Dimerization. Medical search

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the "zipper" region). The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Polymers synthesized by living organisms. They play a role in the formation of macromolecular structures and are synthesized via the covalent linkage of biological molecules, especially AMINO ACIDS; NUCLEOTIDES; and CARBOHYDRATES.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

Protein modules with conserved ligand-binding surfaces which mediate specific interaction functions in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS and the specific BINDING SITES of their cognate protein LIGANDS.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A type of FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY using two FLUORESCENT DYES with overlapping emission and absorption spectra, which is used to indicate proximity of labeled molecules. This technique is useful for studying interactions of molecules and PROTEIN FOLDING.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Proteins produced from GENES that have acquired MUTATIONS.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Recurring supersecondary structures characterized by 20 amino acids folding into two alpha helices connected by a non-helical "loop" segment. They are found in many sequence-specific DNA-BINDING PROTEINS and in CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane. It consists of at least two sialoglycopeptides and is composed of 60% carbohydrate including sialic acid and 40% protein. It is involved in a number of different biological activities including the binding of MN blood groups, influenza viruses, kidney bean phytohemagglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

Proteins encoded by the GAG GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The ability of a protein to retain its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to physical or chemical manipulations.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

The degree of 3-dimensional shape similarity between proteins. It can be an indication of distant AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and used for rational DRUG DESIGN.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.

A transcription factor found in BACTERIA that positively and negatively regulates the expression of proteins required for the uptake and catabolism of L-ARABINOSE.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF containing protein that forms a complex with DIOXIN RECEPTOR. The complex binds xenobiotic regulatory elements and activates transcription of a variety of genes including UDP GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE. AhR nuclear translocator is also a subunit of HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

The diversion of RADIATION (thermal, electromagnetic, or nuclear) from its original path as a result of interactions or collisions with atoms, molecules, or larger particles in the atmosphere or other media. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A family of immunophilin proteins that bind to the immunosuppressive drugs TACROLIMUS (also known as FK506) and SIROLIMUS. EC 5.2.1.-

A transcription factor that takes part in WNT signaling pathway where it may play a role in the differentiation of KERATINOCYTES. The transcriptional activity of this protein is regulated via its interaction with BETA CATENIN.

A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.

Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.

A cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in SMOOTH MUSCLE tissues and plays a role in regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Two isoforms, PKGIalpha and PKGIbeta, of the type I protein kinase exist due to alternative splicing of its mRNA.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

A family of transcription factors found primarily in PLANTS that bind to the G-box DNA sequence CACGTG or to a consensus sequence CANNTG.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES whose members act in the mechanism of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by STEROID RECEPTORS.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The accumulation of an electric charge on a object

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

A species of replication-competent oncogene-containing virus in the genus ALPHARETROVIRUS. It is the original source of the src oncogene (V-SRC GENES) and causes sarcoma in chickens.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A genus of owlet moths of the family Noctuidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.

An HIV species related to HIV-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. It shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian Lentivirus SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and infects only T4-lymphocytes expressing the CD4 phenotypic marker.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A family of transcription factors that contain regions rich in basic residues, LEUCINE ZIPPER domains, and HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.

The modification of the reactivity of ENZYMES by the binding of effectors to sites (ALLOSTERIC SITES) on the enzymes other than the substrate BINDING SITES.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Cell surface proteins that bind GROWTH HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, RNA translation to protein, DNA transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. Many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins.

COUMARINS with an amino group, exemplified by NOVOBIOCIN.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. Although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures.

A large family of signal-transducing adaptor proteins present in wide variety of eukaryotes. They are PHOSPHOSERINE and PHOSPHOTHREONINE binding proteins involved in important cellular processes including SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; CELL CYCLE control; APOPTOSIS; and cellular stress responses. 14-3-3 proteins function by interacting with other signal-transducing proteins and effecting changes in their enzymatic activity and subcellular localization. The name 14-3-3 derives from numerical designations used in the original fractionation patterns of the proteins.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

Enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus that is required for post-translational cleavage of gag and gag-pol precursor polyproteins into functional products needed for viral assembly. HIV protease is an aspartic protease encoded by the amino terminus of the pol gene.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Chemically stimulated aggregation of cell surface receptors, which potentiates the action of the effector cell.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.

Techniques for determining the proximity of molecules based on ENERGY TRANSFER between bioluminescent chromophores and acceptor fluorophores that have overlapping emission and absorption spectra.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits.

Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.

A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NEUREGULINS. It has extensive homology to and can heterodimerize with the EGF RECEPTOR and the ERBB-2 RECEPTOR. Overexpression of the erbB-3 receptor is associated with TUMORIGENESIS.

Transcriptional repression by the Drosophila giant protein: cis element positioning provides an alternative means of interpreting an effector gradient. (1/13650)

Early developmental patterning of the Drosophila embryo is driven by the activities of a diverse set of maternally and zygotically derived transcription factors, including repressors encoded by gap genes such as Kruppel, knirps, giant and the mesoderm-specific snail. The mechanism of repression by gap transcription factors is not well understood at a molecular level. Initial characterization of these transcription factors suggests that they act as short-range repressors, interfering with the activity of enhancer or promoter elements 50 to 100 bp away. To better understand the molecular mechanism of short-range repression, we have investigated the properties of the Giant gap protein. We tested the ability of endogenous Giant to repress when bound close to the transcriptional initiation site and found that Giant effectively represses a heterologous promoter when binding sites are located at -55 bp with respect to the start of transcription. Consistent with its role as a short-range repressor, as the binding sites are moved to more distal locations, repression is diminished. Rather than exhibiting a sharp 'step-function' drop-off in activity, however, repression is progressively restricted to areas of highest Giant concentration. Less than a two-fold difference in Giant protein concentration is sufficient to determine a change in transcriptional status of a target gene. This effect demonstrates that Giant protein gradients can be differentially interpreted by target promoters, depending on the exact location of the Giant binding sites within the gene. Thus, in addition to binding site affinity and number, cis element positioning within a promoter can affect the response of a gene to a repressor gradient. We also demonstrate that a chimeric Gal4-Giant protein lacking the basic/zipper domain can specifically repress reporter genes, suggesting that the Giant effector domain is an autonomous repression domain. (+info)

Four dimers of lambda repressor bound to two suitably spaced pairs of lambda operators form octamers and DNA loops over large distances. (2/13650)

Transcription factors that are bound specifically to DNA often interact with each other over thousands of base pairs [1] [2]. Large DNA loops resulting from such interactions have been observed in Escherichia coli with the transcription factors deoR [3] and NtrC [4], but such interactions are not, as yet, well understood. We propose that unique protein complexes, that are not present in solution, may form specifically on DNA. Their uniqueness would make it possible for them to interact tightly and specifically with each other. We used the repressor and operators of coliphage lambda to construct a model system in which to test our proposition. lambda repressor is a dimer at physiological concentrations, but forms tetramers and octamers at a hundredfold higher concentration. We predict that two lambda repressor dimers form a tetramer in vitro when bound to two lambda operators spaced 24 bp apart and that two such tetramers interact to form an octamer. We examined, in vitro, relaxed circular plasmid DNA in which such operator pairs were separated by 2,850 bp and 2,470 bp. Of these molecules, 29% formed loops as seen by electron microscopy (EM). The loop increased the tightness of binding of lambda repressor to lambda operator. Consequently, repression of the lambda PR promoter in vivo was increased fourfold by the presence of a second pair of lambda operators, separated by a distance of 3,600 bp. (+info)

