Dimerization. Medical search

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the "zipper" region). The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Polymers synthesized by living organisms. They play a role in the formation of macromolecular structures and are synthesized via the covalent linkage of biological molecules, especially AMINO ACIDS; NUCLEOTIDES; and CARBOHYDRATES.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

Protein modules with conserved ligand-binding surfaces which mediate specific interaction functions in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS and the specific BINDING SITES of their cognate protein LIGANDS.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A type of FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY using two FLUORESCENT DYES with overlapping emission and absorption spectra, which is used to indicate proximity of labeled molecules. This technique is useful for studying interactions of molecules and PROTEIN FOLDING.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Proteins produced from GENES that have acquired MUTATIONS.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Recurring supersecondary structures characterized by 20 amino acids folding into two alpha helices connected by a non-helical "loop" segment. They are found in many sequence-specific DNA-BINDING PROTEINS and in CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane. It consists of at least two sialoglycopeptides and is composed of 60% carbohydrate including sialic acid and 40% protein. It is involved in a number of different biological activities including the binding of MN blood groups, influenza viruses, kidney bean phytohemagglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

Proteins encoded by the GAG GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The ability of a protein to retain its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to physical or chemical manipulations.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

The degree of 3-dimensional shape similarity between proteins. It can be an indication of distant AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and used for rational DRUG DESIGN.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.

A transcription factor found in BACTERIA that positively and negatively regulates the expression of proteins required for the uptake and catabolism of L-ARABINOSE.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF containing protein that forms a complex with DIOXIN RECEPTOR. The complex binds xenobiotic regulatory elements and activates transcription of a variety of genes including UDP GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE. AhR nuclear translocator is also a subunit of HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

The diversion of RADIATION (thermal, electromagnetic, or nuclear) from its original path as a result of interactions or collisions with atoms, molecules, or larger particles in the atmosphere or other media. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A family of immunophilin proteins that bind to the immunosuppressive drugs TACROLIMUS (also known as FK506) and SIROLIMUS. EC 5.2.1.-

A transcription factor that takes part in WNT signaling pathway where it may play a role in the differentiation of KERATINOCYTES. The transcriptional activity of this protein is regulated via its interaction with BETA CATENIN.

A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.

Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.

A cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in SMOOTH MUSCLE tissues and plays a role in regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Two isoforms, PKGIalpha and PKGIbeta, of the type I protein kinase exist due to alternative splicing of its mRNA.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

A family of transcription factors found primarily in PLANTS that bind to the G-box DNA sequence CACGTG or to a consensus sequence CANNTG.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES whose members act in the mechanism of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by STEROID RECEPTORS.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The accumulation of an electric charge on a object

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

A species of replication-competent oncogene-containing virus in the genus ALPHARETROVIRUS. It is the original source of the src oncogene (V-SRC GENES) and causes sarcoma in chickens.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A genus of owlet moths of the family Noctuidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.

An HIV species related to HIV-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. It shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian Lentivirus SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and infects only T4-lymphocytes expressing the CD4 phenotypic marker.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A family of transcription factors that contain regions rich in basic residues, LEUCINE ZIPPER domains, and HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.

The modification of the reactivity of ENZYMES by the binding of effectors to sites (ALLOSTERIC SITES) on the enzymes other than the substrate BINDING SITES.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Cell surface proteins that bind GROWTH HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, RNA translation to protein, DNA transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. Many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins.

COUMARINS with an amino group, exemplified by NOVOBIOCIN.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. Although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures.

A large family of signal-transducing adaptor proteins present in wide variety of eukaryotes. They are PHOSPHOSERINE and PHOSPHOTHREONINE binding proteins involved in important cellular processes including SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; CELL CYCLE control; APOPTOSIS; and cellular stress responses. 14-3-3 proteins function by interacting with other signal-transducing proteins and effecting changes in their enzymatic activity and subcellular localization. The name 14-3-3 derives from numerical designations used in the original fractionation patterns of the proteins.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

Enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus that is required for post-translational cleavage of gag and gag-pol precursor polyproteins into functional products needed for viral assembly. HIV protease is an aspartic protease encoded by the amino terminus of the pol gene.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Chemically stimulated aggregation of cell surface receptors, which potentiates the action of the effector cell.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.

Techniques for determining the proximity of molecules based on ENERGY TRANSFER between bioluminescent chromophores and acceptor fluorophores that have overlapping emission and absorption spectra.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits.

Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.

A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NEUREGULINS. It has extensive homology to and can heterodimerize with the EGF RECEPTOR and the ERBB-2 RECEPTOR. Overexpression of the erbB-3 receptor is associated with TUMORIGENESIS.

Transcriptional repression by the Drosophila giant protein: cis element positioning provides an alternative means of interpreting an effector gradient. (1/13650)

Early developmental patterning of the Drosophila embryo is driven by the activities of a diverse set of maternally and zygotically derived transcription factors, including repressors encoded by gap genes such as Kruppel, knirps, giant and the mesoderm-specific snail. The mechanism of repression by gap transcription factors is not well understood at a molecular level. Initial characterization of these transcription factors suggests that they act as short-range repressors, interfering with the activity of enhancer or promoter elements 50 to 100 bp away. To better understand the molecular mechanism of short-range repression, we have investigated the properties of the Giant gap protein. We tested the ability of endogenous Giant to repress when bound close to the transcriptional initiation site and found that Giant effectively represses a heterologous promoter when binding sites are located at -55 bp with respect to the start of transcription. Consistent with its role as a short-range repressor, as the binding sites are moved to more distal locations, repression is diminished. Rather than exhibiting a sharp 'step-function' drop-off in activity, however, repression is progressively restricted to areas of highest Giant concentration. Less than a two-fold difference in Giant protein concentration is sufficient to determine a change in transcriptional status of a target gene. This effect demonstrates that Giant protein gradients can be differentially interpreted by target promoters, depending on the exact location of the Giant binding sites within the gene. Thus, in addition to binding site affinity and number, cis element positioning within a promoter can affect the response of a gene to a repressor gradient. We also demonstrate that a chimeric Gal4-Giant protein lacking the basic/zipper domain can specifically repress reporter genes, suggesting that the Giant effector domain is an autonomous repression domain. (+info)

