An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB)
A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.
Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE.
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.
An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer.
A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61)
A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.
Common name for FISHES belonging to the order Perciformes and occurring in three different families.
A very complex, but reproducible mixture of at least 177 C10 polychloro derivatives, having an approximate overall empirical formula of C10-H10-Cl8. It is used as an insecticide and may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989)
An oxidation product of HEPTACHLOR formed by many plants and animals, including humans, after exposure to HEPTACHLOR. It has been shown to remain in soil treated with HEPTACHLOR for over fifteen years and is toxic to animals and humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989)
An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.
The development by insects of resistance to insecticides.
An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.

Predicting insecticide resistance: mutagenesis, selection and response. (1/139)

Strategies to manage resistance to a particular insecticide have usually been devised after resistance has evolved. If it were possible to predict likely resistance mechanisms to novel insecticides before they evolved in the field, it might be feasible to have programmes that manage susceptibility. With this approach in mind, single-gene variants of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, resistant to dieldrin, diazinon and malathion, were selected in the laboratory after mutagenesis of susceptible strains. The genetic and molecular bases of resistance in these variants were identical to those that had previously evolved in natural populations. Given this predictive capacity for known resistances, the approach was extended to anticipate possible mechanisms of resistance to cyromazine, an insecticide to which L. cuprina populations remain susceptible after almost 20 years of exposure. Analysis of the laboratory-generated resistant variants provides an explanation for this observation. The variants show low levels of resistance and a selective advantage over susceptibles for only a limited concentration range. These results are discussed in the context of the choice of insecticides for control purposes and of delivery strategies to minimize the evolution of resistance.  (+info)

The bystander effect in the HSVtk/ganciclovir system and its relationship to gap junctional communication. (2/139)

The bystander effect (BSE) is an interesting and important property of the herpes thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (hTK/GCV) system of gene therapy for cancer. With the BSE, not only are the hTK expressing cells killed upon ganciclovir (GCV) exposure but also neighboring wild-type tumor cells. On testing a large number of tumor cell lines in vitro, a wide range of sensitivity to bystander killing was found. Since transfer of toxic GCV metabolites from hTK-modified to wild-type tumor cells via gap junctions (GJ) seemed to be a likely mechanism of the BSE, we tested GJ function in these various tumors with a dye transfer technique and pharmacological agents known to affect GJ communication. We confirmed that mixtures of tumor cell resistant to the BSE did not show dye transfer from cell to cell while bystander-sensitive tumor cells did. Dieldrin, a drug known to decrease GJ communication, diminished dye transfer and also inhibited the BSE. Forskolin, an upregulator of cAMP did increase GJ, but directly inhibited hTK and therefore its effect on BSE could not be determined. We conclude that these observations further support port the concept that functional GJ play an important role in the BSE and further suggest that pharmacological manipulation of GJ may influence the outcome of cancer therapy with hTK/GCV.  (+info)

Inhibition of transforming growth factor beta1-induced hepatoma cell apoptosis by liver tumor promoters: characterization of primary signaling events and effects on CPP32-like caspase activity. (3/139)

The effects of the liver tumor promoters phenobarbital, clofibrate, dieldrin, and DDT on transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta)-induced apoptosis were studied in FTO-2B hepatoma cells. Inhibition of apoptosis by these compounds was strongly correlated with a decrease in CPP32-like caspase activity. Similar effects were obtained with insulin and dexamethasone. CPP32-like activity may thus provide a useful tool for quantiation of apoptosis under various treatment conditions. Diverse effects on apoptosis-associated cellular signaling proteins were observed: insulin led to an activation of the MAP kinases ERK1/2, of PKB/Akt and of NF-kappaB, phenobarbital and clofibrate enhanced NF-kappaB activity solely, while dexamethasone slightly enhanced NF-kappaB activity and increased the expression of Bcl-xL. Since inhibition of apoptosis was still detectable if the anti-apoptotic compounds were administered more than 10 h after TGFbeta, the diverse primary signals appear to converge at a presumably late stage of apoptosis, but upstream of activation of CPP32 or related caspases.  (+info)

Endrin inhibits adipocyte differentiation by selectively altering expression pattern of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha in 3T3-L1 cells. (4/139)

