Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures.
A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel to improve the quality of patient care and outcomes. The clinical audit was formally introduced in 1993 into the United Kingdom's National Health Service.
Failure of a professional person, a physician or lawyer, to render proper services through reprehensible ignorance or negligence or through criminal intent, especially when injury or loss follows. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The development of systems to prevent accidents, injuries, and other adverse occurrences in an institutional setting. The concept includes prevention or reduction of adverse events or incidents involving employees, patients, or facilities. Examples include plans to reduce injuries from falls or plans for fire safety to promote a safe institutional environment.
Errors or mistakes committed by health professionals which result in harm to the patient. They include errors in diagnosis (DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS), errors in the administration of drugs and other medications (MEDICATION ERRORS), errors in the performance of surgical procedures, in the use of other types of therapy, in the use of equipment, and in the interpretation of laboratory findings. Medical errors are differentiated from MALPRACTICE in that the former are regarded as honest mistakes or accidents while the latter is the result of negligence, reprehensible ignorance, or criminal intent.
Efforts to reduce risk, to address and reduce incidents and accidents that may negatively impact healthcare consumers.
Negative test results in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Application of computer programs designed to assist the physician in solving a diagnostic problem.
Postmortem examination of the body.
Activities and programs intended to assure or improve the quality of care in either a defined medical setting or a program. The concept includes the assessment or evaluation of the quality of care; identification of problems or shortcomings in the delivery of care; designing activities to overcome these deficiencies; and follow-up monitoring to ensure effectiveness of corrective steps.
Any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician, surgeon, or other health professional, especially infections acquired by a patient during the course of treatment.
Professional medical personnel approved to provide care to patients in a hospital.
A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc.
Positive test results in subjects who do not possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of healthy persons as diseased when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.
The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality.
Individuals licensed to practice medicine.
A preconceived judgment made without factual basis.
Hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or surgical care to the emergency patient.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
Diagnostic procedures, such as laboratory tests and x-rays, routinely performed on all individuals or specified categories of individuals in a specified situation, e.g., patients being admitted to the hospital. These include routine tests administered to neonates.

Amplification of the six major human herpesviruses from cerebrospinal fluid by a single PCR. (1/2608)

We used a novel type of primer system, a system that uses stair primers, in which the primer sequences are based on consensus sequences in the DNA polymerase gene of herpesvirus to detect herpesviruses by PCR. A single PCR in a single tube detected the six major herpesviruses that infect the central nervous system: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and type 2 (HSV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). We used the technique to analyze 142 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples that had been stored at -80 degrees C and compared the results with those obtained previously for the same samples by standard, targeted PCR. Four hundred one targeted PCR tests had been run with the 142 samples to detect HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV, and VZV; screening for EBV and HHV-6 was not prescribed when the samples were initially taken. Eighteen CSF samples tested positive by classic targeted PCR. The herpesvirus consensus PCR detected herpesviruses in 37 samples, including 3 samples with coinfections and 17 viral isolates which were not targeted. Two samples identified as infected by the targeted PCR tested negative by the consensus PCR, and eight samples that tested positive by the consensus PCR were negative by the targeted PCR. One hundred three samples scored negative by both the targeted and the consensus PCRs. This preliminary study demonstrates the value of testing for six different herpesviruses simultaneously by a sensitive and straightforward technique rather than screening only for those viruses that are causing infections as suggested by clinical signs.  (+info)

Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD): a comprehensive review. (2/2608)

Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD) represents a well-recognized clinical problem with a reported incidence among individuals with a diagnosis of intractable epilepsy as high as 36%. A failure to identify this disorder may lead to certain risks for the patient including polypharmacy, anticonvulsant toxicity, hazardous intervention, social and economic demands and a lack of recognition or neglect of any underlying psychological distress. This review provides a description of NEAD in an historic and societal context and discusses the variety of terminology which has been applied to this psychophysiological phenomenon. Epidemiology and associated methodological limitations; and diagnostic and classification issues related to NEAD in comparison to epilepsy are considered. The problems of failure to recognize NEAD in comparison to epilepsy are considered. The problems of failure to recognize NEAD are outlined, and theoretical and empirical aetiological issues are discussed.  (+info)

Transrectal ultrasonography in the assessment of congenital vaginal canalization defects. (3/2608)

Our aim was to evaluate the reliability of transrectal ultrasonography in the preoperative assessment of congenital vaginal canalization defects. We studied nine patients, six with suspected Rokitansky syndrome and three with suspected complete transverse septum. Before corrective surgery all the patients underwent pelvic examination, transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography. The ultrasonographic findings were compared with the surgical ones. Transrectal ultrasonography provided an accurate map of the pelvic organs showing the precise distances between the urethra and bladder anteriorly, rectum posteriorly, retrohymenal fovea caudally, and pelvic peritoneum cranially. Transrectal ultrasonography produced a picture that corresponded perfectly with the real anatomical situation. Conversely, abdominal ultrasonography provided inadequate images in six of our nine patients, and magnetic resonance imaging was responsible for a mistaken diagnosis in one patient with suspected transverse vaginal septum. In conclusion, if our results are confirmed in larger series, transrectal ultrasonography could be considered as a diagnostic procedure of choice in the assessment of vaginal canalization defects.  (+info)

