An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.
A group of viruses in the genus PESTIVIRUS, causing diarrhea, fever, oral ulcerations, hemorrhagic syndrome, and various necrotic lesions among cattle and other domestic animals. The two species (genotypes), BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 , exhibit antigenic and pathological differences. The historical designation, BVDV, consisted of both (then unrecognized) genotypes.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Acute disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral diarrhea viruses (DIARRHEA VIRUSES, BOVINE VIRAL). Often mouth ulcerations are the only sign but fever, diarrhea, drop in milk yield, and loss of appetite are also seen. Severity of clinical disease varies and is strain dependent. Outbreaks are characterized by low morbidity and high mortality.
A species of PESTIVIRUS causing systemic infections (BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE) in cattle and some other cloven-hoofed animals. There are several strains and two biotypes: cytopathic (rare) and non-cytopathic. Infections range from clinically inapparent to severe, but do not correlate with biotypes.
Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition.
A species of PESTIVIRUS causing systemic infections including BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE and BOVINE HEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME in cattle and some other cloven-hoofed animals. There are several strains and two biotypes: cytopathic (rare) and non-cytopathic. The severity of disease appears to be strain dependent. Cytopathogenic effects do not correlate with virulence as non-cytopathic BVDV-2 is associated only with Hemorrhagic Disease, Bovine.
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.
A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.
One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE, also known as mucosal disease virus group, which is not arthropod-borne. Transmission is by direct and indirect contact, and by transplacental and congenital transmission. Species include BORDER DISEASE VIRUS, bovine viral diarrhea virus (DIARRHEA VIRUS, BOVINE VIRAL), and CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
A species of CORONAVIRUS causing acute enteritis in swine. Infections have been seen mostly in Europe, where it is endemic, and in China.
Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI that produce or contain at least one member of either heat-labile or heat-stable ENTEROTOXINS. The organisms colonize the mucosal surface of the small intestine and elaborate their enterotoxins causing DIARRHEA. They are mainly associated with tropical and developing countries and affect susceptible travelers to those places.
Aspects of health and disease related to travel.
Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
A genus of small, circular RNA viruses in the family ASTROVIRIDAE. They cause GASTROENTERITIS and are found in the stools of several vertebrates including humans. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route and there are at least eight human serotypes. The type species is Human astrovirus.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.
Infections with ASTROVIRUS, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets.
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).
A genus of coccidian parasites of the family CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans.
Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by HYPODERMOCLYSIS.
Fluids restored to the body in order to maintain normal water-electrolyte balance.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition. It shares borders with India, Myanmar (Burma), and Bay of Bengal. The population is primarily Bengali, and the official language is Bangla (Bengali). The capital city is Dhaka. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, feel free to ask!
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Infections with FUNGI of the phylum MICROSPORIDIA.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus ISOSPORA, producing intestinal disease. It is caused by ingestion of oocysts and can produce tissue cysts.
An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.
The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.
Infections with viruses of the genus PESTIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.
Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.
A genus of coccidian parasites in the family EIMERIIDAE. Cyclospora cayetanensis is pathogenic in humans, probably transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and causes nausea and diarrhea.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Live microbial DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. In humans, lactobacilli are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. Other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci. (J. Nutr. 1995;125:1401-12)
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.
Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology.
A genus in the family CALICIVIRIDAE, associated with epidemic GASTROENTERITIS in humans. The type species, NORWALK VIRUS, contains multiple strains.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA LAMBLIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.
Infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus CYCLOSPORA. It is distributed globally and causes a diarrheal illness. Transmission is waterborne.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mexico" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is the name of a country located in North America, known officially as the United Mexican States. If you have any questions related to medical topics or terminology, I would be happy to help answer those!
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.
Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.
Animals not contaminated by or associated with any foreign organisms.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.
A species of parasitic EUKARYOTES that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. The organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guatemala" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. Guatemala is the name of a country located in Central America, known officially as the Republic of Guatemala. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.
The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates.
Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.
A genus of the family CORONAVIRIDAE characterized by enveloped, peplomer-bearing particles containing an elongated tubular nucleocapsid with helical symmetry. Toroviruses have been found in association with enteric infections in horses (Berne virus), cattle (Breda virus), swine, and humans. Transmission probably takes place via the fecal-oral route.
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.
The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.
A family of RNA viruses infecting a broad range of animals. Most individual species are restricted to their natural hosts. They possess a characteristic six-pointed starlike shape whose surfaces have cup-shaped (chalice) indentions. Transmission is by contaminated food, water, fomites, and occasionally aerosolization of secretions. Genera include LAGOVIRUS; NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES; SAPPORO-LIKE VIRUSES; and VESIVIRUS.
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Infections with viruses of the genus TOROVIRUS, family CORONAVIRIDAE.
The etiologic agent of CHOLERA.
A subclass of protozoans commonly parasitic in the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract but also found in the liver and other organs. Its organisms are found in both vertebrates and higher invertebrates and comprise two orders: EIMERIIDA and EUCOCCIDIIDA.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Its organisms are found in fresh water and sewage and are pathogenic to humans, frogs, and fish.
A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.
DYSENTERY caused by intestinal amebic infection, chiefly with ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA. This condition may be associated with amebic infection of the LIVER and other distant sites.
Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI characterized by attaching-and-effacing histopathology. These strains of bacteria intimately adhere to the epithelial cell membrane and show effacement of microvilli. In developed countries they are associated with INFANTILE DIARRHEA and infantile GASTROENTERITIS and, in contrast to ETEC strains, do not produce ENDOTOXINS.
A genus of parasitic FUNGI in the family Enterocytozoonidae, which infects humans. Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been found in the intestines of patients with AIDS.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria).
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of COCCIDIA.
The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.
A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN.
A country in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula Its capital is Cairo.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Ruminant mammals of South America. They are related to camels.
A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.
The highest dose of a biologically active agent given during a chronic study that will not reduce longevity from effects other than carcinogenicity. (from Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology, 1st ed)
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Young, unweaned mammals. Refers to nursing animals whether nourished by their biological mother, foster mother, or bottle fed.
A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting neonatal calves, presenting as acute diarrhea, and frequently leading to death.
The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.
Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.
A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)
Means or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (Webster, 3d ed)
An order of parasitic FUNGI found mostly in ARTHROPODS; FISHES; and in some VERTEBRATES including humans. It comprises two suborders: Pansporoblastina and APANSPOROBLASTINA.

A case of canine salmonellosis due to Salmonella infantis. (1/6219)

A 7-year-old male dog kept outdoors manifested severe watery diarrhea with generalized weakness. Salmonella Infantis was isolated from a fecal sample and the dog recovered soon after medication with ampicillin, to which the isolate was highly sensitive. The present case was diagnosed as S. Infantis infection. Due to the importance of Salmonella in public health, soil samples were collected from the garden where the dog was kept and were examined for Salmonella, Some of them were positive for S. Infantis, however, no Salmonella was isolated from any soil samples collected after thorough disinfection of the surrounded environment.  (+info)

High turnover rate of Escherichia coli strains in the intestinal flora of infants in Pakistan. (2/6219)

The Escherichia coli flora of infants in developed countries is dominated by one or a few strains which persist for prolonged periods of time, but no longitudinal studies have been performed in developing countries. To this end, we studied the rectal enterobacterial flora in 22 home-delivered Pakistani infants during their first 6 months of life. Three colonies were isolated and species typed on each of 11 sampling occasions. E. coli isolates were strain typed using electromorphic typing of cytoplasmic enzymes, and their O serogroups were determined. There was a very rapid turnover of enterobacterial strains in the rectal flora of individual infants. On average, 8.5 different E. coli strains were found per infant, and several biotypes of other enterobacteria. Less than 50% of the infants were colonized with E. coli from their mothers, but strains of maternal origin were four times more likely to persists in the infants' flora than other E. coli strains. Enterobacteria other than E. coli were always of non-maternal origin, and Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae biotypes recovered from contaminated feeds were later identified in the infants' rectal flora. An early colonization with klebsiella or enterobacter was significantly associated with diarrhoea during the neonatal period, although these bacteria were not likely to be the cause of the disease. The results suggest that poor hygienic conditions result in an unstable and diverse enterobacterial flora, which may influence infant health.  (+info)

In vitro activities of cephalosporins and quinolones against Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic dairy calves. (3/6219)

The in vitro activities of several cephalosporins and quinolones against 195 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from diary calves affected by neonatal diarrhea were determined. One hundred thirty-seven of these strains produced one or more potential virulence factors (F5, F41, F17, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, verotoxin, and the eae gene), but the remaining 58 strains did not produce any of these factors. From 11 to 18% of the E. coli strains were resistant to cephalothin, nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and enrofloxacin. However, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and cefquinome were highly effective against the E. coli isolates tested. Some significant differences (P < 0.05) in resistance to quinolones between the strains producing potential virulence factors and nonfimbriated, nontoxigenic, eae-negative strains were found. Thus, eae-positive, necrotoxigenic, and verotoxigenic (except for nalidixic acid) E. coli strains were significantly more sensitive to nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and enrofloxacin than nonfimbriated, nontoxigenic, eae-negative strains. Moreover, eae-positive strains were significantly more sensitive to enoxacin and enrofloxacin than F5-positive strains. Thus, the result of this study suggest that the bovine E. coli strains that produce some potential virulence factors are more sensitive to quinolones than those that do not express these factors.  (+info)

A high-Mr glycoprotein fraction from cow's milk potent in inhibiting replication of human rotavirus in vitro. (4/6219)

Rotavirus is the major cause of infectious diarrhea in infants and young children all over the world. We have found that a high-M(r) glycoprotein fraction from cow's milk is potent in inhibiting replication of human rotaviruses in vitro. Since the activity seems to be unique and specific, this fraction may be useful as a novel agent for treatment or prevention of rotavirus diarrhea.  (+info)

Cryptosporidium, enterocytozoon, and cyclospora infections in pediatric and adult patients with diarrhea in Tanzania. (5/6219)

Cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, and cyclosporiasis were studied in four groups of Tanzanian inpatients: adults with AIDS-associated diarrhea, children with chronic diarrhea (of whom 23 of 59 were positive [+] for human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]), children with acute diarrhea (of whom 15 of 55 were HIV+), and HIV control children without diarrhea. Cryptosporidium was identified in specimens from 6/86 adults, 5/59 children with chronic diarrhea (3/5, HIV+), 7/55 children with acute diarrhea (0/7, HIV+), and 0/20 control children. Among children with acute diarrhea, 7/7 with cryptosporidiosis were malnourished, compared with 10/48 without cryptosporidiosis (P < .01). Enterocytozoon was identified in specimens from 3/86 adults, 2/59 children with chronic diarrhea (1 HIV+), 0/55 children with acute diarrhea, and 4/20 control children. All four controls were underweight (P < .01). Cyclospora was identified in specimens from one adult and one child with acute diarrhea (HIV-). Thus, Cryptosporidium was the most frequent and Cyclospora the least frequent pathogen identified. Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon were associated with malnutrition. Asymptomatic fecal shedding of Enterocytozoon in otherwise healthy, HIV children has not been described previously.  (+info)

Rotavirus G-type restriction, persistence, and herd type specificity in Swedish cattle herds. (6/6219)

G-typing of rotavirus strains enables the study of molecular epidemiology and gathering of information to promote disease prevention and control. Rotavirus strains in fecal specimens from neonatal calves in Swedish cattle herds were therefore characterized by using G1 to -4-, G6-, G8-, and G10-specific primers in reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Fecal samples were collected from one dairy herd (herd A) for 4 consecutive years and from 41 beef and dairy herds (herd B) experiencing calf diarrhea outbreaks. Altogether, 1, 700 samples were analyzed by group A rotavirus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and 98 rotavirus-positive specimens were selected for G-typing by RT-PCR. The effect of herd type, time, geographic region, and clinical symptoms on the G-type distribution was evaluated. Altogether (herds A and B), G10 was found in 59 (60. 2%) fecal specimens, G6 was found in 30 (30.6%) specimens, G3 was found in 1 (1.0%) specimen, and G8 was found in 1 (1.0%) specimen. Seven (7.1%) fecal specimens were not typeable. Herd type specificity in the G-type distribution was demonstrated in the herds in herd B. In the 6 beef suckler herds, only G6 was detected, while rotavirus strains from the 35 dairy herds were predominantly (54%) G10. The G-type distribution was restricted in herds A and B. Twenty-nine of 30 strains from herd A were characterized as G10. In the vast majority of herds in herd B, a single G-type was identified. The serotype G10 and the electropherotype persisted over time in herd A. No characteristic G-type variation in the geographic distribution of cattle herds in herd B was obvious. There was no difference in the G-type distributions between the strains from clinically and subclinically rotavirus-infected calves in dairy herd A. The results from this study strongly indicate a pronounced stability in the rotavirus G-type distribution in Swedish cattle herds, which emphasizes the importance of continuous preventive measures for control of neonatal calf diarrhea. A future bovine rotavirus vaccine in Sweden should contain G10 and G6 strains.  (+info)

Phase I study of a weekly schedule of irinotecan, high-dose leucovorin, and infusional fluorouracil as first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. (7/6219)

PURPOSE: To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of a weekly schedule of irinotecan (CPT-11), leucovorin (LV), and a 24-hour infusion of fluorouracil (5-FU24h) as first-line chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer and to assess preliminary data on the antitumor activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with measurable metastatic colorectal cancer were entered onto this phase I study. In the first six dose levels, fixed doses of CPT-11 (80 mg/m2) and LV (500 mg/m2) in combination with escalated doses of 5-FU24h ranging from 1.8 to 2.6 g/m2 were administered on a weekly-times-four (dose levels 1 to 4) or weekly-times-six (dose levels 5 to 6) schedule. The dose of CPT-11 was then increased to 100 mg/m2 (dose level 7). RESULTS: Seventy-nine cycles of 5-FU24h/LV with CPT-11 were administered in an outpatient setting. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed during the first cycle at dose levels 1 to 6, but diarrhea of grade 4 (National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria) was observed in three patients after multiple treatment cycles. Other nonhematologic and hematologic side effects, specifically alopecia and neutropenia, did not exceed grade 2. With the escalation of CPT-11 to 100 mg/m2 (dose level 7), diarrhea of grade 3 or higher was observed in four of six patients during the first cycle; thus, the MTD was achieved. Sixteen of 25 response-assessable patients (64%; 95% confidence interval, 45% to 83%) achieved an objective response. CONCLUSION: The recommended doses for further studies are CPT-11 80 mg/m2, LV 500 mg/m2, and 5-FU24h 2.6 g/m2 given on a weekly-times-six schedule followed by a 1-week rest period. The addition of CPT-11 to 5-FU24h/LV seems to improve the therapeutic efficacy in terms of tumor response with manageable toxicity.  (+info)

Organization of biogenesis genes for aggregative adherence fimbria II defines a virulence gene cluster in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. (8/6219)

Several virulence-related genes have been described for prototype enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strain 042, which has been shown to cause diarrhea in human volunteers. Among these factors are the enterotoxins Pet and EAST and the fimbrial antigen aggregative adherence fimbria II (AAF/II), all of which are encoded on the 65-MDa virulence plasmid pAA2. Using nucleotide sequence analysis and insertional mutagenesis, we have found that the genes required for the expression of each of these factors, as well as the transcriptional activator of fimbrial expression AggR, map to a distinct cluster on the pAA2 plasmid map. The cluster is 23 kb in length and includes two regions required for expression of the AAF/II fimbria. These fimbrial biogenesis genes feature a unique organization in which the chaperone, subunit, and transcriptional activator lie in one cluster, whereas the second, unlinked cluster comprises a silent chaperone gene, usher, and invasin reminiscent of Dr family fimbrial clusters. This plasmid-borne virulence locus may represent an important set of virulence determinants in EAEC strains.  (+info)

Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.

Infantile diarrhea is a medical condition characterized by loose, watery stools in infants and young children. It can be caused by various factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, allergies, or malabsorption disorders. In some cases, it may also be associated with certain medications or underlying medical conditions.