ETO-2, a new member of the ETO-family of nuclear proteins. (3/13650)

The t(8;21) is associated with 12-15% of acute myelogenous leukemias of the M2 subtype. The translocation results in the fusion of two genes, AML1 (CBFA2) on chromosome 21 and ETO (MTG8) on chromosome 8. AML1 encodes a DNA binding factor; the ETO protein product is less well characterized, but is thought to be a transcription factor. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of ETO-2, a murine cDNA that encodes a new member of the ETO family of proteins. ETO-2 is 75% identical to murine ETO and shares very high sequence identities over four regions of the protein with ETO (domain I-III and zinc-finger). Northern analysis identifies ETO-2 transcripts in many of the murine tissues analysed and in the developing mouse embryo. ETO-2 is also expressed in myeloid and erythroid cell lines. We confirmed the nuclear localization of ETO-2 and demonstrated that domain III and the zinc-finger region are not required for nuclear localization. We further showed that a region within ETO, containing domain II, mediates dimerization among family members. This region is conserved in the oncoprotein AML-1/ETO. The recent identification of another ETO-like protein, myeloid translocation gene-related protein 1, together with the data presented here, demonstrates that at least three ETO proteins exist with the potential to form dimers in the cell nucleus. (+info)

Coupling of the cell cycle and myogenesis through the cyclin D1-dependent interaction of MyoD with cdk4. (4/13650)

Proliferating myoblasts express the muscle determination factor, MyoD, throughout the cell cycle in the absence of differentiation. Here we show that a mitogen-sensitive mechanism, involving the direct interaction between MyoD and cdk4, restricts myoblast differentiation to cells that have entered into the G0 phase of the cell cycle under mitogen withdrawal. Interaction between MyoD and cdk4 disrupts MyoD DNA-binding, muscle-specific gene activation and myogenic conversion of 10T1/2 cells independently of cyclin D1 and the CAK activation of cdk4. Forced induction of cyclin D1 in myotubes results in the cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation of cdk4. The specific MyoD-cdk4 interaction in dividing myoblasts, coupled with the cyclin D1-dependent nuclear targeting of cdk4, suggests a mitogen-sensitive mechanism whereby cyclin D1 can regulate MyoD function and the onset of myogenesis by controlling the cellular location of cdk4 rather than the phosphorylation status of MyoD. (+info)

Assembly requirements of PU.1-Pip (IRF-4) activator complexes: inhibiting function in vivo using fused dimers. (5/13650)

Gene expression in higher eukaryotes appears to be regulated by specific combinations of transcription factors binding to regulatory sequences. The Ets factor PU.1 and the IRF protein Pip (IRF-4) represent a pair of interacting transcription factors implicated in regulating B cell-specific gene expression. Pip is recruited to its binding site on DNA by phosphorylated PU.1. PU.1-Pip interaction is shown to be template directed and involves two distinct protein-protein interaction surfaces: (i) the ets and IRF DNA-binding domains; and (ii) the phosphorylated PEST region of PU.1 and a lysine-requiring putative alpha-helix in Pip. Thus, a coordinated set of protein-protein and protein-DNA contacts are essential for PU.1-Pip ternary complex assembly. To analyze the function of these factors in vivo, we engineered chimeric repressors containing the ets and IRF DNA-binding domains connected by a flexible POU domain linker. When stably expressed, the wild-type fused dimer strongly repressed the expression of a rearranged immunoglobulin lambda gene, thereby establishing the functional importance of PU.1-Pip complexes in B cell gene expression. Comparative analysis of the wild-type dimer with a series of mutant dimers distinguished a gene regulated by PU.1 and Pip from one regulated by PU.1 alone. This strategy should prove generally useful in analyzing the function of interacting transcription factors in vivo, and for identifying novel genes regulated by such complexes. (+info)

p50(cdc37) acting in concert with Hsp90 is required for Raf-1 function. (6/13650)

Genetic screens in Drosophila have identified p50(cdc37) to be an essential component of the sevenless receptor/mitogen-activated kinase protein (MAPK) signaling pathway, but neither the function nor the target of p50(cdc37) in this pathway has been defined. In this study, we examined the role of p50(cdc37) and its Hsp90 chaperone partner in Raf/Mek/MAPK signaling biochemically. We found that coexpression of wild-type p50(cdc37) with Raf-1 resulted in robust and dose-dependent activation of Raf-1 in Sf9 cells. In addition, p50(cdc37) greatly potentiated v-Src-mediated Raf-1 activation. Moreover, we found that p50(cdc37) is the primary determinant of Hsp90 recruitment to Raf-1. Overexpression of a p50(cdc37) mutant which is unable to recruit Hsp90 into the Raf-1 complex inhibited Raf-1 and MAPK activation by growth factors. Similarly, pretreatment with geldanamycin (GA), an Hsp90-specific inhibitor, prevented both the association of Raf-1 with the p50(cdc37)-Hsp90 heterodimer and Raf-1 kinase activation by serum. Activation of Raf-1 via baculovirus coexpression with oncogenic Src or Ras in Sf9 cells was also strongly inhibited by dominant negative p50(cdc37) or by GA. Thus, formation of a ternary Raf-1-p50(cdc37)-Hsp90 complex is crucial for Raf-1 activity and MAPK pathway signaling. These results provide the first biochemical evidence for the requirement of the p50(cdc37)-Hsp90 complex in protein kinase regulation and for Raf-1 function in particular. (+info)

C/EBPalpha regulates generation of C/EBPbeta isoforms through activation of specific proteolytic cleavage. (7/13650)

C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta are intronless genes that can produce several N-terminally truncated isoforms through the process of alternative translation initiation at downstream AUG codons. C/EBPbeta has been reported to produce four isoforms: full-length 38-kDa C/EBPbeta, 35-kDa LAP (liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein), 21-kDa LIP (liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein), and a 14-kDa isoform. In this report, we investigated the mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms are generated in the liver and in cultured cells. Using an in vitro translation system, we found that LIP can be generated by two mechanisms: alternative translation and a novel mechanism-specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. Studies of mice in which the C/EBPalpha gene had been deleted (C/EBPalpha-/-) showed that the regulation of C/EBPbeta proteolysis is dependent on C/EBPalpha. The induction of C/EBPalpha in cultured cells leads to induced cleavage of C/EBPbeta to generate the LIP isoform. We characterized the cleavage activity in mouse liver extracts and found that the proteolytic cleavage activity is specific to prenatal and newborn livers, is sensitive to chymostatin, and is completely abolished in C/EBPalpha-/- animals. The lack of cleavage activity in the livers of C/EBPalpha-/- mice correlates with the decreased levels of LIP in the livers of these animals. Analysis of LIP production during liver regeneration showed that, in this system, the transient induction of LIP is dependent on the third AUG codon and most likely involves translational control. We propose that there are two mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms might be generated in the liver and in cultured cells: one that is determined by translation and a second that involves C/EBPalpha-dependent, specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. The latter mechanism implicates C/EBPalpha in the regulation of posttranslational generation of the dominant negative C/EBPbeta isoform, LIP. (+info)