Geometric features of coronary artery lesions favoring acute occlusion and myocardial infarction: a quantitative angiographic study. (4/2608)

OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify the angiographic predictors of a future infarction, to study their interaction with time to infarction, patient risk factors and medications, and to evaluate their clinical utility for risk stratification. BACKGROUND: Identification of coronary lesions at risk of acute occlusion remains challenging. Stenosis severity is poorly predictive but other stenosis descriptors might be better predictors. METHODS: Eighty-four patients with an acute myocardial infarction and a coronary angiogram performed within the preceding 36 months (baseline angiogram), and after infarction were selected. All coronary stenoses (from 10% to 95% lumen diameter reduction) at baseline angiogram were analyzed by computer-assisted quantification. Each of the 84 lesions responsible for the infarction (culprit) was compared with the nonculprit stenoses (controls) in the same patient. RESULTS: Culprit lesions were more symmetrical (symmetry index +15%; p < 0.001), had steeper outflow angles (maximal angle +4 degrees; p < 0.001), were more severe (percent stenosis +5%; p = 0.001) and longer (+ 1.5 mm, p = 0.01) than controls. The symmetry index and the outflow angles were the two independent predictors of infarction at three-year follow-up. Stenosis severity predicted only infarctions occurring within 1 year after angiography. In moderately severe stenoses (40% to 70% stenosis), stratification using the symmetry index and outflow angles accurately predicted lesions remaining free of occlusion and infarction at three-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Better characterization of stenosis geometry might help to understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms triggering coronary occlusion and to stratify patients for improved care.  (+info)

Clinical evaluation of the enhanced Gen-Probe Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis in prison inmates. (5/2608)

The reliability of the enhanced Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test (E-MTD; Gen-Probe, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) for rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was evaluated by testing 1, 004 respiratory specimens from 489 Texas prison inmates. Results were compared to those of mycobacterial culture (BACTEC TB 460 and Middlebrook 7H11 biplates), smear for acid-fast bacilli (AFB; auramine O), and clinical course. After chart review, three patients (nine specimens) who were on antituberculosis therapy before the study began were excluded from final analysis. Of the remaining 995 specimens, 21 were AFB smear positive: 13 grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), 6 grew nontuberculous mycobacteria, and 2 (from two patients diagnosed with TB and started on therapy after the study began) were culture negative. Twenty-eight specimens (20 patients) were positive for MTBC by culture and E-MTD. Seven specimens (seven patients) were positive by culture alone; three were from patients who had other E-MTD-positive specimens, two were false-positive cultures, and two were false-negative E-MTD results. Eight specimens were positive by E-MTD only; four specimens (four patients) were false-positive E-MTD results, and four specimens were from two patients with earlier E-MTD-positive specimens that grew MTBC. Thus, there were 22 patients with TB (10 smear positive and 12 smear negative). The sensitivity and specificity of the AFB smear for diagnosis of TB, by patient, were 45.5 and 98.9%, respectively. After resolving discrepancies, these same values for E-MTD were 90.9 and 99.1% overall, 100 and 100% for the smear-positive patients, and 83.3 and 99.1% for the smear-negative patients. Excluding the one smear-negative patient whose E-MTD-negative, MTBC culture-positive specimen contained inhibitory substances, the sensitivity of E-MTD was 95.2% overall and 90.9% in smear-negative patients. The specificity and positive predictive value of E-MTD can be improved, without altering other performance characteristics, by modifying the equivocal zone recommended by the manufacturer. These data suggest that E-MTD is a reliable method for rapid diagnosis of pulmonary TB, irrespective of the AFB smear result. Guidelines for the most appropriate use of E-MTD with smear-negative patients are needed.  (+info)

The misdiagnosis of epilepsy and the management of refractory epilepsy in a specialist clinic. (6/2608)

We assessed the frequency, causes and consequences of erroneous diagnosis of epilepsy, and the outcome of patients referred with 'refractory epilepsy', by retrospective analysis of the case records of 324 patients. The sample was divided into those exposed to anti-epileptic drugs (n = 184), of whom 92 were said to have refractory seizures, and those who had not received treatment (n = 140). The latter group is reported elsewhere. The overall misdiagnosis rate was 26.1% (46/184), with incomplete history-taking and misinterpretation of the EEG equally responsible. Side-effects were reported by 19/40, while unnecessary driving restrictions and employment difficulties were encountered by 12/33 and 5/33, respectively. Of those labelled 'refractory epilepsy', 12 did not have epilepsy. Sixteen were rendered seizure-free and 25 significantly improved by the optimal use of anti-epileptic drugs or surgery. Diagnostic and management services for patients with suspected and established epilepsy are suboptimal, with psychological and socio-economic consequences for individual patients. The resulting economic burden on the health and welfare services is probably substantial.  (+info)

Current trends in trachoma in a previously hyperendemic area. The Trachoma Study Group. (7/2608)

In response to reports of an excessive number of cases of trachoma at the end of 1995 from the western parts of the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, 837 children in the age-group 1-10 years were examined in three villages from where the maximum number of cases hailed. Clinically, the prevalence of trachoma was found to be 8.5% (71). The prevalence was significantly higher in males as compared to females (p < 0.05); and was observed to increase with age. 85.9% (61) of the clinically diagnosed children were active infective cases. 54.9% (39) of the clinically diagnosed cases showed the presence of antigen in the upper tarsal conjunctival scraping from the affected eye, using the Chlamydia trachomatis direct specimen kit (Syva MicroTrak, UK). It was concluded that ophthalmologists must be reoriented to the clinical diagnosis of trachoma to prevent overdiagnosis.  (+info)