Infantile diarrhea can lead to dehydration and other complications if not treated promptly and properly. It is important to monitor the infant's hydration status by checking for signs of dehydration such as dry mouth, sunken eyes, and decreased urine output. If diarrhea persists or is accompanied by vomiting, fever, or other concerning symptoms, it is recommended to seek medical attention promptly.

Treatment for infantile diarrhea typically involves rehydration with oral electrolyte solutions, as well as addressing the underlying cause of the diarrhea if possible. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a viral disease that primarily affects cattle, but can also infect other ruminants such as sheep and goats. The disease is caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), which belongs to the family Flaviviridae and genus Pestivirus.

There are two biotypes of BVDV, type 1 and type 2, which can be further divided into various subtypes based on their genetic makeup. The virus can cause a range of clinical signs in infected animals, depending on the age and immune status of the animal, as well as the strain of the virus.

Acute infection with BVDV can cause fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, nasal discharge, and diarrhea, which can be severe and life-threatening in young calves. In addition, BVDV can cause reproductive problems such as abortion, stillbirth, and the birth of persistently infected (PI) calves. PI animals are those that were infected with BVDV in utero and have the virus continuously present in their bloodstream and other tissues throughout their lives. These animals serve as a source of infection for other cattle and can spread the virus to naive herds.

BVDV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, such as saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. The virus can also be spread indirectly through contaminated feed, water, and equipment. Prevention and control measures for BVDV include biosecurity practices, vaccination, and testing to identify and remove PI animals from herds.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease (BVD-MD) is a complex of diseases caused by the Bovine Virus Diarrhea virus (BVDV) and is a significant problem in the global cattle industry. The disease can manifest in various forms, from mild respiratory or reproductive issues to severe, life-threatening conditions such as mucosal disease.

Mucosal disease is the most acute form of BVD-MD and occurs when an animal that has been persistently infected (PI) with a specific strain of BVDV develops a secondary infection with a cytopathic biotype of the virus. PI animals are those that were infected in utero with BVDV before they developed immune competence, resulting in them shedding large amounts of the virus throughout their lives.

The secondary infection with the cytopathic biotype of BVDV causes extensive damage to the animal's lymphoid tissues and gastrointestinal tract, leading to severe clinical signs such as:

1. Profuse diarrhea
2. High fever (up to 41°C or 105.8°F)
3. Ulcerative lesions in the mouth, esophagus, and intestines
4. Severe dehydration
5. Depression and loss of appetite
6. Weight loss
7. Weakness
8. Increased respiratory rate
9. Swelling of the head, neck, and brisket
10. Death within 2-3 weeks after the onset of clinical signs

Morbidity and mortality rates in BVD-MD outbreaks can be high, causing significant economic losses for farmers due to decreased production, increased veterinary costs, and animal deaths. Prevention strategies include vaccination programs, biosecurity measures, and testing for PI animals to remove them from the herd.

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1 (BVDV-1) is a species of the Pestivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. It is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that primarily affects cattle, causing a wide range of clinical signs including diarrhea, fever, lethargy, respiratory and reproductive problems. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, as well as indirectly through contaminated objects or environments. BVDV-1 infection can result in acute or persistent infections, with the latter being particularly detrimental to the health and productivity of affected herds.

It's worth noting that while diarrhea is a common symptom of BVDV-1 infection, it is not exclusively associated with this virus, and other causes should also be considered when diagnosing and managing cases of diarrhea in cattle.

Antidiarrheals are a class of medications that are used to treat diarrhea. They work by either slowing down the movement of the gut or increasing the absorption of water and electrolytes in the intestines, which helps to thicken the stool and reduce the frequency of bowel movements.

Some common examples of antidiarrheal medications include loperamide (Imodium), diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil), and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol). These medications can be effective in managing acute diarrhea, but it's important to use them only as directed and for a limited period of time. Prolonged use or overuse of antidiarrheals can lead to serious side effects, such as constipation, dehydration, and dependence.

It's also worth noting that while antidiarrheals can help manage the symptoms of diarrhea, they do not address the underlying cause of the condition. If you have chronic or severe diarrhea, it's important to speak with a healthcare provider to determine the root cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2) is a species within the genus Pestivirus, which belongs to the family Flaviviridae. This single-stranded RNA virus primarily affects cattle and causes bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), a significant disease complex in the global cattle industry. The BVDV-2 infection can lead to various clinical manifestations, including respiratory, enteric, reproductive, and immunosuppressive symptoms.

The virus is transmitted horizontally through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions, as well as vertically from an infected dam to her offspring during pregnancy. The severity of the disease depends on factors such as the age and immune status of the host, viral strain, and route of infection.

Clinical signs in adult cattle may include diarrhea (although less common with BVDV-2 compared to BVDV-1), respiratory distress, fever, lethargy, decreased appetite, and milk production loss. Infection during pregnancy can lead to abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects in the offspring, depending on the stage of gestation at which the infection occurs.

BVDV-2 is also associated with immunosuppression, making infected animals more susceptible to secondary bacterial and viral infections. Prevention strategies include biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, and regular monitoring for early detection and removal of persistently infected (PI) animals from the herd.

It's important to note that BVDV-2 is not a human pathogen and does not cause diarrhea or any other symptoms in humans.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections refer to illnesses caused by the bacterium E. coli, which can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific strain and site of infection. The majority of E. coli strains are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals. However, some strains, particularly those that produce Shiga toxins, can cause severe illness.

E. coli infections can occur through various routes, including contaminated food or water, person-to-person contact, or direct contact with animals or their environments. Common symptoms of E. coli infections include diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can occur, which may lead to kidney failure and other long-term health problems.

Preventing E. coli infections involves practicing good hygiene, cooking meats thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination of food during preparation, washing fruits and vegetables before eating, and avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and juices. Prompt medical attention is necessary if symptoms of an E. coli infection are suspected to prevent potential complications.

Dysentery is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the intestine, particularly the colon, leading to severe diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and/or pus. It is typically caused by infectious agents such as bacteria (like Shigella, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli) or parasites (such as Entamoeba histolytica). The infection can be acquired through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with an infected person. Symptoms may also include abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent potential complications.

'Clostridium difficile' (also known as 'C. difficile' or 'C. diff') is a type of Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can be found in the environment, including in soil, water, and human and animal feces. It is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in individuals who have recently received antibiotics or have other underlying health conditions that weaken their immune system.

C. difficile produces toxins that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe colitis (inflammation of the colon) and potentially life-threatening complications such as sepsis and toxic megacolon. The most common toxins produced by C. difficile are called TcdA and TcdB, which damage the lining of the intestine and cause inflammation.

C. difficile infections (CDIs) can be difficult to treat, particularly in severe cases or in patients who have recurrent infections. Treatment typically involves discontinuing any unnecessary antibiotics, if possible, and administering specific antibiotics that are effective against C. difficile, such as metronidazole, vancomycin, or fidaxomicin. In some cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be recommended as a last resort for patients with recurrent or severe CDIs who have not responded to other treatments.

Preventing the spread of C. difficile is critical in healthcare settings, and includes measures such as hand hygiene, contact precautions, environmental cleaning, and antibiotic stewardship programs that promote the appropriate use of antibiotics.

Loperamide is an antidiarrheal medication that works by slowing down the movement of the intestines. This helps to increase the time between bowel movements and reduces the amount of liquid in stools, thereby helping to relieve diarrhea. It is available over-the-counter (OTC) and by prescription, depending on the strength and formulation.

Loperamide works by binding to opioid receptors in the gut, which helps to reduce the contractions of the intestines that can lead to diarrhea. It is important to note that loperamide should not be used for longer than 2 days without consulting a healthcare professional, as prolonged use can lead to serious side effects such as constipation, dizziness, and decreased alertness.

Loperamide is also known by its brand names, including Imodium, Pepto-Bismol Maximum Strength, and Kaopectate II. It is important to follow the instructions on the label carefully when taking loperamide, and to speak with a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about using this medication.

Pestivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae, which are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses. There are several species within this genus that can cause disease in animals, including bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle, border disease virus (BDV) in sheep, and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in pigs. These viruses can cause a range of clinical signs, including respiratory and enteric diseases, reproductive failures, and immunosuppression. They are primarily spread through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, and can also be transmitted through contaminated fomites and semen. Prevention and control measures include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and testing and culling of infected animals.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae and the genus Alphacoronavirus. It primarily affects piglets, causing severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality rates, especially in neonatal and suckling pigs. The infection spreads rapidly in swine herds, leading to significant economic losses in the pork industry. PEDV is transmitted through fecal-oral route and can be spread via contaminated feed, water, and transportation vehicles, as well as through infected adult pigs.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a type of diarrheagenic E. coli that causes traveler's diarrhea and diarrheal diseases in infants in developing countries. It produces one or two enterotoxins, known as heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable toxin (ST), which cause the intestinal lining to secrete large amounts of water and electrolytes, resulting in watery diarrhea. ETEC is often transmitted through contaminated food or water and is a common cause of traveler's diarrhea in people traveling to areas with poor sanitation. It can also cause outbreaks in refugee camps, nursing homes, and other institutional settings. Prevention measures include avoiding consumption of untreated water and raw or undercooked foods, as well as practicing good personal hygiene.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "travel" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. In general, travel refers to the act of moving or journeying from one place to another, often over long distances. However, in a medical context, it might refer to the recommendation that individuals with certain medical conditions or those who are immunocompromised avoid traveling to areas where they may be at increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases. It's always best to check with a healthcare professional for advice related to specific medical situations and travel.

Enterotoxins are types of toxic substances that are produced by certain microorganisms, such as bacteria. These toxins are specifically designed to target and affect the cells in the intestines, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. One well-known example of an enterotoxin is the toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which can cause food poisoning. Another example is the cholera toxin produced by Vibrio cholerae, which can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration. Enterotoxins work by interfering with the normal functioning of intestinal cells, leading to fluid accumulation in the intestines and subsequent symptoms.

Gastroenteritis is not a medical condition itself, but rather a symptom-based description of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily involving the stomach and intestines. It's often referred to as "stomach flu," although it's not caused by influenza virus.

Medically, gastroenteritis is defined as an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, usually resulting in symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. This condition can be caused by various factors, including viral (like rotavirus or norovirus), bacterial (such as Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli), or parasitic infections, food poisoning, allergies, or the use of certain medications.

Gastroenteritis is generally self-limiting and resolves within a few days with proper hydration and rest. However, severe cases may require medical attention to prevent complications like dehydration, which can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites called Cryptosporidium. The parasites are found in the feces of infected animals and humans. People can become infected with Cryptosporidium by ingesting contaminated water or food, or by coming into contact with infected persons or animals.

The infection can cause a wide range of symptoms, including watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. In people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, the infection can be severe and even life-threatening.

Cryptosporidiosis is typically treated with increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration, and in some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom or changing diapers, can help prevent the spread of Cryptosporidium.

Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.

Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.

Mamastrovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Astroviridae, which infect mammals. These non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses are responsible for gastroenteritis in various mammalian species, including humans. The name "mamastrovirus" is derived from "mammal astrovirus."

Human mastastroviruses (HAstV) are further divided into eight major serotypes (HAstV-1 to HAstV-8), with additional genotypes and variants identified. Infection usually occurs through the fecal-oral route, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. While mastastrovirus infections are often self-limiting, they can cause severe dehydration and other complications, particularly in young children, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly.

Research into mamastroviruses continues to advance our understanding of their epidemiology, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic targets for treating astrovirus-induced gastroenteritis.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Clostridium infections are caused by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, which are gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, and often anaerobic organisms. These bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human gastrointestinal tract. Some Clostridium species can cause severe and potentially life-threatening infections in humans. Here are some of the most common Clostridium infections with their medical definitions:

1. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI): An infection caused by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile, previously known as Clostridium difficile. It typically occurs after antibiotic use disrupts the normal gut microbiota, allowing C. difficile to overgrow and produce toxins that cause diarrhea, colitis, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe cases can lead to sepsis, toxic megacolon, or even death.
2. Clostridium tetani infection: Also known as tetanus, this infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The spores of this bacterium are commonly found in soil and animal feces. They can enter the body through wounds, cuts, or punctures, germinate, and produce a potent exotoxin called tetanospasmin. This toxin causes muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the neck and jaw (lockjaw), which can lead to difficulty swallowing, breathing, and potentially fatal complications.
3. Clostridium botulinum infection: This infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and results in botulism, a rare but severe paralytic illness. The bacteria produce neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) that affect the nervous system, causing symptoms such as double vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, botulism can lead to respiratory failure and death.
4. Gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringens infection): A rapidly progressing soft tissue infection caused by Clostridium perfringens or other clostridial species. The bacteria produce potent exotoxins that cause tissue destruction, gas production, and widespread necrosis. Gas gangrene is characterized by severe pain, swelling, discoloration, and a foul-smelling discharge. If left untreated, it can lead to sepsis, multi-organ failure, and death.
5. Clostridioides difficile infection (C. difficile infection): Although not caused by a typical clostridial species, C. difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in hospitalized patients or those who have recently taken antibiotics. The bacteria produce toxins A and B, which damage the intestinal lining and contribute to inflammation and diarrhea. C. difficile infection can range from mild to life-threatening, with complications such as sepsis, toxic megacolon, and bowel perforation.

Astroviridae is a family of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that can cause infectious diseases in humans and animals. The most common symptoms of Astroviridae infections in humans include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. These symptoms are typically mild and last for only a few days.

Astroviruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. They can also be spread from person to person, particularly in settings where there is close contact between individuals, such as childcare centers and nursing homes.

In addition to humans, Astroviridae infect a wide range of animals, including birds, mammals, and reptiles. Some strains of Astroviruses can cause more severe disease in animals, particularly in young or immunocompromised individuals.

Prevention measures for Astroviridae infections include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing, and avoiding contact with individuals who are sick. There is currently no specific treatment for Astroviridae infections, and management typically involves supportive care to relieve symptoms.

Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.

Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.

Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery caused by the bacterium Shigella. It is characterized by the inflammation of the intestines, particularly the colon, resulting in diarrhea that may contain blood and mucus. The infection is typically spread through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. Symptoms usually appear within 1-4 days after exposure and can include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, bacillary dysentery can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and other complications. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, as well as fluid replacement to prevent dehydration.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are primarily responsible for causing shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery. These pathogens are highly infectious and can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces.

There are four main species of Shigella: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. Each species has distinct serotypes that differ in their epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The severity of shigellosis can range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery with abdominal cramps, fever, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to defecate). In some cases, Shigella infections may lead to complications such as bacteremia, seizures, or hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Preventive measures include maintaining good personal hygiene, proper food handling and preparation, access to clean water, and adequate sanitation facilities. Antibiotic treatment is generally recommended for severe cases of shigellosis, but the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has become a growing concern in recent years.

Cryptosporidium is a genus of protozoan parasites that can cause the diarrheal disease known as cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. These microscopic pathogens infect the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily in the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration.

Cryptosporidium parasites have a complex life cycle, including several developmental stages within host cells. They are protected by an outer shell called oocyst, which allows them to survive outside the host's body for extended periods, making them resistant to chlorine-based disinfectants commonly used in water treatment.

Transmission of Cryptosporidium occurs through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated water or food, or direct contact with infected individuals or animals. People at higher risk for severe illness include young children, elderly people, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS, cancer treatment, or organ transplantation.

Preventive measures include proper hand hygiene, avoiding consumption of untreated water or raw fruits and vegetables likely to be contaminated, and practicing safe sex. For immunocompromised individuals, antiparasitic medications such as nitazoxanide may help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms.

Fluid therapy, in a medical context, refers to the administration of fluids into a patient's circulatory system for various therapeutic purposes. This can be done intravenously (through a vein), intraosseously (through a bone), or subcutaneously (under the skin). The goal of fluid therapy is to correct or prevent imbalances in the body's fluids and electrolytes, maintain or restore blood volume, and support organ function.

