Dicarboxylic acids are organic compounds containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups in their structure, making them capable of forming salts and esters by losing two hydrogen ions.
An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.
Dicarboxylic amino acids are a type of amino acids that contain two carboxyl (−COOH) functional groups in their side chains, including aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
A family of organic anion transporters that specifically transport DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes.
"Malate" is a term used in biochemistry to refer to a salt or ester of malic acid, a dicarboxylic acid found in many fruits and involved in the citric acid cycle, but it does not have a specific medical definition as such.
Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.
Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.
Compounds based on fumaric acid.
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Derivatives of adipic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,6-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.
A form of encephalopathy with fatty infiltration of the LIVER, characterized by brain EDEMA and VOMITING that may rapidly progress to SEIZURES; COMA; and DEATH. It is caused by a generalized loss of mitochondrial function leading to disturbances in fatty acid and CARNITINE metabolism.
Pipecolic acids are cyclic amino acids, specifically a derivative of L-lysine, that can function as an indicator of certain metabolic disorders such as lysinuric protein intolerance and maple syrup urine disease.
Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.
Drugs that inhibit the transport of neurotransmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. For many transmitters, uptake determines the time course of transmitter action so inhibiting uptake prolongs the activity of the transmitter. Blocking uptake may also deplete available transmitter stores. Many clinically important drugs are uptake inhibitors although the indirect reactions of the brain rather than the acute block of uptake itself is often responsible for the therapeutic effects.
Tartrates are salts or esters of tartaric acid, primarily used in pharmaceutical industry as buffering agents, and in medical laboratories for the precipitation of proteins.
Tricyclic ethylene-bridged naphthalene derivatives. They are found in petroleum residues and coal tar and used as dye intermediates, in the manufacture of plastics, and in insecticides and fungicides.
Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.
One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.
'Bicyclo compounds' in medicinal chemistry refer to organic molecules containing two fused rings, where each ring shares two common atoms, creating a topological structure that resembles two overlapping circles or bicycle tires.
Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.
Seven-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.
An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.
**Maleates** are organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbon atoms, often used as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, or as drugs themselves, such as maleic acid or its salts.
Salts and esters of the 12-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--lauric acid.
Cyclic S-oxides are organic compounds characterized by a cyclic structure containing a sulfur atom bonded to a single oxygen atom through a sulfoxide group, formed as an intermediate product during the metabolism of certain drugs and xenobiotics.
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.
Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure.
Diazonium compounds are organic derivatives containing the general formula R-N2+X-, where R represents an aryl or alkyl group, and X- is an anion such as bromide or chloride, formed by the reaction of amines with nitrous acid in an acidic medium.
Aryl CYCLOPENTANES that are a reduced (protonated) form of INDENES.
Derivatives of OXALOACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1,4-carboxy aliphatic structure.
A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)
Glutarates are organic compounds, specifically carboxylic acids, that contain a five-carbon chain with two terminal carboxyl groups and a central methyl group, playing a role in various metabolic processes, including the breakdown of certain amino acids. They can also refer to their salts or esters. Please note that this definition is concise and may not cover all aspects of glutarates in depth.
Picolinic acid is an organic compound that belongs to the class of pyridine derivatives, acting as a chelating agent in mammals, primarily found in the liver and kidneys, and playing a significant role in the metabolism of proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
Chemical agents that react with SH groups. This is a chemically diverse group that is used for a variety of purposes. Among these are enzyme inhibition, enzyme reactivation or protection, and labelling.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water.
Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.
Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.
Cyclopropanes are a class of hydrocarbons characterized by a small ring structure containing three carbon atoms, each with single bonds to the other two carbons and to hydrogen atoms, making it highly strained and reactive, which has implications for its use as an anesthetic in medicine.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.
Organic compounds that are acyclic and contain three acid groups. A member of this class is citric acid which is the first product formed by reaction of pyruvate and oxaloacetate. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p443)
The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.
A family of POTASSIUM and SODIUM-dependent acidic amino acid transporters that demonstrate a high affinity for GLUTAMIC ACID and ASPARTIC ACID. Several variants of this system are found in neuronal tissue.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
10-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Malonates are organic compounds containing a malonate group, which is a dicarboxylic acid functional group with the structure -OC(CH2COOH)2, and can form salts or esters known as malonates.
Resorcinols are aromatic organic compounds containing two hydroxyl groups attached to a benzene ring, known for their antiseptic and antibacterial properties, used in various medical and cosmetic applications.
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
Europium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.
A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)
A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.
A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI that is a major cause of SEPTICEMIA and disseminated CANDIDIASIS, especially in patients with LYMPHOMA; LEUKEMIA; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is also found as part of the normal human mucocutaneous flora.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of sweet clover, MEDICAGO SATIVA, and fenugreek.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).
The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.
Phenanthrolines are a class of heterocyclic compounds containing two aromatic hydrocarbon rings fused with a third ring consisting of nitrogen atoms, which have been used in the development of various pharmaceutical and chemical research applications, including as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agents, enzyme inhibitors, and chelators.
Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.
Drugs used for their actions on any aspect of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems. Included are drugs that act on excitatory amino acid receptors, affect the life cycle of excitatory amino acid transmitters, or affect the survival of neurons using excitatory amino acids.
A family of gram-negative bacteria which are saprophytes, symbionts, or plant pathogens.
A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.
Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.
Electron-dense cytoplasmic particles bounded by a single membrane, such as PEROXISOMES; GLYOXYSOMES; and glycosomes.
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
Compounds containing the -SH radical.
Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.

Kinetics of dodecanedioic acid triglyceride in rats. (1/480)

The kinetics of the triglyceride of dodecanedioic acid (TGDA) has been investigated in 30 male Wistar rats after a rapid intravenous bolus injection. TGDA and its product of hydrolysis, nonesterified dodecanedioic acid (NEDA), were measured in plasma samples taken at different times using an improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The 24-h urinary excretion of TGDA was 1.54 +/- 0.37 micromol, corresponding to approximately 0.67% of the administered amount. Several kinetics models were considered, including central and peripheral compartments for the triglyceride and the free forms and expressing transports between compartments with combinations of linear, carrier-limited, or time-varying mechanisms. The parameter estimates of the kinetics of TGDA and of NEDA were finally obtained using a three-compartment model in which the transfer of TGDA to NEDA was assumed to be linear, through a peripheral compartment, and the tissue uptake of NEDA was assumed to be carrier limited. TGDA had a large volume of distribution ( approximately 0.5 l/kg body wt) with a fast disappearance rate from plasma (0.42 min-1), whereas NEDA had a very small volume of distribution ( approximately 0.04 l/kg body wt) and a tissue uptake with maximal transport rate of 0.636 mM/min. In conclusion, this first study on the triglyceride form of dodecanedioic acid indicates that it is rapidly hydrolyzed and that both triglyceride and nonesterified forms are excreted in the urine to a very low extent. The tissue uptake rate of NEDA is consistent with the possibility of achieving substantial energy delivery, should it be added to parenteral nutrition formulations. Furthermore, the amount of sodium administered with the triglyceride form is one-half of that necessary with the free diacid.  (+info)

Nontransportable inhibitors attenuate reversal of glutamate uptake in synaptosomes following a metabolic insult. (2/480)

Na+-dependent, high-affinity glutamate transporters in the central nervous system are generally credited with regulating extracellular levels of L-glutamate and maintaining concentrations below those that would induce excitotoxic injury. Under pathological conditions, however, it has been suggested that these same transporters may contribute to excitotoxic injury by serving as sites of efflux for cellular L-glutamate. In this study, we examine the efflux of [3H]D-aspartate from synaptosomes in response to both alternative substrates (i.e., heteroexchange), such as L-glutamate, and a metabolic insult (5 mM potassium cyanide and 1 mM iodoacetate). Exposure of synaptosomes containing [3H]D-aspartate to either L-glutamate or metabolic inhibitors increased the efflux of the radiolabeled substrate to over 200% of control values. Two previously identified competitive transport inhibitors (L-trans-2, 3-pyrrolidine dicarboxylate and dihydrokainate) failed to stimulate [3H]D-aspartate efflux but did inhibit glutamate-mediated heteroexchange, consistent with the action of nontransportable inhibitors. These compounds also attenuated the efflux of [3H]D-aspartate from synaptosomes exposed to the metabolic inhibitors. These results add further strength to the model of central nervous system injury-induced efflux of L-glutamate through its high-affinity transporters and identify a novel strategy to attenuate this process.  (+info)

Functioning of DcuC as the C4-dicarboxylate carrier during glucose fermentation by Escherichia coli. (3/480)

The dcuC gene of Escherichia coli encodes an alternative C4-dicarboxylate carrier (DcuC) with low transport activity. The expression of dcuC was investigated. dcuC was expressed only under anaerobic conditions; nitrate and fumarate caused slight repression and stimulation of expression, respectively. Anaerobic induction depended mainly on the transcriptional regulator FNR. Fumarate stimulation was independent of the fumarate response regulator DcuR. The expression of dcuC was not significantly inhibited by glucose, assigning a role to DcuC during glucose fermentation. The inactivation of dcuC increased fumarate-succinate exchange and fumarate uptake by DcuA and DcuB, suggesting a preferential function of DcuC in succinate efflux during glucose fermentation. Upon overexpression in a dcuC promoter mutant (dcuC*), DcuC was able to compensate for DcuA and DcuB in fumarate-succinate exchange and fumarate uptake.  (+info)

Evidence for differential regulation of renal proximal tubular p-aminohippurate and sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transport. (4/480)

In renal proximal tubules, the basolateral organic anion [p-aminohippurate (PAH)] transporter is functionally coupled to the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter. This study was undertaken to elucidate whether protein kinases differentially modulate the activities of these transporters. In isolated S(2) segments of proximal tubules microdissected from rabbit kidneys, we investigated whether the transporters are regulated by tyrosine kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The tubules were collapsed; hence, tubular uptake of the marker substances [(3)H]PAH and [(14)C]glutarate reflects transport across the basolateral cell membrane. Genistein, a selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, diminished PAH uptake at 10(-7) M by 15.6 +/- 11.7% and at 10(-6) M by 25.6 +/- 9.1%. An inactive analog of genistein, diadzein, was without effect even at a concentration 100-fold higher than the lowest concentration of genistein, which produced significant reduction of PAH uptake. At 10(-7) M, wortmannin, a selective inhibitor of PI3K, reduced PAH uptake by 24.1 +/- 11.3% and, at 10(-6) M, it reduced it by 32.9 +/- 11.8%. The selective inhibitor of MAPK, PD98059, diminished PAH uptake at 5 x 10(-5) M by 23.2 +/- 6.8% and at 10(-4) M by 18.3 +/- 5.2%. Glutarate uptake was not reduced by any of these protein kinase inhibitors. Insulin had no effect on PAH uptake. These findings indicate that, in addition to protein kinase A, protein kinase C and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (former studies from this laboratory), as well as tyrosine kinases, PI3K, and MAPK, modulate renal basolateral PAH transport, whereas none of these protein kinases affects basolateral glutarate transport. Thus, the results provide evidence for differential regulation of basolateral transporters for PAH and dicarboxylates.  (+info)

C3-fullero-tris-methanodicarboxylic acid protects epithelial cells from radiation-induced anoikia by influencing cell adhesion ability. (5/480)

Anoikia is a type of apoptotic cell death that occurs in cells that are substrate-restricted in their growth. Buckminsterfullerenes represent a new class of chemical compounds with wide potential pharmacological antioxidant activity. In this report we provide the first demonstration that a water-soluble fullerene derivative, C3-fullero-tris-methanodicarboxylic acid, synthesized in our laboratories, is capable of inducing anoikia resistance in epithelial cells by a mechanism involving a 'trophic' effect on cell spreading-associated cytoskeletal components, i.e. on actin microfilaments.  (+info)

Permeation of dicarboxylic acids with different terminal position of two carboxylic groups through planar bilayer lipid membranes. (6/480)