The effects of selected chlorinated cyclodiene pesticides on the adipocyte differentiation process were examined using the 3T3-L1 adipocyte model in vitro. Endrin was found to cause a dose-dependent inhibition of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Aldrin and dieldrin were less potent than endrin in interfering with the adipogenic process. Endrin's inhibitory effect was effective only when the pesticide was present in the medium during the first 48 h after exposure of 3T3-L1 cells to adipogenic inducers. Immunoblots analysis revealed that endrin caused a dose-dependent, selective inhibition of the intracellular levels of CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)alpha without altering the expression patterns of C/EBPbeta or C/EBPdelta along the differentiation. Supershift analysis showed that DNA-binding capacity of C/EBPalpha was affected most by endrin treatment. Endrin also caused a decrease in the elevation of the adipogenic factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma elicited by the adipogenic inducers. However, the cotreatment with troglitazone, a thiazolidinedione known to activate PPARgamma, did not suppress the antiadipogenic action of endrin, indicating that its direct action site is not PPARgamma receptor. Endrin also altered the pattern of activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, a factor activated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which are known to interfere with adipocyte differentiation. Thus, endrin inhibited the normal decrease in nuclear factor-kappaB-DNA binding observed as cells are acquiring the adipocyte phenotype at a late stage of differentiation. Our results suggest that endrin inhibits adipocyte differentiation through the specific suppression of C/EBPalpha.  (+info)

Cross-resistance with dieldrin of a novel tricyclic dinitrile GABA receptor antagonist. (5/139)

A novel tricyclic dinitrile, KN244, blocked the wild-type (dieldrin-sensitive) homo-oligomeric gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel of Drosophila melanogaster expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Sensitivity to the block by KN244 of the response to 30 microM GABA (IC50=41.6 nM, wild-type RDLac) was reduced abut 100 fold (IC50=4.5 microM) in the dieldrin-resistant (RDLacA302S) form of RDL.  (+info)

Activation of neutrophil calcium-dependent and -independent phospholipases A2 by organochlorine compounds. (6/139)

The production of reactive oxygen species by organochlorine pesticides has been implicated in the toxicity and carcinogenicity of these compounds; however, the mechanism by which these agents stimulate the production of oxygen radicals is unknown. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated release of arachidonic acid has been shown to play an essential role in superoxide anion (O2-) production in neutrophils exposed to various physiologic and pharmacologic agents. Therefore, studies were performed to determine if the organochlorine pesticides, lindane and dieldrin, activate neutrophils to produce O2- by a mechanism that requires PLA2. Production of O2- and 3H-AA release increased with similar kinetics and concentration-response relations in neutrophils activated with either dieldrin or lindane. Significant release of 3H-AA was seen in neutrophils stimulated with dieldrin or lindane in calcium-free medium and in the presence of the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, suggesting that these agents stimulate a PLA2 that does not require calcium for activation. In addition, both O2- production and 3H-AA release were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by BEL, a mechanism-based inhibitor of calcium-independent PLA2. These data suggest that dieldrin and lindane stimulate O2- production by a mechanism that involves PLA2. However, release of 3H-AA was not abrogated completely by BEL nor, in the case of dieldrin, preserved entirely in the absence of calcium. This suggests that more than one isoform of PLA2 is activated by dieldrin and by lindane, and that one isoform is calcium-dependent.  (+info)

Susceptibility to infections and immune status in Inuit infants exposed to organochlorines. (7/139)

We investigated whether organochlorine exposure is associated with the incidence of infectious diseases in Inuit infants from Nunavik (Arctic Quebec, Canada). We compiled the number of infectious disease episodes during the first year of life for 98 breast-fed and 73 bottle-fed infants. Concentrations of organochlorines were measured in early breast milk samples and used as surrogates to prenatal exposure levels. Immune system parameters were determined in venous blood samples collected from infants at 3, 7, and 12 months of age. Otitis media was the most frequent disease, with 80. 0% of breast-fed and 81.3% of bottle-fed infants experiencing at least one episode during the first year of life. During the second follow-up period, the risk of otitis media increased with prenatal exposure to p,p'-DDE, hexachlorobenzene, and dieldrin. The relative risk (RR) for 4- to 7-month-old infants in the highest tertile of p, p'-DDE exposure as compared to infants in the lowest tertile was 1. 87 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-3.26]. The RR of otitis media over the entire first year of life also increased with prenatal exposure to p,p'-DDE (RR, 1.52; CI, 1.05-2.22) and hexachlorobenzene (RR, 1.49; CI, 1.10-2.03). Furthermore, the RR of recurrent otitis media ( [Greater/equal to] 3 episodes) increased with prenatal exposure to these compounds. No clinically relevant differences were noted between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants with regard to immunologic parameters, and prenatal organochlorine exposure was not associated with immunologic parameters. We conclude that prenatal organochlorine exposure could be a risk factor for acute otitis media in Inuit infants.  (+info)

