A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.
A division of organisms that exist vegetatively as complex mobile plasmodia, reproduce by means of spores, and have complex life cycles. They are now classed as protozoa but formerly were considered fungi.
6-carbon straight-chain or branched ketones.
Proteins found in any species of protozoan.
A vegetative stage in the life cycle of sporozoan protozoa. It is characteristic of members of the phyla APICOMPLEXA and MICROSPORIDIA.
The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.
Cell surface proteins that bind cyclic AMP with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized cyclic AMP receptors are those of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The transcription regulator CYCLIC AMP RECEPTOR PROTEIN of prokaryotes is not included nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic AMP receptor proteins which are the regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES.
The functional hereditary units of protozoa.
An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.
The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.
A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.
Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.
The subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. Myosin II is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and maintaining MICROVILLI structure.
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
An order of protozoa characterized by their ability to aggregate to form a multicellular pseudoplasmodium, which gives rise to a multispored fruiting body. A stalk tube is present.
The engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.
An enzyme that catalyzes the HYDROLYSIS of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides. The enzyme plays a role in the processing of newly formed N-glycans and in degradation of mature GLYCOPROTEINS. There are multiple isoforms of alpha-mannosidase, each having its own specific cellular location and pH optimum. Defects in the lysosomal form of the enzyme results in a buildup of mannoside intermediate metabolites and the disease ALPHA-MANNOSIDOSIS.
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of CYCLIC AMP to form adenosine 5'-phosphate. The enzymes are widely distributed in animal tissue and control the level of intracellular cyclic AMP. Many specific enzymes classified under this heading demonstrate additional spcificity for 3',5'-cyclic IMP and CYCLIC GMP.
The complete genetic complement contained in a set of CHROMOSOMES in a protozoan.
A dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Glycoside hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha or beta linked MANNOSE.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Peptides that inhibit mitosis (ANTIMITOTICS). During the 1960's the term referred to crude extracts that inhibited cell proliferation; the activity was later attributed to PYROGLUTAMATE type oligopeptides.
Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
Chemical substances that attract or repel cells. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, microbial invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract LEUKOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; or other cells to the site of infection or insult.
Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.
A genus of ameboid protozoa. Characteristics include a vesicular nucleus and the formation of several lodopodia, one of which is dominant at a given time. Reproduction occurs asexually by binary fission.
A subclass of myosins found generally associated with actin-rich membrane structures such as filopodia. Members of the myosin type I family are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. The heavy chains of myosin type I lack coiled-coil forming sequences in their tails and therefore do not dimerize.
A family of transcription factors found primarily in PLANTS that bind to the G-box DNA sequence CACGTG or to a consensus sequence CANNTG.
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of UDPglucose from UTP plus glucose 1-phosphate. EC 2.7.7.9.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The movement of CYTOPLASM within a CELL. It serves as an internal transport system for moving essential substances throughout the cell, and in single-celled organisms, such as the AMOEBA, it is responsible for the movement (CELL MOVEMENT) of the entire cell.
Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.

Cell polarization: chemotaxis gets CRACKing. (1/3145)

An early stage in the establishment of cell polarity during chemotaxis of Dictyostelium dicoideum has been identified by a recent study; the new results also show that the development of cell polarity does not rely upon cytoskeletal rearrangement, and may use a spatial sensing mechanism.  (+info)

Myosin II-independent F-actin flow contributes to cell locomotion in dictyostelium. (2/3145)

While the treadmilling and retrograde flow of F-actin are believed to be responsible for the protrusion of leading edges, little is known about the mechanism that brings the posterior cell body forward. To elucidate the mechanism for global cell locomotion, we examined the organizational changes of filamentous (F-) actin in live Dictyostelium discoideum. We labeled F-actin with a trace amount of fluorescent phalloidin and analyzed its dynamics in nearly two-dimensional cells by using a sensitive, high-resolution charge-coupled device. We optically resolved a cyclic mode of tightening and loosening of fibrous cortical F-actin and quantitated its flow by measuring temporal and spatial intensity changes. The rate of F-actin flow was evaluated with respect to migration velocity and morphometric changes. In migrating monopodial cells, the cortical F-actin encircling the posterior cell body gradually accumulated into the tail end at a speed of 0.35 microm/minute. We show qualitatively and quantitatively that the F-actin flow is closely associated with cell migration. Similarly, in dividing cells, the cortical F-actin accumulated into the cleavage furrow. Although five times slower than the wild type, the F-actin also flows rearward in migrating mhcA- cells demonstrating that myosin II ('conventional' myosin) is not absolutely required for the observed dynamics of F-actin. Yet consistent with the reported transportation of ConA-beads, the direction of observed F-actin flow in Dictyostelium is conceptually opposite from a barbed-end binding to the plasma membrane. This study suggests that the posterior end of the cell has a unique motif that tugs the cortical actin layer rearward by means of a mechanism independent from myosin II; this mechanism may be also involved in cleavage furrow formation.  (+info)

The Dictyostelium developmental cDNA project: generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from the first-finger stage of development. (3/3145)

In an effort to identify and characterize genes expressed during multicellular development ill Dictyostelium, we have undertaken a cDNA sequencing project. Using size-fractionated subsets of cDNA from the first finger stage, two sets of gridded libraries were constructed for cDNA sequencing. One, library S, consisting of 9984 clones, carries relatively short inserts, and the other, library L, which consists of 8448 clones, has longer inserts. We sequenced all the selected clones in library S from their 3'-ends, and this generated 3093 non-redundant, expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Among them, 246 ESTs hit known Dictyostelium genes and 910 showed significant similarity to genes of Dictyostelium and other organisms. For library L, 1132 clones were randomly sequenced and 471 non-redundant ESTs were obtained. In combination, the ESTs from the two libraries represent approximately 40% of genes expressed in late development, assuming that the non-redundant ESTs correspond to independent genes. They will provide a useful resource for investigating the genetic networks that regulate multicellular development of this organism.  (+info)

Interaction of 5-lipoxygenase with cellular proteins. (4/3145)

5-Lipoxygenase (5LO) plays a pivotal role in cellular leukotriene synthesis. To identify proteins interacting with human 5LO, we used a two-hybrid approach to screen a human lung cDNA library. From a total of 1.5 x 10(7) yeast transformants, nine independent clones representing three different proteins were isolated and found to specifically interact with 5LO. Four 1.7- to 1.8-kb clones represented a 16-kDa protein named coactosin-like protein for its significant homology with coactosin, a protein found to be associated with actin in Dictyostelium discoideum. Coactosin-like protein thus may provide a link between 5LO and the cytoskeleton. Two other yeast clones of 1.5 kb encoded transforming growth factor (TGF) type beta receptor-I-associated protein 1 partial cDNA. TGF type beta receptor-I-associated protein 1 recently has been reported to associate with the activated form of the TGF beta receptor I and may be involved in the TGF beta-induced up-regulation of 5LO expression and activity observed in HL-60 and Mono Mac 6 cells. Finally, three identical 2.1-kb clones contained the partial cDNA of a human protein with high homology to a hypothetical helicase K12H4. 8 from Caenorhabditis elegans and consequently was named DeltaK12H4. 8 homologue. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence revealed the presence of a RNase III motif and a double-stranded RNA binding domain, indicative of a protein of nuclear origin. The identification of these 5LO-interacting proteins provides additional approaches to studies of the cellular functions of 5LO.  (+info)

Comparison of base specificity and other enzymatic properties of two protozoan ribonucleases from Physarum polycephalum and Dictyostelium discoideum. (5/3145)

Base specificity and other enzymatic properties of two protozoan RNases, RNase Phyb from a true slime mold (Physarum polycephalum) and RNase DdI from a cellular slime mold (Dictyostelium discoideum), were compared. These two RNases have high amino acid sequence similarity (83 amino acid residues, 46%). The base specificities of two base recognition sites, The B1 site (base recognition site for the base at 5'-side of scissile phosphodiester bond) and the B2 site (base recognition site for the base at 3'-side of the scissile bond) of the both enzymes were estimated by the rates of hydrolysis of 16 dinucleoside phosphates. The base specificities estimated of B1 and B2 sites of RNase Phyb and RNase DdI were A, G, U > C and A > or = G > C > U, and A > or = G, U > C and G > U > A, C, respectively. The base specificities estimated from the depolymerization of homopolynucleotides and those from the releases of four mononucleotides upon digestion of RNA coincided well with those of the B2 sites of both enzymes. Thus, in these enzymes, the contribution of the B2 site to base specificity seems to be larger than that of the B1 site. pH-stability, optimum temperature, and temperature stability, of both enzymes are discussed considering that RNase Phyb has one disulfide bridge deleted, compared to the RNase DdI with four disulfide bridges.  (+info)