Multiple system atrophy. (8/2608)

Multiple system atrophy is a neurological disorder that has gone unrecognized for too long due to its involvement across multiple regions of the central nervous system. This disorder is finally being unveiled through increased reporting in the scientific literature. Further research will enhance our understanding of this disease and lead to more effective treatment regimens as well as an improved quality of life for patients with MSA.  (+info)

Diagnostic errors refer to inaccurate or delayed diagnoses of a patient's medical condition, which can lead to improper or unnecessary treatment and potentially serious harm to the patient. These errors can occur due to various factors such as lack of clinical knowledge, failure to consider all possible diagnoses, inadequate communication between healthcare providers and patients, and problems with testing or interpretation of test results. Diagnostic errors are a significant cause of preventable harm in medical care and have been identified as a priority area for quality improvement efforts.

A clinical audit is a quality improvement process that involves systematically evaluating and improving the care delivered to patients. It is based on comparing current practice against evidence-based standards or guidelines, identifying gaps between current and desired practice, and implementing changes to close those gaps. Clinical audits can focus on various aspects of healthcare delivery, including clinical outcomes, patient safety, patient experience, and clinical processes. The aim of a clinical audit is to ensure that patients receive high-quality care that meets best practice standards, leading to improved health outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Medical malpractice is a legal term that refers to the breach of the duty of care by a healthcare provider, such as a doctor, nurse, or hospital, resulting in harm to the patient. This breach could be due to negligence, misconduct, or a failure to provide appropriate treatment. The standard of care expected from healthcare providers is based on established medical practices and standards within the relevant medical community.

To prove medical malpractice, four key elements must typically be demonstrated:

1. Duty of Care: A healthcare provider-patient relationship must exist, establishing a duty of care.
2. Breach of Duty: The healthcare provider must have failed to meet the standard of care expected in their field or specialty.
3. Causation: The breach of duty must be directly linked to the patient's injury or harm.
4. Damages: The patient must have suffered harm, such as physical injury, emotional distress, financial loss, or other negative consequences due to the healthcare provider's actions or inactions.

Medical malpractice cases can result in significant financial compensation for the victim and may also lead to changes in medical practices and policies to prevent similar incidents from happening in the future.

Safety management is a systematic and organized approach to managing health and safety in the workplace. It involves the development, implementation, and monitoring of policies, procedures, and practices with the aim of preventing accidents, injuries, and occupational illnesses. Safety management includes identifying hazards, assessing risks, setting objectives and targets for improving safety performance, implementing controls, and evaluating the effectiveness of those controls. The goal of safety management is to create a safe and healthy work environment that protects workers, visitors, and others who may be affected by workplace activities. It is an integral part of an organization's overall management system and requires the active involvement and commitment of managers, supervisors, and employees at all levels.

Medical errors can be defined as the failure to complete a task (commission) or the use of an incorrect plan of action (omission) that results in harm to the patient. This can include mistakes made in diagnosis, treatment planning, medication dosage, health management, and other medical services. Medical errors can be caused by individual health care providers, system failures, communication breakdowns, or a combination of these factors. They are a significant source of preventable harm and can lead to patient death, injury, increased healthcare costs, and decreased trust in the medical profession.

Patient safety is defined as the prevention, reduction, and elimination of errors, injuries, accidents, and other adverse events that can harm patients during the delivery of healthcare. It involves the creation of a healthcare environment that is safe for patients, where risks are minimized, and patient care is consistently delivered at a high quality level. Patient safety is an essential component of healthcare quality and is achieved through evidence-based practices, continuous improvement, education, and collaboration among healthcare professionals, patients, and their families.

A "false negative" reaction in medical testing refers to a situation where a diagnostic test incorrectly indicates the absence of a specific condition or disease, when in fact it is present. This can occur due to various reasons such as issues with the sensitivity of the test, improper sample collection, or specimen handling and storage.

False negative results can have serious consequences, as they may lead to delayed treatment, misdiagnosis, or a false sense of security for the patient. Therefore, it is essential to interpret medical test results in conjunction with other clinical findings, patient history, and physical examination. In some cases, repeating the test or using a different diagnostic method may be necessary to confirm the initial result.

Computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) is the use of computer systems to aid in the diagnostic process. It involves the use of advanced algorithms and data analysis techniques to analyze medical images, laboratory results, and other patient data to help healthcare professionals make more accurate and timely diagnoses. CAD systems can help identify patterns and anomalies that may be difficult for humans to detect, and they can provide second opinions and flag potential errors or uncertainties in the diagnostic process.

CAD systems are often used in conjunction with traditional diagnostic methods, such as physical examinations and patient interviews, to provide a more comprehensive assessment of a patient's health. They are commonly used in radiology, pathology, cardiology, and other medical specialties where imaging or laboratory tests play a key role in the diagnostic process.

