled with purulent exudate (dead neutrophils, phagocytized bacteria, and other cellular components).[5] Fluid may drain freely from the carbuncle, or intervention involving an incision and drainage procedure may be needed.[4] Carbuncles may develop anywhere, but they are most common on the back and the nape of the neck.[3] A carbuncle is palpable and can range in size to be as small as a pea or as large as a golf ball. Surface is red and angry, looking like hot red coal. The surrounding area is indurated. Later, skin on the centre of the carbuncle softens and peripheral satellite vesicles appear, which rupture discharging pus and give rise to cribriform appearance.[3][6] As the impending infection develops, itching may occur. There may be localized erythema, skin irritation, and the area may be painful when touched. Sometimes more severe symptoms may occur, such as fatigue, fever, chills, and general malaise as the body fights the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuncles

For adults and children over seven, the Td vaccine (tetanus and diphtheria) or Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular ... The toxin appears to act by selective cleavage of a protein component of synaptic vesicles, synaptobrevin II, and this prevents ... The tetanus toxin initially binds to peripheral nerve terminals. It is transported within the axon and across synaptic ... The effect of the toxin is to block the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus

Shiga toxin · Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli) · E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin · Cholera toxin · Pertussis ... "toxin" tại Từ điển Y học Dorland *^ "toxin - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 12 ... type I (Superantigen) · type II (Pore forming toxins) · type III (AB toxin/AB5) ... Clostridium: tetani (Tetanospasmin) · perfringens (Alpha toxin, Enterotoxin) · difficile (A, B) · botulinum (Botox). khác: ...

https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin

Toxins, poisons, environment pollution. *Aflatoxin. *Arsenic contamination of groundwater. *Benzene in soft drinks ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_TB

For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases toxins that produce shock ... Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage ... Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. ... and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.[1][2] An infectious disease, also known ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection

Diphtheria → 디프테리아 (E). *Dysentery → 이질 (D). *Encephalitis → 뇌염 (E). *Gangrene → 괴저 (D) ... Toxin → 독소 (E). *Aneurysm → 동맥류 (E). *Brain damage → 뇌손상 (E). *Bleeding → 출혈 (D) ...

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/위키백과:모든_언어의_위키백과마다_꼭_있어야_하는_문서_목록/확장판/생물학_및_의과학

Antitoxins to diphtheria and tetanus toxins were produced by Emil Adolf von Behring and his colleagues from 1890 onwards. The ... Dolman, C.E. (1973). "Landmarks and pioneers in the control of diphtheria". Can. J. Public Health. 64 (4): 317-36. PMID 4581249 ... use of diphtheria antitoxin for the treatment of diphtheria was regarded by The Lancet as the "most important advance of the [ ... "Report of the Lancet special commission on the relative strengths of diphtheria antitoxic antiserums". Lancet. 148 (3803): 182 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure

His laboratory made decisive contributions to developing antiserum for diphtheria and standardizing therapeutic serums.[11] ... Maitotoxin, a complex organic biological toxin.. Biomolecular chemistry is a major category within organic chemistry which is ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry

... study of antibodies began in 1890 when Kitasato Shibasaburō described antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins. ... on the surface of cells could bind specifically to toxins - in a "lock-and-key" interaction - and that this binding reaction is ... It also implies that Fab-mediated effects are directed at microbes or toxins, whilst Fc mediated effects are directed at ... the antitoxin is something directed against a toxin, while the antibody is a body directed against something.[88] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

Diphtheria. DPT vaccine. Boostrix, Adacel, Decavac, Tenivac, Daptacel, Infanrix, Tripedia, Kinrix, Pediarix, Pentacel, ... and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics

en:Diphtheria (79) → 디프테리아 *en:Diplopia (31) → 다시증 *en:Diseases of affluence (20) ... en:Toxin (61) → 독소 *en:Toxocara canis (18) → 개회충 *en:Toxocariasis (21) ...

https://ko.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/위키백과:미번역_문서/의학

Behring had been investigating antibacterial agents and discovered a diphtheria antitoxin. (For that discovery, Bering was the ... But Ehrlich's rationale was that the chemical structure called side chain forms antibodies that bind to toxins (such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_bullet_

A pathogen may be described in terms of its ability to produce toxins, enter tissue, colonize, hijack nutrients, and its ... Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogens

Microbial toxins. References[edit]. *^ a b c d e f g Montecucco C, Molgó J (June 2005). "Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an ... Toxin production[edit]. Botulism toxins are produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, namely Clostridium botulinum, C. ... Botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is the cause of botulism.[17] Humans most commonly ingest the toxin from ... The toxin is also used commercially for medical and cosmetic purposes. There are seven main types of botulinum toxin, named ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum

"Colinear synthesis of an antigen-specific B-cell epitope with a promiscuous tetanus toxin T-cell epitope: a synthetic peptide ... the alpha subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone to form a heterospecies dimer conjugated with both tetanus toxoid and diphtheria ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunocontraception

note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species ... Cardiotoxin III (CTX III, also known as cytotoxin 3) is a sixty amino-acid polypeptide toxin from the Taiwan Cobra Naja atra. ... Snake toxin-like (2 families) - Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database". Retrieved 2008-12-13.. .mw-parser-output ... which are made up of shorter snake venom three-finger toxins.[1] ... Toxic shock syndrome toxin. *Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxin_III

note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species ... Histrionicotoxins are a group of related toxins found in the skin of poison frogs from the family Dendrobatidae, notably ... Diphtheria toxin. Gram. negative. *Shiga toxin. *Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histrionicotoxin

... even more toxin is released. It takes up to several days for the toxin to be neutralized from the body by using continuous ... meningococcal polysaccharide-diphtheria conjugate vaccine versus quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine in two- to ten-year-old ... This is due to the release of toxins into the blood that break down the walls of blood vessels. A rash can develop under the ... In this case, bacterial toxins rupture blood vessels and can rapidly shut down vital organs. Within hours, patient's health can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcemia

Diagnostic diphtheria toxin definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation ... diagnostic diphtheria toxin in Medicine Expand. diagnostic diphtheria toxin n. See Schick test toxin. ...