Multiple developmental roles for CRAC, a cytosolic regulator of adenylyl cyclase. (6/3145)

Receptor-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase (ACA) in Dictyostelium requires CRAC protein. Upon translocation to the membrane, this pleckstrin homology (PH) domain protein stimulates ACA and thereby mediates developmental aggregation. CRAC may also have roles later in development since CRAC-null cells can respond to chemotactic signals and participate in developmental aggregation when admixed with wild-type cells, but they do not complete development within such chimeras. To test whether the role of CRAC in postaggregative development is related to the activation of ACA, chemotactic aggregation was bypassed in CRAC-null cells by activating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). While such strains formed mounds, they did not complete fruiting body morphogenesis or form spores. Expression of CRAC in the prespore cells of these strains rescued sporulation and fruiting body formation. This later function of CRAC does not appear to require its PH domain since the C-terminal portion of the protein (CRAC-DeltaPH) can substitute for full-length CRAC in promoting spore cell formation and morphogenesis. No detectable ACA activation was observed in any of the CRAC-null strains rescued by PKA activation and expression of CRAC-DeltaPH. Finally, we found that the development of CRAC-null ACA-null double mutants could be rescued by the activation of PKA together with the expression of CRAC-DeltaPH. Thus, there appears to be a required function for CRAC in postaggregative development that is independent of its previously described function in the ACA activation pathway.  (+info)

The mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator from Dictyostelium discoideum. Functional characterization and DNA sequencing. (7/3145)

The mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) catalyses the exchange of ATP and ADP between the mitochondria and the cytosol. We have cloned and sequenced the gene encoding the Dictyostelium discoideum ANT (DdANT) and analysed its transcriptional regulation. The single copy D. discoideum ant gene encodes a protein of 309 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 33,469 Da and a pI of 9.85. These values are comparable to those of ANTs from mammals, insects and fungi. The long N-terminal extension characteristic of plant ANT is absent in DdANT. The protein coding region of the D. discoideum ant gene is interrupted by three introns. Polyclonal antibodies directed against the beef heart mitochondrial ANT or its C-terminal peptide recognized the D. discoideum protein. Northern blot analysis revealed that the expression of the D. discoideum ant gene decreased rapidly during the first hours of multicellular development but the amount of protein remained stable throughout differentiation.  (+info)

Random mutagenesis and screening of complex glycoproteins: expression of human gonadotropins in Dictyostelium discoideum. (8/3145)

The soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is a host cell that provides simple genetics in combination with complex protein synthesis. We show that the complex human heterodimeric gonadotropins can be produced and secreted by this organism. Furthermore, both follicle stimulation hormone and choriogonadotropin produced by D. dictyostelium bind to their human receptors and elicit a biological response comparable to the wild-type hormones. We also show that structure-function analysis using random mutagenesis and screening of recombinant glycoprotein hormones is feasible. Thus, expression of gonadotropins in D. dictyostelium opens the way to the engineering of potential new therapeutic analogues.  (+info)

'Dictyostelium' is a genus of social amoebae that are commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. These microscopic organisms have a unique life cycle, starting as individual cells that feed on bacteria. When food becomes scarce, the cells undergo a developmental process where they aggregate together to form a multicellular slug-like structure called a pseudoplasmodium or grex. This grex then moves and differentiates into a fruiting body that can release spores for further reproduction.

Dictyostelium discoideum is the most well-studied species in this genus, serving as a valuable model organism for research in various fields such as cell biology, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology. The study of Dictyostelium has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes like chemotaxis, signal transduction, and cell differentiation.

Myxomycetes are not a part of human or animal medicine, and thus do not have a medical definition. They are actually a group of organisms commonly known as plasmodial slime molds. These are single-celled amoeboid organisms that can aggregate under certain conditions to form a multinucleate mass called a plasmodium. When the plasmodium matures, it differentiates into fruiting bodies that release spores. Myxomycetes are not plants, animals or fungi, but are classified in their own kingdom, Protista. They are often found on dead plant material in moist, shaded habitats.

Hexanone is not a medical term, but a chemical one. It refers to a class of organic compounds known as ketones, which contain a carbonyl group (a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O) and six carbon atoms (hence "hexa-").

In the context of medical toxicology, hexanone exposure can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Hexanones are found in some industrial solvents, cleaning agents, and glues. Exposure to high levels of hexanones can cause symptoms such as dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases, neurological damage.

However, it's important to note that specific medical conditions or diseases are not associated with 'hexanones'. If you have any concerns about exposure to this chemical or any other potential toxins, please consult a healthcare professional for advice.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Protozoan Proteins" is not a specific medical or scientific term. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, and proteins are large biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acid residues. Therefore, "Protozoan Proteins" generally refers to the various types of proteins found in protozoa.

However, if you're looking for information about proteins specific to certain protozoan parasites with medical relevance (such as Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria), I would be happy to help! Please provide more context or specify the particular protozoan of interest.

Medical definitions for "spores" and "protozoan" are as follows:

1. Spores: These are typically single-celled reproductive units that are resistant to heat, drying, and chemicals. They are produced by certain bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants. In the context of infectious diseases, spores are particularly relevant in relation to certain types of bacteria such as Clostridium tetani (causes tetanus) and Bacillus anthracis (causes anthrax). These bacterial spores can survive for long periods in harsh environments and can cause illness if they germinate and multiply in a host.
2. Protozoan: This term refers to a diverse group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms, which are typically classified as animals rather than plants or fungi. Some protozoa can exist as free-living organisms, while others are parasites that require a host to complete their life cycle. Protozoa can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria (caused by Plasmodium spp.), giardiasis (caused by Giardia lamblia), and amoebic dysentery (caused by Entamoeba histolytica).

Therefore, there isn't a specific medical definition for "spores, protozoan" as spores are produced by various organisms, including bacteria and fungi, while protozoa are single-celled organisms that can be free-living or parasitic. However, some protozoa do produce spores as part of their life cycle in certain species.

Chemotaxis is a term used in biology and medicine to describe the movement of an organism or cell towards or away from a chemical stimulus. This process plays a crucial role in various biological phenomena, including immune responses, wound healing, and the development and progression of diseases such as cancer.

In chemotaxis, cells can detect and respond to changes in the concentration of specific chemicals, known as chemoattractants or chemorepellents, in their environment. These chemicals bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a series of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to changes in the cytoskeleton and directed movement of the cell towards or away from the chemical gradient.

For example, during an immune response, white blood cells called neutrophils use chemotaxis to migrate towards sites of infection or inflammation, where they can attack and destroy invading pathogens. Similarly, cancer cells can use chemotaxis to migrate towards blood vessels and metastasize to other parts of the body.

Understanding chemotaxis is important for developing new therapies and treatments for a variety of diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and inflammatory disorders.

Cyclic AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate) receptors are a type of membrane receptor that play an essential role in intracellular signaling pathways. They belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are characterized by their seven transmembrane domains.

Cyclic AMP is a second messenger, a molecule that relays signals from hormones and neurotransmitters within cells. When an extracellular signaling molecule binds to the receptor, it activates a G protein, which in turn triggers the enzyme adenylyl cyclase to convert ATP into cAMP. The increased levels of cAMP then activate various downstream effectors, such as protein kinases, ion channels, and transcription factors, ultimately leading to changes in cellular function.

There are two main types of cAMP receptors: stimulatory G protein-coupled receptors (Gs) and inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors (Gi). The activation of Gs receptors leads to an increase in cAMP levels, while the activation of Gi receptors results in a decrease in cAMP levels.

Examples of hormones and neurotransmitters that act through cAMP receptors include adrenaline, glucagon, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine. Dysregulation of cAMP signaling has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

Genes in protozoa refer to the hereditary units of these single-celled organisms that carry genetic information necessary for their growth, development, and reproduction. These genes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules, which contain sequences of nucleotide bases that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules. Protozoan genes are responsible for various functions, such as metabolism, response to environmental stimuli, and reproduction.