Four dimers of lambda repressor bound to two suitably spaced pairs of lambda operators form octamers and DNA loops over large distances. (2/13650)

Transcription factors that are bound specifically to DNA often interact with each other over thousands of base pairs [1] [2]. Large DNA loops resulting from such interactions have been observed in Escherichia coli with the transcription factors deoR [3] and NtrC [4], but such interactions are not, as yet, well understood. We propose that unique protein complexes, that are not present in solution, may form specifically on DNA. Their uniqueness would make it possible for them to interact tightly and specifically with each other. We used the repressor and operators of coliphage lambda to construct a model system in which to test our proposition. lambda repressor is a dimer at physiological concentrations, but forms tetramers and octamers at a hundredfold higher concentration. We predict that two lambda repressor dimers form a tetramer in vitro when bound to two lambda operators spaced 24 bp apart and that two such tetramers interact to form an octamer. We examined, in vitro, relaxed circular plasmid DNA in which such operator pairs were separated by 2,850 bp and 2,470 bp. Of these molecules, 29% formed loops as seen by electron microscopy (EM). The loop increased the tightness of binding of lambda repressor to lambda operator. Consequently, repression of the lambda PR promoter in vivo was increased fourfold by the presence of a second pair of lambda operators, separated by a distance of 3,600 bp. (+info)

ETO-2, a new member of the ETO-family of nuclear proteins. (3/13650)

The t(8;21) is associated with 12-15% of acute myelogenous leukemias of the M2 subtype. The translocation results in the fusion of two genes, AML1 (CBFA2) on chromosome 21 and ETO (MTG8) on chromosome 8. AML1 encodes a DNA binding factor; the ETO protein product is less well characterized, but is thought to be a transcription factor. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of ETO-2, a murine cDNA that encodes a new member of the ETO family of proteins. ETO-2 is 75% identical to murine ETO and shares very high sequence identities over four regions of the protein with ETO (domain I-III and zinc-finger). Northern analysis identifies ETO-2 transcripts in many of the murine tissues analysed and in the developing mouse embryo. ETO-2 is also expressed in myeloid and erythroid cell lines. We confirmed the nuclear localization of ETO-2 and demonstrated that domain III and the zinc-finger region are not required for nuclear localization. We further showed that a region within ETO, containing domain II, mediates dimerization among family members. This region is conserved in the oncoprotein AML-1/ETO. The recent identification of another ETO-like protein, myeloid translocation gene-related protein 1, together with the data presented here, demonstrates that at least three ETO proteins exist with the potential to form dimers in the cell nucleus. (+info)

Coupling of the cell cycle and myogenesis through the cyclin D1-dependent interaction of MyoD with cdk4. (4/13650)

Proliferating myoblasts express the muscle determination factor, MyoD, throughout the cell cycle in the absence of differentiation. Here we show that a mitogen-sensitive mechanism, involving the direct interaction between MyoD and cdk4, restricts myoblast differentiation to cells that have entered into the G0 phase of the cell cycle under mitogen withdrawal. Interaction between MyoD and cdk4 disrupts MyoD DNA-binding, muscle-specific gene activation and myogenic conversion of 10T1/2 cells independently of cyclin D1 and the CAK activation of cdk4. Forced induction of cyclin D1 in myotubes results in the cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation of cdk4. The specific MyoD-cdk4 interaction in dividing myoblasts, coupled with the cyclin D1-dependent nuclear targeting of cdk4, suggests a mitogen-sensitive mechanism whereby cyclin D1 can regulate MyoD function and the onset of myogenesis by controlling the cellular location of cdk4 rather than the phosphorylation status of MyoD. (+info)

Assembly requirements of PU.1-Pip (IRF-4) activator complexes: inhibiting function in vivo using fused dimers. (5/13650)

Gene expression in higher eukaryotes appears to be regulated by specific combinations of transcription factors binding to regulatory sequences. The Ets factor PU.1 and the IRF protein Pip (IRF-4) represent a pair of interacting transcription factors implicated in regulating B cell-specific gene expression. Pip is recruited to its binding site on DNA by phosphorylated PU.1. PU.1-Pip interaction is shown to be template directed and involves two distinct protein-protein interaction surfaces: (i) the ets and IRF DNA-binding domains; and (ii) the phosphorylated PEST region of PU.1 and a lysine-requiring putative alpha-helix in Pip. Thus, a coordinated set of protein-protein and protein-DNA contacts are essential for PU.1-Pip ternary complex assembly. To analyze the function of these factors in vivo, we engineered chimeric repressors containing the ets and IRF DNA-binding domains connected by a flexible POU domain linker. When stably expressed, the wild-type fused dimer strongly repressed the expression of a rearranged immunoglobulin lambda gene, thereby establishing the functional importance of PU.1-Pip complexes in B cell gene expression. Comparative analysis of the wild-type dimer with a series of mutant dimers distinguished a gene regulated by PU.1 and Pip from one regulated by PU.1 alone. This strategy should prove generally useful in analyzing the function of interacting transcription factors in vivo, and for identifying novel genes regulated by such complexes. (+info)

p50(cdc37) acting in concert with Hsp90 is required for Raf-1 function. (6/13650)

Genetic screens in Drosophila have identified p50(cdc37) to be an essential component of the sevenless receptor/mitogen-activated kinase protein (MAPK) signaling pathway, but neither the function nor the target of p50(cdc37) in this pathway has been defined. In this study, we examined the role of p50(cdc37) and its Hsp90 chaperone partner in Raf/Mek/MAPK signaling biochemically. We found that coexpression of wild-type p50(cdc37) with Raf-1 resulted in robust and dose-dependent activation of Raf-1 in Sf9 cells. In addition, p50(cdc37) greatly potentiated v-Src-mediated Raf-1 activation. Moreover, we found that p50(cdc37) is the primary determinant of Hsp90 recruitment to Raf-1. Overexpression of a p50(cdc37) mutant which is unable to recruit Hsp90 into the Raf-1 complex inhibited Raf-1 and MAPK activation by growth factors. Similarly, pretreatment with geldanamycin (GA), an Hsp90-specific inhibitor, prevented both the association of Raf-1 with the p50(cdc37)-Hsp90 heterodimer and Raf-1 kinase activation by serum. Activation of Raf-1 via baculovirus coexpression with oncogenic Src or Ras in Sf9 cells was also strongly inhibited by dominant negative p50(cdc37) or by GA. Thus, formation of a ternary Raf-1-p50(cdc37)-Hsp90 complex is crucial for Raf-1 activity and MAPK pathway signaling. These results provide the first biochemical evidence for the requirement of the p50(cdc37)-Hsp90 complex in protein kinase regulation and for Raf-1 function in particular. (+info)