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/diagnostic-diphtheria-toxin

Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Symptoms include sore throat, fever and breathing ... Caption: Diphtheria toxin, molecular model. Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Symptoms include ... diphtheria toxin, disease, disorder, exotoxin, healthcare, illness, illustration, medical, medical illustration, medicine, ...

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/597337/view

Probing the Structure of the Diphtheria Toxin Channel. Paul D. Huynh, Can Cui, Hangjun Zhan, Kyoung Joon Oh, R. John Collier, ... 1981) Diphtheria toxin fragment forms large pores in phospholipid bilayer membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:4950-4954, pmid: ... 1988) Diphtheria toxin-induced channels in Vero cells selective for monovalent cations. J Biol Chem 263:12352-12359, pmid: ... Probing the Structure of the Diphtheria Toxin Channel. Paul D. Huynh, Can Cui, Hangjun Zhan, Kyoung Joon Oh, R. John Collier, ...

http://jgp.rupress.org/content/110/3/229.long

Structure-function analyses of diphtheria toxin by use of monoclonal antibodies.. J M Rolf, L Eidels ... Structure-function analyses of diphtheria toxin by use of monoclonal antibodies. Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a ... A large panel of hybridomas, secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for diphtheria toxin (DT) and prepared by ... A number of MAbs were able to detect epitopes that became more or less accessible when the toxin was preincubated at acidic ( ...

https://iai.asm.org/content/61/3/994

THE EFFECT OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN ON THE VITAMIN C CONTENT OF GUINEA PIG TISSUES. CARL M. LYMAN and C. G. KING ... THE EFFECT OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN ON THE VITAMIN C CONTENT OF GUINEA PIG TISSUES. CARL M. LYMAN and C. G. KING ... THE EFFECT OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN ON THE VITAMIN C CONTENT OF GUINEA PIG TISSUES. CARL M. LYMAN and C. G. KING ... The effect of diphtheria toxin on the vitamin C content of guinea pig tissues was studied by titration with 2,6-dichlorophenol- ...

http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/56/2/209

Localization of diphtheria toxin receptor-binding domain to the carboxyl-terminal M∼6000 region of the toxin. J. Biol. Chem.265 ... United States standard diphtheria toxin for the Schick test and the erythema potency assay for the Schick test dose. Infect. ... We isolated a human monoclonal antibody against diphtheria toxin (DT). It bound to fragment B with a binding activity (Kd) of ... Isolation of a Human Monoclonal Antibody with Strong Neutralizing Activity against Diphtheria Toxin. Mai Kakita, Tsuyoshi ...

https://iai.asm.org/content/74/6/3682

... of diphtheria toxin.. Rydell, Niclas Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of ... Diphtheria Toxin/*immunology, Female, Immunity; Mucosal, Immunization, Immunoglobulin E/blood, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Mice, ... Mucosal vaccination against diphtheria using starch microparticles as adjuvant for cross-reacting material (CRM197) ... Administration; Oral, Animals, Antibodies; Bacterial/blood, Bacterial Proteins/*immunology, Diphtheria/*prevention & control, ...

http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:102707

Variant diphtheria toxin-interleukin-3 fusion proteins with increased receptor affinity have enhanced cytotoxicity against ... A fusion protein linking a truncated form of diphtheria toxin (DT(388)) to human interleukin-3 (DT(388)IL3) kills malignant ... Variant diphtheria toxin-interleukin-3 fusion proteins with increased receptor affinity have enhanced cytotoxicity against ... Variant diphtheria toxin-interleukin-3 fusion proteins with increased receptor affinity have enhanced cytotoxicity against ...

https://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/12/4/1284

Diphtheria toxin acted much more rapidly than modeccin. Cells were protected against both toxins with antiserum as well as with ... Evidence that diphtheria toxin and modeccin enter the cytosol from different vesicular compartments. K Sandvig, K Sandvig ... the cells were more strongly protected against modeccin than against diphtheria toxin. The residual toxic effect of diphtheria ... Diphtheria toxin entry into cells is facilitated by low pH. A single mutation in Chinese hamster ovary cells impairs both Golgi ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/98/3/963/56813/Evidence-that-diphtheria-toxin-and-modeccin-enter

Infusion of the diphtheria toxin A chain-H19 plasmid into the peritoneum of our patient resulted in complete resolution of the ... We developed a new therapeutic strategy to target expression of the diphtheria toxin fragment A gene in ovarian tumor cells ... Infusion of the diphtheria toxin A chain-H19 plasmid into the peritoneum of our patient resulted in complete resolution of the ... Diphtheria toxin is secreted from Corynebacterium diphtheriae as a single polypeptide chain containing two major domains: A ...