Electrically silent hydrogen ion fluxes across a planar bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) induced by an addition of dicarboxylic (DC) acids at one side of BLM are monitored by measuring pH changes in the unstirred layers near the BLM surface via recording protonophore-dependent potentials. Two groups of DC acids are studied: (1) 2-n-alkylmalonic acids with an alkyl chain of different length which carry both carboxylic groups at one terminus of the hydrocarbon chain (alpha,alpha-DC acids); and (2) dicarboxylic acids of different linear chain length having carboxylic groups at the opposite ends of the hydrocarbon chain (alpha,omega-DC acids). It is shown that the pH optimum of hydrogen ion fluxes for the DC acids is shifted considerably to acidic pH values compared to monocarboxylic acids and is located near pH 5. For both types of DC acids at pH&z. Lt;5, the total transport is limited by diffusion of the anionic forms of the acids across the unstirred layers, while at pH&z.Gt;5 the transport is limited by diffusion of the neutral form across the membrane. The fluxes of alpha,alpha-DC acids are similar to those of alpha,omega-DC acids provided that the acids have the similar number of carbon atoms, the fluxes grow with the increase in the chain length of the alkyl radical.  (+info)

Inactivation and regulation of the aerobic C(4)-dicarboxylate transport (dctA) gene of Escherichia coli. (7/480)

The gene (dctA) encoding the aerobic C(4)-dicarboxylate transporter (DctA) of Escherichia coli was previously mapped to the 79-min region of the linkage map. The nucleotide sequence of this region reveals two candidates for the dctA gene: f428 at 79.3 min and the o157a-o424-o328 (or orfQMP) operon at 79.9 min. The f428 gene encodes a homologue of the Sinorhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum H(+)/C(4)-dicarboxylate symporter, DctA, whereas the orfQMP operon encodes homologues of the aerobic periplasmic-binding protein- dependent C(4)-dicarboxylate transport system (DctQ, DctM, and DctP) of Rhodobacter capsulatus. To determine which, if either, of these loci specify the E. coli DctA system, the chromosomal f428 and orfM genes were inactivated by inserting Sp(r) or Ap(r) cassettes, respectively. The resulting f428 mutant was unable to grow aerobically with fumarate or malate as the sole carbon source and grew poorly with succinate. Furthermore, fumarate uptake was abolished in the f428 mutant and succinate transport was approximately 10-fold lower than that of the wild type. The growth and fumarate transport deficiencies of the f428 mutant were complemented by transformation with an f428-containing plasmid. No growth defect was found for the orfM mutant. In combination, the above findings confirm that f428 corresponds to the dctA gene and indicate that the orfQMP products play no role in C(4)-dicarboxylate transport. Regulation studies with a dctA-lacZ (f428-lacZ) transcriptional fusion showed that dctA is subject to cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP)-dependent catabolite repression and ArcA-mediated anaerobic repression and is weakly induced by the DcuS-DcuR system in response to C(4)-dicarboxylates and citrate. Interestingly, in a dctA mutant, expression of dctA is constitutive with respect to C(4)-dicarboxylate induction, suggesting that DctA regulates its own synthesis. Northern blot analysis revealed a single, monocistronic dctA transcript and confirmed that dctA is subject to regulation by catabolite repression and CRP. Reverse transcriptase-mediated primer extension indicated a single transcriptional start site centered 81 bp downstream of a strongly predicted CRP-binding site.  (+info)

The effect of glutamate uptake inhibitors on hippocampal evoked potentials in vitro. (8/480)

The influence of four inhibitors of the high-affinity glutamate uptake system (DL-aspartic acid beta-hydroxymate, DL-AHM; L-aspartic acid beta-hydroxymate, L-AHM; threo-beta-methylaspartate, DLM; L-transpyrrolidine-2, 4-dicarboxylate, PDC) on potentials recorded from hippocampal slices was investigated. At low concentrations of DL-AHM, L-AHM and DLM (50-150 microM) the population spike was permanently amplified. NMDA receptor antagonists blocked this facilitatory effect of L-AHM, DL-AHM and DLM. At higher concentrations (400-700 microM) DL-AHM and DLM abolished the population spike, while L-AHM did not eliminate the population spike at any concentration tested. None of these uptake inhibitors influenced an antidromic potential recorded in Ca(2+)- free Ringer solution. PDC at lower concentrations (75 microM) did not affect the population spike and at higher concentrations (150 microM-500 microM) induced only a transient elevation in population spike. Our data demonstrate that modification of glutamate uptake may be an important factor in the regulation of synaptic efficiency of glutamergic pathways.  (+info)

Dicarboxylic acids are organic compounds containing two carboxyl groups (-COOH) in their molecular structure. The general formula for dicarboxylic acids is HOOC-R-COOH, where R represents a hydrocarbon chain or a functional group.

The presence of two carboxyl groups makes dicarboxylic acids stronger acids than monocarboxylic acids (compounds containing only one -COOH group). This is because the second carboxyl group contributes to the acidity of the molecule, allowing it to donate two protons in solution.

Examples of dicarboxylic acids include oxalic acid (HOOC-COOH), malonic acid (CH2(COOH)2), succinic acid (HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH), glutaric acid (HOOC-(CH2)3-COOH), and adipic acid (HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH). These acids have various industrial applications, such as in the production of polymers, dyes, and pharmaceuticals.

Cycloleucine is a chemical compound that is synthetically produced and is not naturally occurring. It is a cyclic analog of the amino acid leucine, which means that it has a similar structure to leucine but with a chemical ring formed by linking two ends of the molecule together.

Cycloleucine has been used in research to study the metabolism and function of amino acids in the body. It can inhibit certain enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, which makes it useful as a tool for studying the effects of disrupting these pathways. However, cycloleucine is not known to have any therapeutic uses in humans and is not used as a medication.

In summary, cycloleucine is a synthetic chemical compound that is used in research to study amino acid metabolism. It is not used as a medication or has any medical applications in humans.

Dicarboxylic amino acids are a type of amino acid that contain two carboxyl (–COOH) groups in their chemical structure. In the context of biochemistry and human physiology, the dicarboxylic amino acids include aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu). These amino acids play important roles in various biological processes, such as neurotransmission, energy metabolism, and cell signaling.

Aspartic acid (Asp, D) is an alpha-amino acid with the chemical formula: HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CO2H. It is a genetically encoded amino acid, which means that it is coded for by DNA in the genetic code and is incorporated into proteins during translation. Aspartic acid has a role as a neurotransmitter in the brain, where it is involved in excitatory neurotransmission.

Glutamic acid (Glu, E) is another alpha-amino acid with the chemical formula: HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2CO2H. Like aspartic acid, glutamic acid is a genetically encoded amino acid and is an important component of proteins. Glutamic acid also functions as a neurotransmitter in the brain, where it is the primary mediator of excitatory neurotransmission. Additionally, glutamic acid can be converted into the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) through the action of the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase.

Both aspartic acid and glutamic acid are considered to be non-essential amino acids, meaning that they can be synthesized by the human body and do not need to be obtained through the diet. However, it is important to note that a balanced and nutritious diet is necessary for maintaining optimal health and supporting the body's ability to synthesize these and other amino acids.

Dicarboxylic acid transporters are a type of membrane transport protein that are responsible for the transportation of dicarboxylic acids across biological membranes. Dicarboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain two carboxyl groups, and they play important roles in various metabolic processes within the body.

The sodium-dependent dicarboxylic acid transporters (NaDCs) are a subfamily of these transporters that are widely expressed in many tissues, including the kidney, intestine, and brain. NaDCs mediate the uptake of dicarboxylates, such as succinate and glutarate, into cells in an energy-dependent manner, using the gradient of sodium ions across the membrane to drive the transport process.

The other subfamily of dicarboxylic acid transporters are the proton-coupled dicarboxylate transporters (PCDTs), which use a proton gradient to transport dicarboxylates. These transporters play important roles in the absorption and metabolism of dietary fibers, as well as in the regulation of intracellular pH.

Defects in dicarboxylic acid transporters have been implicated in several human diseases, including renal tubular acidosis, a condition characterized by impaired ability to excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions in the kidney.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malates" is not a recognized term in medical terminology. It's possible there may be a spelling mistake or it could be a slang term or an abbreviation that is not widely recognized. If you have more context or information, I'd be happy to try and help further.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate, which is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. There are eight different subtypes of mGluRs, labeled mGluR1 through mGluR8, which are classified into three groups (Group I, II, and III) based on their sequence homology, downstream signaling pathways, and pharmacological properties.

Group I mGluRs include mGluR1 and mGluR5, which are primarily located postsynaptically in the central nervous system. Activation of Group I mGluRs leads to increased intracellular calcium levels and activation of protein kinases, which can modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity.

Group II mGluRs include mGluR2 and mGluR3, which are primarily located presynaptically in the central nervous system. Activation of Group II mGluRs inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity and reduces neurotransmitter release.

Group III mGluRs include mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, and mGluR8, which are also primarily located presynaptically in the central nervous system. Activation of Group III mGluRs inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity and voltage-gated calcium channels, reducing neurotransmitter release.

Overall, metabotropic glutamate receptors play important roles in modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity, and have been implicated in various neurological disorders, including epilepsy, pain, anxiety, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Succinates, in a medical context, most commonly refer to the salts or esters of succinic acid. Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is involved in the Krebs cycle, which is a key metabolic pathway in cells that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Succinates can also be used as a buffer in medical solutions and as a pharmaceutical intermediate in the synthesis of various drugs. In some cases, succinate may be used as a nutritional supplement or as a component of parenteral nutrition formulations to provide energy and help maintain acid-base balance in patients who are unable to eat normally.

It's worth noting that there is also a condition called "succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency" which is a genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This condition can lead to an accumulation of succinic semialdehyde and other metabolic byproducts, which can cause neurological symptoms such as developmental delay, hypotonia, and seizures.

Fumarates are the salts or esters of fumaric acid, a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula HO2C-CH=CH-CO2H. In the context of medical therapy, fumarates are used as medications for the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis.

One such medication is dimethyl fumarate (DMF), which is a stable salt of fumaric acid. DMF has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, and it's used to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.

The exact mechanism of action of fumarates in these conditions is not fully understood, but they are thought to modulate the immune system and have antioxidant effects. Common side effects of fumarate therapy include gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain, as well as flushing and skin reactions.

Succinic acid, also known as butanedioic acid, is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOOC(CH2)2COOH. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and has a slightly acerbic taste. In medicine, succinic acid is not used as a treatment for any specific condition. However, it is a naturally occurring substance found in the body and plays a role in the citric acid cycle, which is a key process in energy production within cells. It can also be found in some foods and is used in the manufacturing of various products such as pharmaceuticals, resins, and perfumes.

Adipates are a group of chemical compounds that are esters of adipic acid. Adipic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula (CHâ‚‚)â‚„(COOH)â‚‚. Adipates are commonly used as plasticizers in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, such as pipes, cables, and flooring. They can also be found in cosmetics, personal care products, and some food additives.

Adipates are generally considered to be safe for use in consumer products, but like all chemicals, they should be used with caution and in accordance with recommended guidelines. Some adipates have been shown to have potential health effects, such as endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity, at high levels of exposure. Therefore, it is important to follow proper handling and disposal procedures to minimize exposure.

Reye Syndrome is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children and teenagers, particularly those who have recently recovered from viral infections such as chickenpox or flu. It is characterized by rapidly progressive encephalopathy (brain dysfunction) and fatty degeneration of the liver.

The exact cause of Reye Syndrome remains unknown, but it has been linked to the use of aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications during viral illnesses. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends avoiding the use of aspirin in children and teenagers with chickenpox or flu-like symptoms due to this association.

Early symptoms of Reye Syndrome include persistent vomiting, diarrhea, and listlessness. As the condition progresses, symptoms can worsen and may include disorientation, seizures, coma, and even death in severe cases. Diagnosis is typically based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and sometimes a liver biopsy.

Treatment for Reye Syndrome involves supportive care, such as fluid and electrolyte management, addressing metabolic abnormalities, controlling intracranial pressure, and providing ventilatory support if necessary. Early recognition and intervention are crucial to improving outcomes in affected individuals.

Pipicolic acid is not a term that refers to a specific medical condition or disease. Instead, it is a metabolite that is involved in the body's metabolic processes.

Pipicolic acid is a type of organic compound called a cyclic amino acid, which is derived from the amino acid lysine. It is produced in the liver and is excreted in urine. Pipicolic acid has been found to have various functions in the body, including regulating the metabolism of lipids and bile acids.

Abnormal levels of pipicolic acid in the body may be associated with certain medical conditions, such as liver disease or genetic disorders that affect amino acid metabolism. However, pipicolic acid is not typically used as a diagnostic marker for these conditions.

In summary, pipicolic acid is a cyclic amino acid produced in the liver and involved in various metabolic processes in the body. Abnormal levels of pipicolic acid may be associated with certain medical conditions but are not typically used as diagnostic markers.

Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group, which is a functional group made up of a carbon atom doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group. The general formula for a carboxylic acid is R-COOH, where R represents the rest of the molecule.

Carboxylic acids can be found in various natural sources such as in fruits, vegetables, and animal products. Some common examples of carboxylic acids include formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), propionic acid (C2H5COOH), and butyric acid (C3H7COOH).

Carboxylic acids have a variety of uses in industry, including as food additives, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. They are also important intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds. In the body, carboxylic acids play important roles in metabolism and energy production.

Neurotransmitter uptake inhibitors are a class of drugs that work by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, into the presynaptic neuron after they have been released into the synapse. This results in an increased concentration of these neurotransmitters in the synapse, which can enhance their signal transduction and lead to therapeutic effects.

These drugs are commonly used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs).

It's important to note that while neurotransmitter uptake inhibitors can be effective in treating certain conditions, they may also have potential side effects and risks. Therefore, it is essential to use them under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional.

Tartrates are salts or esters of tartaric acid, a naturally occurring organic acid found in many fruits, particularly grapes. In a medical context, potassium bitartrate (also known as cream of tartar) is sometimes used as a mild laxative or to treat acidosis by helping to restore the body's normal pH balance. Additionally, sodium tartrate has been historically used as an antidote for lead poisoning. However, these uses are not common in modern medicine.

Acenaphthene is an organic compound that is classified as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). It is made up of four benzene rings arranged in a specific structure. Acenaphthene is not typically used in medical applications, but it can be found in some industrial products and may be produced as a byproduct of certain chemical reactions or processes.

In the environment, acenaphthene can be released into the air, water, and soil through various sources, including the burning of coal and oil, the exhaust from vehicles, and the incineration of waste. It is not considered to be highly toxic to humans, but long-term exposure to high levels of acenaphthene has been linked to an increased risk of cancer in laboratory animals.

There are no specific medical definitions associated with acenaphthene, as it is not a substance that is typically used in medical treatments or procedures. However, it is important for healthcare professionals and researchers to be aware of the potential presence of acenaphthene and other PAHs in the environment, as these substances can have harmful effects on human health.

Methylphenazonium methosulfate is not a medication itself, but rather a reagent used in the production and pharmacological research of certain medications. It's commonly used as a redox mediator, which means it helps to facilitate electron transfer in chemical reactions. In medical contexts, it may be used in the laboratory synthesis or testing of some drugs.

It's important to note that methylphenazonium methosulfate is not intended for direct medical use in humans or animals. Always consult with a healthcare professional or trusted medical source for information regarding specific medications and their uses.

Aspartic acid is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CO2H. It is one of the twenty standard amino acids, and it is a polar, negatively charged, and hydrophilic amino acid. In proteins, aspartic acid usually occurs in its ionized form, aspartate, which has a single negative charge.

Aspartic acid plays important roles in various biological processes, including metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and energy production. It is also a key component of many enzymes and proteins, where it often contributes to the formation of ionic bonds and helps stabilize protein structure.

In addition to its role as a building block of proteins, aspartic acid is also used in the synthesis of other important biological molecules, such as nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It is also a component of the dipeptide aspartame, an artificial sweetener that is widely used in food and beverages.

Like other amino acids, aspartic acid is essential for human health, but it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet. Foods that are rich in aspartic acid include meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, eggs, legumes, and some fruits and vegetables.

Bicyclic compounds are organic molecules that contain two rings in their structure, with at least two common atoms shared between the rings. These compounds can be found in various natural and synthetic substances, including some medications and bioactive molecules. The unique structure of bicyclic compounds can influence their chemical and physical properties, which may impact their biological activity or reactivity.

Excitatory amino acid agonists are substances that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors, leading to an increase in the excitation or activation of neurons. The most common excitatory amino acids in the central nervous system are glutamate and aspartate.

Agonists of excitatory amino acid receptors can be divided into two main categories: ionotropic and metabotropic. Ionotropic receptors, such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and kainite receptors, are ligand-gated ion channels that directly mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Metabotropic receptors, on the other hand, are G protein-coupled receptors that modulate synaptic activity through second messenger systems.

Excitatory amino acid agonists have been implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including learning and memory, neurodevelopment, and neurodegenerative disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. They are also used in research to study the functions of excitatory amino acid receptors and their roles in neuronal signaling. However, due to their potential neurotoxic effects, the therapeutic use of excitatory amino acid agonists is limited.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "heptanes" is not a medical term. It is a term used in chemistry and refers to a group of seven-carbon alkane hydrocarbons, with the simplest being n-heptane (a straight-chain alkane).

If you have any medical terms you'd like me to define or any other health-related questions, please don't hesitate to ask!

Excitatory amino acid antagonists are a class of drugs that block the action of excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate and aspartate, in the brain. These drugs work by binding to and blocking the receptors for these neurotransmitters, thereby reducing their ability to stimulate neurons and produce an excitatory response.

Excitatory amino acid antagonists have been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits in a variety of neurological conditions, including stroke, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, their use is limited by the fact that blocking excitatory neurotransmission can also have negative effects on cognitive function and memory.

There are several types of excitatory amino acid receptors, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and kainite receptors. Different excitatory amino acid antagonists may target one or more of these receptor subtypes, depending on their specific mechanism of action.

Examples of excitatory amino acid antagonists include ketamine, memantine, and dextromethorphan. These drugs have been used in clinical practice for various indications, such as anesthesia, sedation, and treatment of neurological disorders. However, their use must be carefully monitored due to potential side effects and risks associated with blocking excitatory neurotransmission.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but Quisqualic Acid is not a commonly used term in medicine or medical research. It is actually a type of neurotoxin that comes from certain plants and has been used in scientific research related to the nervous system and brain function. However, it is not something that would typically be discussed in a medical context for patient care or treatment.

"Maleate" is not a medical term in and of itself, but it is a chemical compound that can be found in some medications. Maleic acid or its salts (maleates) are used as a keratolytic agent in topical medications, which means they help to break down and remove dead skin cells. They can also be used as a preservative or a buffering agent in various pharmaceutical preparations.

Maleic acid is a type of organic compound known as a dicarboxylic acid, which contains two carboxyl groups. In the case of maleic acid, these carboxyl groups are located on a single carbon atom, which makes it a cis-conjugated diacid. This structural feature gives maleic acid unique chemical properties that can be useful in various pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

It's worth noting that maleic acid and its salts should not be confused with "maleate" as a gender-specific term, which refers to something related to or characteristic of males.

"Laureates" is not a medical term. However, if you are referring to "laurates" as a salt or ester of lauric acid, then here's the definition:

Laurates are organic compounds that contain a laurate group, which is the anion (negatively charged ion) derived from lauric acid. Lauric acid is a saturated fatty acid with a 12-carbon chain, and its anion has the chemical formula CH3(CH2)10COO-.

Laurates can be formed by reacting lauric acid with a base to form a salt (e.g., sodium laurate, potassium laurate) or by reacting it with an alcohol to form an ester (e.g., methyl laurate, ethyl laurate). These compounds have various applications in industry, including as surfactants, emulsifiers, and solubilizers in personal care products, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Cyclic S-oxides are a type of organic compound that contain a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom, forming a cyclic structure. The term "cyclic" refers to the fact that the sulfur atom and the two carbon atoms are connected in a ring-like structure. The term "S-oxides" indicates that there is an oxygen atom bonded to the sulfur atom (sulfoxide).

Cyclic S-oxides can be formed through the oxidation of sulfides, which are compounds containing a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms. The oxidation process introduces the oxygen atom into the molecule, resulting in the formation of the cyclic S-oxide.

Cyclic S-oxides have been studied for their potential use as building blocks in organic synthesis and for their possible role in biological processes. However, they can also be reactive and potentially toxic compounds, so they must be handled with care.

Glutamic acid is an alpha-amino acid, which is one of the 20 standard amino acids in the genetic code. The systematic name for this amino acid is (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid. Its chemical formula is HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2CO2H.

Glutamic acid is a crucial excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain, and it plays an essential role in learning and memory. It's also involved in the metabolism of sugars and amino acids, the synthesis of proteins, and the removal of waste nitrogen from the body.

Glutamic acid can be found in various foods such as meat, fish, beans, eggs, dairy products, and vegetables. In the human body, glutamic acid can be converted into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), another important neurotransmitter that has a calming effect on the nervous system.

Glutamates are the salt or ester forms of glutamic acid, which is a naturally occurring amino acid and the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate plays a crucial role in various brain functions, such as learning, memory, and cognition. However, excessive levels of glutamate can lead to neuronal damage or death, contributing to several neurological disorders, including stroke, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Glutamates are also commonly found in food as a natural flavor enhancer, often listed under the name monosodium glutamate (MSG). While MSG has been extensively studied, its safety remains a topic of debate, with some individuals reporting adverse reactions after consuming foods containing this additive.

Benzoates are the salts and esters of benzoic acid. They are widely used as preservatives in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals to prevent the growth of microorganisms. The chemical formula for benzoic acid is C6H5COOH, and when it is combined with a base (like sodium or potassium), it forms a benzoate salt (e.g., sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate). When benzoic acid reacts with an alcohol, it forms a benzoate ester (e.g., methyl benzoate or ethyl benzoate).

Benzoates are generally considered safe for use in food and cosmetics in small quantities. However, some people may have allergies or sensitivities to benzoates, which can cause reactions such as hives, itching, or asthma symptoms. In addition, there is ongoing research into the potential health effects of consuming high levels of benzoates over time, particularly in relation to gut health and the development of certain diseases.

In a medical context, benzoates may also be used as a treatment for certain conditions. For example, sodium benzoate is sometimes given to people with elevated levels of ammonia in their blood (hyperammonemia) to help reduce those levels and prevent brain damage. This is because benzoates can bind with excess ammonia in the body and convert it into a form that can be excreted in urine.

Diazonium compounds are a class of organic compounds that contain the functional group -N=N+E-, where E- represents a halide ion or an organic cation. They are typically prepared by treating an aromatic primary amine with nitrous acid (HNO2) in an acidic medium, which results in the formation of a diazonium ion.

The general reaction can be represented as follows:

R-NH2 + HNO2 + HX → R-N=N+X- + 2H2O

where R represents the aromatic ring and X- is a halide ion (Cl-, Br-, or I-).

Diazonium compounds are important intermediates in organic synthesis, particularly in the preparation of azo dyes and other colored compounds. They are also useful for introducing functional groups into aromatic rings through various chemical reactions such as sandmeyer reaction, gattermann reaction etc. However, diazonium salts are generally unstable and can decompose explosively if heated or subjected to strong shock or friction. Therefore, they must be handled with care.

"Indans" is not a recognized medical term or abbreviation in the field of medicine or pharmacology. It's possible that you may be referring to "indanes," which are chemical compounds that contain a indane ring structure, consisting of two benzene rings fused in an angular arrangement. Some indane derivatives have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. However, it's important to note that the medical use and efficacy of these compounds can vary widely and should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

Oxaloacetates are organic compounds that are integral to the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, in biological energy production. Specifically, oxaloacetate is an important intermediate compound within this metabolic pathway, found in the mitochondria of cells.

In the context of a medical definition, oxaloacetates are not typically referred to directly. Instead, the term "oxaloacetic acid" might be used, which is the conjugate acid of the oxaloacetate ion. Oxaloacetic acid has the chemical formula C4H4O5 and appears in various biochemical reactions as a crucial component of cellular respiration.

The Krebs cycle involves several stages where oxaloacetic acid plays a significant role:

1. In the first step, oxaloacetic acid combines with an acetyl group (derived from acetyl-CoA) to form citric acid, releasing coenzyme A in the process. This reaction is catalyzed by citrate synthase.
2. Throughout subsequent steps of the cycle, citric acid undergoes a series of reactions that generate energy in the form of NADH and FADH2 (reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, respectively), as well as GTP (guanosine triphosphate).
3. At the end of the cycle, oxaloacetic acid is regenerated to continue the process anew. This allows for continuous energy production within cells.

In summary, while "oxaloacetates" isn't a standard term in medical definitions, it does refer to an essential component (oxaloacetic acid) of the Krebs cycle that plays a critical role in cellular respiration and energy production.

Bicyclo compounds, heterocyclic, refer to a class of organic compounds that contain two rings in their structure, at least one of which is a heterocycle. A heterocycle is a cyclic compound containing atoms of at least two different elements as part of the ring structure. The term "bicyclo" indicates that there are two rings present in the molecule, with at least one common atom between them.