C/EBPalpha regulates generation of C/EBPbeta isoforms through activation of specific proteolytic cleavage. (7/13650)

C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta are intronless genes that can produce several N-terminally truncated isoforms through the process of alternative translation initiation at downstream AUG codons. C/EBPbeta has been reported to produce four isoforms: full-length 38-kDa C/EBPbeta, 35-kDa LAP (liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein), 21-kDa LIP (liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein), and a 14-kDa isoform. In this report, we investigated the mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms are generated in the liver and in cultured cells. Using an in vitro translation system, we found that LIP can be generated by two mechanisms: alternative translation and a novel mechanism-specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. Studies of mice in which the C/EBPalpha gene had been deleted (C/EBPalpha-/-) showed that the regulation of C/EBPbeta proteolysis is dependent on C/EBPalpha. The induction of C/EBPalpha in cultured cells leads to induced cleavage of C/EBPbeta to generate the LIP isoform. We characterized the cleavage activity in mouse liver extracts and found that the proteolytic cleavage activity is specific to prenatal and newborn livers, is sensitive to chymostatin, and is completely abolished in C/EBPalpha-/- animals. The lack of cleavage activity in the livers of C/EBPalpha-/- mice correlates with the decreased levels of LIP in the livers of these animals. Analysis of LIP production during liver regeneration showed that, in this system, the transient induction of LIP is dependent on the third AUG codon and most likely involves translational control. We propose that there are two mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms might be generated in the liver and in cultured cells: one that is determined by translation and a second that involves C/EBPalpha-dependent, specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. The latter mechanism implicates C/EBPalpha in the regulation of posttranslational generation of the dominant negative C/EBPbeta isoform, LIP. (+info)

The significance of tetramerization in promoter recruitment by Stat5. (8/13650)

Stat5a and Stat5b are rapidly activated by a wide range of cytokines and growth factors, including interleukin-2 (IL-2). We have previously shown that these signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT proteins) are key regulatory proteins that bind to two tandem gamma interferon-activated site (GAS) motifs within an IL-2 response element (positive regulatory region III [PRRIII]) in the human IL-2Ralpha promoter. In this study, we demonstrate cooperative binding of Stat5 to PRRIII and explore the molecular basis underlying this cooperativity. We demonstrate that formation of a tetrameric Stat5 complex is essential for the IL-2-inducible activation of PRRIII. Stable tetramer formation of Stat5 is mediated through protein-protein interactions involving a tryptophan residue conserved in all STATs and a lysine residue in the Stat5 N-terminal domain (N domain). The functional importance of tetramer formation is shown by the decreased levels of transcriptional activation associated with mutations in these residues. Moreover, the requirement for STAT protein-protein interactions for gene activation from a promoter with tandemly linked GAS motifs can be relieved by strengthening the avidity of protein-DNA interactions for the individual binding sites. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that a dimeric but tetramerization-deficient Stat5 protein can activate only a subset of target sites. For functional activity on a wider range of potential recognition sites, N-domain-mediated oligomerization is essential. (+info)

... is a type of organic reaction in which two carbene or carbenoid precursors react in a formal dimerization ... An early pioneer was Christoph Grundmann reporting on a carbene dimerisation in 1938. In the domain of persistent carbenes the ... Commun., 1997, 2163-2164 doi:10.1039/A706459D Maleates from diazoacetates and dilactones from head-to-head dimerisation of ... A direct metal carbene dimerization has been used in the synthesis of novel Polyalkynylethenes March, Jerry (1985), Advanced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbene_dimerization

The telomerization is the linear dimerization of 1,3-dienes with simultaneous addition of a nucleophile in a catalytic reaction ... S. Takahashi, T. Shibano, and N. Hagihara: The dimerization of butadiene by palladium complex catalysts. In: Tetrahedron ... Telomerization Edgar J. Smutny: Oligomerization and dimerization of butadiene under homogeneous catalysis. Reaction with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerization_(dimerization)

... 2 (JUNDM2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JDP2 gene. The Jun dimerization protein is a ... November 2013). "Jun dimerization protein 2 is a critical component of the Nrf2/MafK complex regulating the response to ROS ... April 2003). "Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2), a member of the AP-1 family of transcription factor, mediates osteoclast ... "Entrez Gene: JDP2 jun dimerization protein 2". Jin C, Ugai H, Song J, Murata T, Nili F, Sun K, et al. (January 2001). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_dimerization_protein

... (CID) is a biological mechanism in which two proteins bind only in the presence of a certain ... Kopytek SJ, Standaert RF, Dyer JC, Hu JC (May 2000). "Chemically induced dimerization of dihydrofolate reductase by a ... Ballister ER, Aonbangkhen C, Mayo AM, Lampson MA, Chenoweth DM (November 2014). "Localized light-induced protein dimerization ... March 2012). "Rapid and orthogonal logic gating with a gibberellin-induced dimerization system". Nature Chemical Biology. 8 (5 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemically_induced_dimerization

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MGA gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... "Entrez Gene: MGA, MAX dimerization protein". Retrieved 2018-03-23. Parsons KS, Hsu AC, Wark PA (January 2014). "TLR3 and MDA5 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga,_max_dimerization_protein

In molecular biology, prokaryotic acetaldehyde dehydrogenase dimerisation domain is a protein domain found at the C-terminus of ... which mediates dimerisation of the protein. The acetaldehyde dehydrogenase family of bacterial enzymes catalyses the formation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic_acetaldehyde_dehydrogenase_dimerisation_domain