The significance of tetramerization in promoter recruitment by Stat5. (8/13650)

Stat5a and Stat5b are rapidly activated by a wide range of cytokines and growth factors, including interleukin-2 (IL-2). We have previously shown that these signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT proteins) are key regulatory proteins that bind to two tandem gamma interferon-activated site (GAS) motifs within an IL-2 response element (positive regulatory region III [PRRIII]) in the human IL-2Ralpha promoter. In this study, we demonstrate cooperative binding of Stat5 to PRRIII and explore the molecular basis underlying this cooperativity. We demonstrate that formation of a tetrameric Stat5 complex is essential for the IL-2-inducible activation of PRRIII. Stable tetramer formation of Stat5 is mediated through protein-protein interactions involving a tryptophan residue conserved in all STATs and a lysine residue in the Stat5 N-terminal domain (N domain). The functional importance of tetramer formation is shown by the decreased levels of transcriptional activation associated with mutations in these residues. Moreover, the requirement for STAT protein-protein interactions for gene activation from a promoter with tandemly linked GAS motifs can be relieved by strengthening the avidity of protein-DNA interactions for the individual binding sites. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that a dimeric but tetramerization-deficient Stat5 protein can activate only a subset of target sites. For functional activity on a wider range of potential recognition sites, N-domain-mediated oligomerization is essential. (+info)

Dimerisation[edit]. The activation of initiator caspases and inflammatory caspases is initiated by dimerisation, which is ... Activation involves dimerization and often oligomerisation of pro-caspases, followed by cleavage into a small subunit and large ... Inititator Caspases have a prodomain that allows recruitment and dimerisation. Adaptor proteins such as FADD represented by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspases

Dimerization to butenes. Ethylene is dimerized by hydrovinylation to give n-butenes using processes licensed by Lummus or IFP. ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/اتیلن?match=en

Dimerization as a regulatory mechanism in signal transduction 16: 569-592 Bell, G I (1974) Model for the binding of multivalent ... In the case of HER2, which acts as a dimerization partner of other EGFRs, constituitive activation leads to hyperproliferation ... A preponderance of evidence soon developed that receptor dimerization initiates responses (reviewed in ) in a variety of cell ... The ligand-binding domain is additionally responsible for dimerization of nucleic receptors prior to binding and providing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction

After dimerization, oligomerization occurs. Finally, the oligomers, consisting of alternating S and F subunits, undergo a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocidin

ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. Page, M.; Adams, G.F.; Binkley, J.S.; Melius, C.F. (1987). "Dimerization energy of borane". J. Phys. ... B2H6 The standard enthalpy of dimerization of BH3 is estimated to be −170 kJ mol−1. The boron atom in BH3 has 6 valence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borane

Yi, Li; K. N. Houk (July 2001). "The Dimerization of Cyclobutadiene. An ab Initio CASSCF Theoretical Study". Journal of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaromaticity

Rao, G. N.; Janardhana, C.; Ramanathan, V.; Rajesh, T.; Kumar, P. H. (November 2006). "Photochemical Dimerization of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzylideneacetone

Synthesis and dimerization equilibriums". J. Org. Chem. 36 (20): 3055-3056. doi:10.1021/jo00819a038. David P. Barr; Michael R. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Methyl-2-nitrosopropane

This is cleaved before dimerization. Apoptosis is a cell self-destruct process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase-activated_DNase

This leads to EGFR dimerization. Dimerization brings the two receptors into close proximity. This stimulates the kinase ... Ligand binding to the extracellular domain induces dimerization. Dimerization of RTKs leads to autophosphorylation of tyrosine ... Ferrao R, Zhou H, Shan Y, Liu Q, Li Q, Shaw DE, Li X, Wu H (Sep 2014). "IRAK4 dimerization and trans-autophosphorylation are ... Binding with insulin triggers a conformational change in the receptor that brings them closer together (dimerization). Each β ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophosphorylation

Solubility, dimerization, and ATPase activity". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (44): 27745-52. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.44.27745. PMID 9346917. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar-amino-acid-transporting_ATPase

Its C-terminal domain contains the dimerization domain, the cyclic dinucleotide interaction domain, as well as a domain ... Kranzusch PJ, Vance RE (December 2013). "cGAS dimerization entangles DNA recognition". Immunity. 39 (6): 992-4. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGAS–STING_cytosolic_DNA_sensing_pathway

Calculations suggest that TiH4 is prone to dimerisation. This largely attributed to the electron deficiency of the monomer and ... Webb, Simon P.; Gordon, Mark S. (July 1995). "The dimerization of TiH 4". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 117 (27): ... the small size of the hydride ligands; which allows dimerisation to take place with a very low energy barrier as there is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium(IV)_hydride

Dimerization and Reduction of Rhodocene". Inorg. Chem. 18 (6): 1443-1446. doi:10.1021/ic50196a007. Keller, H. J.; Wawersik, H ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal

Ottilie S, Diaz JL, Horne W, Chang J, Wang Y, Wilson G, Chang S, Weeks S, Fritz LC, Oltersdorf T (1997). "Dimerization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2-associated_death_promoter

The dimerisation is a redox process; the dimer is a rhodium(I) species and the monomer has a rhodium(II) centre. Rhodium ... This dimerisation process has the overall effect of decreasing the electron count around the rhodium centre from 19 to 18. This ... Dimerization and Reduction of Rhodocene". Inorganic Chemistry. 18 (6): 1443-1446. doi:10.1021/ic50196a007. Crabtree, R. H. ( ... by oxidative dimerization of cyclopentadiene; the resultant product was found to have molecular formula C10H10Fe and reported ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodocene

... upon receptor dimerization. Although a number of potential phosphorylation sites exist, upon dimerization only one or much more ... making monomer-monomer interactions and dimerisation possible. The consequence of ectodomain dimerization is the positioning of ... In contrast, in ligand-bound ErbB-1 and unliganded ErbB-2, the dimerization arm becomes untethered and exposed at the receptor ... 2003). "EGF activates its receptor by removing interactions that autoinhibit ectodomain dimerization". Mol. Cell. 11 (2): 507- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ErbB

S2CID 8224296.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) B Barzel, O Biham (2009). "Stochastic analysis of dimerization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Barzel

Its main target is the ATPase site of the DNA Gyrase GyrB subunit . Chemically induced dimerization Heide L (2009). "Genetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumermycin_A1

"Dimerization of Aromatic C-Nitroso Compounds". Chemical Reviews. 116 (1): 258-286. doi:10.1021/cr500520s. PMID 26730505. E. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosobenzene

Dimerization then causes autophosphorylation and activation. Other stressors have also been reported to activate GCN2. GCN2 ... It was observed that GCN2 binds to uncharged/deacylated tRNA which causes a conformational change, resulting in dimerization. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_stress_response

Uchino, M.; Chauvin, Y.; Lefebvre, G. (1967). "Dimerization of propylene by nickel complexes". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des ... "Catalytic dimerization of alkenes by nickel complexes in organochloroaluminate molten salts". Chem. Comm. 23 (23): 1715-1716. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Chauvin