Alpha-thujone (the active component of absinthe): gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation and metabolic detoxification. (8/139)

Alpha-thujone is the toxic agent in absinthe, a liqueur popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries that has adverse health effects. It is also the active ingredient of wormwood oil and some other herbal medicines and is reported to have antinociceptive, insecticidal, and anthelmintic activity. This study elucidates the mechanism of alpha-thujone neurotoxicity and identifies its major metabolites and their role in the poisoning process. Four observations establish that alpha-thujone is a modulator of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor. First, the poisoning signs (and their alleviation by diazepam and phenobarbital) in mice are similar to those of the classical antagonist picrotoxinin. Second, a strain of Drosophila specifically resistant to chloride channel blockers is also tolerant to alpha-thujone. Third, alpha-thujone is a competitive inhibitor of [(3)H]ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate binding to mouse brain membranes. Most definitively, GABA-induced peak currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons are suppressed by alpha-thujone with complete reversal after washout. alpha-Thujone is quickly metabolized in vitro by mouse liver microsomes with NADPH (cytochrome P450) forming 7-hydroxy-alpha-thujone as the major product plus five minor ones (4-hydroxy-alpha-thujone, 4-hydroxy-beta-thujone, two other hydroxythujones, and 7,8-dehydro-alpha-thujone), several of which also are detected in the brain of mice treated i.p. with alpha-thujone. The major 7-hydroxy metabolite attains much higher brain levels than alpha-thujone but is less toxic to mice and Drosophila and less potent in the binding assay. The other metabolites assayed are also detoxification products. Thus, alpha-thujone in absinthe and herbal medicines is a rapid-acting and readily detoxified modulator of the GABA-gated chloride channel.  (+info)

Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and household pest control. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Dieldrin has high toxicity to both insects and mammals, including humans. It can cause a range of harmful health effects, such as seizures, damage to the nervous system, and liver and kidney damage. Dieldrin was banned for most uses in the United States in 1974 due to its persistence in the environment and potential to accumulate in the food chain. It is now classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) and is regulated under international treaties.

Aldrin is a chemical compound with the formula C12H15ClN2. It is an organochlorine insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and household pest control. Aldrin is a gray, crystalline solid that is almost insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Aldrin is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that can accumulate in the fatty tissues of living organisms and pose a risk to human health and the environment. It has been banned or restricted in many countries due to its toxicity and environmental persistence.

In humans, exposure to aldrin can cause a range of health effects, including headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, tremors, and convulsions. Long-term exposure has been linked to damage to the nervous system, liver, and kidneys, as well as an increased risk of cancer.

It's important to note that Aldrin is not a medical term, but a chemical one. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition in terms of a condition or disease, but rather as a chemical compound with certain properties and uses, as well as potential health risks.

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

Diazinon is a type of organophosphate insecticide that works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and results in overstimulation of cholinergic receptors. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and respiratory failure, which can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Diazinon is used to control a wide range of insect pests in agriculture, horticulture, and residential settings. However, it is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans, and its use is regulated by environmental and public health agencies around the world. Exposure to diazinon can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and can cause acute and chronic health effects depending on the level and duration of exposure.

In the medical field, diazinon poisoning is treated with atropine, which blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, and oximes, which reactivate acetylcholinesterase. Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and fluid replacement, may also be necessary in severe cases.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of organic compounds that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and chlorine (Cl) atoms. These chemicals are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule with chlorine atoms. The properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons can vary widely, depending on the number and arrangement of chlorine and hydrogen atoms in the molecule.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons have been widely used in various industrial applications, including as solvents, refrigerants, pesticides, and chemical intermediates. Some well-known examples of chlorinated hydrocarbons are:

1. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) - a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor, used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including the production of pharmaceuticals and photographic films.
2. Chloroform - a heavy, volatile, and sweet-smelling liquid, used as an anesthetic in the past but now mainly used in chemical synthesis.
3. Carbon tetrachloride - a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mildly sweet odor, once widely used as a solvent and fire extinguishing agent but now largely phased out due to its ozone-depleting properties.
4. Vinyl chloride - a flammable, colorless gas, used primarily in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and other synthetic materials.
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - a group of highly stable and persistent organic compounds that were widely used as coolants and insulating fluids in electrical equipment but are now banned due to their toxicity and environmental persistence.

Exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, depending on the specific compound and its physical state. Some chlorinated hydrocarbons have been linked to various health effects, including liver and kidney damage, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and cancer. Therefore, proper handling, use, and disposal of these chemicals are essential to minimize potential health risks.

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or other organisms that can cause damage to crops, animals, or humans and their living conditions. The term "pesticide" includes all of the following: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, bactericides, and various other substances used to control pests.

It is important to note that while pesticides are designed to be toxic to the target pests, they can also pose risks to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow all label instructions and safety precautions when handling and applying pesticides.

Lindane is defined in medical terms as an agricultural and pharmaceutical compound that contains thegamma-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH). It has been used as a topical treatment for scabies and lice infestations, although its use is now limited due to concerns about toxicity and environmental persistence. Lindane works by disrupting the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. However, it can also have similar effects on mammals, including humans, at high doses or with prolonged exposure. Therefore, its use is restricted and alternatives are recommended for the treatment of scabies and lice.

Endosulfan is a synthetic, broad-spectrum insecticide that was widely used in agriculture for controlling a variety of pests. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organochlorines, which are characterized by having a chlorinated aromatic ring. Endosulfan exists in two stereoisomeric forms, alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, and is often used as a mixture of these two forms.

Endosulfan has been linked to several health problems, including neurological disorders, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. It is also considered to be highly toxic to aquatic life and birds. Due to its persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation, endosulfan has been banned or restricted in many countries around the world.

The medical definition of Endosulfan can be described as a synthetic organochlorine insecticide that is highly toxic and has been linked to various health problems, including neurological disorders, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. It is no longer approved for use in many countries due to its environmental persistence and potential health risks.

Chlordane is a man-made chlorinated hydrocarbon compound that was widely used as a pesticide, particularly for termite control, from the 1940s until it was banned in the United States in 1988 due to its toxicity and persistence in the environment. It is a colorless or light brown liquid with a mild, aromatic odor.

Chlordane is an extremely toxic compound to insects and has been shown to have negative effects on human health as well. Exposure to chlordane can cause a range of adverse health effects, including neurological damage, liver toxicity, and an increased risk of cancer. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Chlordane is highly persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain, posing a particular risk to wildlife and humans who consume contaminated food or water. It can also volatilize from soil and water into the air, where it can be transported long distances and contribute to air pollution. As a result, chlordane continues to pose a significant environmental and health hazard, even though its use has been banned for several decades.

Carbaryl is a carbamate pesticide that is used to control a wide variety of insects, including fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes. It works by inhibiting the action of an enzyme called cholinesterase, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system in insects. This leads to paralysis and death of the pests. Carbaryl is also used in some veterinary products to treat parasitic infestations. It can be found in various forms, such as powders, granules, and solutions, and can be applied to plants, animals, and indoor/outdoor surfaces. However, it can be harmful to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is important to follow the label instructions carefully when using carbaryl products.

I apologize for any confusion, but "bass" is not a medical term. It is a term that can have several meanings depending on the context. In music, "bass" refers to a low-pitched sound or instrument. In fishing and aquatic biology, "bass" refers to various species of freshwater fish.

If you are looking for a medical term related to the human body, perhaps you meant "brachial basal sulcus" or "basilar artery." If you can provide more context or clarify your question, I would be happy to help further!

Toxaphene is not typically defined in a medical context as it is not a medication or a condition. However, it is a chemical compound that has been used as a pesticide and has been banned in many countries due to its toxicity and environmental persistence.

Medically, toxaphene exposure can lead to various health issues, including skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, neurological symptoms, and potential cancer risk. Therefore, it is sometimes mentioned in medical literature in the context of occupational or environmental health.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century to control agricultural pests and vector-borne diseases such as malaria. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain.

DDT was first synthesized in 1874, but its insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939. Its use as an insecticide became widespread during World War II, when it was used to control typhus and malaria-carrying lice and mosquitoes among troops. After the war, DDT was widely adopted for agricultural and public health purposes.