Dimerization as a regulatory mechanism in signal transduction 16: 569-592 Bell, G I (1974) Model for the binding of multivalent ... In the case of HER2, which acts as a dimerization partner of other EGFRs, constituitive activation leads to hyperproliferation ... A preponderance of evidence soon developed that receptor dimerization initiates responses (reviewed in ) in a variety of cell ... The ligand-binding domain is additionally responsible for dimerization of nucleic receptors prior to binding and providing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction

After dimerization, oligomerization occurs. Finally, the oligomers, consisting of alternating S and F subunits, undergo a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocidin

ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. Page, M.; Adams, G.F.; Binkley, J.S.; Melius, C.F. (1987). "Dimerization energy of borane". J. Phys. ... B2H6 The standard enthalpy of dimerization of BH3 is estimated to be −170 kJ mol−1. The boron atom in BH3 has 6 valence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borane

Yi, Li; K. N. Houk (July 2001). "The Dimerization of Cyclobutadiene. An ab Initio CASSCF Theoretical Study". Journal of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaromaticity

Rao, G. N.; Janardhana, C.; Ramanathan, V.; Rajesh, T.; Kumar, P. H. (November 2006). "Photochemical Dimerization of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzylideneacetone

Synthesis and dimerization equilibriums". J. Org. Chem. 36 (20): 3055-3056. doi:10.1021/jo00819a038. David P. Barr; Michael R. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Methyl-2-nitrosopropane

This is cleaved before dimerization. Apoptosis is a cell self-destruct process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase-activated_DNase

This leads to EGFR dimerization. Dimerization brings the two receptors into close proximity. This stimulates the kinase ... Ligand binding to the extracellular domain induces dimerization. Dimerization of RTKs leads to autophosphorylation of tyrosine ... Ferrao R, Zhou H, Shan Y, Liu Q, Li Q, Shaw DE, Li X, Wu H (Sep 2014). "IRAK4 dimerization and trans-autophosphorylation are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophosphorylation

Solubility, dimerization, and ATPase activity". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (44): 27745-52. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.44.27745. PMID 9346917. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar-amino-acid-transporting_ATPase

Acetylation of STAT3 has been suggested to be important for its dimerization, DNA-binding and gene-transcribing ability, and IL ... STAT5 acetylation on lysines at positions 694 and 701 is important for effective STAT dimerization in prolactin signalling. ... It has been proposed that phosphorylation of serine can regulate STAT1 dimerization, and that continuous serine phosphorylation ... preventing their dimerization and inhibiting JAK-STAT signalling. PIASγ has also been shown to prevent STAT1 from functioning. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway

Its C-terminal domain contains the dimerization domain, the cyclic dinucleotide interaction domain, as well as a domain ... Kranzusch PJ, Vance RE (December 2013). "cGAS dimerization entangles DNA recognition". Immunity. 39 (6): 992-4. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGAS–STING_cytosolic_DNA_sensing_pathway

Calculations suggest that TiH4 is prone to dimerisation. This largely attributed to the electron deficiency of the monomer and ... Webb, Simon P.; Gordon, Mark S. (July 1995). "The dimerization of TiH 4". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 117 (27): ... the small size of the hydride ligands; which allows dimerisation to take place with a very low energy barrier as there is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium(IV)_hydride

Dimerization and Reduction of Rhodocene". Inorg. Chem. 18 (6): 1443-1446. doi:10.1021/ic50196a007. Keller, H. J.; Wawersik, H ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal

... a dimerization reaction. Each of these is discussed in detail below. One can define the stoichiometric matrix N i j = p i j − r ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_equation

Ottilie S, Diaz JL, Horne W, Chang J, Wang Y, Wilson G, Chang S, Weeks S, Fritz LC, Oltersdorf T (1997). "Dimerization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2-associated_death_promoter

The dimerisation is a redox process; the dimer is a rhodium(I) species and the monomer has a rhodium(II) centre. Rhodium ... This dimerisation process has the overall effect of decreasing the electron count around the rhodium centre from 19 to 18. This ... Dimerization and Reduction of Rhodocene". Inorganic Chemistry. 18 (6): 1443-1446. doi:10.1021/ic50196a007. Crabtree, R. H. ( ... by oxidative dimerization of cyclopentadiene; the resultant product was found to have molecular formula C 10H 10Fe and reported ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodocene

... upon receptor dimerization. Although a number of potential phosphorylation sites exist, upon dimerization only one or much more ... making monomer-monomer interactions and dimerisation possible. The consequence of ectodomain dimerization is the positioning of ... In contrast, in ligand-bound ErbB-1 and unliganded ErbB-2, the dimerization arm becomes untethered and exposed at the receptor ... 2003). "EGF activates its receptor by removing interactions that autoinhibit ectodomain dimerization". Mol. Cell. 11 (2): 507- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ErbB

"Stochastic analysis of dimerization systems". Physical Review E. 80 (3): 031117. arXiv:0910.3365. Bibcode:2009PhRvE..80c1117B. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Barzel

Nickel catalyzed olefin oligomerization and dimerization. Chemical Reviews, 120(15), 7919-7983. "Remise du Prix Irène Joliot- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hélène_Olivier-Bourbigou

Its main target is the ATPase site of the DNA Gyrase GyrB subunit . Chemically induced dimerization Heide L (2009). "Genetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumermycin_A1

"Dimerization of Aromatic C-Nitroso Compounds". Chemical Reviews. 116 (1): 258-286. doi:10.1021/cr500520s. PMID 26730505. Varga ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosobenzene

Dimerization then causes autophosphorylation and activation. Other stressors have also been reported to activate GCN2. GCN2 ... It was observed that GCN2 binds to uncharged/deacylated tRNA which causes a conformational change, resulting in dimerization. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_stress_response

For example, tubulin is formed by the dimerization of α-tubulin and β-tubulin and this dimer can then polymerize further to ... The dimerization activates the cytoplasmic kinase domains that are responsible for further signal transduction. Wikimedia ... While not all, some GPCRs require dimerization to function, such as GABAB-receptor, emphasizing the importance of dimers in ... Much like for G protein-coupled receptors, dimerization is essential for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) to perform their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)