While CAD systems can be very helpful in the diagnostic process, they are not infallible and should always be used as a tool to support, rather than replace, the expertise of trained healthcare professionals. It's important for medical professionals to use their clinical judgment and experience when interpreting CAD results and making final diagnoses.

An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination or obduction, is a medical procedure in which a qualified professional (usually a pathologist) examines a deceased person's body to determine the cause and manner of death. This process may involve various investigative techniques, such as incisions to study internal organs, tissue sampling, microscopic examination, toxicology testing, and other laboratory analyses. The primary purpose of an autopsy is to gather objective evidence about the medical conditions and factors contributing to the individual's demise, which can be essential for legal, insurance, or public health purposes. Additionally, autopsies can provide valuable insights into disease processes and aid in advancing medical knowledge.

Quality Assurance in the context of healthcare refers to a systematic approach and set of activities designed to ensure that health care services and products consistently meet predetermined standards of quality and safety. It includes all the policies, procedures, and processes that are put in place to monitor, assess, and improve the quality of healthcare delivery.

The goal of quality assurance is to minimize variability in clinical practice, reduce medical errors, and ensure that patients receive evidence-based care that is safe, effective, timely, patient-centered, and equitable. Quality assurance activities may include:

1. Establishing standards of care based on best practices and clinical guidelines.
2. Developing and implementing policies and procedures to ensure compliance with these standards.
3. Providing education and training to healthcare professionals to improve their knowledge and skills.
4. Conducting audits, reviews, and evaluations of healthcare services and processes to identify areas for improvement.
5. Implementing corrective actions to address identified issues and prevent their recurrence.
6. Monitoring and measuring outcomes to evaluate the effectiveness of quality improvement initiatives.

Quality assurance is an ongoing process that requires continuous evaluation and improvement to ensure that healthcare delivery remains safe, effective, and patient-centered.

Iatrogenic disease refers to any condition or illness that is caused, directly or indirectly, by medical treatment or intervention. This can include adverse reactions to medications, infections acquired during hospitalization, complications from surgical procedures, or injuries caused by medical equipment. It's important to note that iatrogenic diseases are unintended and often preventable with proper care and precautions.

'Medical Staff, Hospital' is a general term that refers to the group of licensed physicians and other healthcare professionals who are responsible for providing medical care to patients in a hospital setting. The medical staff may include attending physicians, residents, interns, fellows, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and other advanced practice providers.

The medical staff is typically governed by a set of bylaws that outline the structure, authority, and responsibilities of the group. They are responsible for establishing policies and procedures related to patient care, quality improvement, and safety. The medical staff also plays a key role in the hospital's credentialing and privileging process, which ensures that healthcare professionals meet certain standards and qualifications before they are allowed to practice in the hospital.

The medical staff may work in various departments or divisions within the hospital, such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, and radiology. They may also participate in teaching and research activities, as well as hospital committees and leadership roles.

Myositis ossificans is a medical condition characterized by the formation of bone tissue within the soft tissues, particularly in the muscles. It is also known as heterotopic ossification, which means "bone formation in an abnormal location." This condition usually occurs after trauma or injury to the muscle, such as a severe contusion (bruise) or a muscle strain or tear.

In myositis ossificans, the body's repair process goes awry, and instead of healing the muscle with normal scar tissue, bone tissue forms within the muscle. This can cause pain, stiffness, and limited mobility in the affected area. In some cases, the bone tissue may continue to grow and harden over time, leading to further complications.

Myositis ossificans is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, which can show the presence of bone tissue within the muscle. Treatment may include physical therapy, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to remove the excess bone tissue. Preventive measures such as early mobilization and protection of the affected area may help reduce the risk of developing myositis ossificans after an injury.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

In the context of medicine, classification refers to the process of categorizing or organizing diseases, disorders, injuries, or other health conditions based on their characteristics, symptoms, causes, or other factors. This helps healthcare professionals to understand, diagnose, and treat various medical conditions more effectively.

There are several well-known classification systems in medicine, such as:

1. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) - developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), it is used worldwide for mortality and morbidity statistics, reimbursement systems, and automated decision support in health care. This system includes codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases.
2. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) - published by the American Psychiatric Association, it provides a standardized classification system for mental health disorders to improve communication between mental health professionals, facilitate research, and guide treatment.
3. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) - developed by the WHO, this system focuses on an individual's functioning and disability rather than solely on their medical condition. It covers body functions and structures, activities, and participation, as well as environmental and personal factors that influence a person's life.
4. The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors - created by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), it is used to describe the anatomical extent of cancer, including the size of the primary tumor (T), involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and distant metastasis (M).

These classification systems help medical professionals communicate more effectively about patients' conditions, make informed treatment decisions, and track disease trends over time.

A "false positive reaction" in medical testing refers to a situation where a diagnostic test incorrectly indicates the presence of a specific condition or disease in an individual who does not actually have it. This occurs when the test results give a positive outcome, while the true health status of the person is negative or free from the condition being tested for.

False positive reactions can be caused by various factors including:

1. Presence of unrelated substances that interfere with the test result (e.g., cross-reactivity between similar molecules).
2. Low specificity of the test, which means it may detect other conditions or irrelevant factors as positive.
3. Contamination during sample collection, storage, or analysis.
4. Human errors in performing or interpreting the test results.