A specific example is derived from the dimerization of the ketene of stearic acid. This ketene is generated by pyrolysis of ... A quantum-chemical study rejected the formation of a cyclobutanedione during the dimerization of n-alkylketene R-CH=C=O in ... The clarification of the constitution was complicated by different dimerization products of the ketenes. For example, the ... Zhang, Zhiguo; Li, Guoneng; Hu, Guilin; Sun, Yaoyu (2013). "Theoretical Research on the Mechanism of the Dimerization Reactions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl_ketene_dimer

2000). "Glycosaminoglycans promote HARP/PTN dimerization". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 266 (2): 437-42. doi:10.1006/bbrc. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotrophin

Beaudoin, D.; Wuest, J. D. (2016). "Dimerization of Aromatic C-Nitroso Compounds". Chemical Reviews. 116 (1): 258-286. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroso

Certain extracellular domains may be involved in dimerisation. CD2 CD4 VCAM1 Smith DK, Xue H (1997). "Sequence profiles of ... Sanejouand YH (2004). "Domain swapping of CD4 upon dimerization". Proteins. 57 (1): 205-12. doi:10.1002/prot.20197. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_C2-set_domain

Furthermore, the dimerization improves the anticoagulant activity as well. The TBA-HD22 construct (linked with 16-mer polyA) ... Hasegawa, H. et al., Improvement of Aptamer Affinity by Dimerization. Sensors 8, 1090-1098 doi:10.3390/s8021090(2008). Lao, Y. ... aptamers TBA and HD22 show avidity effect against thrombin after dimerization. When TBA and HD22 are conjugated with an optimal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-thrombin_aptamers

Carbon-to-carbon dimerization is also possible. In one study 2,6-xylenol is oxidized with iodosobenzene diacetate with a ... Selective oxidative para C-C dimerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol Christophe Boldron, Guillem Aromí, Ger Challa, Patrick Gamez ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,6-Xylenol

... Harald Lossau harald at ZENTRUM.PHYS.CHEMIE.TU-MUENCHEN.DE Thu Dec 5 12:05:57 EST 1996 *Previous message: ... 57, 63S (1993). However, dimerization is not necessary for GFP to fluoresce. Time resolved fluorescence is not influenced by ... cryoprotectors which supress dimerization (H. Lossau et al., Chemical Physics 2653 (Dec. 1996)). Harald Lossau *Previous ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/fluorpro/1996-December/000453.html

Carbene dimerization is a type of organic reaction in which two carbene or carbenoid precursors react in a formal dimerization ... An early pioneer was Christoph Grundmann reporting on a carbene dimerisation in 1938. In the domain of persistent carbenes the ... Commun., 1997, 2163-2164 doi:10.1039/A706459D Maleates from diazoacetates and dilactones from head-to-head dimerisation of ... A direct metal carbene dimerization has been used in the synthesis of novel Polyalkynylethenes March, Jerry (1985), Advanced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbene_dimerization

The telomerization is the linear dimerization of 1,3-dienes with simultaneous addition of a nucleophile in a catalytic reaction ... S. Takahashi, T. Shibano, and N. Hagihara: The dimerization of butadiene by palladium complex catalysts. In: Tetrahedron ... Telomerization Edgar J. Smutny: Oligomerization and dimerization of butadiene under homogeneous catalysis. Reaction with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerization_(dimerization)

Dimerization. Figure 4. PKA and PLB binding to AKAP7γ do not interfere with AKAP7γ dimerization. (a) Lysates from either AKAP7γ ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jst/2015/371626/fig4/

A dimerization motif for transmembrane alpha-helices.. Lemmon MA1, Treutlein HR, Adams PD, Brünger AT, Engelman DM. ... which when introduced into several hydrophobic transmembrane alpha-helices promotes their specific dimerization. Dimerization ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7656033?dopt=Abstract

Receptor signaling: dimerization and beyond.. Stock J1.. Author information. 1. Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton ... But recent studies of analogous receptors in bacteria indicate that dimerization may be only a prerequisite for signaling. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8835862?dopt=Abstract

... Michael S Curtis curtis at watson.bms.com Fri Jul 12 17:47:00 EST 1996 *Previous ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/proteins/1996-July/004356.html

UvrD dimerization and helicase activation. Binh Nguyen, Yerdos Ordabayev, Joshua E. Sokoloski, Elizabeth Weiland, Timothy M. ... UvrD dimerization and helicase activation. Binh Nguyen, Yerdos Ordabayev, Joshua E. Sokoloski, Elizabeth Weiland, Timothy M. ... UvrD Dimerization on DNA Shifts the 2B Conformation to a More Closed State.. The DNA unwinding (helicase) activity of UvrD is ... UvrD dimerization on DNA is accompanied by closing of the 2B subdomain conformation and helicase activation. The results ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/114/46/12178

The authors propose that the intact immunoglobulin domains serve as a barrier to inhibit receptor dimerization in the absence ...

https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/2000/43/tw8

We show that dimerization is crucial for IRAK4 autophosphorylation invitro and ligand-dependent signaling in cells. These ... IRAK4 Dimerization and trans-Autophosphorylation Are Induced by Myddosome Assembly. *Ferrao R ... Ferrao, R., Zhou, H., Shan, Y., Liu, Q., Li, Q., Shaw, D. E., … Wu, H. (2014). IRAK4 Dimerization and trans-Autophosphorylation ...

https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/25b418e2-f4fa-329e-881c-3eb99e670935/

Our results suggest that dimerization of Gal80 and binding of a Gal80 monomer to Gal3 utilizes some of the same features of ... structure and interactions of the GAL4 dimerization domain. Genes Dev. 15: 1007-1020. ... defects in self-association and that their intrinsic defects in self-association are suppressed by the very strong dimerization ...

https://www.genetics.org/node/332416.full.print

Gal80 Dimerization and the Yeast GAL Gene Switch. Vepkhia Pilauri, Maria Bewley, Cuong Diep and James Hopper ... Gal80 Dimerization and the Yeast GAL Gene Switch. Vepkhia Pilauri, Maria Bewley, Cuong Diep and James Hopper ... Gal80 Dimerization and the Yeast GAL Gene Switch. Vepkhia Pilauri, Maria Bewley, Cuong Diep and James Hopper ...

https://www.genetics.org/content/169/4/1903.article-info

Switch-like activation of Brutons tyrosine kinase by membrane-mediated dimerization. Jean K. Chung, Laura M. Nocka, Aubrianna ... Switch-like activation of Brutons tyrosine kinase by membrane-mediated dimerization. Jean K. Chung, Laura M. Nocka, Aubrianna ... Detection of 2D dimerization reaction on membrane surfaces by FCS. (A) In a dual-color FCS setup, TR-labeled lipid (TR-DHPE) ... The dimerization behavior and the resulting ultrasensitivity is found to be unique to Btk and is not displayed by Tec or Itk. ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/116/22/10798

... Benjamin J. Pieters,1 Eugene E. ... We examined the impact of sevoflurane and isoflurane on the dimerization of human serum albumin (HSA), a protein with ... suggesting that inhaled anesthetics promoted HSA dimerization. Size exclusion chromatography and polarization data were ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bri/2010/516704/abs/