The types of fluids used in fluid therapy can include crystalloids (which contain electrolytes and water) and colloids (which contain larger molecules like proteins). The choice of fluid depends on the patient's specific needs and condition. Fluid therapy is commonly used in the treatment of dehydration, shock, sepsis, trauma, surgery, and other medical conditions that can affect the body's fluid balance.

Proper administration of fluid therapy requires careful monitoring of the patient's vital signs, urine output, electrolyte levels, and overall clinical status to ensure that the therapy is effective and safe.

Rehydration solutions are medically formulated drinks designed to restore fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, particularly when someone is dehydrated due to vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating. These solutions typically contain water, glucose (or sucrose), and essential electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate in specific concentrations to match the body's needs. Common examples of rehydration solutions include oral rehydration salts (ORS) and sports drinks, which help replenish the body's water and electrolyte levels, promoting rapid and effective rehydration.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, rather than a medical term or condition. It is bordered by India to the west, north, and east, and by Myanmar (Burma) to the southeast, with the Bay of Bengal to the south. The official name of the country is the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you!

Enteritis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the small intestine. The small intestine is responsible for digesting and absorbing nutrients from food, so inflammation in this area can interfere with these processes and lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Enteritis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial or viral infections, parasites, autoimmune disorders, medications, and exposure to toxins. In some cases, the cause of enteritis may be unknown. Treatment for enteritis depends on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiparasitic drugs, anti-inflammatory medications, or supportive care such as fluid replacement therapy.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Microsporidiosis is an infection caused by microscopic, single-celled parasites belonging to the phylum Microspora. These parasites are primarily intracellular and can infect various organisms, including humans. Infection typically occurs through ingestion of spores present in contaminated food, water, or soil, or through inhalation of spores. Once inside a host, the spores germinate, releasing the infective sporoplasm that invades host cells and multiplies within them.

In humans, microsporidiosis can cause various symptoms depending on the species involved and the immune status of the host. In immunocompetent individuals, it may present as self-limiting diarrhea or mild gastrointestinal disturbances. However, in immunocompromised patients (e.g., those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, or using immunosuppressive medications), microsporidiosis can lead to severe and chronic diarrhea, wasting, and potentially life-threatening complications affecting various organs such as the eyes, kidneys, and respiratory system.

Diagnosis of microsporidiosis typically involves detecting the parasites in stool or tissue samples using specialized staining techniques (e.g., chromotrope stains) or molecular methods (e.g., PCR). Treatment usually includes antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole, which has activity against many microsporidian species. In severe cases or when the infection involves multiple organs, additional supportive care and management of underlying immunodeficiencies may be necessary.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Isosporiasis is a gastrointestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Isospora belli. It is characterized by watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and fever. The infection is typically spread through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, are at an increased risk for severe and chronic infections. Diagnosis is made through identification of the parasite's oocysts in stool samples. Treatment typically involves the use of antiprotozoal medications such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).

Camptothecin is a topoisomerase I inhibitor, which is a type of chemotherapeutic agent used in cancer treatment. It works by interfering with the function of an enzyme called topoisomerase I, which helps to uncoil DNA during cell division. By inhibiting this enzyme, camptothecin prevents the cancer cells from dividing and growing, ultimately leading to their death.

Camptothecin is found naturally in the bark and stem of the Camptotheca acuminata tree, also known as the "happy tree," which is native to China. It was first isolated in 1966 and has since been developed into several synthetic derivatives, including irinotecan and topotecan, which are used clinically to treat various types of cancer, such as colon, lung, and ovarian cancers.

Like other chemotherapeutic agents, camptothecin can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and myelosuppression (suppression of bone marrow function). It is important for patients receiving camptothecin-based therapies to be closely monitored by their healthcare team to manage these side effects effectively.

The intestines, also known as the bowel, are a part of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus. They are responsible for the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food, as well as the elimination of waste products. The intestines can be divided into two main sections: the small intestine and the large intestine.

The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that measures about 20 feet in length and is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase its surface area and enhance nutrient absorption. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is a wider tube that measures about 5 feet in length and is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food, forming stool, and eliminating waste products from the body. The large intestine includes several regions, including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.

Together, the intestines play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being by ensuring that the body receives the nutrients it needs to function properly.

Pestivirus infections refer to a group of diseases caused by viruses of the genus Pestivirus, which belongs to the family Flaviviridae. There are several different types of Pestiviruses, including bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and border disease virus (BDV).

These viruses can cause a range of clinical signs in animals, depending on the species infected, the age and immune status of the animal, and the strain of the virus. In general, Pestivirus infections can cause fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and various symptoms related to the respiratory, digestive, or reproductive systems.

For example, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 are important pathogens in cattle and can cause a variety of clinical signs, including respiratory disease, diarrhea, reproductive failure, and immunosuppression. CSFV is a highly contagious virus that affects pigs and can cause fever, loss of appetite, hemorrhages, and neurological symptoms. BDV infects sheep and goats and can cause abortion, stillbirth, and congenital defects in offspring.

Prevention and control measures for Pestivirus infections include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and testing and culling of infected animals.

Caliciviridae is a family of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that includes several important pathogens causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. The most well-known human calicivirus is norovirus, which is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide.

Calicivirus infections typically cause symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and fever. The infection is usually self-limiting and lasts for a few days, but in some cases, it can lead to dehydration, especially in young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.

Norovirus is highly contagious and can spread through close contact with an infected person, consumption of contaminated food or water, or touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth. Prevention measures include frequent handwashing, proper food handling and preparation, and cleaning and disinfection of contaminated surfaces.

There is no specific treatment for calicivirus infections, and antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. Treatment is generally supportive and includes hydration to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous fluid replacement and monitoring.

Intestinal diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the function or structure of the small intestine, large intestine (colon), or both. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. They can be caused by infections, inflammation, genetic disorders, or other factors. Some examples of intestinal diseases include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and intestinal infections. The specific medical definition may vary depending on the context and the specific condition being referred to.

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. The main symptoms of cholera are profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances, shock, and even death if left untreated. Cholera remains a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. The disease is preventable through proper food handling, safe water supplies, and improved sanitation, as well as vaccination for those at high risk.

Cyclospora is a single-celled parasite that causes an intestinal infection known as cyclosporiasis. The parasite is primarily transmitted through contaminated food or water. When ingested, Cyclospora infects the small intestine and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, bloating, nausea, and fatigue. In some cases, the infection may be asymptomatic. The treatment for cyclosporiasis typically involves antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra). It is important to note that Cyclospora should not be confused with other similar parasites like Cryptosporidium or Giardia.

Campylobacter infections are illnesses caused by the bacterium *Campylobacter jejuni* or other species of the genus *Campylobacter*. These bacteria are commonly found in the intestines of animals, particularly birds, and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals.

The most common symptom of Campylobacter infection is diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe and may be bloody. Other symptoms may include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. The illness usually lasts about a week, but in some cases, it can lead to serious complications such as bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream), meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.

Campylobacter infections are typically treated with antibiotics, but in mild cases, they may resolve on their own without treatment. Prevention measures include cooking meat thoroughly, washing hands and surfaces that come into contact with raw meat, avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and untreated water, and handling pets, particularly birds and reptiles, with care.

Dehydration is a condition that occurs when your body loses more fluids than it takes in. It's normal to lose water throughout the day through activities like breathing, sweating, and urinating; however, if you don't replenish this lost fluid, your body can become dehydrated.

Mild to moderate dehydration can cause symptoms such as:
- Dry mouth
- Fatigue or weakness
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Headache
- Dark colored urine
- Muscle cramps

Severe dehydration can lead to more serious health problems, including heat injury, urinary and kidney problems, seizures, and even hypovolemic shock, a life-threatening condition that occurs when your blood volume is too low.

Dehydration can be caused by various factors such as illness (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting), excessive sweating, high fever, burns, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. It's essential to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, especially during hot weather, exercise, or when you're ill.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Probiotics are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." They are often referred to as "good" or "friendly" bacteria because they help keep your gut healthy. Probiotics are naturally found in certain foods such as fermented foods like yogurt, sauerkraut, and some cheeses, or they can be taken as dietary supplements.

The most common groups of probiotics are lactic acid bacteria (like Lactobacillus) and bifidobacteria. They can help restore the balance of bacteria in your gut when it's been disrupted by things like illness, medication (such as antibiotics), or poor diet. Probiotics have been studied for their potential benefits in a variety of health conditions, including digestive issues, skin conditions, and even mental health disorders, although more research is needed to fully understand their effects and optimal uses.

The intestinal mucosa is the innermost layer of the intestines, which comes into direct contact with digested food and microbes. It is a specialized epithelial tissue that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption, barrier function, and immune defense. The intestinal mucosa is composed of several cell types, including absorptive enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages.

The surface of the intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are joined together by tight junctions to form a protective barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms. This barrier also allows for the selective absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa also contains numerous lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches, which are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.

In addition to its role in absorption and immunity, the intestinal mucosa is also capable of producing hormones that regulate digestion and metabolism. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and food allergies.

Serotyping is a laboratory technique used to classify microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the specific antigens or proteins present on their surface. It involves treating the microorganism with different types of antibodies and observing which ones bind to its surface. Each distinct set of antigens corresponds to a specific serotype, allowing for precise identification and characterization of the microorganism. This technique is particularly useful in epidemiology, vaccine development, and infection control.

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs from the mouth to the anus, responsible for food digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. These diseases can affect any part of the GI tract, causing various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Common gastrointestinal diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
2. Peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac disease - an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticular disease - a condition that affects the colon, causing diverticula (small pouches) to form and potentially become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
8. Diarrhea - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by loose, watery stools and frequent bowel movements.
9. Food intolerances and allergies - adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms.
10. Gastrointestinal infections - caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can lead to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.

A "Drug Administration Schedule" refers to the plan for when and how a medication should be given to a patient. It includes details such as the dose, frequency (how often it should be taken), route (how it should be administered, such as orally, intravenously, etc.), and duration (how long it should be taken) of the medication. This schedule is often created and prescribed by healthcare professionals, such as doctors or pharmacists, to ensure that the medication is taken safely and effectively. It may also include instructions for missed doses or changes in the dosage.

Microscopic colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by chronic inflammation of the colon (large intestine) that can only be seen under a microscope. It is called "microscopic" because the inflammation is not visible to the naked eye during endoscopic examination of the colon.

There are two main types of microscopic colitis: collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. Both types are more common in older adults, particularly women, and can cause chronic watery diarrhea that may be accompanied by abdominal cramps, bloating, and nausea.

In collagenous colitis, there is thickening of the collagen band (a layer of tissue) beneath the lining of the colon. In lymphocytic colitis, there is an increase in the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the lining of the colon.

The exact cause of microscopic colitis is not known, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune factors. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms, such as anti-diarrheal agents, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive drugs. In some cases, dietary modifications or elimination of certain foods may also help alleviate symptoms.

Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is often referred to as the "stomach flu" or "winter vomiting bug." Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. It can spread easily through contaminated food or water, contact with an infected person, or touching contaminated surfaces. Norovirus outbreaks are common in closed settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, schools, and cruise ships. The virus is hardy and can survive for weeks on surfaces, making it difficult to eliminate. It is also resistant to many disinfectants. There is no specific treatment for norovirus infection other than managing symptoms and staying hydrated. Vaccines are under development but not yet available.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Giardiasis is a digestive infection caused by the microscopic parasite Giardia intestinalis, also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia duodenalis. The parasite is found worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water.

The infection typically occurs after ingesting contaminated water, food, or surfaces that have been exposed to fecal matter containing the cyst form of the parasite. Once inside the body, the cysts transform into trophozoites, which attach to the lining of the small intestine and cause symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, dehydration, and greasy stools that may float due to excess fat.

In some cases, giardiasis can lead to lactose intolerance and malabsorption of nutrients, resulting in weight loss and vitamin deficiencies. The infection is usually diagnosed through a stool sample test and treated with antibiotics such as metronidazole or tinidazole. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding contaminated water and food, and washing hands regularly.

Cyclosporiasis is a gastrointestinal infection caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. It is typically acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water. The main symptoms include profuse, watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and fatigue. In some cases, there may also be vomiting, weight loss, and fever. Symptoms can appear anytime from two days to two weeks after exposure and can last for several weeks or longer if not treated. The recommended treatment for cyclosporiasis is typically a course of antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra).

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Protozoan infections are diseases caused by microscopic, single-celled organisms known as protozoa. These parasites can enter the human body through contaminated food, water, or contact with an infected person or animal. Once inside the body, they can multiply and cause a range of symptoms depending on the type of protozoan and where it infects in the body. Some common protozoan infections include malaria, giardiasis, amoebiasis, and toxoplasmosis. Symptoms can vary widely but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, and skin rashes. Treatment typically involves the use of antiprotozoal medications to kill the parasites and alleviate symptoms.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

The small intestine is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine (cecum). It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. The small intestine is divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

1. Duodenum: This is the shortest and widest part of the small intestine, approximately 10 inches long. It receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach and begins the process of further digestion with the help of various enzymes and bile from the liver and pancreas.
2. Jejunum: The jejunum is the middle section, which measures about 8 feet in length. It has a large surface area due to the presence of circular folds (plicae circulares), finger-like projections called villi, and microvilli on the surface of the absorptive cells (enterocytes). These structures increase the intestinal surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water.
3. Ileum: The ileum is the longest and final section of the small intestine, spanning about 12 feet. It continues the absorption process, mainly of vitamin B12, bile salts, and any remaining nutrients. At the end of the ileum, there is a valve called the ileocecal valve that prevents backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine.

The primary function of the small intestine is to absorb the majority of nutrients, electrolytes, and water from ingested food. The mucosal lining of the small intestine contains numerous goblet cells that secrete mucus, which protects the epithelial surface and facilitates the movement of chyme through peristalsis. Additionally, the small intestine hosts a diverse community of microbiota, which contributes to various physiological functions, including digestion, immunity, and protection against pathogens.

Bacterial adhesion is the initial and crucial step in the process of bacterial colonization, where bacteria attach themselves to a surface or tissue. This process involves specific interactions between bacterial adhesins (proteins, fimbriae, or pili) and host receptors (glycoproteins, glycolipids, or extracellular matrix components). The attachment can be either reversible or irreversible, depending on the strength of interaction. Bacterial adhesion is a significant factor in initiating biofilm formation, which can lead to various infectious diseases and medical device-associated infections.

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The colon, also known as the large intestine, is a part of the digestive system in humans and other vertebrates. It is an organ that eliminates waste from the body and is located between the small intestine and the rectum. The main function of the colon is to absorb water and electrolytes from digested food, forming and storing feces until they are eliminated through the anus.

The colon is divided into several regions, including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus. The walls of the colon contain a layer of muscle that helps to move waste material through the organ by a process called peristalsis.

The inner surface of the colon is lined with mucous membrane, which secretes mucus to lubricate the passage of feces. The colon also contains a large population of bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, which play an important role in digestion and immunity.

A germ-free life refers to an existence in which an individual is not exposed to or colonized by any harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. This condition is also known as "sterile" or "aseptic." In a medical context, achieving a germ-free state is often the goal in certain controlled environments, such as operating rooms, laboratories, and intensive care units, where the risk of infection must be minimized. However, it is not possible to maintain a completely germ-free life outside of these settings, as microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment and are an essential part of the human microbiome. Instead, maintaining good hygiene practices and a healthy immune system is crucial for preventing illness and promoting overall health.

Rotavirus vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration among infants and young children worldwide. These vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of the rotavirus, a pathogen that infects and causes symptoms by multiplying inside cells lining the small intestine.

The weakened or inactivated virus in the vaccine stimulates an immune response in the body, enabling it to recognize and fight off future rotavirus infections more effectively. The vaccines are usually administered orally, as a liquid droplet or on a sugar cube, to mimic natural infection through the gastrointestinal tract.

There are currently two licensed rotavirus vaccines available globally:

1. Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline): This vaccine contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of human rotavirus and is given in a two-dose series, typically at 2 and 4 months of age.
2. RotaTeq (Merck): This vaccine contains five reassortant viruses, combining human and animal strains to provide broader protection. It is administered in a three-dose series, usually at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.