Uchino, M.; Chauvin, Y.; Lefebvre, G. (1967). "Dimerization of propylene by nickel complexes". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des ... "Catalytic dimerization of alkenes by nickel complexes in organochloroaluminate molten salts". Chem. Comm. 23 (23): 1715-1716. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Chauvin

... A. Kornhauser ; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, ... "Isotope Effects in the Photosensitized Dimerization of Pyrimidines." Croatica Chemica Acta, vol. 46, no. 3, 1974, pp. 193-197. ... A. Kornhauser, J.B. Burnett and G. Szabo, "Isotope Effects in the Photosensitized Dimerization of Pyrimidines", Croatica ... Kornhauser, A., Burnett, J.B. & Szabo, G. (1974). Isotope Effects in the Photosensitized Dimerization of Pyrimidines. Croatica ...

https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/290002

C-terminal dimerization domain of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein ... Solution structure of the c-terminal dimerization domain of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein solved by the SAIL-NMR method ... Solution structure of stereo-array isotope labelled (SAIL) C-terminal dimerization domain of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid ... contains a potential RNA-binding region in its N-terminal portion and also serves as a dimerization domain by forming a ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2jw8

User Manual] PathHunter® Dimerization Assay. PathHunter® Dimerization Assays provide a robust, highly sensitive and easy-to-use ... The PathHunter® Dimerization assay detects ligand induced dimerization of two subunits of a receptor-dimer pair. The cells have ...

https://discoverx.com/products/cell-line/u2os-erbb4-erbb4-dimerization-cell-line-93-0961c3

https://www.discoverx.com/products/cell-line/u2os-il27ra-il6st-dimerization-cell-line-93-1119c3

In each case, the dimerization causes drastic structural changes that underlie a substantial energy barrier for the conversion ... Abstract: L46.00001 : σ-Dimerization of organic radicals as mechanism for strongly hysteretic magneto-strutural phase ...

https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR20/Session/L46.1

Ribosome dimerization followed the induction of hpf in WT cells, but the dimerization was impaired in cells harbouring a ... Ribosome dimerization during the stationary phase required the hpf gene, which encodes a homologue of the E. coli hibernation- ... Although the absence of ribosome dimerization in these Hpf-deficient cells did not affect their viability in the stationary ... Ribosome dimerization followed the induction of hpf in WT cells, but the dimerization was impaired in cells harbouring a ...

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.000234

... motif is critical for the dimerization of JAK2 and activation of the JAK2 kinase. ... Model for JAK2 dimerization and activation.. (a) Schematic diagram showing a top view of the JAK2/EPOR dimer, with the EPOR ... JAK2/EPOR and JAK2/LEPR dimerization is mediated by the receptor switch regions.. (a) Top and (b) side views of the JAK2/EPOR ... Receptor-driven dimerization would allow for receptor sequence variation to fine-tune JAK dimer formation and binding affinity ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/38089

2018). Structural complexity of the co-chaperone SGTA: a conserved C-terminal region is implicated in dimerization and ... Structural complexity of the co-chaperone SGTA: a conserved C-terminal region is implicated in dimerization and substrate ...

https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278038

... catalyzed dimerization of 3-diazo-2-arylidenesuccinimides provides access to a new dibenzazulene scaffold ... At the same time, only a trace amount of the expected dimerization product 2g was detected along unidentified byproducts. ... Figure 1: Previously reported transformations of DAS (1) and their unusual dimerization investigated in this work. ... Figure 1: Previously reported transformations of DAS (1) and their unusual dimerization investigated in this ... ...

https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/articles/18/55

Chaperone Activity and Dimerization Properties of Hsp90α and Hsp90β in Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation by the Multiprotein ... Chaperone Activity and Dimerization Properties of Hsp90α and Hsp90β in Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation by the Multiprotein ...

https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/94/3/984.abstract

iFGFR1 dimerization induces proliferation and activation of signaling pathways in vivo Dimerization-induced phosphorylation of ... iFGFR1 dimerization can inhibit apoptosis and induce proliferation. (A) Schematic drawing of FGF-induced dimerization of FGFR ... iFGFR1 dimerization can inhibit apoptosis and induce proliferation. (A) Schematic drawing of FGF-induced dimerization of FGFR ... Inducible dimerization of FGFR1 : development of a mouse model to analyze progressive transformation of the mammary gland Bryan ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/157/4/703/32616/Inducible-dimerization-of-FGFR1-development-of-a

The AHR1-ARNT1 dimerization pair is a major regulator of the response to natural ligands, but not to TCDD, in the chicken. ... In conclusion, our findings indicate that the ckAHR1-ckARNT1 may be the most important dimerization pair in most tissues for ... Our results indicated that the ckAHR1-ckARNT1 represented the major dimerization pair in most tissues except the brain. We then ... how AHR and ARNT dimerization pair in birds regulates the AHR signaling pathway in an isoform-specific manner remains unknown. ...

https://www.simulations-plus.com/resource/the-ahr1-arnt1-dimerization-pair-is-a-major-regulator-of-the-response-to-natural-ligands-but-not-to-tcdd-in-the-chicken/

Dive into the research topics of Dimerisation and reactivity of HC≡CC≡CFc at ruthenium centres. Together they form a unique ...

https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/dimerisation-and-reactivity-of-hccccfc-at-ruthenium-centres/fingerprints/

We found the free energy of dimerization for NanC to be in the range of -66 kJ mol(-1) to -45 kJ mol(-1). Differences in the ... the non-specific lateral association of a membrane protein we have characterized the free energy landscape for the dimerization ... The free energy landscape of dimerization of a membrane protein, NanC. Dunton TA., Goose JE., Gavaghan DJ., Sansom MSP., ... We found the free energy of dimerization for NanC to be in the range of -66 kJ mol(-1) to -45 kJ mol(-1). Differences in the ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/446659

Dimerization of 1-butene was carried out over nickel-, ammonia-, and alkylamine (R = propyl, butyl)-modified zeolites of ...

https://www.morressier.com/o/event/5fc63af903137aa5256c260d/article/5fc63bcb9e0a135cbecec9f6