It is important to note that the study of protozoan genes has contributed significantly to our understanding of genetics and evolution, particularly in areas such as molecular biology, cell biology, and genomics. However, there is still much to be learned about the genetic diversity and complexity of these organisms, which continue to be an active area of research.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a key secondary messenger in many biological processes, including the regulation of metabolism, gene expression, and cellular excitability. It is synthesized from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase and is degraded by the enzyme phosphodiesterase.

In the body, cAMP plays a crucial role in mediating the effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on target cells. For example, when a hormone binds to its receptor on the surface of a cell, it can activate a G protein, which in turn activates adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP. The increased levels of cAMP then activate various effector proteins, such as protein kinases, which go on to regulate various cellular processes.

Overall, the regulation of cAMP levels is critical for maintaining proper cellular function and homeostasis, and abnormalities in cAMP signaling have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Cell aggregation is the process by which individual cells come together and adhere to each other to form a group or cluster. This phenomenon can occur naturally during embryonic development, tissue repair, and wound healing, as well as in the formation of multicellular organisms such as slime molds. In some cases, cell aggregation may also be induced in the laboratory setting through the use of various techniques, including the use of cell culture surfaces that promote cell-to-cell adhesion or the addition of factors that stimulate the expression of adhesion molecules on the cell surface.

Cell aggregation can be influenced by a variety of factors, including the type and properties of the cells involved, as well as environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, and nutrient availability. The ability of cells to aggregate is often mediated by the presence of adhesion molecules on the cell surface, such as cadherins, integrins, and immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules (Ig-CAMs). These molecules interact with each other and with extracellular matrix components to promote cell-to-cell adhesion and maintain the stability of the aggregate.

In some contexts, abnormal or excessive cell aggregation can contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer, fibrosis, and inflammatory disorders. For example, the aggregation of cancer cells can facilitate their invasion and metastasis, while the accumulation of fibrotic cells in tissues can lead to organ dysfunction and failure. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell aggregation is therefore an important area of research with potential implications for the development of new therapies and treatments for a variety of diseases.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

In the context of medicine, spores are typically discussed in relation to certain types of infections and diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. Spores are a dormant, resistant form of these microorganisms that can survive under harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures, lack of nutrients, and exposure to chemicals.

Spores can be highly resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants, making them difficult to eliminate from contaminated surfaces or medical equipment. When the conditions are favorable, spores can germinate and grow into mature microorganisms that can cause infection.

Some examples of medically relevant spores include those produced by Clostridioides difficile (C. diff), a bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis in hospitalized patients, and Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus that can cause invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals.

It's worth noting that spores are not unique to medical contexts and have broader relevance in fields such as botany, mycology, and biology.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Actin is a type of protein that forms part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells, and is also found in various other cell types. It is a globular protein that polymerizes to form long filaments, which are important for many cellular processes such as cell division, cell motility, and the maintenance of cell shape. In muscle cells, actin filaments interact with another type of protein called myosin to enable muscle contraction. Actins can be further divided into different subtypes, including alpha-actin, beta-actin, and gamma-actin, which have distinct functions and expression patterns in the body.

Myosins are a large family of motor proteins that play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including muscle contraction and intracellular transport. They consist of heavy chains, which contain the motor domain responsible for generating force and motion, and light chains, which regulate the activity of the myosin. Based on their structural and functional differences, myosins are classified into over 35 classes, with classes II, V, and VI being the most well-studied.

Class II myosins, also known as conventional myosins, are responsible for muscle contraction in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. They form filaments called thick filaments, which interact with actin filaments to generate force and movement during muscle contraction.

Class V myosins, also known as unconventional myosins, are involved in intracellular transport and organelle positioning. They have a long tail that can bind to various cargoes, such as vesicles, mitochondria, and nuclei, and a motor domain that moves along actin filaments to transport the cargoes to their destinations.

Class VI myosins are also unconventional myosins involved in intracellular transport and organelle positioning. They have two heads connected by a coiled-coil tail, which can bind to various cargoes. Class VI myosins move along actin filaments in a unique hand-over-hand motion, allowing them to transport their cargoes efficiently.

Overall, myosins are essential for many cellular functions and have been implicated in various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and cancer.

Fungal spores are defined as the reproductive units of fungi that are produced by specialized structures called hyphae. These spores are typically single-celled and can exist in various shapes such as round, oval, or ellipsoidal. They are highly resistant to extreme environmental conditions like heat, cold, and dryness, which allows them to survive for long periods until they find a suitable environment to germinate and grow into a new fungal organism. Fungal spores can be found in the air, water, soil, and on various surfaces, making them easily dispersible and capable of causing infections in humans, animals, and plants.

Myosin Type II, also known as myosin II or heavy meromyosin, is a type of motor protein involved in muscle contraction and other cellular movements. It is a hexameric protein composed of two heavy chains and four light chains. The heavy chains have a head domain that binds to actin filaments and an tail domain that forms a coiled-coil structure, allowing the formation of filaments. Myosin II uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to move along actin filaments, generating force and causing muscle contraction or other cell movements. It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes such as cytokinesis, cell motility, and maintenance of cell shape.

Fungal proteins are a type of protein that is specifically produced and present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds. These proteins play various roles in the growth, development, and survival of fungi. They can be involved in the structure and function of fungal cells, metabolism, pathogenesis, and other cellular processes. Some fungal proteins can also have important implications for human health, both in terms of their potential use as therapeutic targets and as allergens or toxins that can cause disease.

Fungal proteins can be classified into different categories based on their functions, such as enzymes, structural proteins, signaling proteins, and toxins. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in fungal cells, while structural proteins provide support and protection for the cell. Signaling proteins are involved in communication between cells and regulation of various cellular processes, and toxins are proteins that can cause harm to other organisms, including humans.

Understanding the structure and function of fungal proteins is important for developing new treatments for fungal infections, as well as for understanding the basic biology of fungi. Research on fungal proteins has led to the development of several antifungal drugs that target specific fungal enzymes or other proteins, providing effective treatment options for a range of fungal diseases. Additionally, further study of fungal proteins may reveal new targets for drug development and help improve our ability to diagnose and treat fungal infections.

Fungal genes refer to the genetic material present in fungi, which are eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. The genetic material of fungi is composed of DNA, just like in other eukaryotes, and is organized into chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell.

Fungal genes are segments of DNA that contain the information necessary to produce proteins and RNA molecules required for various cellular functions. These genes are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which are then translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Fungal genomes have been sequenced for many species, revealing a diverse range of genes that encode proteins involved in various cellular processes such as metabolism, signaling, and regulation. Comparative genomic analyses have also provided insights into the evolutionary relationships among different fungal lineages and have helped to identify unique genetic features that distinguish fungi from other eukaryotes.

Understanding fungal genes and their functions is essential for advancing our knowledge of fungal biology, as well as for developing new strategies to control fungal pathogens that can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Dictyosteliida is a taxonomic group of social amoebae, also known as cellular slime molds. These are single-celled organisms that can aggregate under certain conditions to form multicellular structures. The aggregation is mediated by a network of signaling pathways and results in the formation of a migrating slug, which then differentiates into a fruiting body containing resistant spores.

Dictyosteliida are found in various environments, including soil, leaf litter, and decaying plant material. They play important roles in nutrient cycling and decomposition. The genus Dictyostelium is the best-studied group within this taxon, with Dictyostelium discoideum being a model organism for studying cellular differentiation, signal transduction, and other biological processes.

Pinocytosis is a type of cellular process involving the ingestion and absorption of extracellular fluid and dissolved substances into a cell. It is a form of endocytosis, where the cell membrane surrounds and engulfs the extracellular fluid to form a vesicle containing the fluid and its contents within the cell cytoplasm.

In pinocytosis, the cell membrane invaginates and forms small vesicles (pinocytotic vesicles) that contain extracellular fluid and dissolved substances. These vesicles then detach from the cell membrane and move into the cytoplasm, where they fuse with endosomes or lysosomes to break down and digest the contents of the vesicle.

Pinocytosis is a non-selective process that allows cells to take up small amounts of extracellular fluid and dissolved substances from their environment. It plays an important role in various physiological processes, including nutrient uptake, cell signaling, and the regulation of extracellular matrix composition.

Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Microfilament proteins are a type of structural protein that form part of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. They are made up of actin monomers, which polymerize to form long, thin filaments. These filaments are involved in various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, cell division, and cell motility. Microfilament proteins also interact with other cytoskeletal components like intermediate filaments and microtubules to maintain the overall shape and integrity of the cell. Additionally, they play a crucial role in the formation of cell-cell junctions and cell-matrix adhesions, which are essential for tissue structure and function.

Alpha-Mannosidase is an enzyme that belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 47. It is responsible for cleaving alpha-1,3-, alpha-1,6-mannosidic linkages in N-linked oligosaccharides during the process of glycoprotein degradation. A deficiency or malfunction of this enzyme can lead to a lysosomal storage disorder known as alpha-Mannosidosis.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) phosphodiesterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of cyclic AMP to 5'-AMP. These enzymes play a crucial role in regulating the levels of intracellular second messengers, such as cyclic AMP, which are involved in various cellular signaling pathways.

There are several subtypes of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that specifically target cyclic AMP, including PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, PDE4, PDE7, PDE8, and PDE10. Each subtype has distinct regulatory and catalytic properties, allowing for specific regulation of cyclic AMP levels in different cellular compartments and signaling pathways.

Inhibition of these enzymes can lead to an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP levels, which can have therapeutic effects in various diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, and central nervous system disorders. Therefore, PDE inhibitors are a valuable class of drugs for the treatment of these conditions.

A protozoan genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in a protozoan organism. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls and have diverse morphology and nutrition modes. The genome of a protozoan includes all the genes that code for proteins, as well as non-coding DNA sequences that regulate gene expression and other cellular processes.

The size and complexity of protozoan genomes can vary widely depending on the species. Some protozoa have small genomes with only a few thousand genes, while others have larger genomes with tens of thousands of genes or more. The genome sequencing of various protozoan species has provided valuable insights into their evolutionary history, biology, and potential as model organisms for studying eukaryotic cellular processes.

It is worth noting that the study of protozoan genomics is still an active area of research, and new discoveries are continually being made about the genetic diversity and complexity of these fascinating microorganisms.

Pseudopodia are temporary projections or extensions of the cytoplasm in certain types of cells, such as white blood cells (leukocytes) and some amoebas. They are used for locomotion and engulfing particles or other cells through a process called phagocytosis.

In simpler terms, pseudopodia are like "false feet" that some cells use to move around and interact with their environment. The term comes from the Greek words "pseudes," meaning false, and "podos," meaning foot.

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

Mannosidases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of mannose residues from glycoproteins, oligosaccharides, and glycolipids. These enzymes play a crucial role in the processing and degradation of N-linked glycans, which are carbohydrate structures attached to proteins in eukaryotic cells.

There are several types of mannosidases, including alpha-mannosidase and beta-mannosidase, which differ in their specificity for the type of linkage they cleave. Alpha-mannosidases hydrolyze alpha-1,2-, alpha-1,3-, alpha-1,6-mannosidic bonds, while beta-mannosidases hydrolyze beta-1,4-mannosidic bonds.

Deficiencies in mannosidase activity can lead to various genetic disorders, such as alpha-mannosidosis and beta-mannosidosis, which are characterized by the accumulation of unprocessed glycoproteins and subsequent cellular dysfunction.

Fungal DNA refers to the genetic material present in fungi, which are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. The DNA of fungi, like that of all living organisms, is made up of nucleotides that are arranged in a double helix structure.

Fungal DNA contains the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of fungi. This includes the instructions for making proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells, as well as other important molecules such as enzymes and nucleic acids.

Studying fungal DNA can provide valuable insights into the biology and evolution of fungi, as well as their potential uses in medicine, agriculture, and industry. For example, researchers have used genetic engineering techniques to modify the DNA of fungi to produce drugs, biofuels, and other useful products. Additionally, understanding the genetic makeup of pathogenic fungi can help scientists develop new strategies for preventing and treating fungal infections.

Morphogenesis is a term used in developmental biology and refers to the process by which cells give rise to tissues and organs with specific shapes, structures, and patterns during embryonic development. This process involves complex interactions between genes, cells, and the extracellular environment that result in the coordinated movement and differentiation of cells into specialized functional units.

Morphogenesis is a dynamic and highly regulated process that involves several mechanisms, including cell proliferation, death, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. These processes are controlled by genetic programs and signaling pathways that respond to environmental cues and regulate the behavior of individual cells within a developing tissue or organ.

The study of morphogenesis is important for understanding how complex biological structures form during development and how these processes can go awry in disease states such as cancer, birth defects, and degenerative disorders.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Chalones are hypothetical substances that were once thought to regulate the growth and proliferation of cells, particularly in the context of wound healing. The concept of chalones was first introduced in the 1950s by British scientist Dr. G. Kingsley Noble, who proposed that these substances might be produced by cells themselves and released into the extracellular environment to inhibit further cell division.

The idea behind chalones was that they might provide a natural mechanism for controlling the growth of tissues and preventing unregulated cell proliferation, which could lead to cancer. However, despite extensive research, no definitive evidence has been found to support the existence of chalones as distinct molecular entities.

While the concept of chalones has largely fallen out of favor in modern scientific discourse, the idea of using naturally occurring or synthetic molecules to regulate cell growth and proliferation remains an active area of research in fields such as cancer therapy and tissue engineering.

Genetic transformation is the process by which an organism's genetic material is altered or modified, typically through the introduction of foreign DNA. This can be achieved through various techniques such as:

* Gene transfer using vectors like plasmids, phages, or artificial chromosomes
* Direct uptake of naked DNA using methods like electroporation or chemically-mediated transfection
* Use of genome editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 to introduce precise changes into the organism's genome.

The introduced DNA may come from another individual of the same species (cisgenic), from a different species (transgenic), or even be synthetically designed. The goal of genetic transformation is often to introduce new traits, functions, or characteristics that do not exist naturally in the organism, or to correct genetic defects.

This technique has broad applications in various fields, including molecular biology, biotechnology, and medical research, where it can be used to study gene function, develop genetically modified organisms (GMOs), create cell lines for drug screening, and even potentially treat genetic diseases through gene therapy.

Developmental gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the activation or repression of specific genes during embryonic and fetal development. These regulatory mechanisms ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right cells, and at appropriate levels to guide proper growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of an organism.

Developmental gene expression regulation is a complex and dynamic process involving various molecular players, such as transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, non-coding RNAs, and signaling molecules. These regulators can interact with cis-regulatory elements, like enhancers and promoters, to fine-tune the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development.

Dysregulation of developmental gene expression can lead to various congenital disorders and developmental abnormalities. Therefore, understanding the principles and mechanisms governing developmental gene expression regulation is crucial for uncovering the etiology of developmental diseases and devising potential therapeutic strategies.

Chemotactic factors are substances that attract or repel cells, particularly immune cells, by stimulating directional movement in response to a chemical gradient. These factors play a crucial role in the body's immune response and inflammation process. They include:

1. Chemokines: A family of small signaling proteins that direct the migration of immune cells to sites of infection or tissue damage.
2. Cytokines: A broad category of signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Some cytokines can also act as chemotactic factors.
3. Complement components: Cleavage products of the complement system can attract immune cells to the site of infection or tissue injury.
4. Growth factors: Certain growth factors, like colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), can stimulate the migration and proliferation of specific cell types.
5. Lipid mediators: Products derived from arachidonic acid metabolism, such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins, can also act as chemotactic factors.
6. Formyl peptides: Bacterial-derived formylated peptides can attract and activate neutrophils during an infection.
7. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components: Fragments of ECM proteins, like collagen and fibronectin, can serve as chemotactic factors for immune cells.

These factors help orchestrate the immune response by guiding the movement of immune cells to specific locations in the body where they are needed.

Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of most eukaryotic organisms. They are essentially fluid-filled sacs that store various substances, such as enzymes, waste products, and nutrients. In plants, vacuoles often contain water, ions, and various organic compounds, while in fungi, they may store lipids or pigments. Vacuoles can also play a role in maintaining the turgor pressure of cells, which is critical for cell shape and function.