Rotavirus vaccines have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and related hospitalizations among infants and young children. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination in national immunization programs, particularly in countries with high child mortality rates due to diarrheal diseases.

"Giardia lamblia," also known as "Giardia duodenalis" or "Giardia intestinalis," is a species of microscopic parasitic protozoan that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine of various vertebrates, including humans. It is the most common cause of human giardiasis, a diarrheal disease. The trophozoite (feeding form) of Giardia lamblia has a distinctive tear-drop shape and possesses flagella for locomotion. It attaches to the intestinal epithelium, disrupting the normal function of the small intestine and leading to various gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and dehydration. Giardia lamblia is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water.

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Parasitic intestinal diseases are disorders caused by microscopic parasites that invade the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the small intestine. These parasites include protozoa (single-celled organisms) and helminths (parasitic worms). The most common protozoan parasites that cause intestinal disease are Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Entamoeba histolytica. Common helminthic parasites include roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), tapeworms (Taenia saginata and Taenia solium), hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis).

Parasitic intestinal diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss. The severity and duration of the symptoms depend on the type of parasite, the number of organisms present, and the immune status of the host.

Transmission of these parasites can occur through various routes, including contaminated food and water, person-to-person contact, and contact with contaminated soil or feces. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, washing hands thoroughly after using the toilet and before handling food, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or seafood.

Treatment of parasitic intestinal diseases typically involves the use of antiparasitic medications that target the specific parasite causing the infection. In some cases, supportive care such as fluid replacement and symptom management may also be necessary.

Colostrum is the first type of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals (including humans) after giving birth. It is a yellowish, sticky fluid that contains a higher concentration of nutrients, antibodies, and immune-boosting components compared to mature milk. Colostrum provides essential protection and nourishment for newborns during their most vulnerable period, helping them establish a healthy immune system and promoting optimal growth and development. It is rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals, and growth factors that support the baby's gut health, brain development, and overall well-being. In humans, colostrum is usually produced in small quantities during the first few days after delivery, and its consumption by newborns is crucial for setting a strong foundation for their health.

'Escherichia coli (E. coli) proteins' refer to the various types of proteins that are produced and expressed by the bacterium Escherichia coli. These proteins play a critical role in the growth, development, and survival of the organism. They are involved in various cellular processes such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, translation, repair, and regulation.

E. coli is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobe that is commonly found in the intestines of warm-blooded organisms. It is widely used as a model organism in scientific research due to its well-studied genetics, rapid growth, and ability to be easily manipulated in the laboratory. As a result, many E. coli proteins have been identified, characterized, and studied in great detail.

Some examples of E. coli proteins include enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism such as lactase, sucrase, and maltose; proteins involved in DNA replication such as the polymerases, single-stranded binding proteins, and helicases; proteins involved in transcription such as RNA polymerase and sigma factors; proteins involved in translation such as ribosomal proteins, tRNAs, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases; and regulatory proteins such as global regulators, two-component systems, and transcription factors.

Understanding the structure, function, and regulation of E. coli proteins is essential for understanding the basic biology of this important organism, as well as for developing new strategies for combating bacterial infections and improving industrial processes involving bacteria.

Torovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Coronaviridae. It is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that primarily infects the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract of various animals, including humans. In humans, torovirus infection can cause gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and is highly contagious. Torovirus infections are more common in young children and immunocompromised individuals.

Malabsorption syndromes refer to a group of disorders in which the small intestine is unable to properly absorb nutrients from food, leading to various gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms. This can result from a variety of underlying conditions, including:

1. Mucosal damage: Conditions such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or bacterial overgrowth that cause damage to the lining of the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.
2. Pancreatic insufficiency: A lack of digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas can lead to poor breakdown and absorption of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Examples include chronic pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis.
3. Bile acid deficiency: Insufficient bile acids, which are necessary for fat emulsification and absorption, can result in steatorrhea (fatty stools) and malabsorption. This may occur due to liver dysfunction, gallbladder removal, or ileal resection.
4. Motility disorders: Abnormalities in small intestine motility can affect nutrient absorption, as seen in conditions like gastroparesis, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, or scleroderma.
5. Structural abnormalities: Congenital or acquired structural defects of the small intestine, such as short bowel syndrome, may lead to malabsorption.
6. Infections: Certain bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can cause transient malabsorption by damaging the intestinal mucosa or altering gut flora.

Symptoms of malabsorption syndromes may include diarrhea, steatorrhea, bloating, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, radiologic imaging, and sometimes endoscopic procedures to identify the underlying cause. Treatment is focused on addressing the specific etiology and providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Vomiting is defined in medical terms as the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. It is a violent, involuntary act that is usually accompanied by strong contractions of the abdominal muscles and retching. The body's vomiting reflex is typically triggered when the brain receives signals from the digestive system that something is amiss.

There are many potential causes of vomiting, including gastrointestinal infections, food poisoning, motion sickness, pregnancy, alcohol consumption, and certain medications or medical conditions. In some cases, vomiting can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as a brain injury, concussion, or chemical imbalance in the body.

Vomiting is generally not considered a serious medical emergency on its own, but it can lead to dehydration and other complications if left untreated. If vomiting persists for an extended period of time, or if it is accompanied by other concerning symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, fever, or difficulty breathing, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

The ileum is the third and final segment of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum (the beginning of the large intestine). It plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, particularly for vitamin B12 and bile salts. The ileum is characterized by its thin, lined walls and the presence of Peyer's patches, which are part of the immune system and help surveil for pathogens.

Caliciviridae is a family of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that primarily infect animals, including humans. In humans, Caliciviridae causes gastroenteritis, commonly known as stomach flu, and is responsible for a significant portion of foodborne illnesses worldwide. The name "Caliciviridae" comes from the Latin word "calyx," meaning "cup," which refers to the cup-shaped depressions on the surface of some members of this virus family.

There are five genera within Caliciviridae that infect humans: Norovirus, Sapovirus, Lagovirus, Vesivirus, and Nebovirus. Among these, Norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases.

Caliciviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses that range from 27 to 40 nanometers in diameter. They have a simple structure, consisting of a single protein shell (capsid) that encloses the RNA genome. The capsid proteins of Caliciviridae are organized into two major domains: the shell domain and the protruding domain. The protruding domain contains binding sites for host cell receptors and is responsible for eliciting an immune response in the host.

Caliciviruses are highly contagious and can be transmitted through various routes, including fecal-oral transmission, ingestion of contaminated food or water, and direct contact with infected individuals or surfaces. They are resistant to many common disinfectants and can survive for extended periods on environmental surfaces, making them difficult to eliminate from healthcare settings and other high-touch areas.

In addition to their medical importance, Caliciviridae also has significance in veterinary medicine, as several members of this family infect animals such as cats, dogs, pigs, and rabbits, causing a range of clinical symptoms from gastroenteritis to respiratory illnesses.

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as pneumonia. The name "coronavirus" comes from the Latin word "corona," which means crown or halo, reflecting the distinctive appearance of the virus particles under electron microscopy, which have a crown-like structure due to the presence of spike proteins on their surface.

Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and humans. Some coronaviruses are endemic in certain animal populations and occasionally jump to humans, causing outbreaks of new diseases. This is what happened with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2003, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and the most recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Coronavirus infections typically cause respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and fever. In severe cases, they can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even death, especially in older adults or people with underlying medical conditions. Other symptoms may include fatigue, muscle aches, headache, sore throat, and gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Preventive measures for coronavirus infections include frequent hand washing, wearing face masks, practicing social distancing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. There are currently vaccines available to prevent COVID-19, which have been shown to be highly effective in preventing severe illness, hospitalization, and death from the disease.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Torovirus infections refer to illnesses caused by toroviruses, which are a type of viruses that can infect humans and animals. These viruses primarily cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. Torovirus infections are most commonly seen in children and the elderly, and they can also affect immunocompromised individuals more severely.

Transmission of toroviruses typically occurs through the fecal-oral route, either by direct contact with an infected person or by ingesting contaminated food or water. The virus can also be spread through respiratory droplets, although this is less common.

Diagnosis of torovirus infections is usually made based on clinical symptoms and laboratory tests that detect the presence of the virus in stool samples. Treatment is generally supportive and includes hydration to replace lost fluids due to diarrhea and vomiting. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, to reduce the risk of transmission.

"Vibrio cholerae" is a species of gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria that is the causative agent of cholera, a diarrheal disease. It can be found in aquatic environments, such as estuaries and coastal waters, and can sometimes be present in raw or undercooked seafood. The bacterium produces a toxin called cholera toxin, which causes the profuse, watery diarrhea that is characteristic of cholera. In severe cases, cholera can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated with oral rehydration therapy or intravenous fluids.

Coccidia are a group of single-celled, microscopic parasites that belong to the phylum Apicomplexa. They are obligate intracellular parasites, which means they need to infect and live inside the cells of a host organism to survive and multiply. Coccidia are primarily found in animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish, but some species can also infect humans.

Coccidia are known to cause coccidiosis, a common intestinal disease that affects various animal species, including poultry, cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and pets such as cats and dogs. The disease is characterized by diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and sometimes death, particularly in young animals.

In humans, coccidia infection is usually caused by the species Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora. These parasites can infect the small intestine and cause watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and weight loss. In immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those undergoing chemotherapy, coccidia infections can be severe and life-threatening.

Coccidia are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, either by ingesting contaminated food or water or by direct contact with infected animals or their feces. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after handling animals or using the restroom, avoiding drinking untreated water from sources that may be contaminated with animal feces, and practicing safe food handling and preparation.

'Aeromonas' is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. Some species of Aeromonas can cause various types of infections in humans, including gastrointestinal illnesses, wound infections, and septicemia. These bacteria are often associated with water exposure or contaminated food, and they can infect individuals with weakened immune systems.

The most common species that cause human infections are Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas veronii. Symptoms of infection may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and skin or soft tissue infections. In severe cases, Aeromonas infections can lead to sepsis, meningitis, or endocarditis.

It's important to note that while Aeromonas infections can be serious, they are relatively rare and typically only affect individuals with compromised immune systems. Proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and avoiding contaminated food and water, can help prevent the spread of these bacteria.

Fluorouracil is a antineoplastic medication, which means it is used to treat cancer. It is a type of chemotherapy drug known as an antimetabolite. Fluorouracil works by interfering with the growth of cancer cells and ultimately killing them. It is often used to treat colon, esophageal, stomach, and breast cancers, as well as skin conditions such as actinic keratosis and superficial basal cell carcinoma. Fluorouracil may be given by injection or applied directly to the skin in the form of a cream.

It is important to note that fluorouracil can have serious side effects, including suppression of bone marrow function, mouth sores, stomach and intestinal ulcers, and nerve damage. It should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

Amebic dysentery is a type of dysentery caused by the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It is characterized by severe diarrhea containing blood and mucus, abdominal pain, and cramping. The infection is typically acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Once inside the body, the parasites invade the intestinal lining, causing damage and leading to the symptoms of dysentery. In severe cases, the parasites can spread to other organs such as the liver, lungs, or brain, causing more serious infections. Amebic dysentery is treated with medications that kill the parasites, such as metronidazole or tinidazole. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene and sanitation, including proper handwashing and safe food handling practices.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are a type of bacteria that can cause diarrheal illness in humans, particularly in children under the age of 2. These bacteria colonize and infect the small intestine, causing inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining. This results in a variety of symptoms, including watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and fever.

EPEC are characterized by their ability to form attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on intestinal cells. These lesions cause the cells to reorganize and form a structure called a pedestal, which helps the bacteria attach to the cell surface and evade the host's immune system. EPEC also produce toxins that can damage the intestinal lining and contribute to the development of diarrhea.

EPEC are transmitted through contaminated food and water, as well as person-to-person contact. They are a common cause of traveler's diarrhea and have been associated with outbreaks in child care centers and other settings where people are in close proximity to each other. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and proper food handling and preparation, as well as avoiding contaminated food and water sources.

Enterocytozoon is a genus of microsporidian parasites that are known to infect a variety of animals, including humans. The most well-known species in this genus is Enterocytozoon bieneusi, which is a common cause of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS.

Enterocytozoon species infect the host by invading intestinal epithelial cells, specifically enterocytes, hence the name "enterocytozoon." Once inside the host cell, they replicate and can cause damage to the cell, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting.

Transmission of Enterocytozoon species typically occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water, although sexual contact and mother-to-child transmission have also been reported. Diagnosis is usually made by detecting the parasite's DNA in stool samples using molecular techniques such as PCR. Treatment options for Enterocytozoon infections are limited, but antimicrobial drugs such as albendazole and fumagillin have shown some efficacy in reducing symptoms and clearing the infection.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Lymphocytic colitis is a type of microscopic colitis, which is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the large intestine (colon). In lymphocytic colitis, there is an increased number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the lining of the colon. This inflammation can cause symptoms such as chronic watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and urgency. The exact cause of lymphocytic colitis is not known, but it is thought to be related to an immune response to an environmental trigger in genetically susceptible individuals. It is more common in women than men and typically affects people over the age of 40. Treatment may include medications such as anti-diarrheal agents, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressive drugs. In some cases, dietary modifications or elimination of certain foods from the diet may also be helpful in managing symptoms.

Antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols refer to a treatment plan for cancer that involves the use of more than one antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drug given in a specific sequence and schedule. The combination of drugs is used because they may work better together to destroy cancer cells compared to using a single agent alone. This approach can also help to reduce the likelihood of cancer cells becoming resistant to the treatment.

The choice of drugs, dose, duration, and frequency are determined by various factors such as the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and potential side effects. Combination chemotherapy protocols can be used in various settings, including as a primary treatment, adjuvant therapy (given after surgery or radiation to kill any remaining cancer cells), neoadjuvant therapy (given before surgery or radiation to shrink the tumor), or palliative care (to alleviate symptoms and prolong survival).

It is important to note that while combined chemotherapy protocols can be effective in treating certain types of cancer, they can also cause significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. Therefore, patients undergoing such treatment should be closely monitored and managed by a healthcare team experienced in administering chemotherapy.

Coccidiosis is a parasitic infection caused by protozoa of the Eimeria genus, which typically affects the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. The infection occurs when a person or animal ingests oocysts (the infective stage of the parasite) through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with infected feces.

In humans, coccidiosis is most commonly found in children living in poor sanitary conditions and in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy. The infection can cause watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. In severe cases, it may lead to dehydration, weight loss, and even death in individuals with compromised immune systems.

In animals, particularly in poultry, swine, and ruminants, coccidiosis can cause significant economic losses due to decreased growth rates, poor feed conversion, and increased mortality. Preventive measures include improving sanitation, reducing overcrowding, and administering anticoccidial drugs or vaccines.

Sanitation is the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human feces and urine, and the cleaning of homes, workplaces, streets, and other spaces where people live and work. This includes the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal or reuse of human waste, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions in these areas to prevent the spread of diseases.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines sanitation as "the use of toilets or latrines that safely dispose of human waste, as well as the safe management of human waste at the household, community, and national levels." Sanitation is an essential component of public health and is critical for preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and polio.

Poor sanitation can have serious consequences for individuals and communities, including increased risk of disease and death, decreased productivity, reduced economic growth, and negative impacts on social and mental well-being. Providing access to safe sanitation is a key target of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a goal to ensure that everyone has access to adequate and equitable sanitation by 2030.

"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.

The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.

In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.

Colitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the inner lining of the colon or large intestine. The condition can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and urgency to have a bowel movement. Colitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), microscopic colitis, ischemic colitis, and radiation therapy. The specific symptoms and treatment options for colitis may vary depending on the underlying cause.

Collagenous colitis is a type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon. It is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of collagen, a protein that provides structure to the body's tissues, beneath the lining of the colon. This can cause symptoms such as chronic watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloating. The exact cause of collagenous colitis is not known, but it may be associated with autoimmune disorders or the use of certain medications. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own, while in others, treatment with medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

I am not aware of any medical definition for the term "Egypt." Egypt is a country located in the northeastern corner of Africa, known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It is home to various ancient artifacts and monuments, including the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx.