False positive reactions can have significant consequences, such as unnecessary treatments, anxiety, and increased healthcare costs. Therefore, it is essential to confirm any positive test result with additional tests or clinical evaluations before making a definitive diagnosis.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Clinical competence is the ability of a healthcare professional to provide safe and effective patient care, demonstrating the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for the job. It involves the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical skills, judgment, and decision-making abilities in real-world clinical situations. Clinical competence is typically evaluated through various methods such as direct observation, case studies, simulations, and feedback from peers and supervisors.

A clinically competent healthcare professional should be able to:

1. Demonstrate a solid understanding of the relevant medical knowledge and its application in clinical practice.
2. Perform essential clinical skills proficiently and safely.
3. Communicate effectively with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals.
4. Make informed decisions based on critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.
5. Exhibit professionalism, ethical behavior, and cultural sensitivity in patient care.
6. Continuously evaluate and improve their performance through self-reflection and ongoing learning.

Maintaining clinical competence is essential for healthcare professionals to ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients and stay current with advances in medical science and technology.

Quality of health care is a term that refers to the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge. It encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Clinical effectiveness: The use of best available evidence to make decisions about prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care. This includes considering the benefits and harms of different options and making sure that the most effective interventions are used.
2. Safety: Preventing harm to patients and minimizing risks associated with healthcare. This involves identifying potential hazards, implementing measures to reduce errors, and learning from adverse events to improve systems and processes.
3. Patient-centeredness: Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values. This includes ensuring that patients are fully informed about their condition and treatment options, involving them in decision-making, and providing emotional support throughout the care process.
4. Timeliness: Ensuring that healthcare services are delivered promptly and efficiently, without unnecessary delays. This includes coordinating care across different providers and settings to ensure continuity and avoid gaps in service.
5. Efficiency: Using resources wisely and avoiding waste, while still providing high-quality care. This involves considering the costs and benefits of different interventions, as well as ensuring that healthcare services are equitably distributed.
6. Equitability: Ensuring that all individuals have access to quality healthcare services, regardless of their socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, gender, age, or other factors. This includes addressing disparities in health outcomes and promoting fairness and justice in healthcare.

Overall, the quality of health care is a multidimensional concept that requires ongoing evaluation and improvement to ensure that patients receive the best possible care.

A physician is a healthcare professional who practices medicine, providing medical care and treatment to patients. Physicians may specialize in various fields of medicine, such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, or radiology, among others. They are responsible for diagnosing and treating illnesses, injuries, and disorders; prescribing medications; ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests; providing counseling and education to patients; and collaborating with other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care. Physicians may work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, and academic medical centers. To become a physician, one must complete a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree program and pass licensing exams to practice medicine in their state.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "prejudice" is not a term that has a medical definition in the same way that a term like "myocardial infarction" (heart attack) does. Prejudice is a psychological or sociological concept that refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes about a person or group that are not based on reason or actual experience. It often involves stereotypes and can lead to discrimination or unfair treatment. While prejudice itself is not a medical condition, it can certainly have impacts on mental and physical health, both for those who experience it and for those who hold such biases.

An emergency service in a hospital is a department that provides immediate medical or surgical care for individuals who are experiencing an acute illness, injury, or severe symptoms that require immediate attention. The goal of an emergency service is to quickly assess, stabilize, and treat patients who require urgent medical intervention, with the aim of preventing further harm or death.

Emergency services in hospitals typically operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and are staffed by teams of healthcare professionals including physicians, nurses, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other allied health professionals. These teams are trained to provide rapid evaluation and treatment for a wide range of medical conditions, from minor injuries to life-threatening emergencies such as heart attacks, strokes, and severe infections.

In addition to providing emergency care, hospital emergency services also serve as a key point of entry for patients who require further hospitalization or specialized care. They work closely with other departments within the hospital, such as radiology, laboratory, and critical care units, to ensure that patients receive timely and appropriate treatment. Overall, the emergency service in a hospital plays a crucial role in ensuring that patients receive prompt and effective medical care during times of crisis.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Primary health care is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as:

"Essential health care that is based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford. It forms an integral part both of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process."

Primary health care includes a range of services such as preventive care, health promotion, curative care, rehabilitation, and palliative care. It is typically provided by a team of health professionals including doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, and other community health workers. The goal of primary health care is to provide comprehensive, continuous, and coordinated care to individuals and families in a way that is accessible, affordable, and culturally sensitive.

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and utilizing information. These processes include perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive functions allow us to interact with our environment, understand and respond to stimuli, learn new skills, and remember experiences.

In a medical context, cognitive function is often assessed as part of a neurological or psychiatric evaluation. Impairments in cognition can be caused by various factors, such as brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), infections, toxins, and mental health conditions. Assessing cognitive function helps healthcare professionals diagnose conditions, monitor disease progression, and develop treatment plans.

Refractive errors are a group of vision conditions that include nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), astigmatism, and presbyopia. These conditions occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, causing blurred or distorted vision.

Myopia is a condition where distant objects appear blurry while close-up objects are clear. This occurs when the eye is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it.

Hyperopia, on the other hand, is a condition where close-up objects appear blurry while distant objects are clear. This happens when the eye is too short or the cornea is not curved enough, causing light to focus behind the retina.

Astigmatism is a condition that causes blurred vision at all distances due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens.