https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-1947-4-228

... recognises diphtheria toxin (DT), secreted by certain strains of ,em,Corynebacterium diphtheriae,/em,. DT catalyzes the ADP- ... strong,Mouse anti Diptheria toxin antibody, clone 8G1,/strong, ... Mouse anti Diphtheria Toxin. Diphtheria Toxin antibody , 8G1. ... Mouse anti Diptheria toxin antibody, clone 8G1 recognises diphtheria toxin (DT), secreted by certain strains of Corynebacterium ... Mouse anti Diptheria toxin antibody, clone 8G1 (3710-0100) is specific for the intact toxin/toxoid and does not react with free ...

https://www.bio-rad-antibodies.com/monoclonal/bacterial-diphtheria-toxin-antibody-8g1-3710-0100.html

Diphtheria toxin. Diphtheria strains infected by a beta-phage, which carries a toxin-encoding gene, produce a potent toxin. ... Toxin is poorly absorbed from the skin; thus, toxin complications are rare in cutaneous diphtheria. ... Usually, diphtheria is a cutaneous or nasopharyngeal infection, but a potent toxin produced by phage-infected organisms can ... Diphtheria antitoxin must be given without waiting for culture confirmation because the antitoxin neutralizes only toxin not ...

http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-bacilli/diphtheria?Ref=t&ItemId=v1005806&RefId=infectious_diseases/gram-positive_bacilli/corynebacterium_diphtheriae_diphtheria&Speed=256&Plugin=WMP&Error=

Diphtheria toxin_toxoid \ B65701G for more molecular products just contact us ... Index / Meridian Life Science / Goat A Diphtheria toxin_toxoid / Product Detail : B65701G Goat A Diphtheria toxin_toxoid. ... We have also other products like : Goat A Diphtheria toxin_toxoid. Related products : Goat A Diphtheria toxin_toxoid ...

http://www.antibody-antibodies.com/product_det.php?id=329007&supplier=search&name=Goat%20A

... dérivés de Diphtheria Toxin, dictionnaire analogique de Diphtheria Toxin (anglais) ... How Diphtheria Toxin Works - Animation. External links. *Diphtheria+Toxin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical ... Diphtheria toxin). NAD(P)+:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase (Pertussis toxin · Cholera toxin). Poly ADP ribose polymerase. ... Shiga toxin · Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli) · E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin · Cholera toxin · Pertussis ...

http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/Diphtheria%20Toxin/en-en/

keywords = "Ara-C, Diphtheria toxin, GMCSF receptor, Myeloid leukemia cells",. author = "Kim, {Caryn N.} and Kapil Bhalla and ... Kim, CN, Bhalla, K, Kreitman, RJ, Willingham, MC, Hall, P, Tagge, EP, Jia, T & Frankel, AE 1999, Diphtheria toxin fused to ... Diphtheria toxin fused to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and Ara-C exert synergistic toxicity against human ... Diphtheria toxin fused to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and Ara-C exert synergistic toxicity against human ...

https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/diphtheria-toxin-fused-to-granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulati

Diphtheria toxin is the main virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes the disease diphtheria. It was the ... Diphtheria toxin is the main virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes the disease diphtheria. It was the ... Diphtheria toxin is synthesized as a single polypeptide (535 amino acids) with a molecular weight of 62000. It consists of two ... which attaches the toxin to the host cells (or to any eukaryotic cell). Fragment A is only produced after uptake of the toxin, ...

https://everything2.com/title/diphtheria+toxin

Myocarditis secondary to diphtheria toxin is considered one of the biggest risks to unimmunized children. Diphtheria toxin was ... Diphtheria Toxin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) How Diphtheria Toxin Works - Animation ... Diphtheria toxin is extraordinarily potent. The lethal dose for humans is about 0.1 μg of toxin per kg of body weight. Death ... Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin

Diphtheria toxin synonyms, Diphtheria toxin pronunciation, Diphtheria toxin translation, English dictionary definition of ... Diphtheria toxin. Noun 1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae - a species of bacterium that causes diphtheria C. diphtheriae, Klebs- ... Diphtheria toxin - definition of Diphtheria toxin by The Free Dictionary https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Diphtheria+toxin ... The two commonly engineered bacterial toxins are Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) and diphtheria toxin (DT).[sup][7] Both consist of ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Diphtheria+toxin

Diphtheria toxin receptor-mediated conditional and targeted cell ablation in transgenic mice. *Saito M ... We expressed the diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor in transgenic mice using a hepatocyte-specific promoter and found that ... We have developed a simple and sensitive method for conditional cell ablation in transgenic mice, called toxin receptor- ...

https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/diphtheria-toxin-receptormediated-conditional-targeted-cell-ablation-transgenic-mice/

Public health response for toxin-producing diphtheria includes treating patients, providing chemoprophylaxis to close contacts ... Public health response for toxin-producing diphtheria includes treating patients, providing chemoprophylaxis to close contacts ... testing patients and close contacts for C. diphtheriae carriage, and providing diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine to ... testing patients and close contacts for C. diphtheriae carriage, and providing diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine to ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6812a2.htm

A diphtheria toxin is a type of chemical that is secreted by an infectious bacterium called Corynebacterium diphtheriae. ... If diphtheria toxin reaches the heart, it can cause severe inflammation and swelling that raises blood pressure and presents ... Diphtheria toxin is not always released by C. diphtheriae, and non-active infections generally do not cause health problems. ... Diphtheria toxin is a chemical that is secreted by an infectious bacterium called Corynebacterium diphtheriae, or C. ...

https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-diphtheria-toxin.htm

... diphtheria toxin include Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria- ... Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation, Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance, ... Diphtheria Toxin: An Adp-ribosylating polypeptide produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that causes the signs and symptoms of ... Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid ...