If you have any specific medical or health-related questions related to Egypt, such as information about diseases prevalent in the country or healthcare practices there, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

New World camelids are a family of mammals (Camelidae) that are native to South America. The family includes four species: the llama (Lama glama), the alpaca (Vicugna pacos), the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), and the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna). These animals are characterized by their long necks, long legs, and a pad on their chest instead of a true knee joint. They are known for their ability to survive in harsh environments with limited water and food resources.

'Campylobacter' is a genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tracts of animals, including birds and mammals. These bacteria are a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness worldwide, with Campylobacter jejuni being the most frequently identified species associated with human infection.

Campylobacter infection, also known as campylobacteriosis, typically causes symptoms such as diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. The infection is usually acquired through the consumption of contaminated food or water, particularly undercooked poultry, raw milk, and contaminated produce. It can also be transmitted through contact with infected animals or their feces.

While most cases of campylobacteriosis are self-limiting and resolve within a week without specific treatment, severe or prolonged infections may require antibiotic therapy. In rare cases, Campylobacter infection can lead to serious complications such as bacteremia (bacterial bloodstream infection), meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.

Preventive measures include proper food handling and cooking techniques, thorough handwashing, and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods.

The Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) is a term used in medical research, particularly in clinical trials of new drugs or treatments. It refers to the highest dose of a medication or treatment that can be given without causing unacceptable or severe side effects or toxicity to the patient.

Determining the MTD is an important step in developing new medications, as it helps researchers establish a safe and effective dosage range for future use. This process typically involves gradually increasing the dose in a group of subjects (often healthy volunteers in early phase trials) until intolerable side effects occur, at which point the previous dose is considered the MTD.

It's important to note that the MTD may vary between individuals and populations, depending on factors such as age, sex, genetic makeup, and overall health status. Therefore, individualized dosing strategies may be necessary to ensure safe and effective treatment with new medications.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

"Suckling animals" refers to young mammals that are in the process of nursing from their mother's teats or nipples, typically for the purpose of obtaining milk and nutrition. This behavior is instinctual in newborn mammals and helps to establish a strong bond between the mother and offspring, as well as providing essential nutrients for growth and development.

The duration of suckling can vary widely among different species, ranging from just a few days or weeks in some animals to several months or even years in others. In many cases, suckling also helps to stimulate milk production in the mother, ensuring an adequate supply of milk for her offspring.

Examples of suckling animals include newborn humans, as well as young mammals such as puppies, kittens, piglets, lambs, calves, and fawns, among others.

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a species of coronavirus that infects cattle and other animals such as yaks, deer, and occasionally humans. It is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae.

BCoV primarily causes respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, resulting in symptoms such as pneumonia, coughing, diarrhea, and decreased appetite. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their feces, contaminated food, water, or fomites.

In humans, BCoV infection is rare but has been associated with respiratory illnesses in people working closely with cattle, such as farmers, abattoir workers, and veterinarians. The symptoms of human BCoV infection are similar to those caused by other coronaviruses, including fever, cough, and shortness of breath.

Prevention measures for BCoV include good hygiene practices, wearing personal protective equipment when working with cattle, and vaccination of animals against the virus. There is currently no specific treatment or vaccine available for human BCoV infection.

The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and the ileum. It is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption that occurs in the small intestine, particularly carbohydrates, proteins, and some fats. The jejunum is characterized by its smooth muscle structure, which allows it to contract and mix food with digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients through its extensive network of finger-like projections called villi.

The jejunum is also lined with microvilli, which further increase the surface area available for absorption. Additionally, the jejunum contains numerous lymphatic vessels called lacteals, which help to absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins into the bloodstream. Overall, the jejunum plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food.

Parasitic diseases are infections or illnesses caused by parasites, which are organisms that live and feed on host organisms, often causing harm. Parasites can be protozoans (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), or ectoparasites (ticks, mites, fleas). These diseases can affect various body systems and cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of parasite and the location of infection. They are typically spread through contaminated food or water, insect vectors, or direct contact with an infected host or contaminated environment. Examples of parasitic diseases include malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, ascariasis, and leishmaniasis.

Zinc sulfate is not a medical condition, but a chemical compound. It is often used in medical and health contexts as a dietary supplement or for the treatment of certain medical conditions.

Medical Definition:
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is an inorganic salt of zinc with sulfuric acid, available in several hydrated forms. It is a white or colorless crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. In medical applications, it is used as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat zinc deficiency, and for the treatment of certain conditions such as Wilson's disease, which involves copper overload, and acrodermatitis enteropathica, a rare inherited disorder of zinc metabolism. Zinc sulfate may also be used topically in ointments or eye drops to aid wound healing and treat various eye conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "water supply" is not a medical term per se. It is a general term used to describe the system or arrangement providing water for consumption or use, such as a public water supply system or a private well. However, in a medical context, it could refer to the source of water used in a healthcare facility for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and patient care, which must meet certain quality standards to prevent infection and ensure safety.

Microsporidia are a group of small, spore-forming, obligate intracellular parasites that were once considered to be primitive protozoans but are now classified within the fungi. They are characterized by a unique infection mechanism called "polysporous invasion," where a single spore can infect multiple host cells and produce numerous progeny spores.

Microsporidia infect a wide range of hosts, including insects, fish, birds, and mammals, including humans. In humans, microsporidiosis is an opportunistic infection that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, and those undergoing chemotherapy.

The most common Microsporidia species that infect humans are Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis, which can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Other species can infect various organs, including the eyes, muscles, and respiratory system, causing a range of clinical manifestations.

Microsporidia have a complex life cycle that involves several developmental stages, including spores, meronts, and sporonts. The spores are highly resistant to environmental stresses and can survive for long periods outside the host, facilitating their transmission. Once inside the host cell, the spore releases its infectious contents, including a coiled tubular structure called the polar filament, which penetrates the host cell membrane and injects the parasite's genetic material into the host cytoplasm. The parasite then undergoes rapid multiplication, eventually producing numerous progeny spores that are released into the environment upon host cell lysis.

Microsporidia have been identified as potential bioterrorism agents due to their high infectivity, environmental resistance, and ability to cause severe disease in immunocompromised hosts. However, there are currently no effective vaccines or specific antimicrobial therapies available for microsporidiosis, and treatment is mainly supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and improving immune function.