Presbyopia is a natural aging process that affects everyone as they get older, usually around the age of 40. It causes difficulty focusing on close-up objects and can be corrected with reading glasses, bifocals, or progressive lenses.

Refractive errors can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam and are typically corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK.

The "attitude of health personnel" refers to the overall disposition, behavior, and approach that healthcare professionals exhibit towards their patients or clients. This encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Interpersonal skills: The ability to communicate effectively, listen actively, and build rapport with patients.
2. Professionalism: Adherence to ethical principles, confidentiality, and maintaining a non-judgmental attitude.
3. Compassion and empathy: Showing genuine concern for the patient's well-being and understanding their feelings and experiences.
4. Cultural sensitivity: Respecting and acknowledging the cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values of patients.
5. Competence: Demonstrating knowledge, skills, and expertise in providing healthcare services.
6. Collaboration: Working together with other healthcare professionals to ensure comprehensive care for the patient.
7. Patient-centeredness: Focusing on the individual needs, preferences, and goals of the patient in the decision-making process.
8. Commitment to continuous learning and improvement: Staying updated with the latest developments in the field and seeking opportunities to enhance one's skills and knowledge.

A positive attitude of health personnel contributes significantly to patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment plans, and overall healthcare outcomes.

'Diagnostic tests, routine' is a medical term that refers to standard or commonly used tests that are performed to help diagnose, monitor, or manage a patient's health condition. These tests are typically simple, non-invasive, and safe, and they may be ordered as part of a regular check-up or when a patient presents with specific symptoms.

Routine diagnostic tests may include:

1. Complete Blood Count (CBC): A test that measures the number of red and white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin in the blood. It can help diagnose conditions such as anemia, infection, and inflammation.
2. Urinalysis: A test that examines a urine sample for signs of infection, kidney disease, or other medical conditions.
3. Blood Chemistry Tests: Also known as a chemistry panel or comprehensive metabolic panel, this test measures various chemicals in the blood such as glucose, electrolytes, and enzymes to evaluate organ function and overall health.
4. Electrocardiogram (ECG): A test that records the electrical activity of the heart, which can help diagnose heart conditions such as arrhythmias or heart attacks.
5. Chest X-ray: An imaging test that creates pictures of the structures inside the chest, including the heart, lungs, and bones, to help diagnose conditions such as pneumonia or lung cancer.
6. Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): A test that checks for hidden blood in the stool, which can be a sign of colon cancer or other gastrointestinal conditions.
7. Pap Smear: A test that collects cells from the cervix to check for abnormalities that may indicate cervical cancer or other gynecological conditions.

These are just a few examples of routine diagnostic tests that healthcare providers may order. The specific tests ordered will depend on the patient's age, sex, medical history, and current symptoms.