In animal cells, vacuoles are typically smaller and less numerous than in plant cells. Animal cells have lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes and break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances. Lysosomes can be considered a type of vacuole, but they are more specialized in their function.

Overall, vacuoles are essential for maintaining the health and functioning of cells by providing a means to store and dispose of various substances.

There doesn't seem to be a specific medical definition for "DNA, protozoan" as it is simply a reference to the DNA found in protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be found in various environments such as soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals.

Protozoan DNA refers to the genetic material present in these organisms. It is composed of nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which contain the instructions for the development, growth, and reproduction of the protozoan.

The DNA in protozoa, like in other organisms, is made up of two strands of nucleotides that coil together to form a double helix. The four nucleotide bases that make up protozoan DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These bases pair with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder, with A always pairing with T and G always pairing with C.

The genetic information stored in protozoan DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nucleotide bases. This information is used to synthesize proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of the organism's cells. Protozoan DNA also contains other types of genetic material, such as regulatory sequences that control gene expression and repetitive elements with no known function.

Understanding the DNA of protozoa is important for studying their biology, evolution, and pathogenicity. It can help researchers develop new treatments for protozoan diseases and gain insights into the fundamental principles of genetics and cellular function.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

The cytoskeleton is a complex network of various protein filaments that provides structural support, shape, and stability to the cell. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular integrity, intracellular organization, and enabling cell movement. The cytoskeleton is composed of three major types of protein fibers: microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules. These filaments work together to provide mechanical support, participate in cell division, intracellular transport, and help maintain the cell's architecture. The dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton allows cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions and respond to various stimuli.

An Amoeba is a type of single-celled organism that belongs to the kingdom Protista. It's known for its ability to change shape and move through its environment using temporary extensions of cytoplasm called pseudopods. Amoebas are found in various aquatic and moist environments, and some species can even live as parasites within animals, including humans.

In a medical context, the term "Amoeba" often refers specifically to Entamoeba histolytica, a pathogenic species that can cause amoebiasis, a type of infectious disease. This parasite typically enters the human body through contaminated food or water and can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach pain, and weight loss. In severe cases, it may invade the intestinal wall and spread to other organs, causing potentially life-threatening complications.

It's important to note that while many species of amoebas exist in nature, only a few are known to cause human disease. Proper hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly and avoiding contaminated food and water, can help prevent the spread of amoebic infections.

Myosin Type I, also known as myosin-IA, is a type of motor protein found in non-muscle cells. It is involved in various cellular processes such as organelle transport, cell division, and maintenance of cell shape. Myosin-IA consists of a heavy chain, light chains, and a cargo-binding tail domain. The heavy chain contains the motor domain that binds to actin filaments and hydrolyzes ATP to generate force and movement along the actin filament.

Myosin-I is unique among myosins because it can move in both directions along the actin filament, whereas most other myosins can only move in one direction. Additionally, myosin-I has a high duty ratio, meaning that it spends a larger proportion of its ATP hydrolysis cycle bound to the actin filament, making it well-suited for processes requiring sustained force generation or precise positioning.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "G-Box Binding Factors" is not a widely recognized or established term in medical or molecular biology literature. The "G-box" is a specific sequence of DNA that can be found in the promoter regions of many genes and serves as a binding site for various transcription factors. Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and either promoting or inhibiting the initiation of transcription.

However, "G-Box Binding Factors" is too broad since multiple transcription factors can bind to the G-box sequence. Some examples of transcription factors known to bind to the G-box include proteins like GBF (G-box binding factor), HSF (heat shock transcription factor), and bZIP (basic region/leucine zipper) proteins, among others.

If you have a more specific context or reference related to "G-Box Binding Factors," I would be happy to help provide further information based on that context.

A cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It functions as a barrier to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allowing necessary molecules such as nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules to enter while keeping out harmful substances and waste products. The cell membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. This unique structure allows the membrane to be flexible and fluid, yet selectively permeable. Additionally, various proteins are embedded in the membrane that serve as channels, pumps, receptors, and enzymes, contributing to the cell's overall functionality and communication with its environment.

In genetics, sequence alignment is the process of arranging two or more DNA, RNA, or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity or homology between them. This is often done using computational methods to compare the nucleotide or amino acid sequences and identify matching patterns, which can provide insight into evolutionary relationships, functional domains, or potential genetic disorders. The alignment process typically involves adjusting gaps and mismatches in the sequences to maximize the similarity between them, resulting in an aligned sequence that can be visually represented and analyzed.

Cell movement, also known as cell motility, refers to the ability of cells to move independently and change their location within tissue or inside the body. This process is essential for various biological functions, including embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses, and cancer metastasis.

There are several types of cell movement, including:

1. **Crawling or mesenchymal migration:** Cells move by extending and retracting protrusions called pseudopodia or filopodia, which contain actin filaments. This type of movement is common in fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells during tissue invasion and metastasis.
2. **Amoeboid migration:** Cells move by changing their shape and squeezing through tight spaces without forming protrusions. This type of movement is often observed in white blood cells (leukocytes) as they migrate through the body to fight infections.
3. **Pseudopodial extension:** Cells extend pseudopodia, which are temporary cytoplasmic projections containing actin filaments. These protrusions help the cell explore its environment and move forward.
4. **Bacterial flagellar motion:** Bacteria use a whip-like structure called a flagellum to propel themselves through their environment. The rotation of the flagellum is driven by a molecular motor in the bacterial cell membrane.
5. **Ciliary and ependymal movement:** Ciliated cells, such as those lining the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes, have hair-like structures called cilia that beat in coordinated waves to move fluids or mucus across the cell surface.

Cell movement is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and adhesion molecules, which enable cells to respond to environmental cues and navigate through tissues.

Recombinant fusion proteins are artificially created biomolecules that combine the functional domains or properties of two or more different proteins into a single protein entity. They are generated through recombinant DNA technology, where the genes encoding the desired protein domains are linked together and expressed as a single, chimeric gene in a host organism, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells.

The resulting fusion protein retains the functional properties of its individual constituent proteins, allowing for novel applications in research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. For instance, recombinant fusion proteins can be designed to enhance protein stability, solubility, or immunogenicity, making them valuable tools for studying protein-protein interactions, developing targeted therapies, or generating vaccines against infectious diseases or cancer.

Examples of recombinant fusion proteins include:

1. Etaglunatide (ABT-523): A soluble Fc fusion protein that combines the heavy chain fragment crystallizable region (Fc) of an immunoglobulin with the extracellular domain of the human interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R). This fusion protein functions as a decoy receptor, neutralizing IL-6 and its downstream signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis.
2. Etanercept (Enbrel): A soluble TNF receptor p75 Fc fusion protein that binds to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and inhibits its proinflammatory activity, making it a valuable therapeutic option for treating autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriasis.
3. Abatacept (Orencia): A fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin, which downregulates T-cell activation and proliferation in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Belimumab (Benlysta): A monoclonal antibody that targets B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) protein, preventing its interaction with the B-cell surface receptor and inhibiting B-cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
5. Romiplostim (Nplate): A fusion protein consisting of a thrombopoietin receptor agonist peptide linked to an immunoglobulin Fc region, which stimulates platelet production in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
6. Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp): A hyperglycosylated erythropoiesis-stimulating protein that functions as a longer-acting form of recombinant human erythropoietin, used to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease or cancer.
7. Palivizumab (Synagis): A monoclonal antibody directed against the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which prevents RSV infection and is administered prophylactically to high-risk infants during the RSV season.
8. Ranibizumab (Lucentis): A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that binds and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), used in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and other ocular disorders.
9. Cetuximab (Erbitux): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), used in the treatment of colorectal cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
10. Adalimumab (Humira): A fully humanized monoclonal antibody that targets tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease.
11. Bevacizumab (Avastin): A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to VEGF-A, used in the treatment of various cancers, including colorectal, lung, breast, and kidney cancer.
12. Trastuzumab (Herceptin): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets HER2/neu receptor, used in the treatment of breast cancer.
13. Rituximab (Rituxan): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to CD20 antigen on B cells, used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis.
14. Palivizumab (Synagis): A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus, used in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants.
15. Infliximab (Remicade): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
16. Natalizumab (Tysabri): A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to α4β1 integrin, used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease.
17. Adalimumab (Humira): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.
18. Golimumab (Simponi): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and ulcerative colitis.
19. Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia): A PEGylated Fab' fragment of a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Crohn's disease.
20. Ustekinumab (Stelara): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-12 and IL-23, used in the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and Crohn's disease.
21. Secukinumab (Cosentyx): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A, used in the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
22. Ixekizumab (Taltz): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A, used in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
23. Brodalumab (Siliq): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17 receptor A, used in the treatment of psoriasis.
24. Sarilumab (Kevzara): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-6 receptor, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
25. Tocilizumab (Actemra): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-6 receptor, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, giant cell arteritis, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell-induced cytokine release syndrome.
26. Siltuximab (Sylvant): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6, used in the treatment of multicentric Castleman disease.
27. Satralizumab (Enspryng): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6 receptor alpha, used in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
28. Sirukumab (Plivensia): A human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6, used in the treatment

UTP-Glucose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction to form UDP-glucose from UTP and glucose-1-phosphate. This reaction plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of various carbohydrates, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in the body. The enzyme is also known as UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase or simply as UGPase.