These compounds have significant importance in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology due to their unique structures and properties. They can be found in various natural products and are also synthesized for use as drugs, agrochemicals, and other chemical applications. The heterocyclic rings often contain nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms, which can interact with biological targets, such as enzymes and receptors, leading to pharmacological activity.

Examples of bicyclo compounds, heterocyclic, include quinolone antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin), benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam), and camptothecin-derived topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g., irinotecan). These compounds exhibit diverse biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anxiolytic, and anticancer properties.

Glutarates are compounds that contain a glutaric acid group. Glutaric acid is a carboxylic acid with a five-carbon chain and two carboxyl groups at the 1st and 5th carbon positions. Glutarates can be found in various substances, including certain foods and medications.

In a medical context, glutarates are sometimes used as ingredients in pharmaceutical products. For example, sodium phenylbutyrate, which is a salt of phenylbutyric acid and butyric acid, contains a glutaric acid group and is used as a medication to treat urea cycle disorders.

Glutarates can also be found in some metabolic pathways in the body, where they play a role in energy production and other biochemical processes. However, abnormal accumulation of glutaric acid or its derivatives can lead to certain medical conditions, such as glutaric acidemia type I, which is an inherited disorder of metabolism that can cause neurological symptoms and other health problems.

Picolinic acid is not specifically classified as a medical term, but it is a type of organic compound that belongs to the class of molecules known as pyridinecarboxylic acids. These are carboxylic acids derived from pyridine by the substitution of a hydrogen atom with a carboxyl group.

Picolinic acid, specifically, is a pyridine derivative with a carboxyl group at the 2-position of the ring. It is naturally produced in the body and can be found in various tissues and fluids, including the brain, where it plays a role in the metabolism of amino acids, particularly tryptophan.

In addition to its physiological functions, picolinic acid has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, it has been shown to have antibacterial and antifungal properties, and may also play a role in heavy metal chelation and neuroprotection. However, more research is needed to fully understand the medical significance of this compound.

Sulfhydryl reagents are chemical compounds that react with sulfhydryl groups (-SH), which are found in certain amino acids such as cysteine. These reagents can be used to modify or inhibit the function of proteins by forming disulfide bonds or adding functional groups to the sulfur atom. Examples of sulfhydryl reagents include N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), and iodoacetamide. These reagents are widely used in biochemistry and molecular biology research to study protein structure and function, as well as in the development of drugs and therapeutic agents.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.

In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.

The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.

GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

Anhydrides are chemical compounds that form when a single molecule of water is removed from an acid, resulting in the formation of a new compound. The term "anhydride" comes from the Greek words "an," meaning without, and "hydor," meaning water.

In organic chemistry, anhydrides are commonly formed by the removal of water from a carboxylic acid. For example, when acetic acid (CH3COOH) loses a molecule of water, it forms acetic anhydride (CH3CO)2O. Acetic anhydride is a reactive compound that can be used to introduce an acetyl group (-COCH3) into other organic compounds.

Inorganic anhydrides are also important in chemistry and include compounds such as sulfur trioxide (SO3), which is an anhydride of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Sulfur trioxide can react with water to form sulfuric acid, making it a key intermediate in the production of this important industrial chemical.

It's worth noting that some anhydrides can be hazardous and may require special handling and safety precautions.

Aminobutyrates are compounds that contain an amino group (-NH2) and a butyric acid group (-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH). The most common aminobutyrate is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA plays a crucial role in regulating brain excitability and is involved in various physiological processes, including sleep, memory, and anxiety regulation. Abnormalities in GABAergic neurotransmission have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain. Other aminobutyrates may also have important biological functions, but their roles are less well understood than that of GABA.

Glutamate receptors are a type of neuroreceptor in the central nervous system that bind to the neurotransmitter glutamate. They play a crucial role in excitatory synaptic transmission, plasticity, and neuronal development. There are several types of glutamate receptors, including ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, which can be further divided into subclasses based on their pharmacological properties and molecular structure.

Ionotropic glutamate receptors, also known as iGluRs, are ligand-gated ion channels that directly mediate fast synaptic transmission. They include N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, and kainite receptors.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors, also known as mGluRs, are G protein-coupled receptors that modulate synaptic transmission through second messenger systems. They include eight subtypes (mGluR1-8) that are classified into three groups based on their sequence homology, pharmacological properties, and signal transduction mechanisms.

Glutamate receptors have been implicated in various physiological processes, including learning and memory, motor control, sensory perception, and emotional regulation. Dysfunction of glutamate receptors has also been associated with several neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia and depression.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Amino acid receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to specific amino acids or peptides and trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These receptors play important roles in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, hormone signaling, and regulation of metabolism.

There are several types of amino acid receptors, including:

1. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): These receptors are activated by amino acids such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and glutamate, and play important roles in neurotransmission and neuromodulation.
2. Ionotropic receptors: These receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by amino acids such as glutamate and glycine. They play critical roles in synaptic transmission and neural excitability.
3. Enzyme-linked receptors: These receptors activate intracellular signaling pathways through the activation of enzymes, such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Some amino acid receptors, such as the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), are RTKs that play important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism.
4. Intracellular receptors: These receptors are located within the cell and bind to amino acids or peptides that have been transported into the cell. For example, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are intracellular receptors that bind to fatty acids and play important roles in lipid metabolism and inflammation.

Overall, amino acid receptors are critical components of cell signaling pathways and play important roles in various physiological processes. Dysregulation of these receptors has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including neurological disorders, cancer, and metabolic disorders.

Cyclopropanes are a class of organic compounds that contain a cyclic structure consisting of three carbon atoms joined by single bonds, forming a three-membered ring. The strain in the cyclopropane ring is due to the fact that the ideal tetrahedral angle at each carbon atom (109.5 degrees) cannot be achieved in a three-membered ring, leading to significant angular strain.

Cyclopropanes are important in organic chemistry because of their unique reactivity and synthetic utility. They can undergo various reactions, such as ring-opening reactions, that allow for the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds and the synthesis of complex molecules. Cyclopropanes have also been used as anesthetics, although their use in this application has declined due to safety concerns.

Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. It catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate, while simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. This reaction is essential for energy production in the form of ATP and NADH within the cell.

There are two main types of Malate Dehydrogenase:

1. NAD-dependent Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH1): Found primarily in the cytoplasm, this isoform plays a role in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which helps transfer reducing equivalents between the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
2. FAD-dependent Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH2): Located within the mitochondrial matrix, this isoform is involved in the Krebs cycle for energy production.

Abnormal levels of Malate Dehydrogenase enzyme can be indicative of certain medical conditions or diseases, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), muscle damage, or various types of cancer. Therefore, MDH enzyme activity is often assessed in diagnostic tests to help identify and monitor these health issues.

Tricarboxylic acids, also known as TCA cycle or citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all living cells to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and water in the form of ATP. This process is an important part of cellular respiration and occurs in the mitochondria. The cycle involves eight steps that result in the production of two molecules of ATP, reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2, and the release of three molecules of carbon dioxide.

The tricarboxylic acids involved in this cycle are:

1. Citric acid (also known as citrate)
2. Cis-aconitic acid
3. Isocitric acid
4. Oxalosuccinic acid (an intermediate that is not regenerated)
5. α-Ketoglutaric acid (also known as alpha-ketoglutarate)
6. Succinyl-CoA
7. Succinic acid (also known as succinate)
8. Fumaric acid
9. Malic acid
10. Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetate)

These acids play a crucial role in the energy production and metabolism of living organisms.

Biological transport, active is the process by which cells use energy to move materials across their membranes from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This type of transport is facilitated by specialized proteins called transporters or pumps that are located in the cell membrane. These proteins undergo conformational changes to physically carry the molecules through the lipid bilayer of the membrane, often against their concentration gradient.

Active transport requires energy because it works against the natural tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, a process known as diffusion. Cells obtain this energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is produced through cellular respiration.

Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose and amino acids into cells, as well as the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. The sodium-potassium pump, which helps maintain resting membrane potential in nerve and muscle cells, is a classic example of an active transporter.

I am not aware of a medical definition for an "amino acid transport system X-AG" as it is not a widely recognized or established term in the field of medicine or biology. It is possible that you may have misspelled or mistyped the name, as there are several known amino acid transporters labeled with different letters and numbers (e.g., Systems A, ASC, L, y+L).

If you meant to inquire about a specific amino acid transport system or a particular research study related to it, please provide more context or clarify the term so I can give you an accurate and helpful response.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

Decanoic acids are a type of medium-chain fatty acid with a chain length of 10 carbon atoms. The most common decanoic acid is decanoic acid or capric acid. It is found in various animal and plant sources, such as coconut oil and cow's milk. Decanoic acids have a variety of uses, including as ingredients in cosmetics and food products, and as a potential treatment for medical conditions such as epilepsy and bacterial infections. In the body, decanoic acids are metabolized in the liver and used for energy production.

Glycine is a simple amino acid that plays a crucial role in the body. According to the medical definition, glycine is an essential component for the synthesis of proteins, peptides, and other biologically important compounds. It is also involved in various metabolic processes, such as the production of creatine, which supports muscle function, and the regulation of neurotransmitters, affecting nerve impulse transmission and brain function. Glycine can be found as a free form in the body and is also present in many dietary proteins.

"Malonates" is not a recognized medical term. However, in chemistry, malonates refer to salts or esters of malonic acid, a dicarboxylic acid with the formula CH2(COOH)2. Malonic acid and its derivatives have been used in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and chemicals, but they are not typically associated with any specific medical condition or treatment. If you have encountered the term "malonates" in a medical context, it may be helpful to provide more information or seek clarification from the source.

Resorcinols are a type of chemical compound that contain a resorcinol moiety, which is made up of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups in the ortho position. In medicine, resorcinol and its derivatives have been used for various purposes, including as antiseptics, antibacterials, and intermediates in the synthesis of other pharmaceuticals.

Resorcinol itself has some medicinal properties, such as being able to reduce pain and inflammation, and it has been used topically to treat conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and acne. However, resorcinol can also be toxic in large amounts, so it must be used with caution.

It's important to note that while resorcinol is a chemical compound, the term "resorcinols" may also refer to a group of related compounds that contain the resorcinol moiety. These compounds can have different medicinal properties and uses depending on their specific structure and function.

Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They consist of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha carbon, which is bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a variable side chain (R group). The R group can be composed of various combinations of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, which determine the unique properties of each amino acid.

There are 20 standard amino acids that are encoded by the genetic code and incorporated into proteins during translation. These include:

1. Alanine (Ala)
2. Arginine (Arg)
3. Asparagine (Asn)
4. Aspartic acid (Asp)
5. Cysteine (Cys)
6. Glutamine (Gln)
7. Glutamic acid (Glu)
8. Glycine (Gly)
9. Histidine (His)
10. Isoleucine (Ile)
11. Leucine (Leu)
12. Lysine (Lys)
13. Methionine (Met)
14. Phenylalanine (Phe)
15. Proline (Pro)
16. Serine (Ser)
17. Threonine (Thr)
18. Tryptophan (Trp)
19. Tyrosine (Tyr)
20. Valine (Val)

Additionally, there are several non-standard or modified amino acids that can be incorporated into proteins through post-translational modifications, such as hydroxylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These modifications expand the functional diversity of proteins and play crucial roles in various cellular processes.

Amino acids are essential for numerous biological functions, including protein synthesis, enzyme catalysis, neurotransmitter production, energy metabolism, and immune response regulation. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (non-essential), while others must be obtained through dietary sources (essential).

I apologize for any confusion, but "Europium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol "Eu" and atomic number 63 on the periodic table. Europium is a rare earth metal that is used in various applications such as fluorescent lamps, glass additives, and phosphors in television tubes and plasma displays.

If you have any medical questions or terms, I would be happy to help you with those!

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, which are important components of lipids and are widely distributed in living organisms. They can be classified based on the length of their carbon chain, saturation level (presence or absence of double bonds), and other structural features.

The two main types of fatty acids are:

1. Saturated fatty acids: These have no double bonds in their carbon chain and are typically solid at room temperature. Examples include palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: These contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain and can be further classified into monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds) fatty acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (C18:1, monounsaturated), linoleic acid (C18:2, polyunsaturated), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, polyunsaturated).

Fatty acids play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as energy storage, membrane structure, and cell signaling. Some essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources.