The three types of diarrhea are: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea ( ... Acute diarrhea that is watery may be known as AWD (Acute Watery Diarrhoea.) Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase ... Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea or diarrhœa in British English, is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or ... Children who have lowered levels of zinc have a greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea ...
DiarrheaPlanet.com Diarrhea Planet at AllMusic Diarrhea Planet interview (Pages using the EasyTimeline extension, Use mdy dates ... "A Hitchhiker's Guide To Diarrhea Planet". Buzzfeed.com. Retrieved March 8, 2016. "Q&A: Diarrhea Planet On The Nashville Scene, ... "Diarrhea Planet Bio". Diarrheaplanet.blogpsot.com. Retrieved April 30, 2014. Selinger, Julia. "Diarrhea Planet Dig the Not- ... On April 11, Diarrhea Planet released their follow-up single "Let It Out" along with a preorder of the upcoming album. On July ...
The reduced incidence of diarrhea in cyclists would indicate the latter. Diet is often cited as a common cause of diarrhea in ... As with all forms of diarrhea, replacement of fluids and electrolytes is advisable. Methods to prevent runner's diarrhea will ... Runner's diarrhea, also known as runner's colitis or runner's trots is a condition that often affects distance runners ... ISBN 0-87322-959-2. "Runner's Diarrhea: How To Soothe Your System And Get Back To Running". 13 January 2021. Retrieved 7 ...
... is a sudden-onset watery, explosive diarrhea that lasts for months and does not respond to antibiotics; the ... CDC information on Brainerd Diarrhea (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Diarrhea, ... Brainerd diarrhea was first described in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1983. It has been associated with the consumption of raw milk ... 1989). "Chronic diarrhea associated with drinking untreated". Ann Intern Med. 110 (12): 985-91. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-110-12- ...
Diarrhea types: Bovine virus diarrhea Brainerd diarrhea Infectious diarrhea Runner's diarrhea Traveler's diarrhea Diarrhea also ... "Diarrhea", a song by Da Yoopers from their album Yoop It Up Diarrhea medicine, another name for Milk of Magnesia Diarrhea (MTV ... refers to: Diarrhea Planet, a rock band Live Fast, Diarrhea, album by The Vandals Diarrhea of a Madman, album by Dave Brockie ... Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, refers to liquid bowel movements. ...
... is a condition in which a person deliberately produces diarrhea, most commonly by surreptitious laxative ... Factitious diarrhea is most often seen in people of high socioeconomic status and many are employed in the medical field. ... Melanosis coli is a frequent find in long-standing factitious diarrhea. It demonstrates hyperpigmentation of the colon with ... Articles needing additional references from August 2016, All articles needing additional references, Diarrhea, Factitious ...
Wilderness diarrhea, also called wilderness-acquired diarrhea (WAD) or backcountry diarrhea, refers to diarrhea among ... Pathogens commonly implicated in travelers' diarrhea appear in the table in this section. A subtype of travelers' diarrhea ... They should be avoided in patients with fever, bloody diarrhea, and possible inflammatory diarrhea. Adverse reactions may ... Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Travellers' diarrhea. "Travelers' Diarrhea". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ( ...
"Live Fast Diarrhea - The Vandals". Nitro Records. Retrieved January 4, 2017. Live Fast Diarrhea - The Vandals - Nitro Records ( ... Live Fast, Diarrhea is the fourth studio album by the southern California punk rock band The Vandals, released in 1995 by Nitro ... "Live Fast, Diarrhea - The Vandals". AllMusic. Retrieved January 4, 2017. " ... Diarrhea" plays. According to the band the idea to include their music came from X-Files creator Chris Carter, who was a ...
The incidence of diarrhea may be as high as 74% on adventure trips. ...Wilderness diarrhea is not caused solely by waterborne ... Infectious diarrhea may last longer than an average of two days; certain forms of non-infectious diarrhea, caused by diet ... Diarrhea acquired in the wilderness or other remote areas is typically a form of infectious diarrhea, itself classified as a ... Wilderness-acquired diarrhea is a variety of traveler's diarrhea in which backpackers and other outdoor enthusiasts are ...
... (BVD), bovine viral diarrhoea (UK English) or mucosal disease, previously referred to as bovine virus ... 2014). "Bovine Viral Diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis". Veterinary Journal. 199 (2): 201-9. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024 ... The causative agent, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), is a member of the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. BVD ... Schaut, Robert G.; McGill, Jodi L.; Neill, John D.; Ridpath, Julia F.; Sacco, Randy E. (2015-10-02). "Bovine viral diarrhea ...
Chronic diarrhoea starting from early neonatal period. Failure to thrive is usually accompanying diarrhea. CCD causes ... An important feature in this diarrhea that helps in the diagnosis, is that it is the only type of diarrhea that causes ... Congenital chloride diarrhea". The American Journal of Physiology. 276 (1 Pt 1): G7-G13. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.1.G7. PMID ... Congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD, also congenital chloridorrhea or Darrow Gamble syndrome) is a genetic disorder due to an ...
Surawicz, C. M. (2008). "Role of Probiotics in Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea, Clostridium difficile-associated Diarrhea, and ... Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotics. Microbiotal ... Doron, S. I.; Hibberd, P. L.; Gorbach, S. L. (2008). "Probiotics for Prevention of Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea". Journal of ... Clostridium difficile, also known more commonly as C. diff, accounts for 10 to 20% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases, ...
... is a form of diarrhea which occurs in 10% of people after a truncal vagotomy, which can range from ... Surgical treatment for refractory post-vagotomy diarrhea is rarely needed and at least one year from the occurrence of symptoms ... However, the occurrence of post-vagotomy diarrhea is significantly reduced after proximal selective vagotomy, specifically when ...
"Diarrhea of a Madman". Amazon. 2001. Diarrhea of a Madman on Metal Blade Records' website v t e (Articles with short ... Diarrhea of a Madman is the debut album by the band Dave Brockie Experience. It was released in 2001 by Metal Blade Records. ...
Thus, diarrhea can be categorized into secretory diarrhea, an excess of secretion, or osmotic diarrhea which is a lack of ... Diarrhea is separated into three clinical categories; acute diarrhea may last multiple hours or days, acute bloody diarrhea, ... Chronic diarrhea (alternate spelling: diarrhoea) of infancy, also called toddler's diarrhea, is a common condition typically ... Congenital chloride diarrhea, a lifelong condition caused by a genetic mutation that leads to diarrhea with a high ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. New Variants of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, China ... causing porcine epidemic diarrhoea, a condition of severe diarrhea and dehydration. Older hogs mostly get sick and lose weight ... 2014 World Pork Expo Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Status List, from the U.S. National Pork Board Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ... Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED virus or PEDV) is a coronavirus that infects the cells lining the small intestine of a pig ...
... (SADS-CoV) is a coronavirus related to Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2. It is ... Yang, Yong-Le; Yu, Jia-Qi; Huang, Yao-Wei (2020-05-16). "Swine enteric alphacoronavirus (swine acute diarrhea syndrome ...
Porcine epidemic diarrhea is a condition caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus that leads to severe gastrointestinal ... Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea expert reviewed and published by WikiVet accessed 09/10/2011. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea - Merck ... The primary signs are a watery diarrhea and mild systemic signs such as pyrexia, anorexia and lethargy. Diagnosis is via ...
"Diarrhea". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 3 October 2021. "Diarrhoeal disease Factsheet". World Health ... "fatty diarrhea" caused by excess fat in stools, or an oily anal leakage) Keriorrhea (orange oily anal leakage caused by high ... encopresis and incontinence of liquid stool elements Diarrhea There are many different types of rectal discharge, but the most ... hematochezia rectal pain and diarrhea or constipation. Lymphogranuloma venereum can cause fistulas, strictures and anorectal ...
... diarrhea; difficult, burning, or painful urination; difficulty with breathing; difficulty with speaking up to inability to ...
At higher therapeutic doses, headache, diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, erectile dysfunction, anxiety, insomnia, irritability, ... diarrhea, and sometimes panic attacks, as well as depressive symptoms once the drug had worn off. At very high doses (e.g., 240 ... diarrhea; constipation; abnormal echocardiogram; fatigue or lack of energy; ataxia (lack of coordination), balance disorder, ... diarrhea, constipation, abnormal echocardiogram, fatigue, malaise, asthenia, ataxia, balance disorder, gait disturbance, ...
... diarrhea; abnormal spiny red blood cells (acanthocytosis); and fatty, foul-smelling stools (steatorrhea). The stool may contain ...
... diarrhea; fever; decreased appetite; and pneumonia. Polatuzumab vedotin was approved for medical use in the United States in ...
... diarrhea; sore throat; and being unable to concentrate." In another study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and the ...
The inhibition of absorption of sodium and water by the small intestine results in a secretory component of diarrhea. Yantiss, ... "Diarrhea". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 22 July 2021. "Gastrinoma - Digestive Disorders". Merck Manuals ... They are characterized by gastric hypersecretion that results in peptic ulcers and diarrhea; this condition is known as ... causing severe fatty diarrhea known as steatorrhea. Evenly the long-standing hyper-secretion of gastrin stimulate proliferation ...
... diarrhea; constipation; dizziness; indigestion; gas; nausea; and ringing in the ears. In October 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug ...
... diarrhea; dizziness; or balance problems. Many people with hypochondriasis accompanied by medically unexplained symptoms feel ...
Gastrointestinal: Nausea and vomiting; anorexia; epigastric distress; diarrhea; peculiar taste; stomatitis; abdominal cramps; ...
In From April 1880 into 1881, he was joint civil surgeon at Simla, where he reported an outbreak of "Hill diarrhoea". He would ... Gracey, Michael (1991). Diarrhea. CRC Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-8493-8819-4. Divekar, Vasumathi M. (2018). "2. Anaesthesia ... Crombie, A. (May 1892). "The Treatment of Hill Diarrhœa". The Indian Medical Gazette. 27 (5): 129-132. ISSN 0019-5863. PMC ...
"Traveler's Diarrhea". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February ... Norovirus infection is characterized by nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. A ... Infection is characterized by non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Fever or headaches may also occur. Symptoms ... The principal symptom is acute gastroenteritis, characterized by nausea, forceful vomiting, watery diarrhea, and abdominal pain ...
Brainerd diarrhea is a syndrome of acute onset watery diarrhea lasting 4 weeks or longer. ... What is Brainerd diarrhea?. Brainerd diarrhea is a syndrome of acute onset of watery diarrhea (3 or more loose stools per day) ... How can Brainerd diarrhea be treated?. There is no known curative treatment for Brainerd diarrhea. A variety of antimicrobial ... Brainerd diarrhea should be suspected in any patient who presents with the acute onset of nonbloody diarrhea lasting for more ...
Diarrhea can range from mild to severe and can be dangerous in children. Find out what you can do to treat symptoms and when to ... Can diarrhea be prevented?. Two types of diarrhea can be prevented - rotavirus diarrhea and travelers diarrhea. There are ... Diarrhea lasting more than a few days may be a sign of a more serious problem. Chronic diarrhea -- diarrhea that lasts at least ... What is diarrhea?. Diarrhea is loose, watery stools (bowel movements). You have diarrhea if you have loose stools three or more ...
The three types of diarrhea are: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea ( ... Acute diarrhea that is watery may be known as AWD (Acute Watery Diarrhoea.) Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase ... Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea or diarrhœa in British English, is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or ... Children who have lowered levels of zinc have a greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea ...
Wilderness diarrhea, also called wilderness-acquired diarrhea (WAD) or backcountry diarrhea, refers to diarrhea among ... Wilderness diarrhea[edit]. Main article: Wilderness acquired diarrhea. ... A subtype of travelers diarrhea afflicting hikers and campers, sometimes known as wilderness diarrhea, may have a somewhat ... "Travelers Diarrhea". CDC. Retrieved 19 November 2018.. *^ Sanders JW, Frenck RW, Putnam SD, et al. (August 2007). " ...
People can get travelers diarrhea when they visit places where the water is not clean or the food is not handled safely. This ... People can get travelers diarrhea when they visit places where the water is not clean or the food is not handled safely. This ... Travelers diarrhea causes loose, watery stools. People can get travelers diarrhea when they visit places where the water is ... Travelers diarrhea. wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/travelers-diarrhea. Updated May 3, 2023. Accessed November 28, 2023. ...
Drug-induced diarrhea is loose, watery stools that occurs when you take certain medicines. ... Drug-induced diarrhea is loose, watery stools that occurs when you take certain medicines. ... Nearly all medicines may cause diarrhea as a side effect. The drugs listed below, however, are more likely to cause diarrhea. ... Laxatives are meant to cause diarrhea.. *They work either by drawing water into the gut or by causing the muscles of the ...
Learn some ways to treat travelers diarrhea. *Drink lots of fluids. If you get diarrhea, drink lots of fluids to stay hydrated ... If severe diarrhea develops soon after you return from your trip, see a doctor and ask for stool tests so you can find out ... Travelers diarrhea is the most common travel-related illness. It can occur anywhere, but the highest-risk destinations are in ... You can take steps to avoid travelers diarrhea. *Choose food and drinks carefully. Eat only foods that are cooked and served ...
Acute diarrhea is defined as the abrupt onset of 3 or more loose stools per day. The augmented water content in the stools ( ... induced diarrhea and Shigella -induced diarrhea. Thus, the term acute diarrhea is preferable to acute gastroenteritis. ... Mortality from acute diarrhea is overall globally declining but remains high. Most estimates have diarrhea as the second cause ... In these settings, malnutrition is an important additional risk factor for diarrhea, and recurrent episodes of diarrhea lead to ...
Sometimes a person may experience alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea. Learn more about the symptoms, causes, and ... Chronic diarrhea, or having diarrhea for 4 or more weeks. , has the following causes:. *infections that do not go away quickly ... Meanwhile, diarrhea involves passing loose, watery stools at least three times a day. About 179 million cases. of diarrhea ... What may cause alternating constipation and diarrhea?. Medically reviewed by Cynthia Taylor Chavoustie, MPAS, PA-C - By Rachel ...
... most cases of diarrhea that lead patients to seek medical advice are actually false alarms. ... Chronic Diarrhea: Could Cancer Be the Culprit? After ruling out false diarrhea, clinicians should be vigilant for warning signs ... Mechanisms of Chronic Diarrhea Chronic diarrhea can result from different mechanisms, such as motility disorders related to ... Identifying False Diarrhea Practitioners must first distinguish between genuine and false diarrhea, with the latter presenting ...
... diarrhea and its causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment. ... What is travelers diarrhea?. Travelers diarrhea is often used ... Of course, antibiotics work only for bacterial causes of travelers diarrhea. Know that even bacterial travelers diarrhea ... Travelers diarrhea may also be caused by viruses, such as norovirus, which is in the news a lot because of how quickly it can ... For mild diarrhea, if you do not have an antibiotic or are just looking for temporary relief, it is fine to take these drugs ...
Nearly everybody gets diarrhea every once in a while, and its usually caused by gastrointestinal infections. Its nothing to ... What Is Diarrhea?. Diarrhea is frequent, soft or loose bowel movements (poop). Most people get diarrhea from time to time. It ... What Causes Diarrhea?. Diarrhea is usually caused by an infection in the intestines. The germs that cause the infection are:. * ... How Can Diarrhea Be Prevented?. Its almost impossible to prevent all cases diarrhea. But there are some ways to make it less ...
Diarrhea is when your stools are loose and watery. You may also need to go to the bathroom more often. ... Some infections such as parasites can cause chronic diarrhea.. What causes diarrhea?. Diarrhea may be caused by many things, ... Diarrhea may be either:. *Short-term (acute). Diarrhea that lasts 1 or 2 days and goes away. This may be caused by having food ... Living with diarrhea. In most cases diarrhea is a short-term problem. Often it only lasts for a few days. Be sure to take ...
Because diarrhea can cause many problems, including dehydration, loss of important nutrients, weight loss, and fatigue, it ... This hand-out answers questions about and offers tips for managing diarrhea. ... Diarrhea is the passage of loose or watery stools three or more times a day that may or may not cause pain or discomfort in the ... What can I do to prevent or lessen diarrhea?. You can change your diet to help manage diarrhea. You can:. *Eat bland and easy ...
Because diarrhea can cause many problems, including dehydration, loss of important nutrients, weight loss, and fatigue, it ... This hand-out answers questions about and offers tips for managing diarrhea. ... Diarrhea is the passage of loose or watery stools three or more times a day that may or may not cause pain or discomfort in the ... What can I do to prevent or lessen diarrhea?. You can change your diet to help manage diarrhea. You can:. *Eat bland and easy ...
Find diarrhea relief for kids coupons and weekly deals. Pickup & Same Day Delivery available on most store items. ... Childrens Strength Soothing Diarrhea Relief For Kids Ages 1 Year & Up Vanilla. - 0.25 oz x 3 pack ... DiaResQ Childrens Strength Soothing Diarrhea Relief For Kids Ages 1 Year & Up Vanilla. (. 0.25 oz ) ... DiaResQ Childrens Strength Soothing Diarrhea Relief For Kids Ages 1 Year & Up Vanilla. ...
If youre experiencing diarrhea after drinking Slimfast, it may be due to the milk. Fat-free milk is the primary ingredient in ... Sugar Substitutes and Diarrhea To help control calories, Slimfast contains two sugar substitutes: sucralose and acesulfame ... Bloating, diarrhea and gas are the common symptoms of lactose intolerance, which only a doctor can diagnose. ... If your Slimfast-related diarrhea was an isolated event, it may have been due to contamination with a bacterium. In 2009, ...
... coli bacteria and lead to infection and severe diarrhea. Heres how to protect yourself. ... Yes, an E. coli infection is contagious for at least as long as the person has diarrhea, and sometimes longer. ... This can lead to bad stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea (often with blood in it). When that happens, people can get ... Infections due to E. coli (Escherichia coli) bacteria can cause severe, bloody diarrhea. Sometimes they also cause urinary ...
Symptoms and signs of Diarrhea, Hot Flashes And Nausea Or Vomiting and their most common related conditions. ... Diarrhea, Hot Flashes And Nausea Or Vomiting. *Medical Author: Dan Brennan, MD ... If you are experiencing signs of dehydration from not drinking enough fluids or from excessive vomiting/diarrhea, you should ... The most common signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The most common cause ...
... has recently been discovered in human stool and more specifically linked with pediatric diarrhea. ... Newly identified virus may cause pediatric diarrhea. Date:. October 18, 2010. Source:. American Society for Microbiology. ... "Newly identified virus may cause pediatric diarrhea." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2010. /. 10. /. ... "Newly identified virus may cause pediatric diarrhea." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 18 October 2010. ,www.sciencedaily.com. /. ...
Colonoscopy, Upper endoscopy, Inflammatory bowel disease, Diarrhea, Short bowel syndrome, Failure to thrive ...
... Article Translations: (Spanish) (Hmong). What is diarrhea?. Diarrhea is a sudden increase in the number and looseness ... Viral diarrhea often lasts 5 to 9 days but diarrhea stools should be less frequent and smaller in size with treatment. ... How can I prevent the spread of diarrhea?. Diarrhea spreads to others very easily by contact with the hands. Make sure everyone ... If the diarrhea is caused by a bacteria, parasite, or specific virus, see the education sheet, "Diarrhea reference chart." ...
Children with uncontrolled diarrhea improve faster when a plant extract is combined with oral rehydration. ... The research was performed in the aftermath of a hurricane, and the diarrhea was likely related to Escherichia coli in ... The current study was conducted in a community clinic in Nicaragua, and patients had uncontrolled diarrhea in the previous 48 ... Cite this: Green Tea and Pomegranate Extract Help Fight Diarrhea in Children - Medscape - Oct 23, 2014. ...
Fortunately, most puppy diarrhea clears up rather easily. Puppy Diarrhea. Diarrhea occurs when there is too much water content ... Puppy Diarrhea Caused by Viruses. There are many different viruses that can effect puppies and cause diarrhea. Puppies are ... Puppy Diarrhea Caused by Parasites. The most common cause of puppy diarrhea is probably parasites, especially roundworms. ... There are many reasons for which puppy diarrhea can occur. It is very important to resolve the puppy diarrhea quickly as ...