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... they often make errors. A randomized controlled trial compared how well physicians interpreted diagnostic tests that were ... For diagnostic testing, the ordering clinician will have observed some symptom or other factor that raises the pretest ... In evidence-based medicine, likelihood ratios are used for assessing the value of performing a diagnostic test. They use the ... this is the baseline probability prior to the use of a diagnostic test. Post-test probability refers to the probability that a ...
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"Psychiatric diagnostic error". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 5 (4): 560-3. doi:10.1093/schbul/5.4.560. PMID 515705. Hall RC, Popkin ... July 2010). "Errors of Diagnosis in Pediatric Practice: A Multisite Survey". Pediatrics. 126 (1): 70-9. doi:10.1542/peds.2009- ... Clinical errors and medical negligence Femi Oyebode; Advances in Psychiatric Treatment (2006) 12: 221-227 [3] The Royal College ... as well as the necessity of factoring in the use of such medications in the diagnostic process. Topical Tretinoin (Retin-A); ...
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Diagnostic medical equipment may also be used in the home for certain purposes, e.g. for the control of diabetes mellitus, such ... ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6.[page needed] Fotis N, Bix L (2006). "Sample Size Selection Using Margin of Error Approach". Medical ... In vitro diagnostics have three risk classifications. For the remaining regions in the world the risk classifications are ... Medical devices (excluding in vitro diagnostics) in Japan are classified into four classes based on risk: Classes I and II ...
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Howard, Jonathan (2019). "Semmelweis Reflex". Cognitive Errors and Diagnostic Mistakes. pp. 488-489. doi:10.1007/978-3-319- ...
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Martin, Michael S.; Hynes, Katie; Hatcher, Simon; Colman, Ian (16 March 2016). "Diagnostic Error in Correctional Mental Health ... "Diagnostic Error in Correctional Mental Health". Journal of Correctional Health Care. 22 (2): 109-117. doi:10.1177/ ...
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Dr Lundberg and others have been documenting errors in diagnosis for at least 36 years. Now, the IOM has suggested eight goals ... Provide dedicated funding for research on the diagnostic process and diagnostic errors. ... Develop and deploy approaches to identify, learn from, and reduce diagnostic errors and near misses in clinical practice; ... Establish a work system and culture that supports the diagnostic process and improvements in diagnostic performance; ...
The patient safety movement must take a giant leap into primary care and ambulatory settings if the rate of diagnostic error is ... Obviously, some diagnostic errors are more consequential than others. If the "hamstring strain" that I misdiagnosed in a ... Other outpatient safety problems, such as diagnostic errors, will require different approaches. Last years NAM report on " ... Cite this: Make No Mistake! A Strategic Plan for Diagnostic Error - Medscape - Feb 10, 2016. ...
Using a new taxonomy tool and aggregating cases by diagnosis and error type revealed patterns of diagnostic failures that ... Physicians readily recalled multiple cases of diagnostic errors and were willing to share their experiences. ... Diagnostic error in medicine: analysis of 583 physician-reported errors Arch Intern Med. 2009 Nov 9;169(20):1881-7. doi: ... After cases without diagnostic errors or lacking sufficient details were excluded, 583 remained. Of these, 162 errors (28%) ...
To explore the extent and nature of diagnostic errors in ambulatory care, we identified five dim … ... in understanding and reducing diagnostic errors in this setting lag behind many other safety concerns such as medication errors ... Diagnostic errors in ambulatory care: dimensions and preventive strategies Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2009 Sep;14 Suppl ... To explore the extent and nature of diagnostic errors in ambulatory care, we identified five dimensions of ambulatory care from ...
The authors emphasize that diagnostic errors have become even more important in light of the growing clinical and financial ... This commentary describes why diagnostic errors previously received less attention than other safety efforts and highlights the ... for educating trainees about misdiagnosis and developing validated metrics to determine how frequently diagnostic errors occur ... costs of these errors in health care. They recommend strategies to improve diagnosis, such as establishing a formal curricula ...
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism Diagnostic Testing *Testing Catalogue and Requisition*ACADM Gene Sequencing (MCAD Deficiency) ... Download Inborn Errors of Metabolism requisition.. References. Bonnefont, J. P., F. Djouadi, et al. (2004). Carnitine ...
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Johns Hopkins researchers found that diagnostic errors - not surgical mistakes or medication overdoses - accounted for the ... Diagnostic errors resulted in death or disability almost twice as often as other error categories.. They also found that more ... but inpatient diagnostic errors were more likely to be lethal (48.4 percent vs. 36.9 percent). The majority of diagnostic ... Diagnostic error can be defined as a diagnosis that is missed, wrong or delayed, as detected by some subsequent definitive test ...
Diagnostic errors are common factors in a medical malpractice claim. There are several ways in which diagnostic errors can ... Once we prove that there was a diagnostic error, we must also prove that the error caused an additional injury or harm that ... We must prove that there was a diagnostic error, either through failing to order diagnostic tests, a misdiagnosis, or a delayed ... Failing to order diagnostic tests is one of the errors that can lead to injuries and death for patients. When a doctor fails to ...
Diagnostic errors in the American healthcare system is a problem that is now on the radar screen of policymakers at the ... Diagnostic Errors Get the Attention of the Institute of Medicine, Reinforcing Efforts by Nations Clinical Pathology Laboratory ... The IOM recently convened a committee that released a list of recommendations to address the problem of diagnostic errors in ... Along with its assessment of the rate of errors in diagnosis, the IOM has a plan to improve, but will doctors accept the IOMs ...
Minimizing diagnostic error: the importance of follow-up and feedback. Am J Med 2008;121(5 Suppl Diagnostic Error in Medicine): ... Overconfidence as a cause of diagnostic error in medicine. Am J Med 2008;121(5 Suppl Diagnostic Error in Medicine):S2-23. ... Methods currently used to identify diagnostic errors in practice. Diagnostic error rates are being measured in very few, if any ... specifically errors of commission, and is poorly suited to detecting diagnostic errors, many of which are errors of omission.46 ...
This clinical vignette study examined the breakdowns in diagnostic thinking for 88 medical students completing 8 standardized ... What can we learn from in-depth analysis of human errors resulting in diagnostic errors in the emergency department: an ... Diagnostic errors by medical students: results of a prospective qualitative study.. Citation Text:. Braun LT, Zwaan L, ... Diagnostic errors by medical students: results of a prospective qualitative study. BMC Med Educ. 2017;17(1):191. doi:10.1186/ ...
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Just over half (58%) of diagnostic errors occurred during the initial diagnostic assessment. However, 63% of the diagnosis- ... However, he emphasized, diagnostic error or a bad outcome does not in itself signify malpractice; rather, the standard is, did ... Its easy to file a malpractice case when you have a diagnostic error, said Sean M. Gaynor, Esq., Leib Knott Gaynor, LLC, ... Not All Diagnostic Errors Represent Malpractice, Speaker Says. May 4, 2016 , Strategic Insights for Health System ...