Neurotoxins are substances that are poisonous or destructive to nerve cells (neurons) and the nervous system. They can cause damage by destroying neurons, disrupting communication between neurons, or interfering with the normal functioning of the nervous system. Neurotoxins can be produced naturally by certain organisms, such as bacteria, plants, and animals, or they can be synthetic compounds created in a laboratory. Examples of neurotoxins include botulinum toxin (found in botulism), tetrodotoxin (found in pufferfish), and heavy metals like lead and mercury. Neurotoxic effects can range from mild symptoms such as headaches, muscle weakness, and tremors, to more severe symptoms such as paralysis, seizures, and cognitive impairment. Long-term exposure to neurotoxins can lead to chronic neurological conditions and other health problems.

Alpha-ketoglutaric acid, also known as 2-oxoglutarate, is not an acid in the traditional sense but is instead a key molecule in the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), which is a central metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is a crucial intermediate in the process of converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy through oxidation. It plays a vital role in amino acid synthesis and the breakdown of certain amino acids. Additionally, it serves as an essential cofactor for various enzymes involved in numerous biochemical reactions within the body. Any medical conditions or disorders related to alpha-ketoglutaric acid would typically be linked to metabolic dysfunctions or genetic defects affecting the Krebs cycle.

Farnesol is a chemical compound classified as a sesquiterpene alcohol. It is produced by various plants and insects, including certain types of roses and citrus fruits, and plays a role in their natural defense mechanisms. Farnesol has a variety of uses in the perfume industry due to its pleasant, floral scent.

In addition to its natural occurrence, farnesol is also synthetically produced for use in various applications, including as a fragrance ingredient and as an antimicrobial agent in cosmetics and personal care products. It has been shown to have antibacterial and antifungal properties, making it useful for preventing the growth of microorganisms in these products.

Farnesol is not typically used as a medication or therapeutic agent in humans, but it may have potential uses in the treatment of certain medical conditions due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and safety profile in these contexts.

The Citric Acid Cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a crucial metabolic pathway in the cell's powerhouse, the mitochondria. It plays a central role in the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into carbon dioxide and high-energy electrons. This process generates energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2), and water.

The cycle begins with the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate, forming citrate. Through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate, releasing two molecules of carbon dioxide, one GTP (guanosine triphosphate), three NADH, one FADH2, and regenerating oxaloacetate to continue the cycle. The reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) then donate their electrons to the electron transport chain, driving ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis. Overall, the Citric Acid Cycle is a vital part of cellular respiration, connecting various catabolic pathways and generating energy for the cell's metabolic needs.

'Candida tropicalis' is a species of yeast that can be found normally in certain environments, including the human body (such as the skin, mouth, and digestive system). However, it can also cause infections in people with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. These infections can occur in various parts of the body, including the bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin.

Like other Candida species, C. tropicalis is a type of fungus that reproduces by budding, forming oval-shaped cells. It is often resistant to certain antifungal medications, which can make infections more difficult to treat. Proper diagnosis and treatment, usually with antifungal drugs, are essential for managing C. tropicalis infections.

"Sinorhizobium meliloti" is a species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that forms nodules on the roots of leguminous plants, such as alfalfa and clover. These bacteria have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which can then be used by the plant for growth and development. This symbiotic relationship benefits both the bacterium and the plant, as the plant provides carbon sources to the bacterium, while the bacterium provides the plant with a source of nitrogen.

"Sinorhizobium meliloti" is gram-negative, motile, and rod-shaped, and it can be found in soil and root nodules of leguminous plants. It has a complex genome consisting of a circular chromosome and several plasmids, which carry genes involved in nitrogen fixation and other important functions. The bacteria are able to sense and respond to various environmental signals, allowing them to adapt to changing conditions and establish successful symbioses with their host plants.

In addition to its agricultural importance, "Sinorhizobium meliloti" is also a model organism for studying the molecular mechanisms of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and bacterial genetics.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) is a type of excitatory amino acid that functions as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in fast synaptic transmission and plasticity in the brain. AMPA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the binding of glutamate or AMPA, allowing the flow of sodium and potassium ions across the neuronal membrane. This ion flux leads to the depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron and the initiation of action potentials. AMPA receptors are also targets for various drugs and toxins that modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity in the brain.

Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.

Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.

Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) is not a medication but a type of receptor, specifically a glutamate receptor, found in the post-synaptic membrane in the central nervous system. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. NMDA receptors are involved in various functions such as synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. They also play a role in certain neurological disorders like epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and chronic pain.

NMDA receptors are named after N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, a synthetic analog of the amino acid aspartic acid, which is a selective agonist for this type of receptor. An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and causes a response similar to that of the natural ligand (in this case, glutamate).

Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen gas (N2) in the air is converted into ammonia (NH3) or other chemically reactive forms, making it available to plants and other organisms for use as a nutrient. This process is essential for the nitrogen cycle and for the growth of many types of plants, as most plants cannot utilize nitrogen gas directly from the air.

In the medical field, nitrogen fixation is not a commonly used term. However, in the context of microbiology and infectious diseases, some bacteria are capable of fixing nitrogen and this ability can contribute to their pathogenicity. For example, certain species of bacteria that colonize the human body, such as those found in the gut or on the skin, may be able to fix nitrogen and use it for their own growth and survival. In some cases, these bacteria may also release fixed nitrogen into the environment, which can have implications for the ecology and health of the host and surrounding ecosystems.

Phenanthrolines are a class of compounds that contain a phenanthrene core with two amine groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms. They are known for their ability to form complexes with metal ions and have been widely used in the field of medicinal chemistry as building blocks for pharmaceuticals, particularly in the development of antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and quinine. Additionally, phenanthrolines have also been explored for their potential use in cancer therapy due to their ability to interfere with DNA replication and transcription. However, it's important to note that specific medical uses and applications of phenanthrolines will depend on the particular compound and its properties.

Carbon isotopes are variants of the chemical element carbon that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. The most common and stable isotope of carbon is carbon-12 (^{12}C), which contains six protons and six neutrons. However, carbon can also come in other forms, known as isotopes, which contain different numbers of neutrons.

Carbon-13 (^{13}C) is a stable isotope of carbon that contains seven neutrons in its nucleus. It makes up about 1.1% of all carbon found on Earth and is used in various scientific applications, such as in tracing the metabolic pathways of organisms or in studying the age of fossilized materials.

Carbon-14 (^{14}C), also known as radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon that contains eight neutrons in its nucleus. It is produced naturally in the atmosphere through the interaction of cosmic rays with nitrogen gas. Carbon-14 has a half-life of about 5,730 years, which makes it useful for dating organic materials, such as archaeological artifacts or fossils, up to around 60,000 years old.

Carbon isotopes are important in many scientific fields, including geology, biology, and medicine, and are used in a variety of applications, from studying the Earth's climate history to diagnosing medical conditions.

Excitatory amino acid agents are drugs or substances that increase the activity of excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate, in the central nervous system. These agents can cause excitation of neurons and may lead to various effects on the brain and other organs. They have been studied for their potential use in various medical conditions, such as stroke and cognitive disorders, but they also carry the risk of adverse effects, including neurotoxicity and excitotoxicity. Examples of excitatory amino acid agents include N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonists, AMPA/kainate receptor agonists, and glutamate release enhancers.

Rhizobiaceae is a family of bacteria that have the ability to fix nitrogen. These bacteria are gram-negative, motile, and rod-shaped. They are commonly found in the root nodules of leguminous plants, where they form a symbiotic relationship with the plant. The bacteria provide the plant with fixed nitrogen, while the plant provides the bacteria with carbon and a protected environment.

The most well-known genus of Rhizobiaceae is Rhizobium, which includes several species that are important for agriculture because of their ability to fix nitrogen in the root nodules of legumes. Other genera in this family include Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Sinorhizobium.

It's worth noting that while Rhizobiaceae bacteria are generally beneficial, they can sometimes cause disease in plants under certain conditions. For example, some strains of Rhizobium can cause leaf spots on certain crops.

Rhodopseudomonas is a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are capable of photosynthesis. These bacteria contain bacteriochlorophyll and can use light as an energy source in the absence of oxygen, which makes them facultative anaerobes. They typically inhabit freshwater and soil environments, and some species are able to fix nitrogen gas. Rhodopseudomonas species are known to cause various infections in humans, including bacteremia, endocarditis, and respiratory tract infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. However, such infections are relatively rare.

Chromatography, gas (GC) is a type of chromatographic technique used to separate, identify, and analyze volatile compounds or vapors. In this method, the sample mixture is vaporized and carried through a column packed with a stationary phase by an inert gas (carrier gas). The components of the mixture get separated based on their partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases due to differences in their adsorption/desorption rates or solubility.

The separated components elute at different times, depending on their interaction with the stationary phase, which can be detected and quantified by various detection systems like flame ionization detector (FID), thermal conductivity detector (TCD), electron capture detector (ECD), or mass spectrometer (MS). Gas chromatography is widely used in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, forensics, and food analysis.

Rhizobium is not a medical term, but rather a term used in microbiology and agriculture. It refers to a genus of gram-negative bacteria that can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia, which can then be used by plants as a nutrient. These bacteria live in the root nodules of leguminous plants (such as beans, peas, and clover) and form a symbiotic relationship with them.

The host plant provides Rhizobium with carbon sources and a protected environment within the root nodule, while the bacteria provide the plant with fixed nitrogen. This mutualistic interaction plays a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility and promoting plant growth.

While Rhizobium itself is not directly related to human health or medicine, understanding its symbiotic relationship with plants can have implications for agricultural practices, sustainable farming, and global food security.

Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.

There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.

Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.

Substrate specificity in the context of medical biochemistry and enzymology refers to the ability of an enzyme to selectively bind and catalyze a chemical reaction with a particular substrate (or a group of similar substrates) while discriminating against other molecules that are not substrates. This specificity arises from the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme, which has evolved to match the shape, charge distribution, and functional groups of its physiological substrate(s).

Substrate specificity is a fundamental property of enzymes that enables them to carry out highly selective chemical transformations in the complex cellular environment. The active site of an enzyme, where the catalysis takes place, has a unique conformation that complements the shape and charge distribution of its substrate(s). This ensures efficient recognition, binding, and conversion of the substrate into the desired product while minimizing unwanted side reactions with other molecules.

Substrate specificity can be categorized as:

1. Absolute specificity: An enzyme that can only act on a single substrate or a very narrow group of structurally related substrates, showing no activity towards any other molecule.
2. Group specificity: An enzyme that prefers to act on a particular functional group or class of compounds but can still accommodate minor structural variations within the substrate.
3. Broad or promiscuous specificity: An enzyme that can act on a wide range of structurally diverse substrates, albeit with varying catalytic efficiencies.

Understanding substrate specificity is crucial for elucidating enzymatic mechanisms, designing drugs that target specific enzymes or pathways, and developing biotechnological applications that rely on the controlled manipulation of enzyme activities.

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione is a chemical compound that is commonly used in research and scientific studies. It is a member of the quinoxaline family of compounds, which are aromatic heterocyclic organic compounds containing two nitrogen atoms.

The 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione compound has several notable features, including:

* A quinoxaline ring structure, which is made up of two benzene rings fused to a pyrazine ring.
* A cyano group (-CN) at the 6th position of the quinoxaline ring.
* A nitro group (-NO2) at the 7th position of the quinoxaline ring.
* Two carbonyl groups (=O) at the 2nd and 3rd positions of the quinoxaline ring.

This compound is known to have various biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. However, its use in medical treatments is not widespread due to potential toxicity and lack of comprehensive studies on its safety and efficacy. As with any chemical compound, it should be handled with care and used only under appropriate laboratory conditions.

Microbodies are small, membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of eukaryotic organisms. They typically measure between 0.2 to 0.5 micrometers in diameter and play a crucial role in various metabolic processes, particularly in the detoxification of harmful substances and the synthesis of lipids.

There are several types of microbodies, including:

1. Peroxisomes: These are the most common type of microbody. They contain enzymes that help break down fatty acids and amino acids, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct. Another set of enzymes within peroxisomes then converts the harmful hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, thus detoxifying the cell.
2. Glyoxysomes: These microbodies are primarily found in plants and some fungi. They contain enzymes involved in the glyoxylate cycle, a metabolic pathway that helps convert stored fats into carbohydrates during germination.
3. Microbody-like particles (MLPs): These are smaller organelles found in certain protists and algae. Their functions are not well understood but are believed to be involved in lipid metabolism.

It is important to note that microbodies do not have a uniform structure or function across all eukaryotic cells, and their specific roles can vary depending on the organism and cell type.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.

During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.

There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.