The systematic name for this enzyme is glucose-1-phosphate:UTP uridylyltransferase, and its reaction can be represented as follows:
UTP + glucose-1-phosphate ⇌ UDP-glucose + pyrophosphate

The enzyme is widely distributed in nature and is found in various organisms, including bacteria, plants, and animals. In humans, UGPase is present in multiple tissues, such as the liver, kidney, and brain. Defects in this enzyme can lead to several metabolic disorders, highlighting its importance in maintaining normal bodily functions.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

Cytoplasmic streaming, also known as cyclosis, is the movement or flow of cytoplasm and organelles within a eukaryotic cell. It is a type of intracellular transport that occurs in many types of cells, but it is particularly prominent in large, single-celled organisms such as algae and fungi.

During cytoplasmic streaming, the cytoplasm moves in a coordinated and organized manner, often in circular or spiral patterns. This movement is driven by the action of motor proteins, such as myosin, which interact with filamentous structures called actin filaments. The movement of the motor proteins along the actin filaments generates force, causing the cytoplasm and organelles to move.

Cytoplasmic streaming serves several functions in cells. It helps to distribute nutrients and metabolic products throughout the cell, and it also plays a role in the movement of organelles and other cellular components to specific locations within the cell. Additionally, cytoplasmic streaming can help to maintain the structural integrity of large, single-celled organisms by ensuring that their cytoplasm is evenly distributed.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a type of nucleic acid that plays a crucial role in the process of gene expression. There are several types of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). These RNA molecules help to transcribe DNA into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins by the ribosomes.

Fungi are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as larger organisms like mushrooms. Like other eukaryotes, fungi contain DNA and RNA as part of their genetic material. The RNA in fungi is similar to the RNA found in other organisms, including humans, and plays a role in gene expression and protein synthesis.

A specific medical definition of "RNA, fungal" does not exist, as RNA is a fundamental component of all living organisms, including fungi. However, RNA can be used as a target for antifungal drugs, as certain enzymes involved in RNA synthesis and processing are unique to fungi and can be inhibited by these drugs. For example, the antifungal drug flucytosine is converted into a toxic metabolite that inhibits fungal RNA and DNA synthesis.

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is not a medical term per se, but a scientific term used in the field of molecular biology. GFP is a protein that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to light, particularly blue or ultraviolet light. It was originally discovered in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria.

In medical and biological research, scientists often use recombinant DNA technology to introduce the gene for GFP into other organisms, including bacteria, plants, and animals, including humans. This allows them to track the expression and localization of specific genes or proteins of interest in living cells, tissues, or even whole organisms.

The ability to visualize specific cellular structures or processes in real-time has proven invaluable for a wide range of research areas, from studying the development and function of organs and organ systems to understanding the mechanisms of diseases and the effects of therapeutic interventions.

Molecular weight, also known as molecular mass, is the mass of a molecule. It is expressed in units of atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da). Molecular weight is calculated by adding up the atomic weights of each atom in a molecule. It is a useful property in chemistry and biology, as it can be used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution, or to calculate the amount of a substance that will react with another in a chemical reaction.

Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including signal transduction and metabolism. Adenylate cyclase is activated by hormones and neurotransmitters that bind to G-protein-coupled receptors on the cell membrane, leading to the production of cAMP, which then acts as a second messenger to regulate various intracellular responses. There are several isoforms of adenylate cyclase, each with distinct regulatory properties and subcellular localization.