... and a helical dimerisation domain. The dimerisation domain consists of a 4-helical bundle that makes contact with each of the ... Transferrin receptor-like, dimerisation domain (IPR007365). Short name: TFR-like_dimer_dom ... This entry represents the dimerisation domain found in the transferrin receptor, as well as in a number of other proteins ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR007365

MAX dimerization protein MLXImported. ,p>Information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures ... tr,I3IYA8,I3IYA8_ORENI MAX dimerization protein MLX OS=Oreochromis niloticus OX=8128 PE=4 SV=1 ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/I3IYA8

... J Mol Biol. 2006 Feb 17;356(2):367-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.11.032 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16368107/

Item: Dimerization. Score: 1000. Position: NC_045512v2:29045-29356. Genomic Size: 312. Strand: +. View DNA for this feature ( ...

http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgc?hgsid=851833133_4Fp51WA0FeLuEcXAs0TnXDyMuwAq&c=NC_045512v2&l=0&r=29903&o=29044&t=29356&g=unipCov2Interest&i=Dimerization

The step we focus on in this work is the dimerization of PG1. In particular, we are interested in determining where PG1 ... We investigate the two known distinct modes of dimerization that result in either a parallel or an antiparallel β-sheet ... We explore the role of hydrogen bonds and ionic bridges in peptide dimerization in the three environments. Detailed knowledge ... dimerization is most favorable. We use extensive molecular dynamics simulations to determine the potential of mean force as a ...

http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/9/3177

We report the 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of rod domains 5 and 6, which shows that dimerization is mediated primarily by ... Structural basis for dimerization of the Dictyostelium gelation factor (ABP120) rod. *Airlie J. McCoy1. , ... We report the 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of rod domains 5 and 6, which shows that dimerization is mediated primarily by ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nsb0999_836?error=cookies_not_supported&code=6a55c98f-e920-45c8-8132-500e5f4fb2ff

Penicillin-binding protein, dimerisation domain superfamily (IPR036138). Short name: PBP_dimer_sf ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR036138

E2 interaction and dimerization in the crystal structure of TRAF6. Access & Citations. * 4329 Article Accesses. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nsmb.1605/metrics?error=cookies_not_supported&code=871f7792-dab2-49c6-b1ff-eb115aa166e1

... Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 Jun;16(6):658-66. doi: 10.1038/nsmb ... Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis shows that TRAF6 dimerization induces higher-order oligomerization of full- ... Structure-based mutagenesis reveals that TRAF6 dimerization is crucial for polyubiquitin synthesis and autoubiquitination. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19465916/?dopt=Abstract

... self-promoted dimerization of the triarylphosphine-alkene 1, a ligand for Pd-catalyzed reactions, produced an unusual racemic ... While stable in CH2Cl2, hexane or THF, in the presence of MeOH, self-promoted dimerization of the triarylphosphine-alkene 1, a ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11434-010-3270-9

Similar results were obtained with the DOCK2 point mutant having a defect in dimerization. Deletion of lobe A from the DHR-2 ... Here, we report that lobe A-mediated DOCK2 dimerization is crucial for Rac activation and lymphocyte migration. We found that ... Our results thus indicate that DOCK2 dimerization is functionally important under the physiological condition where only ... Dimerization Is the Subject Area "Dimerization" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0046277

Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid dimerization domain, P1 form. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb6WZO/pdb ... 300 substitutions identified within the N1b and N2b domains cluster away from their functional RNA binding and dimerization ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/6WZO

Changes at the KinA PAS-A dimerization interface influence histidine kinase function article. 2008 ... Health · Animals · Antilipemic Agents · Apolipoprotein A-I · Cells, Cultured · Clofibrate · Clofibric Acid · Dimerization · ... Biology · Bacteria · Catalyst activity · Crystal structure · Dimerization · Bacillus subtilis KinA protein · Histidine kinase ... dimerization · enzyme inhibition · human · incubation time · inhibition kinetics · time · Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ...

https://repository.tudelft.nl/search/tno/?q=subject%3A%22Dimerization%22

Max dimerization protein 3Add BLAST. 206. Proteomic databases. PaxDb, a database of protein abundance averages across all three ... Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Binds DNA as a heterodimer with MAX. Interacts with ... sp,Q80US8,MAD3_MOUSE Max dimerization protein 3 OS=Mus musculus OX=10090 GN=Mxd3 PE=1 SV=1 ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q80US8

The dimerization reactin of ligand-bound receptors can be written as. 2RL-, dimer. The values of the equilibrius constant K as ... Integrilin at 20C and cRGD at 40C have the greatest degree of dimerization.. Im not sure how to find the tfraction of total ... a) which ligand leads to the greates degree of dimerization of the integrin-ligand complex at 20C? at 40C? Calculate the ... 3 different RGD-containing ligands (including Integrilin) are used to form receptor-ligand complexes, and measured dimerization ...

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/ligand-integrin-dimerization.202360/

ZF-HD dimerization-type domain-containing proteinInterPro annotation. ,p>Information which has been generated by the UniProtKB ... ZF-HD dimerization-typeInterPro annotation. Automatic assertion inferred from signature matchi ... tr,I1QXA2,I1QXA2_ORYGL ZF-HD dimerization-type domain-containing protein OS=Oryza glaberrima OX=4538 PE=4 SV=1 ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/I1QXA2

Blockade of a key region in the extracellular domain inhibits HER2 dimerization and signaling. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Yet, novel therapies are needed that prevent HER2 dimerization with other HER family members, because current treatments are only partially effective. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Disruption of this sequence disables the HER2 dimerization loop, blocks subsequent activation of HER2-driven oncogenic signaling, and generates a dominant-negative form of HER2. (sigmaaldrich.com)
However, HER2 dimerization is important in lung cancer, including EGFR mutated NSCLC. (jcancer.org)
Since HER2 dimerization leads to cell proliferation, targeting the dimerization of HER2 will have a significant impact on cancer therapies. (jcancer.org)
A cyclic peptidomimetic ( 18 ) has been designed to inhibit protein-protein interactions of HER2 with its dimerization partners EGFR and HER3. (jcancer.org)
A proximity ligation assay further proved that 18 inhibits HER2:HER3 and EGFR: HER2 dimerization. (jcancer.org)
Overall, these results suggest that 18 can be a potential treatment for HER2-dimerization related NSCLC. (jcancer.org)
Pertuzumab (rhuMAb 2C4), a humanized HER2 antibody, represents a new class of targeted therapeutics that inhibit dimerization of HER2 with ligand-activated EGFR (HER1), HER3, and HER-4. (aacrjournals.org)