Acute diarrhea is defined as the abrupt onset of 3 or more loose stools per day. The augmented water content in the stools ( ... encoded search term (Diarrhea) and Diarrhea What to Read Next on Medscape ... Diarrhea Treatment & Management. Updated: Jan 31, 2020 * Author: Stefano Guandalini, MD, AGAF; Chief Editor: Carmen Cuffari, MD ... Risk Factors for Diarrhea-Associated Infant Mortality in the United States, 2005-2007. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Mar 9. [QxMD ...
supports using ginger to treat diarrhea as well as other abdominal issues. Ginger is believed to cure diarrhea that is caused ... Ginger has been successfully used to prevent diarrhea in pigs. Diarrhea in pigs is often caused by bacterial infections, which ... Usually, diarrhea will only last for a few days. Ginger can help to soothe your stomach during this time so that your recovery ... An animal study from 2007 found that ginger is an effective treatment for diarrhea caused by E. coli. Ginger works by blocking ...
... - published on openPR.com ... Carcinoid Syndrome Diarrhea Treatment Market Size, Status and Forecast To Carcinoid Syndrome Diarrhea Treatment Market The ... Carcinoid Syndrome Diarrhea Treatment Market - Increasing prevalence of rare car … Carcinoid Syndrome Diarrhea Treatment Market ... You can edit or delete your press release Carcinoid Syndrome Diarrhea Treatment Market here. Delete press release. Edit press ...
Diarrhea may be fatal for puppies, due to severe dehydration. Signs of Diarrhea. Diarrhea is easily recognizable. You notice a ... Causes of Dog Diarrhea. Diarrhea and loose stools in dogs are caused by a number of common diseases and parasites, including: * ... If you see that the diarrhea persists for several days or you notice blood in the feces, the dog should be taken to the vet. ... Even if Tylan is used to treat diarrhea, it may cause gastrointestinal problems in rare cases. Keep your dog hydrated during ...
Diarrhea. GUIDE TO INFECTION CONTROL IN THE HEALTHCARE SETTING. DIARRHEA. Authors: Made Sutjita MD, PhD; H.L. DuPont, MD. ... KNOWN FACTS ABOUT DIARRHEA. *Definitions of diarrhea vary but generally include the passage of liquid or watery stools, three ... Nosocomial diarrhea or diarrhea of non-infectious origin, such as that caused by cathartics, tube feeding, inflammatory bowel ... difficile is the most commonly identified cause of nosocomial diarrhea. Since 1996, rates of C. difficile associated diarrhea ( ...
Should you race to the vet if your kitten has diarrhea? Dr. Jamie Case gives possible causes and what to do. ... Kitten Diarrhea FAQs. What can I feed a kitten with diarrhea? Kittens with diarrhea may benefit from a temporary bland diet ... What to Do if Your Kitten Has Diarrhea In most cases, a single bout of diarrhea, or diarrhea with a clear cause, like stress or ... Treating Kitten Diarrhea Diarrhea in kittens is dangerous because it can quickly lead to dehydration. In mild cases of diarrhea ...
  • Diarrhea can cause dehydration , which means that your body does not have enough fluid to work properly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diarrhea is treated by replacing lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dehydration is a serious side effect of diarrhea. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Diarrhea can result in dehydration and can be uncomfortable. (oncolink.org)
  • If you are experiencing signs of dehydration from not drinking enough fluids or from excessive vomiting / diarrhea , you should contact your doctor for advice. (medicinenet.com)
  • The goal of treatment is to prevent dehydration by giving liquids to replace fluids that are lost in the diarrhea. (childrensmn.org)
  • It is very important to resolve the puppy diarrhea quickly as dehydration and other problems can occur. (vetinfo.com)
  • The report also includes information on assessment of dehydration and what steps should be taken to adequately treat acute diarrhea. (medscape.com)
  • Diarrhea may be fatal for puppies, due to severe dehydration. (vetinfo.com)
  • Call your doctor if you have any signs of dehydration from your diarrhea, such as fatigue, lightheadedness or dizziness. (livestrong.com)
  • However, severe diarrhea (greater than 10 bowel movements a day or diarrhea where fluid losses are significantly greater than oral intake) can cause dehydration, which can be life-threatening if untreated. (mayoclinic.org)
  • This newly discovered compound decreases the formation of ever-present cellular messenger molecules, cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate, caused by various bacterial toxins and might prevent or attenuate the intestinal fluid secretion, diarrhea, and dehydration," said Dr. Murad, the senior author of the research paper that appears in the June 16 online edition of PNAS . (genengnews.com)
  • In addition to these unpleasant symptoms, traveller's diarrhea poses a risk of dehydration. (uniprix.com)
  • Your pharmacist can also give you information on over-the-counter drugs to treat symptoms of traveller's diarrhea or prevent dehydration. (uniprix.com)
  • Most people who die from diarrhoea actually die from severe dehydration and fluid loss. (who.int)
  • Our model indicates that the prevention of one case of dehydration results in savings of Int$16.81, accounting for approximately 11 times of the primary treatment cost of one case of diarrhea in the community -based management program for diarrhea in Burundi . (bvsalud.org)
  • Evidence from this study provides useful information to support health interventions aimed at prevention of diarrhea and dehydration related to diarrhea in Burundi . (bvsalud.org)
  • Care should be taken to exclude other causes of chronic diarrhea, both infectious and noninfectious (e.g., lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis, tumors, drug reactions). (cdc.gov)
  • There have been no known cases of a person developing a chronic condition after the acute onset of Brainerd diarrhea or of a person relapsing once the illness has resolved completely. (cdc.gov)
  • Chronic diarrhea -- diarrhea that lasts at least four weeks -- can be a symptom of a chronic disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chronic diarrhea symptoms may be continual, or they may come and go. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have chronic diarrhea, your health care provider may perform other tests to look for signs of disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • chronic or persistent diarrhea is defined as an episode that lasts longer than 14 days. (medscape.com)
  • He said that doctors need to understand the characteristics of chronic diarrhea and adapt its management accordingly. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic diarrhea can result from different mechanisms, such as motility disorders related to accelerated intestinal transit, malabsorption, osmotic diarrhea, and secretory diarrhea, which are often interlinked. (medscape.com)
  • The first question to consider, said Hammoudi, is whether the chronic diarrhea is associated with a lesion. (medscape.com)
  • Obvious causes of chronic diarrhea should be prioritized in the management plan. (medscape.com)
  • Bathing in and drinking water from contaminated streams or lakes can lead to an infection and chronic diarrhea. (kidshealth.org)
  • Some infections such as parasites can cause chronic diarrhea. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Tylan is known as an antibiotic that belongs to the macrolide class, but it's better known as treatment for colitis and chronic diarrhea. (vetinfo.com)
  • It may cause chronic diarrhea that can range from watery to bloody, with or without mucus). (petmd.com)
  • How do doctors treat chronic diarrhea in children? (nih.gov)
  • How doctors treat chronic diarrhea in children depends on the cause. (nih.gov)
  • Doctors may be able to reduce or stop chronic diarrhea by treating the cause. (nih.gov)
  • Others, such as Cryptosporidium , cause limited diarrhea in people without HIV, but may be chronic in people with HIV. (healthline.com)
  • But it's also important to remember that chronic diarrhea can be dangerous and should be treated as soon as possible. (healthline.com)
  • Chronic diarrhea, which is reoccurring and lasts for long periods of time may be caused by an intestinal disease or a functional bowel disorder. (livestrong.com)
  • The major subject of our research is chronic diarrhea, which is important for several reasons. (usda.gov)
  • Laxative misuse and abuse can cause acute and chronic diarrhea. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Diarrhea that has been present for more than 4 weeks may be a lingering case of acute diarrhea or the early stage of a disorder that causes chronic diarrhea. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If a virus or bacteria is the cause of your diarrhea, you may also have a fever, chills, and bloody stools. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Antibiotics, while rarely used, may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacteria, parasites, and other substances in the water and food can cause traveler's diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To prevent diarrhea due to antibiotic use, talk to your health care provider about taking supplements containing healthy bacteria (probiotics) and/or eating yogurt. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Infection is the most important cause of travelers' diarrhea and most is caused by bacteria. (webmd.com)
  • Almost 90% of travelers' diarrhea cases are caused by bacteria. (webmd.com)
  • Sometimes, diarrhea caused by bacteria is treated with antibiotics to prevent the infection from spreading throughout the body. (kidshealth.org)
  • This test checks for any abnormal bacteria in your digestive tract that may cause diarrhea and other problems. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Infections due to E. coli ( Escherichia coli ) bacteria can cause severe, bloody diarrhea . (kidshealth.org)
  • If the diarrhea is caused by a bacteria, parasite, or specific virus, see the education sheet, "Diarrhea reference chart. (childrensmn.org)
  • Ginger works by blocking the toxic bacteria that causes diarrhea and preventing fluid from accumulating in the intestines. (healthline.com)
  • Sugars that pass into the colon may disrupt the already sensitive bacteria there, worsening diarrhea. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The compound, a pyridopyrimidine derivative, targets acute secretory diarrhea caused by E. coli and other enterotoxigenic strains of bacteria, which produce toxins that stimulate the linings of the intestines, causing them to secrete excessive fluid, thereby producing diarrhea. (genengnews.com)
  • Traveller's diarrhea is a temporary (usually 1 to 5 days) gastrointestinal infection caused by bacteria, viruses or, in rare cases, parasites. (uniprix.com)
  • Brainerd diarrhea is a syndrome of acute onset of watery diarrhea (3 or more loose stools per day) lasting 4 weeks or longer, which can occur in outbreaks or as sporadic cases. (cdc.gov)
  • Diarrhea is loose, watery stools (bowel movements). (medlineplus.gov)
  • You have diarrhea if you have loose stools three or more times in one day. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diarrhea is defined by the World Health Organization as having three or more loose or liquid stools per day, or as having more stools than is normal for that person. (wikipedia.org)
  • Blood or mucus in the diarrhea, significant abdominal pain, or high fever suggests a more serious cause, such as cholera , characterized by a rapid onset of weakness and torrents of watery diarrhea with flecks of mucus (described as "rice water" stools). (wikipedia.org)
  • Traveler's diarrhea causes loose, watery stools. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Drug-induced diarrhea is loose, watery stools that occurs when you take certain medicines. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Meanwhile, diarrhea involves passing loose, watery stools at least three times a day. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Diarrhea is defined as the passage of frequent stools (more than three a day), soft to liquid in consistency, and a daily weight exceeding 300 g. (medscape.com)
  • Travelers' diarrhea is often used as a generic term for any illnesses ranging from an upset tummy to loose stools during or after travel. (webmd.com)
  • Diarrhea is when your stools are loose and watery. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Diarrhea is when you have loose or watery stools three or more times a day. (oncolink.org)
  • Diarrhea is a sudden increase in the number and looseness of stools (bowel movements). (childrensmn.org)
  • One or two loose stools is not diarrhea, and no treatment is needed. (childrensmn.org)
  • Viral diarrhea often lasts 5 to 9 days but diarrhea stools should be less frequent and smaller in size with treatment. (childrensmn.org)
  • Definitions of diarrhea vary but generally include the passage of liquid or watery stools, three or more times per day. (isid.org)
  • Bulking up on extra fiber can also help solidify loose stools and perhaps reduce your diarrhea symptoms . (everydayhealth.com)
  • Although some individuals notice loose stools after they drink coffee, there is no valid medical correlation between coffee and diarrhea. (nchc.org)
  • Diarrhoea is the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day, or more frequently than is normal for the individual. (who.int)
  • According to the DHS, the term(s) used for diarrhoea should encompass the expressions used for all forms of diarrhoea, including bloody stools (consistent with dysentery), watery stools, etc. (who.int)
  • Patients typically experience 10-20 episodes per day of explosive, watery diarrhea, characterized by urgency and often by fecal incontinence. (cdc.gov)
  • The three types of diarrhea are: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea (lasting more than two weeks, which can be either watery or bloody). (wikipedia.org)
  • The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to cholera, although this is rare in the developed world. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cryptosporidium often causes watery diarrhea that can last for 2 weeks or more. (kidshealth.org)
  • It may range from a mild case with one or two incidents to a more severe case with multiple, frequent episodes of watery diarrhea. (petmd.com)
  • In kittens under 2 weeks of age, you may see sudden bouts of watery diarrhea along with vomiting , lethargy , weakness, or sepsis. (petmd.com)
  • Brainerd diarrhea should be suspected in any patient who presents with the acute onset of nonbloody diarrhea lasting for more than 4 weeks, and for whom stool cultures and examinations for ova and parasites have been negative. (cdc.gov)
  • In some cases, your provider may provide a prescription for an antibiotic to be taken if you develop severe diarrhea, especially if it is accompanied by fevers or if there is blood in the stool. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If severe diarrhea develops soon after you return from your trip, see a doctor and ask for stool tests so you can find out which antibiotic will work for you. (cdc.gov)
  • A soft stool passed once a day is not diarrhea," he said. (medscape.com)
  • Diarrhea can be caused by an infection or due to a medication you are receiving and your stool will need to be tested before you take any medication to stop the diarrhea. (oncolink.org)
  • Klassevirus, a new member of the picornavirus family, has recently been discovered in human stool and more specifically linked with pediatric diarrhea. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Diarrhea occurs when there is too much water content in the stool and is the rapid movement of digested matter in the intestines. (vetinfo.com)
  • Diarrhea can cause an increase in the amount of stool, a higher frequency of bowel movements and loose stool. (vetinfo.com)
  • If possible, take a sample of the stool with you, as the doctor can run diagnostic tests on the diarrhea. (vetinfo.com)
  • High-fibre foods increase the amount of water in your stool, which will cause more diarrhea, not less. (wikihow.com)
  • While recovering from diarrhea , a person can choose to eat bland, simple foods that are easy to digest and help absorb some water from the stool. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • By Dr. Sherry Weaver Diarrhea is the frequent and repetitive passage of loose, watery stool. (cesarsway.com)
  • Diarrhea occurs when not enough water is removed from the stool, making the stool loose and poorly formed. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rapid passage (transit) of stool is a common cause of diarrhea. (msdmanuals.com)
  • [3] [4] Antibiotics are recommended for significant or persistent symptoms, and can be taken with loperamide to decrease diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most people do not need to take antibiotics every day to prevent diarrhea while traveling. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Antibiotics also can produce diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your doctor may give you antibiotics to treat travelers' diarrhea, but consider using them only for severe cases. (cdc.gov)
  • And some people are given prophylactic antibiotics , which are very effective in preventing travelers' diarrhea, but the problem there is we don't feel very good about prescribing antibiotics for a number of reasons for someone if they don't need them. (webmd.com)
  • There are issues such as side effects, or of diarrhea caused by the antibiotics themselves, and increased antibiotic resistance in the normal organisms we harbor in our bodies. (webmd.com)
  • Certain antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and azithromycin, can be prescribed by your doctor or pharmacist to treat traveller's diarrhea. (uniprix.com)
  • Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea is a major concern for all patients receiving antibiotics, and can lead to serious complications and extend the hospitalization time," says Dr Pavel Hamet M.D., Ph.D., CSPQ, FRCP(C), specialist at Hotel-Dieu Hospital in Montreal, and chairman of the scientific advisory committee. (disabled-world.com)
  • People who visit developing countries are at risk for traveler's diarrhea . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Two types of diarrhea can be prevented - rotavirus diarrhea and traveler's diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People can get traveler's diarrhea when they visit places where the water is not clean or the food is not handled safely. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This article tells you what you should eat or drink if you have traveler's diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You can lower your risk of getting traveler's diarrhea by avoiding water, ice, and food that may be contaminated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The goal of the traveler's diarrhea diet is to make your symptoms better and prevent you from getting dehydrated . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Traveler's diarrhea is rarely dangerous in adults. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There is no vaccine against traveler's diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Many people get traveler's diarrhea. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • 4 One well-known subtype, traveler's diarrhea, affects an estimated 10 million people yearly. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Several drugs, such as loperamide, can be bought over-the-counter to treat the symptoms of diarrhea. (cdc.gov)
  • What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Diarrhea? (kidshealth.org)
  • Some foods might help relieve the symptoms of diarrhea, whereas other foods can worsen them. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • People can manage the symptoms of diarrhea by resting, staying hydrated, and making certain dietary adjustments. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This can lead to bad stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea (often with blood in it). (kidshealth.org)
  • Diarrhea from a food allergy is often accompanied by other gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting or stomach cramps. (livestrong.com)
  • Yes, diarrhea during your period is common and often tied to menstrual cramps caused by prostaglandins, chemicals released during your period that allow the uterus (and also the intestines) to contract. (everydayhealth.com)
  • The exact reasons why diarrhea occurs during your period aren't fully understood, but it is quite common and often tied to menstrual cramps. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Prostaglandin-related cramps and diarrhea usually occur in the first three days of your menstrual period. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Moderate exercise can help alleviate cramps by improving blood flow - and what works on cramps may work on diarrhea, too. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Taking 2 tablets of Pepto-Bismol 4 times a day before you travel and while you are traveling can help prevent diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pepto-Bismol has been used for a number of years to prevent travelers' diarrhea. (webmd.com)
  • Medications like loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) can slow down diarrhea. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Try some agent that will slow [diarrhea] down," says Marrero, such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) . (everydayhealth.com)
  • PARIS - Most diarrhea that leads patients to seek medical advice is actually a false alarm, said gastroenterologist Nassim Hammoudi, MD, PhD, of the Lariboisière Hospital in Paris, during France's annual general medicine conference (JNMG 2023). (medscape.com)
  • It causes diarrhea and, often, nausea and vomiting. (kidshealth.org)
  • While the microorganism may not cause serious health problems, it can cause diarrhea, and in some cases nausea and vomiting. (livestrong.com)
  • Along with diarrhea, these medications can cause other side effects like nausea or abdominal pain. (healthline.com)
  • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) can cause diarrhea, along with bloating, nausea, and mild mood changes. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Diarrhea, as well as other gastrointestinal symptoms , such as bloating and nausea, may also occur during the week prior to your period. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Diarrhea is often accompanied by gas, cramping, an urgency to defecate, and, if the diarrhea is caused by an infectious organism or a toxic substance, nausea and vomiting. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secretory diarrhea / edited by Michael Field, John S. Fordtran, Stanley G. Schultz. (who.int)
  • Some people also get diarrhea after stomach surgery, because sometimes the surgeries can cause food to move through your digestive system more quickly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Alternating constipation and diarrhea may indicate a digestive tract disorder like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Many things can cause diarrhea and constipation and are often an indication of issues in the digestive tract. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The digestive byproducts of the sugar substitutes may sit in your colon, which triggers your colon to dilute the waste with water and leads to diarrhea. (livestrong.com)