However, concerns about the environmental and human health effects of DDT led to its ban or severe restriction in many countries starting in the 1970s. The United States banned the use of DDT for most purposes in 1972, and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) prohibited its production and use globally in 2004, except in cases where there is a risk of vector-borne diseases.

DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. It is also highly persistent in the environment, with a half-life of up to 15 years in soil and up to 30 years in water. This means that DDT can accumulate in the food chain, posing risks to wildlife and humans who consume contaminated food or water.

In summary, DDT is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century but has been banned or restricted in many countries due to its environmental and health effects. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption.

Heptachlor is a synthetic, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and residential pest control. It is a colorless to white crystalline solid with a mild chemical odor. Heptachlor is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans. It can cause damage to the liver and nervous system, and long-term exposure has been linked to cancer in animals.

Heptachlor was banned for most uses in the United States in 1978 due to its persistence in the environment and potential health risks. However, it can still be found in some older pesticide formulations and in contaminated soil, water, and air. Heptachlor is highly persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain, posing a risk to wildlife and human health.

Heptachlor epoxide is a metabolite and environmental breakdown product of heptachlor, which is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. It is an organochlorine compound that was widely used in the past for agricultural and residential pest control purposes, including termite treatments and crop protection.

Heptachlor epoxide is formed through the oxidation of heptachlor by various biological and environmental processes. It is more stable and persistent in the environment compared to heptachlor, making it a significant contaminant in soil, water, and air. Heptachlor epoxide has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It can accumulate in the fatty tissues of living organisms, including humans, and poses potential risks to human health and the environment.

Chlorpyrifos is a type of pesticide that belongs to the class of organophosphates. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and causes toxic effects in insects. Chlorpyrifos is used to control a wide variety of pests, including insects that infest crops, homes, and gardens. It is also used to protect wood from termites and other wood-boring insects.

Chlorpyrifos can be harmful to humans if it is ingested, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin. Exposure to chlorpyrifos can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and muscle twitching. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, convulsions, and even death. Chlorpyrifos has been linked to developmental problems in children, including reduced IQ and attention deficit disorder. As a result, the use of chlorpyrifos in residential settings has been restricted in many countries.

Insecticide resistance is a genetic selection process in insect populations that allows them to survive and reproduce despite exposure to insecticides. It's the result of changes in the genetic makeup of insects, which can be caused by natural selection when insecticides are used repeatedly. Over time, this leads to the prevalence of genes that provide resistance to the insecticide, making the pest control methods less effective. Insecticide resistance is a significant challenge in public health and agriculture, as it can reduce the efficacy of interventions aimed at controlling disease-carrying insects or protecting crops from pests.

Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE) is a chemical compound that is formed as a byproduct when dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is metabolized or breaks down in the environment. DDE is an organochlorine pesticide and is similar in structure to DDT, with two phenyl rings and two chlorine atoms attached to a central ethylene molecule.

DDE is highly stable and does not break down easily in the environment, which means that it can persist for many years and accumulate in the food chain. It is lipophilic, meaning that it tends to accumulate in fatty tissues, and bioaccumulates in animals that are higher up in the food chain.

DDE has been shown to have toxic effects on both wildlife and humans. It can disrupt hormone systems, particularly those related to reproduction, and has been linked to reproductive problems in birds and other animals. In humans, exposure to DDE has been associated with increased risk of certain cancers, developmental delays in children, and other health problems.

DDE is no longer used as a pesticide in many countries, but it can still be found in the environment due to its persistence and ability to accumulate in the food chain. People can be exposed to DDE through contaminated food, water, or air, as well as through contact with soil or dust that contains DDE.