This mechanism employs multiple PIP 3 binding as well as dimerization of Btk on the membrane surface. (pnas.org)
The dimerization of the cationic β-hairpin antimicrobial peptide protegrin-1 (PG1) is investigated in three different environments: water, the surface of a lipid bilayer membrane, and the core of the membrane. (mdpi.com)
Several lines of evidence suggest that the dimerization step which leads to the conducting ion channel may be a complex series of reactions which are influenced by one or more membrane structural properties not yet characterized, in addition to the effects of the externally applied electric field. (springer.com)
The membrane-bound monomeric insulin receptors could be cross-linked to dimers in the presence of insulin, indicating that although covalent interactions had been abolished, noncovalent dimerization could still occur in the membrane. (harvard.edu)
This allows for the measurement of the free energy of ClC-ec1 dimerization in lipid bilayers, revealing that it is one of the strongest membrane protein complexes measured so far, and introduces it as new type of dimerization model to investigate the physical forces that drive membrane protein association in membranes. (elifesciences.org)
This strategy therefore presents a model-free way to quantify protein dimerization in lipid bilayers, offering a simplified strategy in the ongoing effort to characterize equilibrium membrane-protein reactions in membranes. (rupress.org)
MinD and role of the deviant Walker A motif, dimerization and membrane binding in oscillation. (semanticscholar.org)

The authors propose that the intact immunoglobulin domains serve as a barrier to inhibit receptor dimerization in the absence of ligand. (sciencemag.org)
We show that dimerization is crucial for IRAK4 autophosphorylation invitro and ligand-dependent signaling in cells. (mendeley.com)
Quantitative investigations through molecular diffusion and adsorption kinetics show that Btk undergoes dimerization-mediated activation in a PIP 3 density-dependent manner, providing a ligand-counting mechanism with a sharp sensitivity to signal strength. (pnas.org)
While stable in CH 2 Cl 2 , hexane or THF, in the presence of MeOH, self-promoted dimerization of the triarylphosphine-alkene 1 , a ligand for Pd-catalyzed reactions, produced an unusual racemic bis(phosphine) 2 in high yield. (springer.com)
3 different RGD-containing ligands (including Integrilin) are used to form receptor-ligand complexes, and measured dimerization of ligand-bound receptors as a fuction of temperature in the range 20-40C using a variety of methods. (physicsforums.com)
40 1.79*10^6 3.47*10^6 4.00*10^5 a) which ligand leads to the greates degree of dimerization of the integrin-ligand complex at 20C? (physicsforums.com)
The D/D Solubilizer is a synthetic, cell-permeable ligand that can be used to disrupt dimerization of fusion proteins containing the DmrD domain. (clontech.com)
Activation-induced clustering followed by disulfide bond-mediated dimerization of CD44 represents an additional signal transduction mechanism for regulating receptor-ligand interactions. (jimmunol.org)
The results suggest that those metalloporphyrins which caused dimerization were able to acquire a thiolate ligand from the protein, and we propose that this ligation is the trigger for dimerization. (biochemj.org)
Functional characterization included the determination of total expression, cell surface expression and dimerisation studies by a sandwich-ELISA approach as well as ligand binding and signal transduction properties. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis shows that TRAF6 dimerization induces higher-order oligomerization of full-length TRAF6. (nih.gov)
STAT activation is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation, which induces dimerization via reciprocal phosphotyrosine (pTyr)-SH2 interactions between two STAT monomers and is a requirement for binding to specific DNA response elements ( 11 ). (aacrjournals.org)

Receptor signaling: dimerization and beyond. (nih.gov)
This entry represents the dimerisation domain found in the transferrin receptor, as well as in a number of other proteins including glutamate carboxypeptidase II and N-acetylated-alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase like protein. (ebi.ac.uk)
Superresolution imaging of the pattern recognition receptor TLR4 reveals how different ligands control receptor dimerization. (sciencemag.org)
Hormone-induced receptor dimerization is proposed to be relevant to the signal transduction mechanism for the hGH receptor and other related cytokine receptors. (sciencemag.org)
PathHunter ® eXpress Dimerization Assay Kits provide a robust, highly sensitive and easy-to-use, cell-based functional assay to study receptor-receptor interactions at the cell surface. (discoverx.com)
We cloned chemically-inducible chimeric IGF1R and InsR constructs consisting of the extracellular domains of the p75 nerve growth factor receptor fused to the intracellular β subunit of IGF1R or InsR, and a dimerization domain. (pitt.edu)

This approach is questionable, however, due to virus mutations and the high toxicity of the drugs, An alternative method to inhibit the dimeric HIV protease is the targeting of the interface region of the protease subunits in order to prevent subunit dimerization and enzyme activity, This approach should be less prone to inactivation by mutation, A list of improved 'dimerization inhibitors' of HIV-1 protease is presented. (uni-muenchen.de)
These results suggest that signermycin B targets the conserved dimerization domain of WalK to inhibit autophosphorylation. (asm.org)

Time resolved fluorescence is not influenced by cryoprotectors which supress dimerization (H. Lossau et al. (bio.net)
Dimerization of UGT1A1 or UGT1A9 allozymes was observed via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and co-immunoprecipitation analysis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Here, we use bimolecular fluorescence complementation to study DJ-1 dimerization and find not only that DJ-1 forms homodimers in living cells but that most PD causative DJ-1 mutations disrupt this process, including the L166P, M26I, L10P, and P158∆ mutations. (le.ac.uk)

We present the first report of a peptidomimetic approach to design of small-molecule inhibitors of Stat3 that are also among the first examples of disruptors of transcription factor dimerization with the potential for novel cancer therapy. (aacrjournals.org)
Our findings also provide proof-of-principle that small-molecule inhibitors of Stat3 represent potential novel cancer therapeutic agents, and together with an earlier report of a peptidomimetic inhibitor of Myc/Max ( 22 ) are among the first examples of small-molecule inhibitors of transcription factor dimerization ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)

The capture statistics describe a monomer to dimer transition that is dependent on the subunit/lipid mole fraction density and follows an equilibrium dimerization isotherm. (elifesciences.org)

The BglG phosphorylation site, His 208 , resides at the junction of the two putative dimerization domains. (asm.org)
Possible mechanisms by which the phosphorylation of BglG controls its dimerization and thus its activity are discussed. (asm.org)
As part of the global effort to elucidate the mechanism by which reversible phosphorylation of BglG, in response to an environmental stimulus, controls its dimeric state, we attempted to map its dimerization site relative to the phosphorylation site and characterize it. (asm.org)
It is especially demanding for members of the OmpR/PhoB subfamily, the largest RR subfamily, which share a conserved dimerization interface for phosphorylation-mediated transcription regulation. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Using the Escherichia coli RR PhoB as a model system, we were able to observe phosphorylation-dependent FRET between fluorescent protein (FP)-PhoB proteins and validated the FRET method by determining dimerization affinity and dimerization-coupled phosphorylation kinetics that recapitulated values determined by alternative methods. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Telomerization Edgar J. Smutny: Oligomerization and dimerization of butadiene under homogeneous catalysis. (wikipedia.org)
The invention relates to a method for carrying out, generally under pressure, the (notably selective) dimerization, codimerization and oligomerization of olefins in the presence of at least one catalyst, usually solid, in at least one reactionzone whose temperature is controlled by a heat-exchange device with hollow plates disposed therein. (patentgenius.com)