Integrin α3β1-CD151 complex regulates dimerization of ErbB2 via RhoA. Vera Novitskaia, H Romanska, R Kordek, P Potemski, R ... Integrin α3β1-CD151 complex regulates dimerization of ErbB2 via RhoA. Oncogene. 2013 Jun 24;2779-2789. Epub 2013 Jun 24. doi: ... Dive into the research topics of Integrin α3β1-CD151 complex regulates dimerization of ErbB2 via RhoA. Together they form a ... Integrin α3β1-CD151 complex regulates dimerization of ErbB2 via RhoA. / Novitskaia, Vera; Romanska, H; Kordek, R et al. ...

https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/integrin-%CE%B13%CE%B21-cd151-complex-regulates-dimerization-of-erbb2-via-r

Dimerization of 4-methoxyphenol and cross coupling of benzoquinone to porphyrins covalently linked with phenol group. In: ... Dimerization of 4-methoxyphenol and cross coupling of benzoquinone to porphyrins covalently linked with phenol group. ... Dimerization of 4-methoxyphenol and cross coupling of benzoquinone to porphyrins covalently linked with phenol group, ... Dimerization of 4-methoxyphenol and cross coupling of benzoquinone to porphyrins covalently linked with phenol group. ...

https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cidnp-study-on-porphyrin-photosensitized-reactions-with-phenol-an

Figure 6: Predicting the dimerization geometry from numerical expressions.. (a) Free energy of end-to-end (Fe) dimers versus ... The magnitude of Fp in the course of dimerization has a 6-kBT minimum. If the protein joins a preformed linear aggregate ... although we remind the reader that the overall probability of dimerization is diminished. This change in dimerization geometry ... Figure 1: Dynamics of dimerization of N-BARs at 4% surface coverage.. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms8219?error=cookies_not_supported&code=67f1377a-f256-458c-9069-a8843a74087c

Highly colored boron-doped thiazolothiazoles from the reductive dimerization of boron isothiocyanates ... Highly colored boron-doped thiazolothiazoles from the reductive dimerization of boron isothiocyanates. Angewandte Chemie ... aromatic thiazolothiazoles resulting from the dimerization of dicoordinate (CAAC)B(NCS) borylene intermediates. ...

http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/97109/

... Jiannan Guo, E. Joel Loveridge, Louis Y. P. Luk, Rudolf K. Allemann ... Effect of Dimerization on Dihydrofolate Reductase Catalysis by: Joel Loveridge Published: (2013) ...

https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa30175

... that functions as MPMV dimerization initiation site (DIS). However, unlike other retroviruses, MPMV contains a partially base- ... that functions as MPMV dimerization initiation site (DIS). However, unlike other retroviruses, MPMV contains a partially base- ... In vitro RNA Dimerization Assays. In vitro RNA dimerization was performed on the wild-type (RCR001; Figure 1B) and FN series of ... In vitro Dimerization Capability of the Mutant RNAs. Genomic RNA dimerization and packaging are interconnected events in the ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.595410/full

G. Milligan, J. Pediani, M. Fidock, J.F. López-Giménez; Dimerization of α1-adrenoceptors. Biochem Soc Trans 1 November 2004; 32 ... reviewed and the approaches that have been applied to monitoring the selectivity and the basis of α1-adrenoceptor dimerization ...

https://port.silverchair.com/biochemsoctrans/article-abstract/32/5/847/64301/Dimerization-of-1-adrenoceptors?searchresult=1

protein family

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83135933

Optochemical Tools for Protein Dimerization in Living Human Cells. Leave a Comment / Research Projects / By greensi ...

https://greensi.chemcu.org/rp025/

Dimerization is stimulated by the lysine-rich carboxyl-terminal extension of UBE2S that is also required for the recruitment of ... We propose that dimerization attenuates the autoubiquitination-induced turnover of UBE2S when the APC/C is not fully active. ... Consistent with this mechanism, we found that dimerization-deficient UBE2S turned over more rapidly in cells and did not ...

https://repository.icr.ac.uk/handle/internal/4200

Abbink TEM, Ooms M, Haasnoot PCJ, Berkhout B. The HIV-1 leader RNA conformational switch regulates RNA dimerization but does ... The HIV-1 leader RNA conformational switch regulates RNA dimerization but does not regulate mRNA translation. / Abbink, Truus E ... The HIV-1 leader RNA conformational switch regulates RNA dimerization but does not regulate mRNA translation. In: Biochemistry ... The BMH structure is dimerization-competent, due to DIS hairpin formation, but also presents the splice donor (SD) and RNA ...

https://research.vumc.nl/en/publications/the-hiv-1-leader-rna-conformational-switch-regulates-rna-dimeriza

Dimerization and N-terminal domain proximity underlie the function of the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90. ... Dive into the research topics of Dimerization and N-terminal domain proximity underlie the function of the molecular chaperone ...

https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/dimerization-and-n-terminal-domain-proximity-underlie-the-functio/fingerprints/

... of the HMGB1-derived immunostimulatory peptide Hp91 resides in the helical C-terminal portion and is enhanced by dimerization. ... of the HMGB1-derived immunostimulatory peptide Hp91 resides in the helical C-terminal portion and is enhanced by dimerization. ... of the HMGB1-derived immunostimulatory peptide Hp91 resides in the helical C-terminal portion and is enhanced by dimerization. ... of the HMGB1-derived immunostimulatory peptide Hp91 resides in the helical C-terminal portion and is enhanced by dimerization. ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/activity-of-the-hmgb1-derived-immunostimulatory-peptide-hp91-resi

The impact of the Gag/Gag-Pol ratio on virion RNA dimerization was amplified when the Gag-Pol PR(-) expression vector was ... Maintenance of the Gag/Gag-Pol ratio is important for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA dimerization and viral ... Maintenance of the Gag/Gag-Pol ratio is important for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA dimerization and viral ... the ratio of Gag/Gag-Pol proteins is also important for RNA dimerization and that stable RNA dimers are not required for ...

https://burnet.edu.au/publications/1926_maintenance_of_the_gag_gag_pol_ratio_is_important_for_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_rna_dimerization_and_viral_infectivity