... is closely related to aldrin, which reacts further to form dieldrin. Aldrin is not toxic to insects; it is oxidized in ... Aldrin does break down to dieldrin in living systems, but dieldrin is known to resist bacterial and chemical breakdown ... 2 million pounds of dieldrin) and then declined. The chemicals dieldrin and aldrin were widely applied in agricultural areas ... Dieldrin was an insecticide used on fruit, soil, and seed. It persists in the soil with a half-life of five years at temperate ...
Dieldrin Banned by US EPA in 1974. Heptachlor Lindane, BHC Banned in California. Banned for agricultural use in the US by the ... "dieldrin". Archived from the original on 2005-02-06. Retrieved 2005-02-18. "Heptachlor". Extoxnet. Retrieved July 24, 2021. ...
"Aldrin/Dieldrin". US Environmental Protection Agency. Sunderland, M. R.; Cruickshank, R. H.; Leighs, S. J. (2014). "The ... The 1985 United States EPA ban on most uses of Aldrin and Dieldrin exempted moth-proofing in a closed manufacturing process. ... and dieldrin at 0.05%. Imidazole (a non-chlorinated aromatic heterocyclic) at 1% also gave satisfactory protection. A ...
Dieldrin which was developed as an insecticide blocks chloride influx into the neurons causing hyperexcitability of the CNS and ... "Dieldrin - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-01-20. "Convulsant Agent - an overview , ...
There are now two main groups of synthetic insecticides - 1. Organochlorines include DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin and BHC. They are ...
Insecticides like dieldrin and endrin have been shown to persist for decades in the environment. A definitive detection of the ... Butler, L. C.; Staiff, D. C.; Sovocool, G. W.; Wilson, N. K.; Magnuson, J. A. (1981). "Reductive degradation of dieldrin and ... Endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin with comparable properties, though endrin degrades more easily. Endrin was formulated as ... Aldrin Dieldrin Endocrine disruptors Pesticide formulation "Endrin". Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. ...
... dieldrin, and aldrin are chlorinated pesticides; CFCs that deplete the ozone layer are chlorofluorocarbons. Industry actually ...
Dieldrin residues have been found in air, water, soil, fish, birds, and mammals. Human exposure to dieldrin primarily derives ... Dieldrin's half-life is approximately five years. Dieldrin is highly toxic to fish and other aquatic animals, particularly ... Dieldrin, a pesticide used to control termites, textile pests, insect-borne diseases and insects living in agricultural soils. ... Dieldrin has been linked to Parkinson's disease, breast cancer, and classified as immunotoxic, neurotoxic, with endocrine ...
Dieldrin varied from 0.003 and 0.015 μg/g. Higher concentrations were found in Lucknow. These pesticide levels have not however ...
Mallard carcasses found to have higher levels of Dieldrin. Many mammals and birds were found dead and may have suffered lower ...
the related Dieldrin, Endrin, Isodrin algophagy Feeding on algae. alitrunk Name given to the thorax and propodeum of 'wasp- ... the related Dieldrin, Aldrin, Endrin keratophagy (Also spelt ceratophagy) feeding on cornified tissues and hair of animals. ... dieldrin A synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, toxic to vertebrates. cf. the related Aldrin, Endrin, Isodrin disc / ... the related Dieldrin, Aldrin, Isodrin entomonecrophagy feeding on dead arthropods. entomophagy feeding on other insects. ...
Ironically, dieldrin is less toxic than the cigarette itself. Soft Portuguese style - an architecture style named after the ... the newspaper Portugal Resident revealed that various Portuguese cigarette variants contained the toxin Dieldrin, which is a ...
These included aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, texaphene, and mirex. Some uses of DDT continued under the public ...
The organochlorine pesticide dieldrin has been linked to Parkinson's disease. Corrosive chemicals like sulfuric acid, which is ...
Other members of the cyclodiene family of organochlorine insecticides are aldrin and its epoxide, dieldrin, as well as endrin, ... which is a stereoisomer of dieldrin. Cyclodiene derives its name from hexachlorocyclopentadiene, a precursor in its production ... "Persistence and distribution of chlordane and dieldrin applied as termiticides". Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11 (1): 64-9. ...
"Biotransformation of dieldrin by the marine fungus Penicillium miczynskii CBMAI 930". Biocatalysis and Agricultural ...
These include: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex and toxaphene.[citation needed] Solid bait and ...
... dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane and endosulfan. A 2- to 8-hour exposure leads to depressed central nervous system (CNS ...