and a helical dimerisation domain. (ebi.ac.uk)
The dimerisation domain consists of a 4-helical bundle that makes contact with each of the three domains in the dimer partner [ PMID: 10531064 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
We report the 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of rod domains 5 and 6, which shows that dimerization is mediated primarily by rod domain 6 and is the result of a double edge-to-edge extension of β-sheets. (nature.com)
Our results also suggest that the carboxy-terminal 70 residues, which follow the leucine zipper, contain another dimerization domain which does not resemble any known dimerization motif. (asm.org)
Phorbol myristate acetate stimulates the dimerization of CD44 involving a cysteine in the transmembrane domain. (jimmunol.org)
Covalent dimerization involves a cysteine (Cys286) in the transmembrane domain of CD44 and is essential for binding of high levels of fluorescein-conjugated HA. (jimmunol.org)
Concentration dependent experiments revealed that the EL-LOV domain is in equilibrium between the dimer and the monomer in the dark state, and the main photoreaction is the dimerization reaction between a monomer in the ground state and that in the excited state. (rsc.org)
EL222 was found to also exhibit photoinduced dimerization even in the absence of target DNA, although the yield of the reaction was low (∼0.08 compared with that of the EL-LOV domain). (rsc.org)
On the basis of the known importance of pTyr-SH2 interactions for STAT dimerization ( 11 , 19 , 20 ), we previously identified a dimerization-disrupting phosphopeptide sequence that is derived from the SH2 domain-binding region of Stat3, PY*LKTK (where Y* represents phosphotyrosine) and its tripeptide derivatives PY*L and AY*L, as inhibitors of Stat3 activation and biological function ( 21 ). (aacrjournals.org)
The results showed that signermycin B binds to the dimerization domain but not the ATP-binding domain of WalK. (asm.org)

Phylogenetic analysis of HPF proteins suggests that HPFlong-mediated dimerization is a widespread mechanism of ribosome hibernation in bacteria. (rug.nl)
WT AtGCL and mutant proteins were analyzed by non-reducing SDS-PAGE to address their redox state and probed by FPLC for dimerization status. (portlandpress.com)
Both ATP binding-induced dimerization of ATPase domains and interactions with partner proteins are involved. (nih.gov)

Carbene dimerization is a type of organic reaction in which two carbene or carbenoid precursors react in a formal dimerization to an alkene. (wikipedia.org)
The telomerization is the linear dimerization of 1,3-dienes with simultaneous addition of a nucleophile in a catalytic reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Catalytic, Tunable, One-Step Bismuth(III) Triflate Reaction with Alcohols: Dehydration Versus Dimerization. (americanelements.com)
The self heating process of Tetrafluoroethylene caused by an exothermic dimerization reaction was studied. (comsol.com)
An intriguing stepwise diradical mechanism of the dimerization of the reactive intermediate (thiocarbonyl S-methanide) appearing in the reaction of phenyl selenophen-2-yl thioketone with diazomethane was studied by means of computational methods. (uzh.ch)

Accounting however for PAH chemical bond formation after physical dimerization, stabilizes dimers by covalent bonds and increases the soot concentration by four orders of magnitude, in good agreement with Laser Induced Incandescence measurements. (rsc.org)

Dimerization is driven by interactions that are specific, dominated by the helix-helix interface, and involve no potentially ionizable groups. (nih.gov)
The iDimerize Reverse Dimerization System is a "reverse dimerization" system-aggregation is the resting state, and the D/D Solubilizer breaks up protein-protein interactions. (clontech.com)
Moreover, the K88E mutant had even stronger dimerization ability, primarily due to interactions involving the C-terminal region. (asm.org)
To determine the possible impact of dimerization on redox-activation, AtGCL mutants were generated in which salt bridges or hydrophobic interactions at the dimer interface were interrupted. (portlandpress.com)

However, the mechanism of activation by dimerization is not known. (pnas.org)
Furthermore, this activation mechanism distinguishes Btk from other Tec family member kinases, Tec and Itk, which we show are not capable of dimerization through their PH-TH modules. (pnas.org)
It is concluded that the activation of PKG-1 α via H 2 O 2 -induced protein dimerization and subsequent opening of BK Ca channels serves as a novel mechanism of flow-induced H 2 O 2 -mediated relaxations in HCA. (ahajournals.org)
Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy study on 100S ribosomes from Lactococcus lactis and a dimerization mechanism involving a single protein: HPFlong. (rug.nl)

A dimerization motif for transmembrane alpha-helices. (nih.gov)

Our results suggest that dimerization of Gal80 and binding of a Gal80 monomer to Gal3 utilizes some of the same features of Gal80, whereas the binding of a Gal80 dimer to Gal4AD utilizes features of Gal80 that are unique to its dimer form. (genetics.org)
In cultured human coronary arterial smooth muscle cells, H 2 O 2 induced dose-dependent dimerization of PKG-1 α , which was subsequently reduced to the monomer forms by the reducing agent β -mecaptomethanol. (ahajournals.org)
Studying dimerization of ClC-type transporters offers a new approach to the problem, as individual subunits adopt a stable and functionally verifiable fold that constrains the system to two states - monomer or dimer. (elifesciences.org)
Kinetic studies suggest further that the dimeric apoSOD folds via a three-state process where the dimerisation proceeds via a marginally stable monomer. (diva-portal.org)

Recently, we reported the equilibrium dimerization of the CLC-ec1 Cl − /H + transporter in lipid bilayers (Chadda et al. (rupress.org)

The iDimerize Reverse Dimerization System brings the disruption of protein complexes under real-time, small molecule control. (clontech.com)
Bacteria downregulate their ribosomal activity through dimerization of 70S ribosomes, yielding inactive 100S complexes. (rug.nl)
Together, this data suggest a novel model whereby Bet uses two possibly complementary mechanisms to counteract A3G: (1) Bet prevents encapsidation of A3G by blocking A3G dimerization, and (2) sequesters A3G in immobile complexes, impairing its ability to interact with nascent virions. (epfl.ch)
This inter-complex dimerization may be favored between complexes bound near each other on DNA. (nih.gov)
Angewandte Chemie DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802915 Protein-Inhibitor Complexes The Absolute Configuration of Rhizopodin and Its Inhibition of Actin Polymerization by Dimerization** Gregor Hagelueken, Simone C. Albrecht, Heinrich Steinmetz, Rolf Jansen, Dirk W. Heinz, Markus Kalesse, and Wolf-Dieter Schubert* In 1993 the novel polyketide rhizopodin (Figure 1) was isolated from the myxobacterium Myxococcus stipitatus. (docme.ru)

Chemical inducers of dimerization (CIDs) are cell-permeable small molecules capable of dimerizing two protein targets. (biomedsearch.com)
First described by Schreiber and co-workers,( 1 ) chemical inducers of dimerization (CIDs) are cell-permeable, bidentate molecules capable of dimerizing two substrates. (biomedsearch.com)

The nearly 300 substitutions identified within the N1b and N2b domains cluster away from their functional RNA binding and dimerization interfaces. (rcsb.org)
Miniantibody: Bivalent (or bispecific) (scFv)2, so-called miniantibody, is produced by association of two scFv molecules through two modified dimerization domains. (pr.com)
Here, we define the domains of vWF involved in dimerization, using deletion mutants of full-length vWF cDNA transiently expressed in monkey kidney COS-1 cells. (rupress.org)
In addition, by analyzing a construct, encoding only the carboxy-terminal 151 amino acids of vWF, we find that the formation of dimers is an event independent of other domains present on pro-vWF, such as the domains C1 and C2 previously suggested to be involved in dimerization. (rupress.org)