1984 Dictyostelium brevicaule Olive 1901 Dictyostelium brunneum Kawabe 1982 Dictyostelium capitatum Hagiwara 1983 Dictyostelium ... 2019 ?Dictyostelium irregularis Olive et al. 1967 ?Dictyostelium magnum Hagiw. 1983 ?Dictyostelium microsorocarpum Li & He 2010 ... Dictyostelium annularibasimum Li, Liu & Zhao 2016 ?Dictyostelium arabicum Hagiwara 1991 ?Dictyostelium barbarae Stephenson et ... 2011 Dictyostelium citrinum Vadell et al. 1995 Dictyostelium clavatum Hagiwara 1992 Dictyostelium crassicaule Hagiwara 1984 ...
... is a species of Dictyostelium. Dictyostelium purpureum is a distinct species from D. discoideum, ... "Home - Dictyostelium purpureum QSDP1". "Error". v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from ... reproductive isolation and kin recognition in the social amoeba Dictyostelium purpureum". Evolution. 63 (2): 542-8. doi:10.1111 ...
Look up Dictyostelium discoideum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dictyostelium ... In older classifications, Dictyostelium was placed in the defunct polyphyletic class Acrasiomycetes. This was a class of ... Dictyostelium discoideum is a species of soil-dwelling amoeba belonging to the phylum Amoebozoa, infraphylum Mycetozoa. ... Dictyostelium, a tractable model host organism for Legionella. In: Heuner K, Swanson M, editors. Legionella: Molecular ...
Non-coding RNA Dictyostelium class II RNA Sequence Ontology page for Class I RNA Rfam entry for class I RNA Aspegren A, Hinas A ... Hinas A, Söderbom F (March 2007). "Treasure hunt in an amoeba: non-coding RNAs in Dictyostelium discoideum". Curr. Genet. 51 (3 ... This family was identified in Shotgun sequencing approach of full-length cDNA libraries from small RNAs from Dictyostelium ... "De novo search for non-coding RNA genes in the AT-rich genome of Dictyostelium discoideum: performance of Markov-dependent ...
Dictyostelium class I RNA non-coding RNA Aspegren A, Hinas A, Larsson P, Larsson A, Söderbom F (2004). "Novel non-coding RNAs ... Dictyostelium class I and II share a consensus sequence (5'-CCUUACAGCAA-3') which is found in an 'open' area of the secondary ... A Northern blot analysis showed that this ncRNA was expressed in all stages of development and that, like Dictyostelium class I ... Hinas A, Söderbom F (March 2007). "Treasure hunt in an amoeba: non-coding RNAs in Dictyostelium discoideum". Curr. Genet. 51 (3 ...
Petra Fey; Robert J. Dodson; Siddhartha Basu; Rex L. Chisholm (8 February 2013). "One Stop Shop for Everything Dictyostelium: ... dictyBase is an online bioinformatics database for the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum. dictyBase offers many ways of ... DictyBase and the Dicty Stock Center in 2012". Dictyostelium discoideum Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 983. pp. ...
Conosa: Myxogastria) Dictyostelium discoideum (Conosa: Dictyostelia) The oldest fossils are dated at 800 Mya, but molecular ... May 2005). "The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum". Nature. 435 (7038): 43-57. Bibcode:2005Natur.435...43E. ... ISBN 978-1-118-73456-8. Schilde C, Schaap P (2013). "The Amoebozoa". Dictyostelium discoideum Protocols. Methods in Molecular ...
Essential in Dictyostelium discoideum. This is evidenced by severe developmental failure in deficient ras expression and by ...
Dictyostelium discoideum, for example, is an amoeba that lives in the soil and feeds on bacteria. Like animal phagocytes, it ... Dictyostelium discoideum is social; it aggregates when starved to form a migrating pseudoplasmodium or slug. This multicellular ... Bozzaro S, Bucci C, Steinert M (2008). "Phagocytosis and host-pathogen interactions in Dictyostelium with a look at macrophages ...
Similarly, in Dictyostelium discoideum (slime mold), SDF-2 and cytokinins are secreted during late development to trigger ... Anjard C, Loomis WF (March 2008). "Cytokinins induce sporulation in Dictyostelium". Development. 135 (5): 819-827. doi:10.1242/ ...
DdCP224: Dictyostelium discoideum Centrosomal Protein. This protein's size is approximately 224 kDa. It was detected in 2000 ... Graf, Ralph; Christine Daunderer; Manfred Schliwa (April 2000). "Dictyostelium DdCP224 is a microtubule-associated protein and ...
Dictyostelium is 'the main character'. Its amoebas join into a single multicellular aggregate (akin to a multicellular organism ... With Evelyn Keller he developed a model for slime mold (Dictyostelium discoideum) chemotaxis that was perhaps the first example ...
Strikingly, both Dictyostelium amoebae and neutrophils can chemotax towards a target whilst in suspension, showing that a solid ... Barry, NP; Bretscher, MS (2010). "Dictyostelium amoebae and neutrophils can swim". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (25): 11376- ... The rate of membrane circulation about matches that needed to move the cell forwards; studies with Dictyostelium discoideum ... Aguado-Velasco, C; Bretscher, MS (1999). "Circulation of the plasma membrane in Dictyostelium". Mol Biol Cell. 10 (12): 4419- ...
The amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is useful to researchers because they consistently exhibit chemotaxis in response to cyclic ... Barry, N.P.; Bretscher, M.S. (2010). "Dictyostelium amoebae and neutrophils can swim". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (25): ... Zanchi, R; Howard, G; Bretscher, MS; Kay, RR (2010). "The exocytic gene secA is required for Dictyostelium cell motility and ... Aguado-Velasco, C; Bretscher, MS (1999). "Circulation of the Plasma Membrane in Dictyostelium". Mol Biol Cell. 10 (12): 4419-27 ...
... by pseudoplasmodia of Dictyostelium discoideum. Pline, Diez, and Dusenbery, J. Nematology, 20:605-608 (1988). ...
Bae, A. J.; Bodenschatz, E. (2010). "On the swimming of Dictyostelium amoebae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ...
Dictyostelium cells and neutrophils can also swim, using a similar mechanism as for crawling. Another unicellular form of ... Bae AJ, Bodenschatz E (November 2010). "On the swimming of Dictyostelium amoebae". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... Barry, Nicholas P.; Bretscher, Mark S. (22 June 2010). "Dictyostelium amoebae and neutrophils can swim". Proceedings of the ...
These receptors control development in Dictyostelium discoideum. In D. discoideum, the cyclic AMP receptors coordinate ... a prestalk cAMP receptor required for normal tip formation and late development of Dictyostelium discoideum". Genes Dev. 7 (2 ... a cAMP receptor subtype expressed during multicellular stages of Dictyostelium development". Genes Dev. 7 (2): 273-282. doi: ... "A chemoattractant receptor controls development in Dictyostelium discoideum". Science. 241 (4872): 1467-1472. Bibcode:1988Sci ...
2011 Polysphondylium violaceum Brefeld 1885 Dictyostelium so-called cellular slime mold. Kawabe Y, Morio T, James JL, Prescott ... Brefeld O. (1884). "Myxomyceten I. Polysphondylium violaceum und Dictyostelium mucoroides". Untersuchungen aus dem ...
Dictyostelium discoideum has been used since the 1940s to study cellular and developmental biology. It is well-suited for this ... Some research has shown that they have a role in controlling chemotaxis of Dictyostelium discoideum, too. DIF-1 and DIF-3 are ... Sugden, Chris; Urbaniak, Michael D.; Araki, Tsuyoshi; Williams, Jeffrey G. (2015-02-15). "The Dictyostelium prestalk inducer ... 2 Function also as Modulators for Dictyostelium Chemotaxis". PLOS ONE. 4 (8): e6658. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6658K. doi:10.1371/ ...
In addition to axon growth cones, the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum has been instrumental in determining the ... 2004). "Chemoattractant signaling in Dictyostelium discoideum" (PDF). Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 20: 223-253. doi:10.1146/ ... Willard, SS.; Devreotes, PN (2006). "Signaling pathways mediating chemotaxis in the social amoeaba, Dictyostelium discoideum". ...
"Entrez Gene: COTL1 coactosin-like 1 (Dictyostelium)". Provost P, Doucet J, Hammarberg T, Gerisch G, Samuelsson B, Radmark O ( ...
Hacker, U.; Albrecht, R.; Maniak, M. (1997). "Fluid-phase uptake by macropinocytosis in Dictyostelium". Journal of Cell Science ...
Soll, D. R.; Waddell, D. R. (1975). "Morphogenesis in the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. 1. The accumulation and erasure ... in Dictyostelium discoideum. In 1979, he formulated the first model and conditional methods to analyze timer pathways in ...
Schaap, Pauline (1 February 2011). "Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: Dictyostelium discoideum". Development. ...
Kreppel L, Fey P, Gaudet P, Just E, Kibbe WA, Chisholm RL, Kimmel AR (January 2004). "dictyBase: a new Dictyostelium discoideum ...
In Dictyostelium discoideum (social amoeba), CAP is involved in microfilament reorganisation near the plasma membrane in a PIP2 ... from Dictyostelium discoideum". Structure. 11 (9): 1171-8. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(03)00180-1. PMID 12962635. Dodatko T, Fedorov ... "Crystallization of cyclase-associated protein from Dictyostelium discoideum". Acta Crystallographica D. 58 (Pt 10 Pt 2): 1858- ...
Rivero F, Dislich H, Glockner G, Noegel AA (Mar 2001). "The Dictyostelium discoideum family of Rho-related proteins". Nucleic ...
Feneberg W, Westphal M, Sackmann E (August 2001). "Dictyostelium cells' cytoplasm as an active viscoplastic body". European ...
They also reported a similar behavior in Dictyostelium. Since E. histolytica does not form cysts in the absence of bacteria, E ... "Chemotaxis-mediated scission contributes to efficient cytokinesis in Dictyostelium". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 65 (11 ...
1984 Dictyostelium brevicaule Olive 1901 Dictyostelium brunneum Kawabe 1982 Dictyostelium capitatum Hagiwara 1983 Dictyostelium ... 2019 ?Dictyostelium irregularis Olive et al. 1967 ?Dictyostelium magnum Hagiw. 1983 ?Dictyostelium microsorocarpum Li & He 2010 ... Dictyostelium annularibasimum Li, Liu & Zhao 2016 ?Dictyostelium arabicum Hagiwara 1991 ?Dictyostelium barbarae Stephenson et ... 2011 Dictyostelium citrinum Vadell et al. 1995 Dictyostelium clavatum Hagiwara 1992 Dictyostelium crassicaule Hagiwara 1984 ...