  • High-fat foods speed up your digestive processes, which will just exacerbate your diarrhea issues. (wikihow.com)
  • Many foods can aggravate the digestive system and worsen diarrhea. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • People experiencing diarrhea should stick to bland foods, as these pose the lowest risk of agitating the digestive system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This may lead to diarrhea and other digestive issues. (healthline.com)
  • It is unnecessary to pinpoint the exact cause of acute diarrhea in most cases, as long as the diarrhea goes away on its own within two days, according to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. (livestrong.com)
  • https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/diarrhea. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Let's discuss how coffee interacts with the digestive system and explore the potential link to diarrhea. (nchc.org)
  • Individual sensitivity may make some individuals more prone to digestive distress, including diarrhea. (nchc.org)
  • Depending on the cause of the problem, you may need medicines to stop the diarrhea or treat an infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Travelers' diarrhea ( TD ) is a stomach and intestinal infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • What kinds of infection cause travelers' diarrhea? (webmd.com)
  • Diarrhea is usually caused by an infection in the intestines. (kidshealth.org)
  • Yes, an E. coli infection is contagious for at least as long as the person has diarrhea, and sometimes longer. (kidshealth.org)
  • Call your doctor if you have any symptoms of an E. coli infection, especially stomach pain or lasting, severe, or bloody diarrhea. (kidshealth.org)
  • Diarrhea is often caused by a viral infection or eating food that does not "agree" with the stomach (too spicy, too rich, or new foods). (childrensmn.org)
  • Surveillance, and initiation of prompt infection control management practices of diarrhea will reduce the morbidity and mortality rate. (isid.org)
  • Similar to FeLV, FIV often results in persistent diarrhea caused by bacterial, fungal or parasitic infection. (petmd.com)
  • In the past, diarrhea from HIV was more likely to be caused by this type of infection. (healthline.com)
  • But diarrhea that's not caused by intestinal infection has become more common. (healthline.com)
  • If there is an underlying infection causing diarrhea, a healthcare provider will work to treat it. (healthline.com)
  • Acute diarrhea is typically caused by a viral, bacterial or parasitic infection. (livestrong.com)
  • Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in children. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rotavirus can result in diarrhea in cats and kittens and it can be transmitted to humans, so be sure to wash your hands well when handling kittens with diarrhea and cleaning up after them. (petmd.com)
  • Baseline estimates of diarrhea-associated mortality among United States children before rotavirus vaccine introduction. (medscape.com)
  • Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use. (medscape.com)
  • Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. (wikipedia.org)
  • If diarrhea occurs in a febrile patient whose fever has other likely causes, the identification of pathogenic microorganisms is necessary to establish the diagnosis. (isid.org)
  • Although it is usually possible to manage occasional bouts of diarrhea at home, anyone experiencing persistent diarrhea should consult a doctor, as they may become dehydrated over time. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If you do become dehydrated, you might need to go to the hospital for intravenous (IV) fluids to replace those lost to diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. (kidshealth.org)
  • Diarrhea in a patient with unexpected fever should be considered as infectious gastroenteritis regardless of culture results. (isid.org)
  • Kittens suffering from salmonella may have bloody diarrhea with mucus, vomiting, decreased appetite, and a fever. (petmd.com)
  • Bloody diarrhea, or diarrhea with a fever, warrants an immediate call to a healthcare provider. (healthline.com)
  • Diarrhea that is accompanied by a fever, severe abdominal or rectum pain may also indicate a more severe problem and may require medical attention. (livestrong.com)
  • The two do not commonly occur together, but the alternating nature of constipation and diarrhea is a hallmark sign of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal (GI) disease characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and bowel movement changes , including constipation, diarrhea, or both. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents may be used to treat diarrhea caused by specific organisms and/or clinical circumstances. (medscape.com)
  • Can Ginger Treat Diarrhea? (healthline.com)
  • Eastern doctors have used ginger to treat diarrhea for thousands of years. (healthline.com)
  • Researchers are looking to find ways to treat diarrhea caused by intestinal pathogens. (healthline.com)
  • Research from 2015 supports using ginger to treat diarrhea as well as other abdominal issues. (healthline.com)
  • For most people, ginger is a safe and effective way to treat diarrhea. (healthline.com)
  • In 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved crofelemer to treat diarrhea caused by anti-HIV medications. (healthline.com)
  • Over-the-counter medications such as Imodium® can help relieve diarrhea by slowing down movement in the intestines. (uniprix.com)
  • Viral infections can also lead to diarrhea and gastrointestinal upset in kittens. (petmd.com)
  • Feline herpesvirus or feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) can also result in diarrhea in young kittens. (petmd.com)
  • Can medications prevent travelers' diarrhea? (webmd.com)
  • Diarrhea can often be treated using medications and by changing your diet. (oncolink.org)
  • However, your veterinarian may also prescribe anti-diarrhea medications, such as Flagyl. (vetinfo.com)
  • Scientists have worked to create medications to ease diarrhea. (healthline.com)
  • A long list of medications can induce diarrhea. (uspharmacist.com)
  • 1,6 When prescription medications are suspected to be causal, the pharmacist should suggest that the patient visit his or her practitioner for a reevaluation of the medication regimen, explaining that the diarrhea is troublesome. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Family pharmacists can prescribe* medications for certain minor health problems, when no diagnosis is needed , as is the case with traveller's diarrhea. (uniprix.com)
  • Children with diarrhea should be given oral rehydration solutions to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you get diarrhea, drink lots of fluids to stay hydrated. (cdc.gov)
  • Drinking ginger tea can help to rehydrate your body and replenish fluids that may be lost during a bout of diarrhea. (healthline.com)
  • Source: UNICEF Data presents Children with diarrhea who received oral rehydration and continued feeding refer to the percentage of children under age five with diarrhea in the two weeks prior to the survey who received either oral rehydration therapy or increased fluids, with continued feeding. (who.int)
  • In serious cases of travelers' diarrhea, oral rehydration solution-available online or in pharmacies in developing countries-can be used for fluid replacements. (cdc.gov)
  • Management is generally supportive: In most cases, the best option for treatment of acute-onset diarrhea is the early use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT). (medscape.com)
  • If the diarrhea is not improving or is watery, offer an oral rehydration solution (Pedialyte® or another brand) between feedings. (childrensmn.org)
  • SAN DIEGO - When an extract from tea leaves and pomegranate ( LifeDrops , LiveLeaf) is combined with a standard oral rehydration solution, children with diarrhea improved faster, according to a new study. (medscape.com)
  • The addition of zinc to oral rehydration solution has been proven effective in children with acute diarrhea in developing countries and is recommended by the WHO. (medscape.com)
  • Acute Diarrhea in Children: Oral Rehydration, Maint. (cdc.gov)
  • Oral rehydration solutions in non-cholera diarrhea: a review. (medscape.com)
  • Certain dietary habits can also exacerbate diarrhea, such as milk consumption in cases of lactose intolerance, or excessive sugar intake, which can lead to osmotic diarrhea. (medscape.com)
  • Bloating, diarrhea and gas are the common symptoms of lactose intolerance, which only a doctor can diagnose. (livestrong.com)
  • The classic food intolerance resulting in diarrhea is lactose intolerance. (uspharmacist.com)
  • In most cases, the problem will have been present for far more than the 48-hour self-use limit for nonprescription antidiarrheals, so their place in diarrhea due to lactose intolerance is questionable. (uspharmacist.com)
  • In this type of diarrhea intestinal fluid secretion is isotonic with plasma even during fasting. (wikipedia.org)
  • During preclinical tests, the compound was associated with a significant reduction in intestinal fluid secretion in an animal model of bacterial diarrhea. (genengnews.com)
  • Acute diarrhea is defined as an abnormally frequent discharge of semisolid or fluid fecal matter from the bowel, lasting less than 14 days, by World Gastroenterology Organization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diarrhea is frequent, soft or loose bowel movements (poop). (kidshealth.org)
  • Diarrhea is one of the most frequent side effects of antibiotic use. (disabled-world.com)
  • Diarrhea is frequent, loose, or watery bowel movements (BMs) that differ from a child's normal pattern. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1 Effect of fermented milk combining Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, CANJ Gastroenterology, Vol 21, No 11, November 2007, 732:736. (disabled-world.com)
  • Guandalini S. Probiotics for prevention and treatment of diarrhea. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, those on antacids, or who just have low stomach acid, often get travelers' diarrhea more easily. (webmd.com)
  • Diarrhea in pigs is often caused by bacterial infections, which is a problem for pork production. (healthline.com)
  • The research was performed in the aftermath of a hurricane, and the diarrhea was likely related to Escherichia coli in contaminated water supplies. (medscape.com)
  • An animal study from 2007 found that ginger is an effective treatment for diarrhea caused by E. coli . (healthline.com)
  • 2007). Ginger and its bioactive component inhibit enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-induced diarrhea in mice. (healthline.com)
  • In older kittens, E. coli typically manifests as a sudden onset of diarrhea with vomiting and decreased appetite . (petmd.com)
  • [4] The oral cholera vaccine , while effective for cholera , is of questionable use for travelers' diarrhea . (wikipedia.org)
  • Travelers' diarrhea is the most common travel-related illness. (cdc.gov)
  • What do we all need to know about travelers' diarrhea ? (webmd.com)
  • What is travelers' diarrhea? (webmd.com)
  • How can I prevent travelers' diarrhea? (webmd.com)
  • Some swear by probiotics like lactobacillus for preventing travelers' diarrhea. (webmd.com)
  • How can a change in diet trigger travelers' diarrhea? (webmd.com)
  • Who is most likely to get travelers' diarrhea? (webmd.com)
  • People who have underlying diseases of the gut, such as Crohn's disease or AIDS, may be more susceptible to certain types of organisms causing travelers' diarrhea. (webmd.com)
  • While this research looks extremely promising as a preventive or therapeutic intervention in Third World diarrheal disease and travelers' diarrhea, much work remains to be done to move into clinical trials and eventual therapeutic approval. (genengnews.com)
  • About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. (wikipedia.org)
  • [3] Occasionally bloody diarrhea may occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • About 179 million cases of diarrhea occur every year in the United States. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • There are many reasons for which puppy diarrhea can occur. (vetinfo.com)
  • Some of these symptoms, like diarrhea , may even occur because of treatment. (healthline.com)
  • This approach to the treatment of enterotoxigenic diarrhea works by interrupting the diarrhea-causing chain of events that occur when bacterial toxins enter the intestinal tract. (genengnews.com)
  • Seven outbreaks of Brainerd diarrhea have been reported since 1983. (cdc.gov)
  • Contaminated and inadequately chlorinated or unboiled water has been identified as a source of Brainerd diarrhea in several other outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • In developed countries like the United States, outbreaks of diarrhea are most often due to what we call food poisoning . (kidshealth.org)
  • On average, adults In the United States have acute diarrhea once a year. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In otherwise healthy adults, diarrhea is rarely serious or life-threatening, but it can make a trip very unpleasant. (cdc.gov)
  • In February 2017, Lexicon Pharmaceutical Inc., announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Xermelo (Telotristat etiprate) as the first and only orally administered therapy for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea in combination with somatostatin analog therapy (SSA) for adults. (openpr.com)
  • Diarrhea in Children Diarrhea is a very common problem in children (see also Diarrhea in adults). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diarrhea is a bowel movement that has a loose texture or is more liquid than solid. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • People with diarrhea need to drink plenty of water throughout the day, alongside an additional cup of water after every loose bowel movement. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Canadian Independent Medical Study Shows Bio-k+cl1285 Can Prevent Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea. (disabled-world.com)
  • The Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology November issue features a Canadian medical study1 showing that a daily intake of Bio-K+ CL1285 is a safe and effective means of preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in hospitalized patients, a growing problem that has become an important public health concern. (disabled-world.com)
  • Most often, antibiotic-associated diarrhea is fairly mild and clears up shortly after the patient stops taking the antibiotic. (disabled-world.com)
  • To see if you have diarrhea, your healthcare provider will give you a physical exam and ask about your past health. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Anyone taking an antiretroviral who experiences lasting diarrhea should contact their healthcare provider. (healthline.com)
  • If diarrhea remains a persistent problem while taking antiretroviral drugs, a healthcare provider may prescribe a different type of medication. (healthline.com)
  • Don't start taking any medication to stop diarrhea without first talking to a healthcare provider. (healthline.com)
  • Although most people have no problem tolerating these sweeteners, some may experience diarrhea, gas and bloating, according to Columbia Health. (livestrong.com)
  • At some point, most kittens will experience diarrhea. (petmd.com)
  • Some experience diarrhea after their morning brew. (nchc.org)
  • Usually, this is beneficial, but when the body is trying to recover from diarrhea, fiber may exacerbate symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Soluble fiber is a type of fiber found in some foods that absorbs fluid and can help relieve diarrhea. (oncolink.org)
  • Diarrhea is the most common GI symptom, according to the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center . (healthline.com)
  • diarrhea was a main symptom in patients with COVID-19. (nih.gov)
  • Of the 55 patients with diarrhea, 29 (52.7%) had at least one simultaneous gastrointestinal (GI) symptom other than diarrhea. (nih.gov)
  • Some sports drinks (Gatorade®) or broth replace minerals and electrolytes lost through diarrhea. (oncolink.org)
  • As well as water, the body loses minerals and electrolytes through diarrhea. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Women who often experience bouts of diarrhea during their period should prepare for what is about to come. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Diarrhea is the reversal of the normal net absorptive status of water and electrolyte absorption to secretion. (medscape.com)
  • We study the physiology of absorption/secretion, the pathophysiology of diarrhea and malabsorption, and we study patients with intractable diarrhea/malabsorption. (usda.gov)
  • After ruling out false diarrhea, clinicians should be vigilant for warning signs. (medscape.com)
  • Signs of Diarrhea in Dogs It is important to understand that diarrhea in dogs can take several forms. (cesarsway.com)
  • Diarrhea along with vomiting can be signs of serious intestinal obstruction that may even need surgery. (cesarsway.com)
  • Osmotic diarrhea can also result from maldigestion, e.g. pancreatic disease or coeliac disease, in which the nutrients are left in the lumen to pull in water. (wikipedia.org)
  • In healthy individuals, too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose can produce osmotic diarrhea and distention of the bowel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Undigested lactose also exerts an osmotic pull, causing water to be retained in the bowel in greater amounts than normal, leading to diarrhea. (uspharmacist.com)
  • How do people get Brainerd diarrhea? (cdc.gov)
  • People of all ages can get diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most people get diarrhea from time to time. (kidshealth.org)
  • People often get crampy belly pain first, followed by diarrhea that can last 3-5 days. (kidshealth.org)
  • Some people find it causes them to have diarrhea. (healthline.com)
  • People with diarrhea should also avoid artificial sweeteners, some of which can have a laxative effect. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Yes, coffee and diarrhea may be linked in some people. (nchc.org)
  • Ultimately, some people may feel this causes diarrhea. (nchc.org)
  • Approximately 20 to 50 percent of people who travel to Latin America experience the unpleasant symptoms of traveller's diarrhea, informally called "turista" or "Montezuma's revenge. (uniprix.com)
  • You generally develop traveller's diarrhea by coming into contact with infected people or by consuming contaminated food or water. (uniprix.com)
  • TEZPUR, March 25 � At least 53 people suffering from diarrhoea were admitted to Kanaklata Civil Hospital, sources said today. (assamtribune.com)
  • At particular risk are the very young, the very old, the debilitated, and people with very severe diarrhea. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There is no known curative treatment for Brainerd diarrhea. (cdc.gov)
  • Brainerd diarrhea usually resolves on its own or without specific medical treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • A survey of gastroenterologists suggested that many patients who are not associated with a recognized outbreak seek treatment for illness compatible with Brainerd diarrhea. (cdc.gov)
  • Increasing prevalence of the disease is in turn, increasing demand for carcinoid syndrome diarrhea treatment devices. (openpr.com)
  • This in turn is expected to fuel growth of the carcinoid syndrome diarrhea treatment market. (openpr.com)
  • However, low awareness and certain side effects associated with this therapy are expected to hinder growth of the carcinoid syndrome diarrhea treatment market. (openpr.com)
  • Tylan is also known as an effective drug in diarrhea treatment, as well as an anti-inflammatory medication. (vetinfo.com)
  • For toddler's diarrhea , treatment is usually not needed. (nih.gov)
  • Most cases of acute diarrhea go away without treatment. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Many cases of diarrhea are self-limiting, but others require treatment. (cesarsway.com)
  • A novel compound that might lead to an inexpensive, easy-to-take treatment for diarrhea has been discovered by scientists in the laboratory of Ferid Murad, M.D., Ph.D., at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. (genengnews.com)
  • If children have diarrhea, parents or caregivers should not hesitate to call a health care provider. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cite this: Green Tea and Pomegranate Extract Help Fight Diarrhea in Children - Medscape - Oct 23, 2014. (medscape.com)
  • Most children outgrow toddler's diarrhea by the time they start school (around age 5). (nih.gov)
  • In many children, reducing sugar-sweetened beverages and increasing the amount of fiber and fat in the diet may improve symptoms of toddler's diarrhea. (nih.gov)
  • For instance, 19% of total deaths in children globally are due to diarrhea, including almost 2 million victims under the age of 5 years. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Some parents notice that their children suffer from diarrhea late into the night of October 31. (uspharmacist.com)
  • As a parent, it is important for her to know how to protect her children from not only diarrhea, but all types of germs and injuries linked to swimming. (cdc.gov)
  • Among the children with diarrhea, the proportion who received ORS was 39.7% (95% CI:38.2%, 41.3%), while 29.1% of them received zinc supplements (95% CI:27.7%, 30.5%), and 21.8% of them received both the ORS and zinc treatments as recommended. (lu.se)
  • Children under 6 months of age with diarrhea had a significantly lower likelihood of being given ORS or zinc when they were compared to the older children. (lu.se)
  • Kling J. Green Tea and Pomegranate Extract Help Fight Diarrhea in Children. (medscape.com)
  • Diarrhoea complicating severe acute malnutrition in kenyan children: a prospective descriptive study of risk factors and outcome. (medscape.com)
  • Diarrhea in American infants and young children in the community setting: incidence, clinical presentation and microbiology. (medscape.com)
  • Barclay L. Zinc supplements reduce diarrhea in children. (medscape.com)
  • Acute diarrhea : its nutritional consequences in children / editor, Joseph A. Bellanti. (who.int)
  • In 2016, diarrhea killed around 7 children aged under 5 years per 1000 live births in Burundi . (bvsalud.org)
  • Most parasite-induced puppy diarrhea will resolve when the parasites are eliminated. (vetinfo.com)
  • The recurring urge to defecate results in mucus discharges that resemble diarrhea. (medscape.com)
  • Dulcolax is a stimulant laxative used to relieve occasional constipation.The diarrhea effect is a listed side effect and varies with each individual. (drugs.com)