https://www.jove.com/keyword/diphtheria+toxin

Diphtheria toxin (DT) inhibits eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2) by ADP-ribosylation in a fashion that requires ... Keywords: diphtheria toxin; sordarin; diphthamide biosynthesis; DPH1-DPH7 genes diphtheria toxin; sordarin; diphthamide ... Abdel-Fattah W, Scheidt V, Uthman S, Stark MJR, Schaffrath R. Insights into Diphthamide, Key Diphtheria Toxin Effector. Toxins ... "Insights into Diphthamide, Key Diphtheria Toxin Effector." Toxins 5, no. 5: 958-968. ...

http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/5/5/958

Abcam provides specific protocols for Anti-Diphtheria Toxin antibody (FITC) (ab68422) : Immunohistochemistry protocols, ...

https://www.abcam.com/diphtheria-toxin-antibody-fitc-ab68422-protocols.html

High-resolution structure of the diphtheria toxin repressor complexed with cobalt and manganese reveals an SH3-like third ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/structureCluster.do?structureId=2DTR

This model shows the toxin produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the cause of diphtheria. The less stable of ... The other subunit (lower) penetrates the cell, and the toxin interferes with metabolic reactions within the cell. Diphtheria ... Caption: Diphtheria toxin , molecular model. This model shows the toxin produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, ... diphtheria, diphtheria toxin, disease, helices, illustration, medical, medicine, microbiological, microbiology, molecular, ...

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/7284/view/diphtheria-toxin-structure

TRANSFER OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO DIPHTHERIA TOXIN IN MAN. H. S. Lawrence, A. M. Pappenheimer ... Simultaneous transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to diphtheria toxin and to tuberculin has been accomplished in eight ... Two of these sensitized individuals showed severe delayed skin reactions specifically directed against diphtheria toxin (or ... to purified diphtheria toxin and toxoid. The leucocyte extracts used for transfer contained no detectable antitoxin. The ...

http://jem.rupress.org/content/104/3/321

Insights to the diphtheria toxin encoding prophages amongst clinical isolates of Corynebacterium diphtheriae from India.. ... Diphtheria is a dreadful disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Lysogenised bacteriophages carrying toxin gene in C. ... However, the two non-toxin strains did not harbour any of the phages in the genome. It is imperative to devise prevention ... However, such phage disseminates the toxin genes to other strains when it undergoes lytic phase. As little is known about the ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32003344

Diphtheria Toxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae, lyophilized powder, Product is in unnicked form pricing ... Ablation of Pericyte-Like Cells in Lungs by Oropharyngeal Aspiration of Diphtheria Toxin.. [Chi F Hung, Yu-Hua Chow, W Conrad ... In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of administering diphtheria toxin (DT) by oropharyngeal aspiration as an approach ... in which FoxD1-derived cells heritably express simian or human diphtheria toxin receptor and are sensitive to DT. We delivered ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/27779900

Native Diphtheria Toxin Protein. Species: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Source: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Order product ... Diphtheria Toxin (Active) Protein Diphtheria Toxin (Active) Protein. Details for Product No. ABIN2452169, Supplier: Log in to ... 5) As a marker of Diphtheria toxin in SDS-PAGE Comment Activity test: Addition of 20 ~30 pg/mL of Diphtheria toxin in growth ... Uchida, Pappenheimer, Harper: "Diphtheria toxin and related proteins. 3. Reconstitution of hybrid "diphtheria toxin" from ...

http://www.antibodies-online.com/protein/2452169/Diphtheria+Toxin+Active+protein/

diphtheria toxin repressor;. 3D,. three-dimensional;. NOE(SY),. nuclear Overhauser effect (spectroscopy);. HSQC,. heteronuclear ... The diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) is the best-characterized member of a family of homologous proteins that regulate iron ... The diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) regulates the expression of several iron-sensitive genes in Corynebacterium diphtheriae, ... Solution structure and peptide binding studies of the C-terminal Src homology 3-like domain of the diphtheria toxin repressor ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/96/11/6119?ijkey=661e9f5bb1f8b221db65d04dd6e02befd33c22de&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Homologous recombination at c-fyn locus of mouse embryonic stem cells with use of diphtheria toxin A-fragment gene in negative ... Here, we report an efficacious method for such isolation in which the diphtheria toxin A-fragment gene is used to negatively ... Homologous recombination at c-fyn locus of mouse embryonic stem cells with use of diphtheria toxin A-fragment gene in negative ... Homologous recombination at c-fyn locus of mouse embryonic stem cells with use of diphtheria toxin A-fragment gene in negative ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/87/24/9918?ijkey=1d3896f26cf0b3df045418752cd60343541232cb&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Solution structure and peptide binding studies of the C-terminal src homology 3-like domain of the diphtheria toxin repressor ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/structureCluster.do?structureId=1BYM

This article belongs to the Special Issue Diphtheria Toxin) View Full-Text , Download PDF [927 KB, uploaded 18 June 2013] , ... Toxins 2013, 5, 1180-1201. AMA Style. Vinante F, Rigo A. Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-like Growth Factor/Diphtheria ... Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-like Growth Factor/Diphtheria Toxin Receptor in Normal and Neoplastic Hematopoiesis. ... Vinante, F.; Rigo, A. Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-like Growth Factor/Diphtheria Toxin Receptor in Normal and ...

http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/5/6/1180

Diphtheria toxin diversification could decrease effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin for ... which revealed diverse diphtheria toxin in C. ulcerans. ... Some strains of C. ulcerans can produce diphtheria toxin, which ... Diphtheria toxin diversification could decrease effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin for ... ulcerans can convert to toxin-producing strains through a process of lysogeny with diphtheria toxin gene-carrying ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/25/11/18-1455_article