Proton-Linked Dimerization of a Retroviral Capsid Protein Initiates Capsid Assembly. *Graham D. Bailey, ... On the Cover: Proton binding leads to dimerization of the Rous sarcoma virus capsid protein, which initiates capsid assembly in ... On the Cover: Proton binding leads to dimerization of the Rous sarcoma virus capsid protein, which initiates capsid assembly in ...

https://www.cell.com/structure/issue?pii=S0969-2126

However, how AHR and ARNT dimerization pair in birds regulates the AHR signaling pathway in an isoform-specific manner remains unknown. (simulations-plus.com)
Dimerization regulates the human APC/C-associated ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2S. (icr.ac.uk)
Ero1-Pdi1 module-catalysed dimerization of a nucleotide sugar transporter, FonNst2, regulates virulence of Fusarium oxysporum on watermelon. (bvsalud.org)

PathHunter ® Dimerization Assays provide a robust, highly sensitive and easy-to-use cell-based functional assay to study various protein activities in a cell. (discoverx.com)
The free energy landscape of dimerization of a membrane protein, NanC. (ox.ac.uk)
To better understand the non-specific lateral association of a membrane protein we have characterized the free energy landscape for the dimerization of a bacterial outer membrane protein, NanC, in a phospholipid bilayer membrane. (ox.ac.uk)
Breast cancer cells expressing the α3β1-CD151 complex have higher steady-state phosphorylation of ErbB2 and show enhanced dimerization of the protein when compared with α3β1-/CD151-depleted cells. (birmingham.ac.uk)
On the Cover: Proton binding leads to dimerization of the Rous sarcoma virus capsid protein, which initiates capsid assembly in vitro. (cell.com)
The defect in dimerization also correlated with loss of ability to interact with partner protein ParA. (waw.pl)
In a microarray screen, Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) was identified as significantly induced by CSF1. (divbiolchem.org)
This invention is a split protein system that functions as a biotechnological chemically-induced dimerization (CID) tool. (arizona.edu)
2011. Structural bases of dimerization of yeast telomere protein Cdc13 and its interaction with the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase α. . (cornell.edu)

Cytokines and interferons initiate intracellular signaling via receptor dimerization and activation of Janus kinases (JAKs). (elifesciences.org)
FGFs (Fibroblast Growth Factors) bind to FGF receptors (FGFRs) monovalently, and FGF receptor dimerization and activation is mediated by multivalent interactions between heparin sulfate proteoglycans and FGF. (novusbio.com)

The PathHunter® Dimerization assay detects ligand induced dimerization of two subunits of a receptor-dimer pair. (discoverx.com)
Dimerization: This dimerization model suggests that prior to ligand binding, receptors exist in a monomeric form. (ipfs.io)

Two current models have been proposed to explain transmembrane receptors mechanism, dimerization considered as current standard. (ipfs.io)

A distinguishing feature of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) packaging signal RNA secondary structure is a single-stranded purine-rich sequence (ssPurines) in close vicinity to a palindromic stem loop (Pal SL) that functions as MPMV dimerization initiation site (DIS). (frontiersin.org)

03/06/2020 Gads dimerization promotes its cooperative binding to LAT, which markedly increases the sensitivity of immune cell signaling. (technion.ac.il)

We propose that the binding of UV-damaged DNA results in conformational changes in the N-terminal domain of DDB2, inducing helical folding in the context of the bound DNA and inducing dimerization as a function of nucleotide binding. (edu.au)

We are developing new biophysical assays with which to characterize Gads dimerization and its cooperative binding to LAT. (technion.ac.il)

Structural complexity of the co-chaperone SGTA: a conserved C-terminal region is implicated in dimerization and substrate quality control. (cam.ac.uk)
Dimerization is stimulated by the lysine-rich carboxyl-terminal extension of UBE2S that is also required for the recruitment of this E2 to the APC/C and is autoubiquitinated as substrate abundance becomes limiting. (icr.ac.uk)
Disruption of dimerization and substrate phosphorylation inhibit factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) activity. (ox.ac.uk)

Our observations provide the first direct evidence that, in addition to proteolytic processing, the ratio of Gag/Gag-Pol proteins is also important for RNA dimerization and that stable RNA dimers are not required for encapsidation of genomic RNA in HIV-1. (edu.au)

Dimerization of a chimeric CD4-interferon-alpha receptor reconstitutes the signaling events preceding STAT phosphorylation. (duke.edu)

Structural plasticity in IgSF domain 4 of ICAM-1 mediates cell surface dimerization. (timothyspringer.org)
A crystal structure of ICAM-1 IgSF domains (D) 3-5 revealed a unique dimerization interface in which D4s of two protomers fuse through edge beta-strands to form a single super beta-sandwich domain. (timothyspringer.org)
We report the X-ray crystal structure of the human UV-DDB in a complex with damaged DNA and show that the N-terminal domain of DDB2 makes critical contacts with two molecules of DNA, driving N-terminal-domain folding and promoting UV-DDB dimerization. (edu.au)
The temporal and spatial interplay between domain ordering and dimerization provides an elegant molecular rationale for the unprecedented binding affinities and selectivities exhibited by UV-DDB for UV-damaged DNA. (edu.au)
We are studying cooperative interactions within the LAT-nucleated signaling complex, and the role of SH2 domain dimerization in mediating cooperativity. (technion.ac.il)

Consistent with this mechanism, we found that dimerization-deficient UBE2S turned over more rapidly in cells and did not promote mitotic slippage during prolonged drug-induced mitotic arrest. (icr.ac.uk)

Furthermore, our data indicated that the dimerization of Hop and its domains was not disrupted in the presence of Hsp70 and Hsp90 peptides. (edu.au)

In each case, the dimerization causes drastic structural changes that underlie a substantial energy barrier for the conversion between the diamagnetic σ-dimer phase and the paramagnetic π-radical phase. (aps.org)

The Ig superfamily (IgSF) intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) equilibrates between monomeric and dimeric forms on the cell surface, and dimerization enhances cell adhesion. (timothyspringer.org)
CA7 binds to D5 in a region that is buried in the dimeric interface and is distal from the dimerization site in D4. (timothyspringer.org)

The impact of the Gag/Gag-Pol ratio on virion RNA dimerization was amplified when the Gag-Pol PR(-) expression vector was expressed in virion-producing cells. (edu.au)