... and dieldrin may or may not be an MAOI in Locusta migratoria. MAO activity has been detected in Rhipicephalus microplus and ... chlordimeform and dieldrin]. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D. 284 (12): 1079-82. PMID 406057. S2CID 29861405 ...
The Tororo population was, however, entirely susceptible to bendiocarb, malathion, and dieldrin. Wikispecies has information ...
"Ecology of Juvenile Tarpon and Effects of Dieldrin on Two Associated Species." Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. 1969. " ...
Other pesticides linked with gray bat population decline include dieldrin and dieldrin's parent compound aldrin, which have ... Clark, D.R.; R.K. LaVal; D.M. Swineford (1978). "Dieldrin-Induced Mortality in an Endangered Species, the Gray Bat (Myotis ... Even though the manufacture of DDT ceased in 1970 and the manufacture of dieldrin and aldrin in October 1974, heavy ...
The toxic substances included PCBs, dioxins, two chlorinated pesticides, DDE, dieldrin and PBDEs. As a result of the study, the ...
Dieldrin and polychlorinated biphenyl are pollutants in the environment that have impacted eagle populations. These chemicals ...
Some of these pollutants are DDT, aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, and toxaphene. With these ...
Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide once widely used in crop protection and preservation. Among the diverse ... Chronic exposure of rats to the closely related epoxide, dieldrin, has been suggested to reduce their muscular efficiency in ...
"Estrogenic activity of a dieldrin/toxaphene mixture in the mouse uterus, MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, and yeast-based ... "Impairment of Testicular Endocrine and Exocrine Functions after Dieldrin Exposure in Adult Rats" (PDF). Polish Journal of ...
Dieldrin Contamination of the Groundwater in a Former US Military Base (Clark Air Base, Philippines). CLEAN Air, Soil, Water ...
Examples of these chemicals include polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, furans, biphenyls, DDT and its metabolites, and dieldrin. ...
Though it is rapidly converted to dieldrin by plants and bacteria, dieldrin maintains the same toxic effects and slow decay of ... Most of the animal studies done with aldrin and dieldrin used rats. High doses of aldrin and dieldrin demonstrated ... The Aldrin and Dieldrin treatment demonstrated a decrease of 75 times less chiggers on rats for Dieldrin treated terrains and ... In all these cases removal of the source of exposure to aldrin/dieldrin led to a rapid recovery. The toxicity of aldrin and ...
Dieldrin is closely related to aldrin, which reacts further to form dieldrin. Aldrin is not toxic to insects; it is oxidized in ... Aldrin does break down to dieldrin in living systems, but dieldrin is known to resist bacterial and chemical breakdown ... 2 million pounds of dieldrin) and then declined. The chemicals dieldrin and aldrin were widely applied in agricultural areas ... Dieldrin was an insecticide used on fruit, soil, and seed. It persists in the soil with a half-life of five years at temperate ...
Dieldrin poisoning in dogs: relation to obesity and treatment. The time interval required for poisoning to result in mammals ... This relationship should be applicable regardless of the route of absorption of dieldrin (ingestion, inhalation, or ... percutaneous). Forced feeding of a high calorific value food appears to have a place in the treatment of dieldrin poisoning and ... from the prolonged absorption of a relatively constant amount of dieldrin, a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, is directly ...
Hayes, Wayland J. "Dieldrin poisoning in man" 72, no. 12 (1957). Hayes, Wayland J. "Dieldrin poisoning in man" vol. 72, no. 12 ... Toxicological profile for aldrin and dieldrin Cite CITE. Title : Toxicological profile for aldrin and dieldrin Personal Author( ... 2022). Toxicological profile for aldrin and dieldrin. Harper, Carolyn et al. "Toxicological profile for aldrin and dieldrin" ( ... Title : Dieldrin poisoning in man Personal Author(s) : Hayes, Wayland J. Published Date : Dec 1957 Source : Public Health Rep. ...
Dieldrin. more about. this contaminant. Dieldrin is a highly toxic insecticide that was banned in the 1970s due to its ...
Health Effects of Aldrin and Dieldrin. Aldrin and dieldrin are highly toxic to the liver and central nervous system. Although ... Water Treatment for Aldrin and Dieldrin. According to the WHO, Aldrin and Dieldrin may be treated with granular activated ... Aldrin and dieldrin (also known by their lengthy chemical names, abbreviated as HHDN and HEOD, respectively) are insecticides ... All the available information on aldrin and dieldrin taken together, including studies on humans, supports the view that these ...