No early effect of toxin on nucleic acid synthesis ... The effect of toxin on the incorporation of uridine and ... THE EFFECT OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN ON THE METABOLISM OF HELA CELLS : II. EFFECT ON NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM ... 19867174 - The effect of diphtheria toxin on the metabolism of hela cells : ii. effect on nucleic .... 1090594 - Utilization of ... No early effect of toxin on nucleic acid synthesis was evident and only a slight effect of toxin on nucleoside phosphate ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Effect-diphtheria-toxin-metabolism-hela/19867174.html

The purified DT.sup.S mouse cells are highly toxin-sensitive (.about.1,000-fold more so than L-M cells and only .about.10-fold ... The DT sensitivity protein is thus a growth factor precursor which is exploited by DT, thus allowing the toxin to enter the ... library constructed from RNA of highly toxin-sensitive monkey Vero cells and with a neomycin resistance gene. One DT-sensitive ... Molecular cloning and expression of biologically-active diphtheria toxin receptor Image Number 7 for United States Patent # ...

http://www.patentgenius.com/image/5366874-7.html

Kreitman RJ, Pastan I: Recombinant toxins containing human GM-CSF and either Pseudomonas exotoxin or diphtheria toxin kill ... can be fused to a truncated diphtheria toxin (DT) to produce a recombinant fusion toxin that kills GM-CSF receptor-bearing ... DT388-GM-CSF is similar to DTctGM-CSF, which contains diphtheria toxin-amino acid residues 1 to 385 fused to a Ser-(Gly)4-Ser- ... Expression cloning of a diphtheria toxin receptor: Identity with a heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor precursor. Cell 1992; ...

http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/90/9/3654?ijkey=ea5a8997bd4664fc608f33c3bd3dc2d37b82d407&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&sso-checked=true

Glu52]--Diphtheria toxin from Pseudomonas fluorescens expressed recombinant CRM197, lyophilized powder pricing ... Diphtheria toxin (DT) has shown anticancer activity in both experimental models and humans but its adverse effects stopped ... Clinical experience of treatment of metastatic melanoma and solid tumours adopting a derivative of diphtheria toxin: cross- ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/23422478

IL-2 diphtheria toxin (IL2DT, Denileukin diftitox; Ontak), is a recombinant cytotoxic fusion protein composed of the amino acid ... Clearance of acute myeloid leukemia by haploidentical natural killer cells is improved using IL-2 diphtheria toxin fusion ... Clearance of acute myeloid leukemia by haploidentical natural killer cells is improved using IL-2 diphtheria toxin fusion ... Clearance of acute myeloid leukemia by haploidentical natural killer cells is improved using IL-2 diphtheria toxin fusion ...

http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/123/25/3855?sso-checked=true

Analysis of transcription of the diphtheria toxin repressor locus in Corynebacterium diphtheriae ... Point mutations in tox promoter/operator and diphtheria toxin repressor (Delta txr) gene associated with the level of toxin ... Point mutations in tox promoter/operator and diphtheria toxin repressor (DTXR) gene associated with the level of toxin ... Evidence for direct regulation of diphtheria toxin gene transcription by an iron dependent dna binding repressor d tox r in ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/034/404/034404029.php

European doctors have been shocked to see cases of diphtheria among migrants from African and Middle Eastern countries. (statnews.com)
We should not be seeing cases of diphtheria anymore. (msf.org.uk)
In 1921 there were 206,000 reported cases of diphtheria in the United States and 15,520 reported deaths. (healthstatus.com)
The sled dogs traveling over 674miles to carry the antitoxin back to the small town to save the confirmed 20 cases of diphtheria and about 50 others cases that were at risk. (healthstatus.com)
Most cases of diphtheria occur in people who haven't received the vaccine at all or haven't received the entire course. (kidshealth.org)
Most cases of diphtheria are caught from unrecognized and unsuspected carriers. (wordpress.com)
In 2016, about 7,100 cases of diphtheria were recorded by the World Health Organization. (healthyslide.com)
Since 2009 no cases of diphtheria have been reported in the Ryazan region [1]. (eco-vector.com)

Diphtheria toxin is secreted from Corynebacterium diphtheriae as a single polypeptide chain containing two major domains: A chain (amino-terminal, 193 residues), which carries the active site for adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation of elongation factor-2, and B chain (carboxyl-terminal, 342 residues), which promotes binding of toxin to cells and the entry of the A chain into the cytosolic compartment. (biomedcentral.com)
Mouse anti Diptheria toxin antibody, clone 8G1 recognises diphtheria toxin (DT), secreted by certain strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae . (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria. (healthyslide.com)

Contacts should receive a diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine unless vaccinated within the past 5 years. (unboundmedicine.com)

Diphtheria is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane (called a pseudomembrane ) on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity. (wordpress.com)

This is known as Skin (Cutaneous) Diphtheria. (healthyslide.com)

A large panel of hybridomas, secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for diphtheria toxin (DT) and prepared by immunization with either intact DT or its A or B fragment (DTA or DTB), have been isolated and characterized. (asm.org)
Some may also need immunization with diphtheria vaccine. (bphc.org)
immunization protects against the toxin (not infection or microbial carriage). (unboundmedicine.com)
Due to early immunization and vaccination against diphtheria, mortality and morbidity of diphtheria have reduced. (healthyslide.com)
With that notwithstanding, diphtheria is still a significant child health problem in countries with poor Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) coverage initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) to vaccinate children all over the world. (healthyslide.com)