In conclusion, our findings indicate that the ckAHR1-ckARNT1 may be the most important dimerization pair in most tissues for regulating the physiological functions driven by natural ligands, although it was less reactive to TCDD. (simulations-plus.com)
Maintenance of the Gag/Gag-Pol ratio is important for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA dimerization and viral infectivity. (edu.au)

Ribosome dimerization followed the induction of hpf in WT cells, but the dimerization was impaired in cells harbouring a deletion in the hpf gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Although the absence of ribosome dimerization in these Hpf-deficient cells did not affect their viability in the stationary phase, their ability to regrow from the stationary phase decreased. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We also found that the level of active RhoA was increased in α3β1- and CD151-depleted cells and that Rho controls dimerization of ErbB2. (birmingham.ac.uk)

Our results evidence that the incorporation of bulky TIPS groups prevents the -dimerization while the ,-substitution with n-decyl groups in heptathienoacene or -substitution with thienyl groups in tetrathienoacene favors the -dimer formation.3 The nature, structure and stability of the different aggregate structures formed in the course of the oxidation are rigorously analyzed with the help of exhaustive DFT and TD-DFT calculations. (uma.es)
The BMH structure is dimerization-competent, due to DIS hairpin formation, but also presents the splice donor (SD) and RNA packaging (Ψ) hairpins. (vumc.nl)

We have shown here by site directed mutagenesis and size exclusion chromatography for the first time that the TPR1 and TPR2B domains of Hop independently dimerized, and that the dimerization of TPR2B was not dependent on its predicted two-carboxylate clamp residues. (edu.au)

Together, these results demonstrate that lauric acid and DHA reciprocally modulate TLR4 activation by regulation of the dimerization and recruitment of TLR4 into lipid rafts. (houstonmethodist.org)

We found the free energy of dimerization for NanC to be in the range of -66 kJ mol(-1) to -45 kJ mol(-1). (ox.ac.uk)

FonEro1-FonPdi1 module catalyses the dimerization of FonNst2, which is critical for Fon virulence . (bvsalud.org)
These data demonstrate that FonEro1-FonPdi1 module-catalysed dimerization of FonNst2 is critical for Fon virulence on watermelon and provide new insights into the regulation of virulence in plant fungal pathogens via disulfide bond formation of key pathogenicity factors . (bvsalud.org)
TLR dimerization by PAMPs is critical for subsequent downstream signaling mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to cause oxidative or nitrative stresses that lead to tissue inflammation. (cdc.gov)

Our results indicated that the ckAHR1-ckARNT1 represented the major dimerization pair in most tissues except the brain. (simulations-plus.com)

Previously reported transformations of DAS ( 1 ) and their unusual dimerization investigated in this work. (beilstein-journals.org)
In this work, the exceptional -dimerization capability showed by radical cations of oligothienoacenes is investigated for the first time. (uma.es)

Thus so far all the properties of ParB seem to depend on dimerization. (waw.pl)

Because of dimerization via H-bonding, the presence of carboxy groups leads to an enhanced thermodynamic mesophase stability with respect to the corresponding alkyl esters. (uni-bayreuth.de)

Ribosome dimerization during the stationary phase required the hpf gene, which encodes a homologue of the E. coli hibernation-promoting factor (Hpf). (microbiologyresearch.org)

indeed, we showed that Gads dimerization is required for allergic responsiveness in a mouse model. (technion.ac.il)

and 1 + were observed, while the generation of obnsiderable amounts of free 4-methoxyphenoxyl radical was indicated by ESR and CIDNP in the three-component system involving TPP, 1, and p-benzoquinone (Q). Based on these results, two new photoreactions leading to permanent products were developed: (1) photosensitized dimerization of 1 and (2) photo-induced cross coupling of Q to porphyrins covalently linked with phenol group. (elsevier.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms10

Chemicals and Drugs63

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes62

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Transcriptional repression by the Drosophila giant protein: cis element positioning provides an alternative means of interpreting an effector gradient. (1/13650)

Four dimers of lambda repressor bound to two suitably spaced pairs of lambda operators form octamers and DNA loops over large distances. (2/13650)

ETO-2, a new member of the ETO-family of nuclear proteins. (3/13650)

Coupling of the cell cycle and myogenesis through the cyclin D1-dependent interaction of MyoD with cdk4. (4/13650)

Assembly requirements of PU.1-Pip (IRF-4) activator complexes: inhibiting function in vivo using fused dimers. (5/13650)

p50(cdc37) acting in concert with Hsp90 is required for Raf-1 function. (6/13650)

C/EBPalpha regulates generation of C/EBPbeta isoforms through activation of specific proteolytic cleavage. (7/13650)

The significance of tetramerization in promoter recruitment by Stat5. (8/13650)

Dimerization

Protein Multimerization

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Models, Molecular

Protein Structure, Quaternary

Protein Binding

Binding Sites

Protein Conformation

Leucine Zippers

Crystallography, X-Ray

Mutation

Protein Structure, Secondary

DNA-Binding Proteins

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Base Sequence

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Cell Line

Biopolymers

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Recombinant Proteins

Amino Acid Substitution

Cross-Linking Reagents

Transcription Factors

COS Cells

Macromolecular Substances

Amino Acid Motifs

Structure-Activity Relationship

Disulfides

Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs

Ligands

Cysteine

Ultracentrifugation

DNA

Kinetics

Transfection

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Protein Folding

Signal Transduction

Phosphorylation

Sequence Deletion

Sequence Alignment

Escherichia coli

Circular Dichroism

Mutagenesis

Mutant Proteins

Bacterial Proteins

Chromatography, Gel

Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Point Mutation

RNA, Viral

Glycophorin

Two-Hybrid System Techniques

Repressor Proteins

Conserved Sequence

Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors

Enzyme Activation

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

HEK293 Cells

Models, Biological

Trans-Activators

Transcriptional Activation

Thermodynamics

HIV-1

Plasmids

Cell Membrane

Cloning, Molecular

Virus Assembly

Peptide Fragments

Catalytic Domain

DNA Primers

Catalysis

Cercopithecus aethiops

Transcription, Genetic

CHO Cells

Zinc Fingers

Cricetinae

Nuclear Proteins