Sulfhydryl compounds, also known as thiol compounds, are organic compounds that contain a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH). This functional group is also called a sulfhydryl group. Sulfhydryl compounds can be found in various biological systems and play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of proteins, enzymes, and other biomolecules. They can also act as antioxidants and help protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Examples of sulfhydryl compounds include cysteine, glutathione, and coenzyme A.

Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) is a major metabolite of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which is synthesized in the body from the amino acid tyrosine. Norepinephrine plays important roles in various physiological functions such as the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and central nervous system. MHPG is formed when norepinephrine is metabolized by enzymes called catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO).

MHPG is primarily found in the urine, and its levels can be measured to assess norepinephrine turnover in the body. Changes in MHPG levels have been associated with various medical conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. However, the clinical utility of measuring MHPG levels is still a subject of ongoing research and debate.

"Pseudomonas" is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely found in soil, water, and plants. Some species of Pseudomonas can cause disease in animals and humans, with P. aeruginosa being the most clinically relevant as it's an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat. It can cause a range of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. In addition, it can also cause external ear infections and eye infections.

Prompt identification and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial for managing Pseudomonas infections, although the increasing antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge in treatment.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) is a neurotransmitter receptor antagonist that is used in research to study the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors. These receptors are involved in various physiological processes, including learning and memory, and are also implicated in a number of neurological disorders. APV works by binding to the NMDA receptor and blocking its activity, which allows researchers to study the role of these receptors in different biological processes. It is not used as a therapeutic drug in humans.