To download a certificate of origin for Dictyostelium discoideum Raper (42193), enter the lot number exactly as it appears on ... To download a certificate of analysis for Dictyostelium discoideum Raper (42193), enter the lot number exactly as it appears on ... The certificate of analysis for that lot of Dictyostelium discoideum Raper (42193) is not currently available online. Complete ... The certificate of origin for that lot of Dictyostelium discoideum Raper (42193) is not currently available online. Complete ...
Dictyostelium discoideum AX4). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against it in bioassay ...
In the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum, loss of the CLN5 homolog, cln5, impacts various cellular and developmental ... In the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum, loss of the CLN5 homolog, cln5, impacts various cellular and developmental ... Dictyostelium discoideum is a eukaryotic microbe that is used as a biomedical model system for studying a variety of human ... An altered transcriptome underlies cln5-deficiency phenotypes in Dictyostelium discoideum. William D. Kim1 Robert J. Huber1,2* ...
Dictyostelium discoideum AX4). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against it in bioassay ...
DICTYOSTELIUM MYOSIN S1DC (MOTOR DOMAIN FRAGMENT) COMPLEXED WITH O,P-DINITROPHENYL AMINOPROPYLDIPHOSPHATE BERYLLIUM TRIFLUORIDE ... X-ray structures of the Dictyostelium discoideum myosin motor domain with six non-nucleotide analogs.. Gulick, A.M., Bauer, C.B ... DICTYOSTELIUM MYOSIN S1DC (MOTOR DOMAIN FRAGMENT) COMPLEXED WITH O,P-DINITROPHENYL AMINOPROPYLDIPHOSPHATE BERYLLIUM TRIFLUORIDE ... The three-dimensional structures of the truncated myosin head from Dictyostelium discoideum myosin II complexed with ...
Dictyostelium discoideum-a model for many reasons. Mol Cell Biochem. 2009;329:73-91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Dictyostelium polycephalum n.sp.: a new cellular slime mold with coremiform fructification. J Gen Microbiol. 1956;14:716-32. ... Migration in Dictyostelium polycephalum. Mycologia. 2006;98:260-4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Dictyostelium polycephalum Infection of Human Cornea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(10):1644-1645. doi:10.3201/ ...
The repE gene maps to chromosome 4 and it is the first gene identified in Dictyostelium that is homologous to those … ... We have cloned and characterized the Dictyostelium discoideum repE gene, a homolog of the human xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) ... repE--the Dictyostelium homolog of the human xeroderma pigmentosum group E gene is developmentally regulated and contains a ... The repE gene maps to chromosome 4 and it is the first gene identified in Dictyostelium that is homologous to those involved in ...
Amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Reference. Albe KR, Butler MH, Wright BE. Cellular concentrations of enzymes and their ... The tricarboxylic acid cycle in Dictyostelium discoideum. Metabolite concentrations, oxygen uptake and 14c-labelled amino acid ...
Recombinant Dictyostelium discoideum Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase fnkE (fnkE), partial. Cat# MBS1303272. ... MBS1303272 , Recombinant Dictyostelium discoideum Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase fnkE (fnkE), partial. (No reviews ... MBS1303272 , Recombinant Dictyostelium discoideum Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase fnkE (fnkE), partial ... MBS1303272 , Recombinant Dictyostelium discoideum Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase fnkE (fnkE), partial. ...
The architecture GBD/FH3-FH1-FH2-DAD appears common to almost all Dictyostelium, fungal and metazoan formins, for which we ... To establish the relationship between formins of Dictyostelium and other organisms we constructed a phylogenetic tree based on ... Our analysis allows some preliminary insight into the functionality of Dictyostelium formins: all isoforms might display actin ... identified in the genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. With the exception of ForI and ForC all other formins ...
Erdos G. W., Raper K. B., Vogen L. K. 1973b; Mating types and macrocyst formation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Proceedings of ... Erdos G. W., Raper K. B., Vogen L. K. 1976; Effects of light and temperature in paired mating types of Dictyostelium discoideum ... Lewis K. E., ODay D. H. 1977; Sex hormone of Dictyostelium discoideum is volatile. Nature, London 268:730-731 ... Cotter D. A., Raper K. B. 1968; Factors affecting the rate of heat-induced spore germination in Dictyostelium discoideum. ...
Multicellular development of Dictyostelium. / Gaudet, Pascale; Fey, Petra; Chisholm, Rex L. In: Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, ... Gaudet, P., Fey, P., & Chisholm, R. L. (2008). Multicellular development of Dictyostelium. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 3(12 ... Gaudet, P, Fey, P & Chisholm, RL 2008, Multicellular development of Dictyostelium, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, vol. 3, no. ... Multicellular development of Dictyostelium. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2008 Dec 1;3(12). doi: 10.1101/pdb.prot5100 ...
Membrane-cytoskeletons were prepared from Dictyostelium amebas, and networks of actin and myosin II filaments were visualized ... Release of myosin II from the membrane-cytoskeleton of Dictyostelium discoideum mediated by heavy-chain phosphorylation at the ...
Monoclonal antibodies against a glycoprotein presumably involved in adhesion of aggregating Dictyostelium discoideum cells have ... Monoclonal antibodies against a glycoprotein presumably involved in adhesion of aggregating Dictyostelium discoideum cells have ... analysis Cell Adhesion Cell Aggregation Cell Membrane/immunology/ultrastructure Dictyostelium/*immunology/physiology ... a cell-surface glycoprotein of Dictyostelium discoideum ...
The amount of total endogenous cellular and cell surface lectin in aggregating Dictyostelium purpureum was determined by a ... W R Springer, P L Haywood, S H Barondes; Endogenous cell surface lectin in Dictyostelium: quantitation, elution by sugar, and ... Endogenous cell surface lectin in Dictyostelium: quantitation, elution by sugar, and elicitation by divalent immunoglobulin. W ... The amount of total endogenous cellular and cell surface lectin in aggregating Dictyostelium purpureum was determined by a ...
We used the system to study motility and chemotaxis by a score of Dictyostelium discoideum wild-type and mutant strains, ... Quantitative Analysis of Cell Motility and Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum by Using an Image Processing System and a ... Cell Movement *Chemotaxis Cyclic AMP/pharmacology Dictyostelium/growth & development/*physiology Image Processing, Computer- ...
Laboratory studies of competition in two species of cellular slime molds : Dictyostelium discoideum and Polysphondylium ... Laboratory studies of competition in two species of cellular slime molds : Dictyostelium discoideum and Polysphondylium ...
Dictyostelium culture, development and differentiation. Dictyostelium wild-type and mutant cells were grown, developed on ... Combinatorial cell-specific regulation of GSK3 directs cell differentiation and polarity in Dictyostelium Leung Kim, Leung Kim ... Dictyostelium that lack the prestalk proteases cannot sporulate (Anjard and Loomis, 2005; Cabral et al., 2006; Wang et al., ... Dictyostelium and mammalian GSK3s have high sequence identity and are identically phosphorylated by ZAK1 in vitro (Kim et al., ...
The Xenopus collection includes over 75 mAbs characterized in Xenopus sp. and validated in over a thousand listed citations
... is notorious, in some circles, for its strange life-style. Usually, an individual Dictyostelium lives alone as a ... Posts Tagged Dictyostelium. My "cold" is gone. May 14th, 2010. It appears that Im over whatever I had. My nose has stopped ... So Dictyostelium is sort of like Polistes: it has cycles of solitary and social, and it bridges the gap between completely ... In Dictyostelium, this calculus is simplified, because the cells are (often) all clones of one another, so if one cell ...
ACD in Dictyostelium In Dictyostelium discoideum, triggering the differentiation of vegetative cells under starvation ... Giusti, C., Tresse, E., Luciani, M. F. & Golstein, P. Autophagic cell death: analysis in Dictyostelium. Biochim. Biophys. Acta ... Programmed cell death in Dictyostelium. J. Cell Sci. 107, 2691-2704 (1994). ... Atg1 allows second-signaled autophagic cell death in Dictyostelium. Autophagy 7, 501-508 (2011). ...
Biofilms are an ingenious evolutionary creation, but one that gives us humans a lot of trouble in fighting bacteria. Film Development Originally, there was no real need for bacteria to clump together in most situations, due to their free-floating water environment. But land surfaces (and debris in the waters) enabled them to form extracellular matrixes […]. ...
Dictyostelium discoideum - RPL37A. Organism. Dictyostelium discoideum. Gene Name. RPL37A. Product. rpl37a. Sequence. gene / ...
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Effects of spatial confinement on migratory properties of Dictyostelium discoideum cells.. Belotti, Y McGloin, D Weijer, CJ ... Using microfluidic technologies, we show that increasing confinement of Dictyostelium discoideum cells into narrower micro- ... Using microfluidic technologies, we show that increasing confinement of Dictyostelium discoideum cells into narrower micro- ...
Annesley, S. J., Bago, R., Mehta, A., & Fisher, P. R. (2011). A genetic interaction between NDPK and AMPK in Dictyostelium ... A genetic interaction between NDPK and AMPK in Dictyostelium discoideum that affects motility, growth and development. In: ... Annesley, SJ, Bago, R, Mehta, A & Fisher, PR 2011, A genetic interaction between NDPK and AMPK in Dictyostelium discoideum ... A genetic interaction between NDPK and AMPK in Dictyostelium discoideum that affects motility, growth and development. Naunyn- ...
About the Dictyostelium discoideum genome Dictyostelium discoideum belongs to the group dictyostelids. It is a remarkable ... Dictyostelium is a popular system to study the evolution of social behaviour and of developmental strategies. ... The ESTs sequenced from different stages of Dictyostelium development were also downloaded from dictyBase and aligned to the ...
Intervals: 100 min, field width: 0.85 mm ...

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