Diphtheria can be prevented in close contact by giving antibiotics, so they were given to everyone who came into the centre. (msf.org.uk)
Antibiotics kill bacteria in your body, so giving penicillin or erythromycin can help your body kill off the diphtheria bacteria in your body. (healthstatus.com)
After a doctor confirms the diagnosis through a throat culture , the infected person receives a special anti-toxin, given through injections or an IV, to neutralize the diphtheria toxin already circulating in the body, plus antibiotics to kill the remaining diphtheria bacteria. (kidshealth.org)
Antibiotics and antitoxins are used to treat diphtheria. (bphc.org)
Diphtheria is curable when diagnosed early and treated with antitoxins and antibiotics. (healthyslide.com)
Antibiotics are given to kill the bacteria while antitoxins are used to counteract the toxins. (healthyslide.com)

Of course, even promising vaccines and preventive therapies such as a diphtheria antitoxin face innumerable challenges during the years it takes to move from the lab to patients, often because their potential markets are too small to encourage private investment and the countries where they are needed don't have resources to fund research or buy the necessary doses. (statnews.com)
There are different types of vaccines against diphtheria which are used in different age groups. (bphc.org)
Fortunately, effective vaccines are available to prevent diphtheria. (bphc.org)

Highly contagious and particularly deadly among children under age 5, the name of the disease comes from the Greek word for "leather hide," a reference to the gray, leather-like coating that the toxin generated by the diphtheria bacterium leaves behind in the nose and throat. (statnews.com)

Most diphtheria outbreaks occur in poor countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia where vaccination is not universal or complete. (statnews.com)
Some have compared the world's lack of preparedness for diphtheria outbreaks to walking into a storm. (statnews.com)
Rohingya crisis: "After measles and diphtheria outbreaks, what will be next? (msf.org.uk)
We may have cured them of diphtheria, but we are sending them back to a place where they could be at risk of further outbreaks. (msf.org.uk)
Because outbreaks of diphtheria are so rare, no pharmaceutical company thinks there will be a market for an antitoxin that has been developed in a laboratory, so it is still manufactured in this antiquated way. (msf.org.uk)
One of the most well known outbreaks of Diphtheria is the outbreak in Nome, Alaska. (healthstatus.com)

What makes diphtheria a serious infection is that it makes a toxin, basically a poison, which can spread around the body. (msf.org.uk)
DIphtheria is a bacterial infection that causes a grey mucous membrane to form over the back of the throat and tonsils. (healthstatus.com)
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection. (healthstatus.com)
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that spreads easily and occurs quickly. (kidshealth.org)
The toxin, or poison, caused by the bacteria can lead to a thick coating (or membrane) in the nose, throat, or airway, which makes a diphtheria infection different from other more common infections that cause sore throat (such as strep throat ). (kidshealth.org)
In cases that progress beyond a throat infection, diphtheria toxin spreads through the bloodstream and can lead to potentially life-threatening complications that affect other organs, such as the heart and kidneys. (kidshealth.org)
If the infection is advanced, people with diphtheria may need a ventilator to help them breathe. (kidshealth.org)
Diphtheria infection spreads efficiently in this route, especially in crowded and slummy conditions. (healthyslide.com)
People who have been infected by the diphtheria bacteria can be asymptomatic and carriers of the infection if not treated. (healthyslide.com)

Since diphtheria is easily spread you will be kept under isolation until your symptoms have gone away. (healthstatus.com)
People infected with the diphtheria bacteria, even if they don't have any symptoms, can infect others for up to 4 weeks. (kidshealth.org)

We isolated a human monoclonal antibody against diphtheria toxin (DT). (asm.org)
Mouse anti Diptheria toxin antibody, clone 8G1 (3710-0100) is specific for the intact toxin/toxoid and does not react with free A or B subunits. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
Research teams at MassBiologics have identified a much safer human antibody to diphtheria toxin. (statnews.com)
Preclinical testing has proven that our antibody neutralizes the diphtheria toxin . (statnews.com)
The intensity of anti-diphtheria immunity was also high: 93.3-95.6% of the examined persons had medium and high antibody titers. (eco-vector.com)

We developed a new therapeutic strategy to target expression of the diphtheria toxin fragment A gene in ovarian tumor cells under the control of H19 regulatory sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
In the presence of iron, a repressor molecule, coded for by the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) gene, is activated by iron and prevents transcription of the tox gene. (wordpress.com)
When concentrations of iron drop, the repressor molecule is inactivated and transcription of the tox gene proceeds, resulting in production of diphtheria toxin. (wordpress.com)

After addition of diphtheria toxin to the cells, compounds that increase the pH of intracellular vesicles protected only approximately to the same extent as antitoxin. (rupress.org)
In January 1925, sled dog relay teams delivered antitoxin to treat a diphtheria outbreak in Nome, Alaska. (statnews.com)
The discovery of an antitoxin derived from horse serum at the end of the 19th century, followed by the widespread vaccination of infants against diphtheria in the 20th century, helped to erase it as a common disease here and in other developed countries. (statnews.com)
International health leaders, monitoring the upheavals occurring around the globe, say that the need for a reliable supply of the diphtheria antitoxin is dire. (statnews.com)
MassBiologics, a nonprofit unit of the University of Massachusetts Medical School that I lead, has been at the forefront of diphtheria treatment since 1894, when the organization was created specifically to produce the newly-discovered diphtheria antitoxin, which saved the lives of thousands of children in Massachusetts and beyond. (statnews.com)
The antitoxin was made by extracting blood from horses exposed to small amounts of diphtheria toxin. (statnews.com)
At a precursor of MassBiologics, "Captain" produced enough antitoxin in 1922-23 to protect 86,000 children from dying of diphtheria. (statnews.com)
Public health ministers in places like the Dominican Republic, where spillover cases from Haiti have been threatening public health, have been pleading for diphtheria antitoxin. (statnews.com)
If you have not been given the vaccine to help prevent diphtheria, a way to treat the disease is an antitoxin. (healthstatus.com)
Diphtheria is caused by a bacterial toxin, so the antitoxin given will stop the bacterial toxin from circulating in the body. (healthstatus.com)
The evaluation of antitoxic immunity against diphtheria was performed on the basis of the results of annual serological examination of at least 100 samples of blood sera for the content of diphtheria antitoxin in each age indicator group. (eco-vector.com)