Role of TFEB in Dieldrin Cardiotoxicity. Mean log2 intensity plus standard error of the mean (SEM) of genes related to diseases ... dose of dieldrin or vehicle control (Veh, white bars) for 21 days. Gene regulating cardiac arrest separated into positive and ...
Shop Dieldrin, Reference Material, MilliporeSigma™ Supelco™ at Fishersci.com ...
A significant proportion of the DDT and dieldrin residues exceeded the EPA criteria. The highest dieldrin level found was 0.019 ... The analysis of these samples has shown the consistent presence of dieldrin and DDT residues (except in the Collie River where ...
Dieldrin Levels Western Australia 1966 & 1970. Dieldrin Residues Western Australian Study by E. Shewchuck February 1981 ... July 1966 Mean Western Australia Wanneroo Dairy Dieldrin Milk 220ug/L. August 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd A) ... July 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd B) Dieldrin 32ug/L. November 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd A ... June 1966 Mean Western Australia Wanneroo Dairy Dieldrin Milk 220ug/L. June 1970 Western Australia Witchcliffe Area (Herd A) ...
Dieldrin. 60-57-1. 1988. Diethanolamine. 111-42-2. 1988. Diethylamine. 109-89-7. 1988. ...
... dieldrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, and mirex. Therefore, in accordance with paragraph 9 of Article 4 of the Convention, ...
The ATSDR ToxFAQs™ is a series of summaries about hazardous substances developed by the ATSDR Division of Toxicology. Information for this series is excerpted from the ATSDR Toxicological Profiles and Public Health Statements. Each fact sheet serves as a quick and easy to understand guide.
The ATSDR ToxFAQs™ is a series of summaries about hazardous substances developed by the ATSDR Division of Toxicology. Information for this series is excerpted from the ATSDR Toxicological Profiles and Public Health Statements. Each fact sheet serves as a quick and easy to understand guide.
Cyclodienes (eg, endosulfan, chlordane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, isobenzan) * Chlordecone, kelevan, and mirex ...
DIELDRIN. 8 ATRAZIN. 6 BENZO(a)PYRENE 6 EXTRACTABLE ORGANIC HALOGENS 5 ...
Based on the 30-day subacute LC50 studies, the overall order of pesticide toxicity is as follows: dieldrin> parathion> methyl ... Based on LD50 values the laboratory rodents appear to be more susceptible to 2,4-D, dieldrin, methyl parathion, parathion, ... Based on the acute studies, the overall order of pesticide toxicity was as follows: parathion > methyl parathion > dieldrin > 2 ... Dieldrin ; Toxicity ; Tables(Data) ; Microtus ochrogaster ; Animal models ; Toxic substances ; Voles ; D 24 herbicide ; Acetic ...
Aldrin + Dieldrin. 0.070. 4. L4. 7440-38-2. Arsenic. 2.500. 5. L5. 7440-39-3. Barium. 100.000. ...
... dieldrin; heptachlor; kepone; lindane; mirex; pentachlorophenol (PCP); silvex; sodium arsenite; 2, 4, 5-T and toxaphene. ...
Dieldrin residues have been found in air, water, soil, fish, birds, and mammals. Human exposure to dieldrin primarily derives ... Dieldrins half-life is approximately five years. Dieldrin is highly toxic to fish and other aquatic animals, particularly ... Dieldrin, a pesticide used to control termites, textile pests, insect-borne diseases and insects living in agricultural soils. ... Dieldrin has been linked to Parkinsons disease, breast cancer, and classified as immunotoxic, neurotoxic, with endocrine ...
Aluminum - DDT/Dieldrin Ammonia - Ethenol. Arsenic - Formaldehyde. Benzene - Hydrogen cyanide. Butane - Lead ...
Dieldrin. *Heptachlor. *Kepone. *Lead arsenate. *Lindane (a few uses remain, such as lice shampoo) ...
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Dieldrin varied from 0.003 and 0.015. g/g. These pesticide levels have not however been implicated in the decline. Another ...
For every mile of distance from the source, blood dieldrin levels decreased 1.6 ng/g in study participants (p-value = 0.042), ... A significant inverse relationship was found between blood dieldrin levels and residential distance from the potential source. ...
Aldrin and Dieldrin - Environmental Health Criteria 91 United Nations Environment Programme; World Health Organization; ... Aldrin and dieldrin are the common names of insecticides containing 95% HHDN and 85% HEOD, respectively. Throughout this ... monograph the names aldrin and dieldrin are used, although concentrations determined in the different ... ...
Effects of dieldrin on population growth rates of sparrowhawks 1963-1986.. Sibly, R. M. & Newton, I. & Walker, C. H. ... Effects of dieldrin on population growth rates of sparrowhawks 1963-1986.. agricultural entomology 29 Sep 2000 ... READ MORE about Effects of dieldrin on population growth rates of sparrowhawks 1963-1986. ...

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