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Pimelic acid is produced by the oxidative cleavage of cycloheptanone. Dicarboxylic acids such as pimelic acid are useful for ... "Dicarboxylic Acids". cyberlipids.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-07. Retrieved 2011-04-26. Lemiere, G. L.; ... 4, p. 221 Cornils, B.; Lappe, P. "Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: ... 6CO Cycloheptanone is still produced by the cyclization and decarboxylation of suberic acid or suberic acid esters. This ...
... (DDDA) is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula (CH2)10(CO2H)2. A white solid, the compound finds a variety ... The unbranched compound is the most commonly encountered C12 dicarboxylic acid. DDDA has traditionally been produced from ... ISBN 3-527-28838-4. Cornils, Boy; Lappe, Peter; By Staff, Updated (2014). "Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's ... Autoxidation by air in the presence of boric acid gives a mixture of cyclodecanol and the cyclododecanone. In the final step, ...
Cornils, Boy; Lappe, Peter (2000). "Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: ... Ricinoleic acid, formally called 12-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid, is a fatty acid. It is an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid ... of the fatty acid content in castor oil is the triglyceride formed from ricinoleic acid. Ricinoleic acid is manufactured for ... the sodium salt of ricinoleic acid Undecylenic acid, a product of pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid Frank D. Gunstone; John L. ...
... is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula HO2C(CH2)8CO2H. It is a white flake or ... Included in the free fatty acid secretions in sebum are polyunsaturated fatty acids and sebacic acid. Sebacic acid is also ... Sebacic acid is a derivative of castor oil. In the industrial setting, sebacic acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can ... 8Z-octadecenoic acid, a structural analog of 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid and like this oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid is an ...
Acids in wine, Alpha hydroxy acids, Dicarboxylic acids, Vicinal diols, E-number additives). ... Naturally occurring form of the acid is dextro tartaric acid or L-(+)-tartaric acid (obsolete name d-tartaric acid). Because it ... tartaric acid (D-(-)-tartaric acid). The meso diastereomer is referred to as (2R,3S)-tartaric acid or (2S,3R)-tartaric acid. ... 2 H2O Dihydroxymaleic acid can then be oxidized to tartronic acid with nitric acid. Important derivatives of tartaric acid ...
... (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. In living organisms, succinic acid ... and dicarboxylic acids, it is not harmful but can be an irritant to skin and eyes. Historically, succinic acid was obtained ... Citric acid cycle compounds, Dicarboxylic acids, Excipients, Succinates, E-number additives). ... Part IV-Bifunctional Carboxylic Acids FDA Succinic Acid Calculator: Water and solute activities in aqueous succinic acid ...
Blair, G. T.; DeFraties, J. J. (2000). "Hydroxy Dicarboxylic Acids". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Kirk ... Antacids do not directly inhibit acid secretion, and thus are distinct from acid-reducing drugs like H2-receptor antagonists or ... "A critical look at the clinical use of antacids in acid-peptic disease and gastric acid rebound". The American Journal of ... or alginic acid to act as a physical barrier to acid. Several liquid antacid preparations are marketed. Common liquid ...
Cornils, Boy; Lappe, Peter (2014). "Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: ... 2-Octanol is produced commercially by base-cleavage of ricinoleic acid. The coproduct is a mixture of sebacic acid ((C8H16CO2H) ... 2). Castor oil, which consists mainly of triglycerides of ricinoleic acid, is the main feedstock. 2-Octanol is mainly used as: ...
Cornils, Boy; Lappe, Peter (2000). "Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002 ... Fatty acids (or their salts) often do not occur as such in biological systems. Instead fatty acids such as oleic acid occur as ... Ozonolysis of oleic acid is an important route to azelaic acid. The coproduct is nonanoic acid: H17C8CH=CHC7H14CO2H + 4"O" → ... In effect, stearic acid is dehydrogenated to give the monounsaturated derivative, oleic acid. Oleic acid undergoes the ...
Cornils, Boy; Lappe, Peter (2000). "Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: ... Adipic acid, like most carboxylic acids, is a mild skin irritant. It is mildly toxic, with a median lethal dose of 3600 mg/kg ... Adipic acid or hexanedioic acid is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(COOH)2. From an industrial perspective, it is ... adipose tissue). Adipic acid is a dibasic acid (it has two acidic groups). The pKa values for their successive deprotonations ...
... is an organic compound with chemical formula (CH2)11(CO2H)2. A white solid, it is the C13-dicarboxylic acid. It ... Pelargonic acid is the coproduct. In the industrial setting, brassylic acid is used to produce specialty nylons, e.g. nylon ... Cornils, Boy; Lappe, Peter (2000). "Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: ... is prepared by oxidation of erucic acid, which is abundant in some seed oils. ...
... (AzA) is an organic compound with the formula HOOC(CH2)7COOH. This saturated dicarboxylic acid exists as a white ... Azelaic acid is industrially produced by the ozonolysis of oleic acid. The side product is nonanoic acid. It is produced ... The bacterial degradation of nonanoic acid gives azelaic acid. In plants, azelaic acid serves as a "distress flare" involved in ... azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulfur, zinc, and fruit acid) for acne: an abridged version of a Cochrane ...
7CO2H Erucic acid is a precursor to brassylic acid, a C13-dicarboxylic acid that is used to make specialty polyamides and ... Ozonolysis of oleic acid is an important route to azelaic acid. The coproduct is nonanoic acid: CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H} + 4 ... Azelaic acid and pelargonic acids are produced from ozonolysis of oleic acid on an industrial scale. An example is the ... 8, p. 403 Cornils, Boy; Lappe, Peter (2000). "Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. ...
... is a dicarboxylic acid. Its structure contains two carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) and one keto group (=O) attached ... Meconic acid constitutes about 5% of opium and can be used as an analytical marker for the presence of opium. Meconic acid has ... Meconic acid, also known as acidum meconicum and poppy acid, is a chemical substance found in certain plants of the poppy ... Meconic acid gives a red color with ferric chloride. Meconic acid is colorless and is only slightly soluble in water but ...
... pentaphenylantimony reacts with dicarboxylic acids in solution, by substituting a phenyl group with the acid hydrogen. This ... "Reactions of pentaphenylantimony with dicarboxylic acids". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 536-537: 87-92. doi:10.1016/ ... O.; El'tsov, O. S. (September 2019). "Specific Features of the Reaction between Pentaphenylantimony and Bifunctional Acids: ... "Interaction of pentaphenylantimony with carboranedicarboxylic acid". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 798: 41-45. doi: ...
... is a dicarboxylic acid. There are three isomeric forms designated trans,trans-muconic acid, cis,trans-muconic acid ... Dicarboxylic acid 2-Aminomuconic acid Merck Index, 11th Edition, 6210 Muconic acid at Sigma-Aldrich Merck Index, 12th Edition ( ... Synthetically, trans,trans-muconic acid can be prepared from adipic acid. cis,cis-Muconic acid is produced by some bacteria by ... Its name is derived from mucic acid. trans,trans-Muconic acid is a metabolite of benzene in humans. The determination of its ...
It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. It is a white crystalline solid that forms a colorless solution in water. Its name comes ... Oxalic acid has much greater acid strength than acetic acid. It is a reducing agent and its conjugate base, known as oxalate ( ... Oxalic acid can be used to clean minerals like many other acids. Two such examples are quartz crystals and pyrite. Oxalic acid ... Oxalic acid is an organic acid with the systematic name ethanedioic acid and formula HO2C−CO2H, also written as (CO2H)2. ...
Phillips, Arthur P. (1951). "Ethanolamides of Some Mono- and Dicarboxylic Acids". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 ... Regulation of Fatty Acid Ethanolamide Biosynthesis by Bile Acids". Structure. 23 (3): 598-604. doi:10.1016/j.str.2014.12.018. ... Ethanolamides are chemical compounds which are amides formed from carboxylic acids and ethanolamine. Some ethanolamides are ... and that bile acids play a role in their production. Ethanolamides can be prepared synthetically by heating esters with ...
ME2 (gene) Kaufman S, Korkes S, Del Campillo A (1951). "Biosynthesis of dicarboxylic acids by carbon dioxide fixation. V ...
Influence of various dicarboxylic acids on galactocarolose synthesis". Biochem J. 100 (3): 694-701. doi:10.1042/bj1000694. PMC ...
The prototropic rearrangements of some acetylenic dicarboxylic acids". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 3208-3212. ... The prototropic rearrangements of some acetylenic dicarboxylic acids". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 3208-3212. ... "α-Allenic Esters from α-Phosphoranylidene Esters and Acid Chlorides: Ethyl 2,3-Pentadienoate [2,3-Pentadienoic acid, ethyl ... Reportedly, the first synthesis of an allene, glutinic acid, was performed in an attempt to prove the non-existence of this ...
Ligands such as EDTA behave as dicarboxylic acids.[citation needed] There are many early reports of complexes with amino acids ... Schmidt, M.; Bauer, A.; Schier, A.; Schmidtbauer, H (1997). "Beryllium Chelation by Dicarboxylic Acids in Aqueous Solution". ... Beryllium dissolves readily in non-oxidizing acids, such as HCl and diluted H2SO4, but not in nitric acid or water as this ... Aliphatic hydroxycarboxylic acids such as glycollic acid form rather weak, monodentate complexes in solution, in which the ...
Ochoa S, Mehler AH, Kornberg A (July 1948). "Biosynthesis of dicarboxylic acids by carbon dioxide fixation; isolation and ... Harary, Isaac; Korey, Saul R.; Ochoa, Severo (August 1953). "Biosynthesis of dicarboxylic acids by carbon dioxide fixation. VII ... Dinucleotide binding involves two glycine-rich GXGXXG motifs, a hydrophobic groove involving at least six amino acid residues, ... Walker DA (February 1960). "Physiological studies on acid metabolism. 7. Malic enzyme from Kalanchoe crenata: effects of carbon ...
... (one of two chemicals called glutinic acid), is in allene-containing dicarboxylic acid. It was the ... The prototropic rearrangements of some acetylenic dicarboxylic acids". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 3208-3212. ... is also called glutinic acid. Some database entries for "glutinic acid" incorrectly identify it as this diterpene rather than ... Enoic acids, Dicarboxylic acids). ...
... or 2-hydroxymalonic acid is an organic compound with the structural formula of HOHC(CO2H)2. This dicarboxylic ... Its derivative, 2-methyltartronic acid, is isomalic acid. Oxidation of tartronic acid gives the ketone mesoxalic acid, the ... US-Patent 4319045: "Process for production of a tartronic acid solution", max 20% Tartronic acid besides other dicarbonic acids ... Dicarboxylic acids, Alpha hydroxy acids, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ...
Goswami, S; Ghosh, K; Dasgupta, S (2000). "Troger's Base Molecular Scaffolds in Dicarboxylic Acid Recognition". Journal of ... dimensions are optimal for inclusion of suberic acid but that with a longer acid sebacic acid or a shorter acid adipic acid the ... When the methyl groups are replaced by interactive groups such as carboxylic acids or pyridine amide groups a host-guest ... The interaction of DMSO and hydrochloric acid yields an electrophilic sulfenium ion that reacts with the aromatic amine in an ...
2-dicarboxylic acid". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, vol. 6, p. 461 Procedure for making Na(Hg) by addition of Na to Hg ...
... a hydroxyxanthone dicarboxylic acid from Cassia species. M. S. R. Nair, T. C. McMorris and Marjorie Anchel, Phytochemistry, ... 5-Dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid. Marjorie Anchel, 1948 Parolin, Pia (2001). "Senna reticulata, a pioneer tree from ...
Other examples of dicarboxylic acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid, two amino acids in the human body. The name can ... In general, dicarboxylic acids show similar chemical behavior and reactivity to monocarboxylic acids. Dicarboxylic acids are ... The dicarboxylic acids, especially the small and linear ones, can be used as crosslinking reagents. Dicarboxylic acids where ... C22 and C23 dicarboxylic acids obtained from the sumac tree (Rhus sp.). A large survey of the dicarboxylic acids present in ...
We evaluated the biological effects of Bisamide Derivative of Dicarboxylic Acid (BDDA) and its impact on pancreatic stem cells ... Nebolsin, V.E.; Rydlovskaya, A.V.; Dygai, A.M.; Borovskaya, T.G.; Skurikhin, E.G. Bisamide Derivative of Dicarboxylic Acid as ... Antidiabetic Effects of Bisamide Derivative of Dicarboxylic Acid in Metabolic Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 991. https ... Antidiabetic Effects of Bisamide Derivative of Dicarboxylic Acid in Metabolic Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 991. https ...
RE: The tariff classification of 1,1-Ferrocene Dicarboxylic Acid (CAS 1293-87-4) from China.. Dear Mr. Chivini:. In your ... Ferrocene Dicarboxylic Acid which you have stated will be used as an industrial intermediate and will be packaged in bulk form. ...
N-(M-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYL) PHENOXAZINE-4,6-DICARBOXYLIC ACID. C21 H12 F3 N O5. NQOOJFXBGLOGTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N. Interactions * ... CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF TRANSTHYRETIN IN COMPLEX WITH N-(M-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYL) PHENOXAZINE-4,6-DICARBOXYLIC ACID. *PDB DOI: ... 6-dicarboxylic acid have been discovered to be very potent and specific TTR fibril formation inhibitors. This research provides ... These include flufenamic acid, diclofenac, flurbiprofen, and resveratrol. Crystal structures of the protein-drug complexes have ...
US-2669582-A chemical patent summary.
... www.cd-bioparticles.net/p/9443/11-31-terphenyl-44-dicarboxylic-acid-5-bromo ...
uran-2,8-dicarboxylic acid *Molecular FormulaC16H8O6 ... dicarboxylic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name] Naphtho[2,1-b:7,6-b. ] ... Neutral Organics-acid Henrys Law Constant (25 deg C) [HENRYWIN v3.10]: Bond Method : 2.02E-015 atm-m3/mole Group Method: ... Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]: Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure! ...
Synthesis and properties of some heterocyclic derivatives of naphthalene - 1,8 - dicarboxylic acid. ...
The Europe Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acid Market research report, ReportsInsights analysis of different factors that augment the ... 1.2.5 Hexadecanedioic Acids. 1.2.6 Brassylic Acids. 1.2.7 Dodecanedioic Acids. 1.3 Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acid Segment by ... Pentadecanedioic Acids. Tetradecanedioic Acids. Hexadecanedioic Acids. Brassylic Acids. Dodecanedioic Acids. In Market ... 1 Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acid Market Overview. 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acid. 1.2 Long Chain ...
A monounsaturated dicarboxylic acid, traumatic acid, (10E-dodeca-1,12-dicarboxylic acid), was among the first biologically ... Azelaic acid (n=7) : nonanedioic acid is the best known dicarboxylic acid. Its name stems from the action of nitric acid (azote ... The first allenic dicarboxylic acid, named glutinic acid (2,3-pentadienedioic acid) was isolated from Alnus glutinosa ( ... 1 - Simple forms of dicarboxylic acids. Short-chain dicarboxylic acids are of great importance in the general metabolism and up ...
We are using cookies on Bioenergy International to enhance your experience. Read more about how and why here. ...
5-DICARBOXYLIC ACID; 100-26-5;Isocinchomeronic acid; AC1L1OVV;pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid; PubChem12991; ... 5-dicarboxylic acid. Title: Isocinchomeronic Acid CAS Registry Number: 100-26-5 CAS Name: 2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid ... Name: pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid. *Synonyms: CHEBI:46865; 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylicacid; PYRIDINE-2, ... Appreciably sol in hot, dil aq solns of mineral acids. Melting point: mp 254° Derivative Type: Monohydrate Properties: Crystals ...
... prepared by the coupling of racemic alcohols with dicarboxylic anhydrides followed by esterification or with dicarboxylic acids ... The enzyme-mediated highly enantioselective hydrolysis of aliphatic dicarboxylic acid diesters has been developed. The racemic ... 2 with adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, and sebacic acid, respectively. The other substrates were synthesized by the ... we had noticed that the dicarboxylic acids would be a substitute for PEG spacer in Scheme 1, and the corresponding dicarboxylic ...
Bissulfosuccinimidyl esters of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids: A new class of affinity directed β ; crosslinkers of HBA. ... Bissulfosuccinimidyl esters of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids : A new class of affinity directed β ; crosslinkers of HBA. In: ... Manjula, B. N., Roy, R. P., Smith, P. K., & Acharya, A. S. (1994). Bissulfosuccinimidyl esters of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids ... Manjula, BN, Roy, RP, Smith, PK & Acharya, AS 1994, Bissulfosuccinimidyl esters of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids: A new class ...
One-pot oxidative cleavage of cyclic olefins for the green synthesis of dicarboxylic acids in pickering emulsions in the ...
6R,7R)-7-Amino-8-oxo-3-(1-propenyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid ( 7-APRA ) ... 2-Amino-3-(1,2-dihydro-2-oxoquinoline-4-yl)propionic acid HCl ... Acid Orange 12 Dye 2-(2-nitrophenyl)aminoethanol (HC Yellow No ...
7-dicarboxylic acid, bis[3-(diallylamino)propyl]ester, dihydrochloridewith free spectra: 1 NMR, and 1 FTIR. ... 9-oxofluorene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid, bis[6-(diethylamino)hexyl]ester, dihydrochloride. 9-oxofluorene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid, bis ... 9-oxofluorene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid, bis[3-(diethylamino)propyl]ester, dihydrochloride. 9-OXOFLUORENE-2,7-DICARBOXYLIC ACID, ... 9-oxofluorene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid, bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]ester, dihydrochloride. 9-OXOFLUORENE-2,7-DICARBOXYLIC ACID, ...
select the common name for each of the following two dicarboxylic acids: ". Get high-quality paper NEW! AI matching with writer ... select the common name for each of the following two dicarboxylic acids:. ...
Cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid. *. *. EC number: 214-068-6 , CAS number: 1076-97-7 ...
Malathion dicarboxylic acid. para-Nitrophenol. 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol. 2-Isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine. ... Butterworth CE Jr, Bendich A. Folic acid and the prevention of birth defects. Annu Rev Nutr 1996;16:73-97. ...
1,1-binaphthyl-8,8-dicarboxylic acid. *. *. EC number: 249-922-7 , CAS number: 29878-91-9 ...
3-Dicarboxylic Acid Imide(HONB)21715-90-2, Formula C9H9NO3.Best Quality,Quick Response,Lower Price. Great Customer Support. ... N-Hydroxy-5-Norbornene-2,3-Dicarboxylic Acid Imide(HONB) Cas Number 21715-90-2 Molecular Formula C9H9NO3 ... CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLIC ACID 1-AMINO-2,3-DIMETHYL-,(1A,2SS,3SS)- * 5-Thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-[[( ... We offer qualified productN-Hydroxy-5-Norbornene-2,3-Dicarboxylic Acid Imide(HONB)21715-90-2, Formula C9H9NO3.Best Quality, ...