There is a series of five shots given to children for diphtheria, called the DTaP vaccine. (healthstatus.com)
Preventing diphtheria depends almost completely on giving the diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccine to children (DTaP) and non-immunized adolescents and adults (Tdap). (kidshealth.org)

Structure-function analyses of diphtheria toxin by use of monoclonal antibodies. (asm.org)
To study the level of anti-diphtheria antitoxic antibodies in blood serum of vaccinated individuals over the period of 2015-2017. (eco-vector.com)
Protective level of anti-diphtheria antibodies in 2015 was revealed in 97.3%, in 2016 - in 93.3% and in 2017 - in 98.3% of the examined samples. (eco-vector.com)

Of the DTB MAbs, 118 recognize epitopes between residues 194 and 453, 10 recognize epitopes between residues 454 and 481, and 1 recognizes an epitope present in denatured toxin but not present in native DT located within the carboxyl-terminal receptor-binding region of DT (residues 482 to 535). (asm.org)
Variant diphtheria toxin-interleukin-3 fusion proteins with increased receptor affinity have enhanced cytotoxicity against acute myeloid leukemia progenitors. (aacrjournals.org)
Denileukin diftitox (Ontak) directs the cytocidal action of diphtheria toxin to cells which express the IL-2 receptor. (drugbank.ca)
Gb3/CD77 extremely expresses on a number of human tumors such as pancreatic, colon, and breast cancer and acts as a functional receptor for Shiga toxin (STx). (magiran.com)

Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor fused to truncated diphtheria toxin (DT388-GM-CSF) sensitized wild-type and Bcl2- overexpressing HL60 human leukemia cells to intoxication by Ara-C based on proliferation and clonogenic assays. (elsevier.com)

A number of MAbs were able to detect epitopes that became more or less accessible when the toxin was preincubated at acidic (endosomal-mimicking) pH, suggesting that the epitopes they recognize may be important in the low-pH-induced insertion and/or translocation of DT across the endosomal membrane. (asm.org)
A doctor usually catches diphtheria by looking in the throat and visibly seeing the grey membrane. (healthstatus.com)
The presence of spots or a membrane on the tonsils or other situation in the back part of the throat is strongly suggestive of diphtheria, but it is not always a proof of the disease, for they may be due to other causes, such as simple tonsillitis, or septic sore throat , or Vincent's angina. (wordpress.com)

3. Travelling to a diphtheria endemic area. (healthyslide.com)

Diphtheria toxin produced by C. diphtheriae , can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. (wordpress.com)
An isolated culture of C. diphtheriae in a culture medium and the identification of the presence of a toxin is necessary for making a diagnosis. (healthyslide.com)

A fusion protein linking a truncated form of diphtheria toxin (DT(388)) to human interleukin-3 (DT(388)IL3) kills malignant progenitors from some patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) while sparing normal progenitors. (aacrjournals.org)

Most patients with diphtheria have a fever, sore throat and difficulty swallowing. (msf.org.uk)
Diphtheria forms a thick covering of the throat, which can be dislodged, obstruct the airway and cause swelling of the neck that can compress or block a person's airways. (msf.org.uk)
Diphtheria affects children so greatly because of the mucousy build up that forms in the back of the throat. (healthstatus.com)
In its early stages, diphtheria can be mistaken for a bad sore throat. (kidshealth.org)
Treatment includes assessment of immune status, throat cultures, and booster doses of the diphtheria vaccine. (kidshealth.org)
People who become ill with diphtheria can have swelling of the throat, nose and tonsils which can be severe. (bphc.org)
Diphtheria is a disease of the throat, nose, or trachea, caused by a germ called the Klebs-Löffler bacillus . (wordpress.com)
The only sure indication of diphtheria is to find diphtheria bacilli in a culture from the throat or nose. (wordpress.com)
An abnormal condition of the nose or throat can be seen in nearly every diphtheria carrier, and the germs persist because of the abnormality . (wordpress.com)
A healthy nose or throat will seldom harbor diphtheria bacilli. (wordpress.com)
The procedures which are of value in ridding a carrier of the bacilli are those which would tend to restore the throat to a normal state if no diphtheria germs were present. (wordpress.com)
Routine Diphtheria tests were stopped because the majority of people were positive for Diphtheria in the throat and the skin. (wordpress.com)
On inspection, one of the hallmark sign of diphtheria is a layer of thick, grey material covering the back of the throat. (healthyslide.com)

Bangladesh has not seen a case of diphtheria for many years, so training was incredibly important to make sure we could work safely. (msf.org.uk)

A person with diphtheria must be isolated. (kidshealth.org)

Some strains of the germ can produce a toxin that damages the heart and nerves. (bphc.org)

Diphtheria spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes and other people breathe in the infected droplets. (bphc.org)