Disclosed herein are processes for tandem alkene dehydrogenation/alkene dimerization using an iridium pincer complex catalyst on a support comprising magnesium. (patents.com)

Genetic systems which test dimerization and antitermination in vivo were used to map and delimit the region which mediates BglG dimerization. (asm.org)
Calmodulin-like protein AtCML3 mediates dimerization of peroxisomal processing protease AtDEG15. (deepdyve.com)

The equilibrium constant and the intrinsic rate constants of dimerization were determined. (rsc.org)
various gases as well as the evaluation of the equilibrium constant Kp for the dimerization of NO2 (eq 2). (muktabodhalib.org)
NO2/N2O4 equilibrium experiment introduces the students to the use A Simple Determination of the NO2 Dimerization Equilibrium Constant. (muktabodhalib.org)

With only reversible PAH dimerization, the simulated soot concentration is negligible. (rsc.org)
The present invention relates to the use of reversible dimerization of methylene blue (MB) for sensing humidity. (epfl.ch)

Here, we have investigated whether dimerization occurs in vivo and if so whether it contributes to redox-activation. (portlandpress.com)
Thus, dimerization of redox-activated GCL is expected to occur in vivo . (portlandpress.com)

This assembly relies on processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and involves multiple steps, including early association with the ER-resident chaperones calnexin/calreticulin and subsequent dimerization facilitated by lipase maturation factor 1 (LMF1) ( 19 - 23 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

S. Takahashi, T. Shibano, and N. Hagihara: The dimerization of butadiene by palladium complex catalysts. (wikipedia.org)

Dimerization changed the chemical regioselectivity, substrate-binding affinity, and enzymatic activity of UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 in glucuronidation of quercetin. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Substrate and tetrahydrobiopterin binding sites only emerged with the metalloporphyrins that caused dimerization. (biochemj.org)

The Absolute Configuration of Rhizopodin and Its Inhibition of Actin Polymerization by Dimerization. (docme.ru)

We report here a pattern of 7 amino acids (LIxxGVxxGVxxT) which when introduced into several hydrophobic transmembrane alpha-helices promotes their specific dimerization. (nih.gov)

The most potent inhibitor from our screen (cyclo-SGWTVVRMY) is demonstrated to disrupt CtBP dimerization in vitro and in cells. (soton.ac.uk)

Leucine zippers are employed to mediate dimerization of scFv in a miniantibody form. (pr.com)

In particular, we are interested in determining where PG1 dimerization is most favorable. (mdpi.com)

In Escherichia coli, dimerization is mediated by the hibernation promotion factor (HPF) and ribosome modulation factor. (rug.nl)

A direct metal carbene dimerization has been used in the synthesis of novel Polyalkynylethenes March, Jerry (1985), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (3rd ed. (wikipedia.org)
Structure-based mutagenesis reveals that TRAF6 dimerization is crucial for polyubiquitin synthesis and autoubiquitination. (nih.gov)

We then characterized the effect of WT and K88E dimerization on DNA binding and transactivation activity. (asm.org)
Catalysts containing Ni(2,2′-bipyridine)2Cl2 complex (K) encapsulated in Y zeolite cages (Ke/Y) or obtained by impregnation-complexation (Ki-c/Y), co-activated with AlCl(C2H5)2 show good activity and selectivity for ethylene dimerization at 333 K and W/F = 37 gcat h (moles C2H4)−1 molar contact time. (ad-astra.ro)

In vitro transcriptional activation, dimerization, and DNA-binding specificity of the Epstein-Barr virus Zta protein. (asm.org)

Based on these results, we proposed a model in which the dominant negative ability of the mutant protein was due to dimerization with WT PITX2a. (asm.org)

The extent of dimerization correlated well with the observed secretion. (biochemj.org)

Here, we report an inhibitor of NADH-dependent dimerization of the C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) transcriptional repressor, identified by screening genetically encoded cyclic peptide libraries of up to 64 million members. (soton.ac.uk)

We constructed dimerization cassettes that allow the conversion of scFv antibodies from all our phage display libraries to bivalent or bispecific antibodies. (pr.com)
Ÿ Fab Dimerization: producing bivalent or bispecific Fab antibodies in miniantibody format. (pr.com)

1997, 2163-2164 doi:10.1039/A706459D Maleates from diazoacetates and dilactones from head-to-head dimerisation of alkenyl diazoacetates using Grubbs' 2nd-generation ruthenium carbene catalyst David M. Hodgson and Deepshikha Angrish Chem. (wikipedia.org)

Whether dimerization affects other enzyme properties, e.g. (portlandpress.com)

These findings point to a crucial role of TM3 and intracellular loop 2 for dimerisation of the human MC4R. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Anatomy11

Organisms10

Chemicals and Drugs63

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes62

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

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Health Care1

Transcriptional repression by the Drosophila giant protein: cis element positioning provides an alternative means of interpreting an effector gradient. (1/13650)

Four dimers of lambda repressor bound to two suitably spaced pairs of lambda operators form octamers and DNA loops over large distances. (2/13650)

ETO-2, a new member of the ETO-family of nuclear proteins. (3/13650)

Coupling of the cell cycle and myogenesis through the cyclin D1-dependent interaction of MyoD with cdk4. (4/13650)

Assembly requirements of PU.1-Pip (IRF-4) activator complexes: inhibiting function in vivo using fused dimers. (5/13650)

p50(cdc37) acting in concert with Hsp90 is required for Raf-1 function. (6/13650)

C/EBPalpha regulates generation of C/EBPbeta isoforms through activation of specific proteolytic cleavage. (7/13650)

The significance of tetramerization in promoter recruitment by Stat5. (8/13650)

Dimerization

Protein Multimerization

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Models, Molecular

Protein Structure, Quaternary

Protein Binding

Binding Sites

Protein Conformation

Leucine Zippers

Crystallography, X-Ray

Mutation

Protein Structure, Secondary

DNA-Binding Proteins

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Base Sequence

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Cell Line

Biopolymers

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Recombinant Proteins

Amino Acid Substitution

Cross-Linking Reagents

Transcription Factors

COS Cells

Macromolecular Substances

Amino Acid Motifs

Structure-Activity Relationship

Disulfides

Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs

Ligands

Cysteine

Ultracentrifugation

DNA

Kinetics

Transfection

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Protein Folding

Signal Transduction

Phosphorylation

Sequence Deletion

Sequence Alignment

Escherichia coli

Circular Dichroism

Mutagenesis

Mutant Proteins

Bacterial Proteins

Chromatography, Gel

Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Point Mutation

RNA, Viral

Glycophorin

Two-Hybrid System Techniques

Repressor Proteins

Conserved Sequence

Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors

Enzyme Activation

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

HEK293 Cells

Models, Biological

Trans-Activators

Transcriptional Activation

Thermodynamics

HIV-1

Plasmids

Cell Membrane

Cloning, Molecular

Virus Assembly

Peptide Fragments

Catalytic Domain

DNA Primers

Catalysis

Cercopithecus aethiops

Transcription, Genetic

CHO Cells

Zinc Fingers

Cricetinae

Nuclear Proteins