Cyclohexane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid (1127-08-8) "What do you need help with?" ... Get chemical information updates for Cyclohexane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid sent to your email.. ... Dihydro-2H-pyran-4,4(3H)-dicarboxylic acid (5337-04-2) 1 alternate name ... Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (711-02-4) 1 alternate name ...
Dicarboxylic acids (DA) are formed from the omega-oxidation of monocarboxylic acids when the beta-oxidation of free fatty acids ... keywords = "dicarboxylic acids, parenteral nutrition, dicarboxylic acids, parenteral nutrition",. author = "Av Grego and ... "Dicarboxylic acids (DA) are formed from the omega-oxidation of monocarboxylic acids when the beta-oxidation of free fatty acids ... Dicarboxylic acids (DA) are formed from the omega-oxidation of monocarboxylic acids when the beta-oxidation of free fatty acids ...
BUY or ENQUIRE about 4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid 2,5-Diethyl Ester. This product is used in monitoring and controlling ... 5-dicarboxylic Acid 2,5-Diethyl Ester, . Assured quality impurity standards of Dolutegravir from SynThink. Find out PRICE, ... 5-dicarboxylic Acid 2,5-Diethyl Ester product with CAS: 1246616-74-9. It is also known as 4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid ... RFQ / Enquire about 4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid 2,5-Diethyl Ester. ...
0 (Dicarboxylic Acids) *0 (Parabens) *4618-18-2 (Lactulose) *820484N8I3 (Histamine) *F2VW3D43YT (azelaic acid) ... p-hydroxybenzoic acid, azelaic acid) being primarily responsible for discrimination between the two groups. Histamine, a ...
  • Previous studies have shown that quinoxaline (Q) oxidation with electrochemically regenerated KMnO4, with the formation of pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA), is possible using Pt, Ni, stainless steel and Cu electrodes. (upt.ro)
  • The previous studies shows that the KMnO 4 regeneration used in chemical oxidation of chinoxaline to form the pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid is possible on platinum in chinoxaline absence or his presence and on nickel electrode. (upt.ro)
  • Herein, we describe the enzyme-mediated enantioselective hydrolysis of aliphatic dicarboxylic acid diesters, and also report the methodical study of the substrate specificity. (scirp.org)
  • Dicarboxylic acids (DA) are formed from the omega-oxidation of monocarboxylic acids when the beta-oxidation of free fatty acids is impaired. (unicatt.it)
  • The administration of [1,9-14C]azeliac acid and of [10,11-3H]dodecandioic acid confirmed the occurrence of beta-oxidation, and led to elucidation of the fate of the ingested diacids that were not excreted as such in the urine. (unicatt.it)
  • The beta-oxidation cycle permits the cell to extract energy from the breakdown of fatty acids with linkage to an accessory pathway for the formation of acetoacetate. (medscape.com)
  • Acetyl CoA is generated from fatty acids through repeated beta-oxidation cycles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The general molecular formula for dicarboxylic acids can be written as HO2C−R−CO2H, where R can be aliphatic or aromatic. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, dicarboxylic acids show similar chemical behavior and reactivity to monocarboxylic acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intramolecular Biradical Recombination of Dicarboxylic Acids to Unsaturated Compounds : A New Ap. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Dicarboxylic acids are compounds of high value, but to date long-chain alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acids have been difficult to access in a direct way. (edu.sa)
  • Process for the preparation of aliphatic or aromatic mono- or dicarboxylic acids of 4 to 22 carbon atoms by oxidation of the corresponding aldehydes having the same number of carbon atoms in a carboxylic acid from the group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid or in a carboxylic acid/water mixture at a temperature of 50.degree. (everypatent.com)
  • 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein acetic acid is used as carboxylic acid. (everypatent.com)
  • 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidation is carried out in a carboxylic acid/water mixture with a water content of from 0.1 to 25% by volume. (everypatent.com)
  • The DCA and MCA carboxylic acids represent more than 80% of the total metabolites excreted in urine. (cdc.gov)
  • 2-EH is metabolized mainly to carboxylic acid (mainly 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2HEA) via 2-ethylhexanal by catalytic action of ADH and ALDH (Albro PW and Lavenhar SR, 1989). (who.int)
  • Thus, MEHP and perhaps 2-EHA and other di-carboxylic acid concentrations in the body were higher in mice or rats than marmosets when the same dose of DEHP was administered (Ito et al. (who.int)
  • Azelaic acid (C9), does not show acute or chronic toxicity effects in animals but much of it is lost in urine (more than 50% of the given dose). (unicatt.it)
  • Sebacic acid (C10) is lost in urine to a smaller extent (about 12% of the administered dose) and its energy density (6.64 kcal/g) is greater than that of C9 (4.97 kcal/g). (unicatt.it)
  • Dodecanedioic acid (C12) seems to be the best candidate for parenteral nutrition, because it is eliminated in the urine only in minimal amounts (3.90% of the given dose), it is rapidly utilized by tissues, and it has a high energy density (7.20 kcal/g). (unicatt.it)
  • A method utilizing thin-layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry was developed for the quantification of C9, C10, C11, and C12 dicarboxylic acids in serum, urine, and feces of human volunteers and rats after oral administration of the acids. (unicatt.it)
  • In both humans and rats, the dicarboxylic acids found in serum and urine were 2, 4, or 6 carbon atoms shorter than the corresponding administered diacid. (unicatt.it)
  • With attention focused on the definition of additional disorders, researchers described patients with a Reye syndrome-like presentation who excreted dicarboxylic acids of chain lengths C6-C10 in their urine. (medscape.com)
  • Analysis of urine organic acids, serum amino acids, and acylcarnitine panels can be used to distinguish this condition from other causes of carnitine deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • The remaining MEHP is excreted directly in the urine or is oxidized by cytochrome P450 4A, then further oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) or aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) to dicarboxylic acid or ketones. (who.int)
  • Acids from the two-carbon oxalic acid to the ten-member sebacic acid may be remembered using the mnemonic 'Oh My Son, Go And Pray Softly And Silently', and also 'Oh my! (wikipedia.org)
  • The simplest of these intermediates is oxalic acid (n=0), the others are malonic (n=1), succinic (n=2) and glutaric (n=3) acids. (gerli.com)
  • Oxalic Acid Hazards. (cdc.gov)
  • This information profile on oxalic-acid (144627) lists its molecular structure, Chemical Abstracts Service number, Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances number, production figures and economic trends in production, uses, number of companies producing and using oxalic-acid, and the biological effects of exposure to it. (cdc.gov)
  • Oxalic-acid found naturally in foods may cause adverse reactions when ingested. (cdc.gov)
  • The potential of sulfosuccinimidyl ester of suberic acid as an intramolecular crosslinker of HbA, directed to the positive charge rich domain of the protein (DPG pocket) has been investigated. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The facile crosslinking reaction seen with this suberate ester as compared to the absence of crosslinking with the diaspirin derivative of suberic acid suggests the strong 'steering' influence of the sulfosuccinimidyl moiety of the reagent to the targeted site. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Place your order for 4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid 2,5-Diethyl Ester product with CAS: 1246616-74-9. (synthinkchemicals.com)
  • Suberic acid is used in the manufacture of alkyd resins and in the synthesis of polyamides (nylon variants). (wikipedia.org)
  • Synthesis and properties of some heterocyclic derivatives of naphthalene - 1,8 - dicarboxylic acid. (bl.uk)
  • Suberic acid was used in the manufacture of alkyd resins and in the synthesis of polyamides leading to nylon. (gerli.com)
  • Electrochemically Synthesis of the Pirazine-2,3-Dicarboxylic Acid. (upt.ro)
  • 45. Electrochemically Synthesis of the Pirazine-2,3-Dicarboxylic Acid. (upt.ro)
  • Combined with an improved one-step synthesis of triol arylborates from boronic acid, this remarkably efficient new tool provided a variety of 4′-arylated phenylalanines and tyrosines in good yields at low catalyst loading with a wide functional group tolerance. (mdpi.com)
  • Suberic acid was first produced by nitric acid oxidation of cork (Latin suber). (wikipedia.org)
  • Suberic acid (n=6) : it was firstly produced by nitric acid oxidation of cork (Latin suber ) material and then from castor oil ( Tilley TG, Ann 1841, 39, 160 ). (gerli.com)
  • The oxidation of ricinoleic acid produces, by splitting at the level of the double bond and at the level of the OH group, at the same time, suberic acid (octanedioic acid) and the next homologue azelaic acid. (gerli.com)
  • Carnitine is an important small water-soluble molecule that binds to long-chain fatty acids and facilitates their transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the mitochondrial matrix to undergo fatty acid oxidation (metabolism). (medscape.com)
  • This results from the inability to oxidize fatty acids and generate ketones to provide energy during catabolic states. (medscape.com)
  • Dicarboxylic acids are suitable substrates for preparation of organic acids for the pharmaceutical and food industries. (gerli.com)
  • In conclusion, water can be utilized as a nucleophile in isomerizing functionalization reactions and gives access to long-chain dicarboxylic acids from a variety of unsaturated substrates. (edu.sa)
  • A graphic chart describing the biosynthesis of adipic acid via omega oxidation may be found on the BioCarta web site. (gerli.com)
  • The most widely used dicarboxylic acid in the industry is adipic acid, which is a precursor in the production of nylon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adipic acid, despite its name (in Latin, adipis means fat), is not a normal constituent of natural lipids but is a product of oxidative rancidity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adipic acid is used after esterification with various groups such as dicapryl, di(ethylhexyl), diisobutyl, and diisodecyl. (gerli.com)
  • Pimelic acid (n=5) : this acid (heptanedioic acid), from the Greek pimelh (pimele fat), as adipic acid, was isolated from oxidized fats. (gerli.com)
  • The racemic diesters were easily prepared by the coupling of racemic alcohols with dicarboxylic anhydrides followed by esterification or with dicarboxylic acids. (scirp.org)
  • Azelaic acid is used, as simple esters or branched-chain esters) in the manufacture of plasticizers (for vinyl chloride resins, rubber), lubricants and greases. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1.5E6 OH/cm3) Half-Life = 21.073 Hrs Ozone Reaction: No Ozone Reaction Estimation Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi): 0.994 (Junge,Mackay) Note: the sorbed fraction may be resistant to atmospheric oxidation Soil Adsorption Coefficient (PCKOCWIN v1.66): Koc : 2.941E+004 Log Koc: 4.468 Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]: Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure! (chemspider.com)
  • In organic chemistry, a dicarboxylic acid is an organic compound containing two carboxyl groups (−COOH). (wikipedia.org)
  • and dicarboxylic aciduria in urinary organic acids. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 26 minor acids (from 2 in pecan to 8% in peanut) were determined: 8 species derived from succinic acid, likely in relation with photosynthesis, and 18 species with a chain from 5 to 22 carbon atoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The metal center was coordinated to nine atoms by three pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid ligands. (psu.edu)
  • Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acid Market. (marketresearchupdate.com)
  • Long chain dicarboxylic acid is employed as a key bio-based product for manufacturing in various applications. (marketresearchupdate.com)
  • The Global Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acid Market was valued at xxx million USD with a CAGR xx% from 2018-2022. (marketresearchupdate.com)
  • In the global Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acid Market, This report focuses particularly in North America, South America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. (marketresearchupdate.com)
  • What is the estimated growth rate and Market share and size of the Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acid Market for the forecast period 2023-2030? (marketresearchupdate.com)
  • What are the driving forces in the Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acid Market for the forecast period 2023-2030? (marketresearchupdate.com)
  • What are the Market trends influencing the progress of the Long Chain Dicarboxylic Acid industry worldwide? (marketresearchupdate.com)
  • Short-chain dicarboxylic acids are of great importance in the general metabolism and up to n=3 they cannot be considered as lipids since their water solubility is important. (gerli.com)
  • by oxidation of castor oil with nitric acid (splitting of the carbon chain close to the OH group). (gerli.com)
  • One family, designated nylon-XY, is derived from dicarboxylic acids and diamines of carbon chain lengths X and Y, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another family, designated nylon-Z, is derived from aminocarboxylic acids of with carbon chain length Z. An example is nylon-[6]. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inclusion complexes between starch and long-chain dicarboxylic acids by jet cooking: Characterization and thermal properties. (usda.gov)
  • In the cytosol, a saturated, straight-chain fatty acid molecule with no double bonds is activated by the action of fatty acyl-CoA synthetase to form its corresponding acyl-CoA. (medscape.com)
  • It serves as a mechanism for transport of long-chain fatty acids from the cytoplasm across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the mitochondrial matrix, the site of b-oxidation of fatty acids for energy generation. (medscape.com)
  • Sets of 4 enzymes (an acyl dehydrogenase, a hydratase, a hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase, and a lyase) specific for different chain lengths (very long chain, long chain, medium chain, and short chain) are required to catabolize fatty acids completely. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sebacic acid, named from sebum (tallow). (wikipedia.org)
  • Sebacic acid (n=8) : decanedioic acid was named by Thenard LJ (1802) from the Latin sebaceus (tallow candle) or sebum (tallow) in reference to its use in the manufacture of candles. (gerli.com)
  • Azelaic acid's name stems from the action of nitric acid (azote, nitrogen, or azotic, nitric) oxidation of oleic acid or elaidic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Azelaic acid was prepared by oxidation of oleic acid with potassium permanganate, but now by oxidative cleavage of oleic acid with chromic acid or by ozonolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • as a product of ricinoleic acid (hydroxylated oleic acid) from castor oil. (gerli.com)
  • Azelaic acid is now used in cosmetics (treatment of acne). (wikipedia.org)
  • Azelaic acid was identified as a molecule that accumulated at elevated levels in some parts of plants and was shown to be able to enhance the resistance of plants to infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Azelaic acid (n=7) : nonanedioic acid is the best known dicarboxylic acid. (gerli.com)
  • 0.01), with three metabolites (histamine, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, azelaic acid) being primarily responsible for discrimination between the two groups. (medscape.com)
  • The concentration of the acids in serum peaked between 2 and 3 hours. (unicatt.it)
  • Brassylic acid can be produced from erucic acid by ozonolysis, but also by microorganisms (Candida sp. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was first obtained by oxidation of castor oil (ricinoleic acid) with nitric acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is due to deficient activity of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH), an enzyme required to oxidize fatty alcohol to fatty acid. (medscape.com)
  • Derivatives of pimelic acid are involved in the biosynthesis of lysine. (wikipedia.org)
  • 72), including amino acid substitutions, small and large contiguous gene deletions, insertions, and splicing errors in this gene. (medscape.com)
  • Nickel-cobalt alloys were deposited from sulfate electrolyte with oxalic, malonic and succinic acids as additives and their microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. (csircentral.net)
  • The study of fatty acid metabolism gained importance during the 1970s when investigators and clinicians recognized patients who appeared to have genetic defects in this area. (medscape.com)
  • In 1973, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) deficiency became the first fatty acid metabolism condition to be defined. (medscape.com)
  • Overview of Fatty Acid and Glycerol Metabolism Disorders Fatty acids are the preferred energy source for the heart and an important energy source for skeletal muscle during prolonged exertion. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Higher weight acids (>C20) are found in suberin present at vegetal surfaces (outer bark, root epidermis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the dicarboxylic acids do not occur in appreciable amounts as components of animal or vegetal lipids, they are in general important metabolic products of fatty acids since they originate from them by oxidation . (gerli.com)
  • In order to improve current knowledge and to expand the variety of electrodes used for the pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxilic acid (PDCA) production process, we investigated the behavior of the copper alloy anodes brass and bronze. (upt.ro)
  • Pimelic acid (Greek pimelh, fat) was also first isolated from oxidized oil. (wikipedia.org)
  • Crisis is triggered by fasting, viral illness, or stress (an in other fatty-acid disorders). (medscape.com)
  • Di Picolinic Acid (CAS 499-83-2) Market Research Report 2023 presents comprehensive data on Di Picolinic Acid markets globally and regionally (Europe, Asia, North America etc. (marketpublishers.com)
  • Please note that Di Picolinic Acid (CAS 499-83-2) Market Research Report 2023 is a half ready publication and contents are subject to change. (marketpublishers.com)
  • Two lanthanide complexes, Ln(HPDA) 3 ·4EtOH (Ln = Tb, Dy) (H 2 PDA = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, EtOH = ethanol), have been successfully synthesized using hydrothermal or solvothermal methods, and their crystal structures were analyzed by single crystal XRD. (psu.edu)
  • Characterization and properties of starch-dicarboxylic acid inclusion complexes prepared by excess steam jet cooking. (usda.gov)
  • Dicarboxylic acids are used in the preparation of copolymers such as polyamides and polyesters. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary metabolites found in biological fluids following exposure to malathion are malathion dicarboxylic acid (DCA) and malathion monocarboxylic acid (MCA). (cdc.gov)
  • It overviews Di Picolinic Acid market, names Di Picolinic Acid producers and indicates its suppliers. (marketpublishers.com)