After a single dose of Tdap, adolescents and adults should receive a booster shot with the diphtheria/tetanus vaccine (Td) every 10 years. (kidshealth.org)

Diphtheria can also be very fatal as a result of the toxins produced by the bacteria which affect organs such as the heart, kidney, nervous system, etc. (healthyslide.com)

Not only that but the bacteria produce a toxin which also affects other organs. (healthyslide.com)

Diphtheria is highly contagious. (kidshealth.org)

In 1993 and 1994, more than 50,000 cases were reported during a serious outbreak of diphtheria in countries of the former Soviet Union. (kidshealth.org)

Inhibition of protein synthesis in Vero cells was measured at different periods of time after treatment with diphtheria toxin and the related plant toxin modeccin. (rupress.org)

Thankfully there is a vaccine for diphtheria that now has brought down less than 20,000 cases per year worldwide. (healthstatus.com)

This is often given as Td, a vaccine that protects against both tetanus and diphtheria or Tdap, a vaccine that protects against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. (bphc.org)

Anatomy3

Organisms3

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs41

Phenomena and Processes4

Information Science2

Geographicals1

Diphtheria toxin effects on human cells in tissue culture. (1/946)

Endoprotease PACE4 is Ca2+-dependent and temperature-sensitive and can partly rescue the phenotype of a furin-deficient cell strain. (2/946)

Interaction of diphtheria toxin T domain with molten globule-like proteins and its implications for translocation. (3/946)

Translocation of the catalytic domain of diphtheria toxin across planar phospholipid bilayers by its own T domain. (4/946)

Expression and immunogenicity of a mutant diphtheria toxin molecule, CRM(197), and its fragments in Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA. (5/946)

Ablation of a specific cell population by the replacement of a uniquely expressed gene with a toxin gene. (6/946)

Receptor-mediated uptake of an extracellular Bcl-x(L) fusion protein inhibits apoptosis. (7/946)

Amino acid substitution in alpha-helix 7 of Cry1Ac delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis leads to enhanced toxicity to Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. (8/946)

Diphtheria Toxin

Diphtheria

Diphtheria Toxoid

Diphtheria Antitoxin

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Peptide Elongation Factor 2

Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine

Ricin

Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2

Cholera Toxin

Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine

Tetanus

Immunotoxins

ADP Ribose Transferases

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose

Tetanus Toxin

Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars

Ammonium Chloride

T-2 Toxin

Abrin

Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines

Vero Cells

Peptide Elongation Factors

Vaccines, Combined

Peptide Fragments

Exotoxins

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Tetanus Toxoid

Receptors, Cholinergic

Corynebacterium

Commonwealth of Independent States

Receptors, Cell Surface

L Cells (Cell Line)

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Molecular Sequence Data

Botulinum Toxins, Type A

Protein Biosynthesis

Marine Toxins

Poisons

NAD

Antibodies, Bacterial

Cercopithecus aethiops

Cell Line

Plant Lectins

Bacterial Proteins

Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated

Antigens, CD9

Kinetics

Bacterial Toxins

Amino Acid Sequence

Whooping Cough

Fluorine Compounds

Shiga Toxins

Corynebacterium Infections

Virulence Factors

Pronase

Diphtheria toxin effects on human cells in tissue culture. (1/946)

Endoprotease PACE4 is Ca2+-dependent and temperature-sensitive and can partly rescue the phenotype of a furin-deficient cell strain. (2/946)

Interaction of diphtheria toxin T domain with molten globule-like proteins and its implications for translocation. (3/946)

Translocation of the catalytic domain of diphtheria toxin across planar phospholipid bilayers by its own T domain. (4/946)

Expression and immunogenicity of a mutant diphtheria toxin molecule, CRM(197), and its fragments in Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA. (5/946)

Ablation of a specific cell population by the replacement of a uniquely expressed gene with a toxin gene. (6/946)

Receptor-mediated uptake of an extracellular Bcl-x(L) fusion protein inhibits apoptosis. (7/946)

Amino acid substitution in alpha-helix 7 of Cry1Ac delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis leads to enhanced toxicity to Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. (8/946)

The conjugation of diphtheria toxin T domain to poly(ethylenimine) based vectors for enhanced endosomal escape during gene...

Diphtheria Toxin : définition de Diphtheria Toxin et synonymes de Diphtheria Toxin (anglais)

Evidence that diphtheria toxin and modeccin enter the cytosol from different vesicular compartments. | Journal of Cell Biology ...

Treatment of ovarian cancer ascites by intra-peritoneal injection of diphtheria toxin A chain-H19 vector: a case report |...

Functional verification of the diphtheria toxin A gene in a recombinant system | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology |...

Diphtheria :: Documents.OK.Gov

Diagnostic diphtheria toxin | Define Diagnostic diphtheria toxin at Dictionary.com

Diphtheria toxin fused to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and Ara-C exert synergistic toxicity against human...

Ontak (Denileukin Diftitox) in Patients With Systemic Mastocytosis (SM) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov

Oral vaccination against diphtheria using polyacryl starch microparticles as adjuvant

Diphtheria

Denileukin diftitox - DrugBank

Anti Diphtheria Toxin Antibody, clone 8G1 | Bio-Rad

Diphtheria

Diphtheria toxin, molecular model - Stock Image F009/6155 - Science Photo Library

$Gentaur Molecular :Meridian Life Science \ Goat A Diphtheria toxin toxoid \ B65701G$ Gentaur Molecular :Meridian Life Science \ Goat A Diphtheria toxin toxoid \ B65701G