These case identification failures constitute diagnostic misattributions-even diagnostic errors- where the care of individuals ... The Routine Failure to Clinically Identify Monogenic Cases of Common Disease in Clinical Practice: Addressing Diagnostic ...
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Seagate and Maxtor Manager and SeaTools have diagnostic software built into the program that can test the functionally of the ... The Seagate Diagnostic software has produced an 8 digit error code. What should I do?. ... The Seagate Diagnostic software has produced an 8 digit error code. What should I do? ... If you are testing a drive on MacOS then Firewire and USB tests should be reliable, but eSATA errors should be retested on ...
Burden of serious harms from diagnostic error in the USA. BMJ Quality & Safety Published Online First: 17 July 2023. doi: ...
Diagnostic Errors: Overview, Analysis, and Emerging Risks - A 10-Year Claims Analysis. The prevalence of diagnostic errors ... Diagnosing patients is a complex and challenging process, and issues associated with diagnostic errors span the healthcare ... This program explores the complexity of the diagnostic process and examines trends in diagnosis-related malpractice allegations ... more likely to harm patients than other types of errors, and often are preventable. ...
How often do you perform in-shelter diagnostics such as a fecal, heartworm test, or cytology? Proper technique helps to ensure ... This workshop reviews proper techniques and discusses common mistakes when performing in-shelter diagnostic tests. (hint - ...
... issued a letter expressing their deep concern about a recently released report and systematic review on diagnostic errors in ... ACEP, EM Organizations Issue Letter Regarding AHRQ Report on Diagnostic Errors in the ED. The American College of Emergency ... Instead, we see a diagnostic error rate (derived from non-applicable European sources with training very different than that of ... "Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review," which was conducted as part of AHRQs Effective Health ...
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... diagnostic processes increase in complexity. Most people will experience at least one diagnostic error - an inaccurate or ... IOM sounds alarm on diagnostic errors. Posted at 15:01h in Health Technology by WTN News 0 Comments ... Diagnostic errors are a significant contributor to patient harm that has received far too little attention until now. ... However, the study panel found that efforts to improve diagnosis and reduce diagnostic errors have been limited. Improving ...
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Read chapter 9 The Path to Improve Diagnosis and Reduce Diagnostic Error: Getting the right diagnosis is a key aspect of health ... Compared to diagnostic errors, other types of medical errors-including medication errors, surgical errors, and health care- ... the epidemiology of diagnostic errors, the causes of diagnostic error, and error prevention strategies. The Society to Improve ... Safety culture and diagnostic error: A rising tide lifts all boats. Presentation to the Committee on Diagnostic Error in Health ...
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  • The Institute of Medicine report on medical errors-could it do harm? (ahrq.gov)
  • In reviewing 25 years of U.S. malpractice claim payouts, Johns Hopkins researchers found that diagnostic errors - not surgical mistakes or medication overdoses - accounted for the largest fraction of claims, the most severe patient harm, and the highest total of penalty payouts. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • There's a lot more harm associated with diagnostic errors than we imagined. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • He adds: "Progress has been made confronting other types of patient harm, but there's probably not going to be a magic-bullet solution for diagnostic errors because they are more complex and diverse than other patient safety issues. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Newman-Toker noted that among malpractice claims, the number of lethal diagnostic errors was roughly the same as the number that resulted in permanent, severe harm to patients. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • There are several ways in which diagnostic errors can cause a patient to suffer harm or develop life-threatening conditions. (articlecity.com)
  • By the time the doctor would realize his or her error, the patient could be suffering from irreparable harm. (articlecity.com)
  • Once we prove that there was a diagnostic error, we must also prove that the error caused an additional injury or harm that could have been avoided. (articlecity.com)
  • A wide variety of research studies suggest that breakdowns in the diagnostic process result in a staggering toll of harm and patient deaths. (bmj.com)
  • Although these different approaches provide important information and unique insights regarding diagnostic errors, each has limitations and none is well suited to establishing the incidence of diagnostic error in actual practice, or the aggregate rate of error and harm. (bmj.com)
  • We argue that being able to measure the incidence of diagnostic error is essential to enable research studies on diagnostic error, and to initiate quality improvement projects aimed at reducing the risk of error and harm. (bmj.com)
  • Measuring the rate of error and, in particular, error-related harm, 5 would provide the necessary motivation to begin addressing this large and silent problem. (bmj.com)
  • How often do diagnostic errors cause harm? (bmj.com)
  • Does inappropriate selectivity in information use relate to diagnostic errors and patient harm? (ahrq.gov)
  • Relating faults in diagnostic reasoning with diagnostic errors and patient harm. (ahrq.gov)
  • The prevalence of diagnostic errors frequently goes unrecognized, despite the fact that these errors are common, more likely to harm patients than other types of errors, and often are preventable. (medpro.com)
  • Diagnostic errors are a significant contributor to patient harm that has received far too little attention until now. (wtnnews.com)
  • Diagnostic errors persist throughout all settings of care, involve common and rare diseases, and continue to harm an unacceptable number of patients. (nationalacademies.org)
  • There is even less information available with which to assess the frequency and severity of harm related to diagnostic errors. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Diagnostic errors are the most common, catastrophic and costly of all medical errors-resulting in thousands of patients suffering serious harm every year. (pa.gov)
  • Discussed are the likelihood of diagnostic error in physician practices, the most common system-related and cognitive causes of diagnostic error, and interventions to reduce the risk of harm from diagnostic error. (pa.gov)
  • Diagnostic errors may cause harm to patients by preventing or delaying appropriate treatment, providing unnecessary or harmful treatment, or resulting in psychological or financial repercussions. (pa.gov)
  • Physicians tended not to report medical errors when no harm had occurred to patients. (who.int)
  • They described errors in diagnosis as a gigantic problem of largely undefined but vast scope, one that will require extensive and warranted changes. (medscape.com)
  • The medical experts in diagnosis, pathologists and radiologists, now need to follow committee member Mike Laposata's long-standing example and create diagnostic management teams (DMTs). (medscape.com)
  • Using a new taxonomy tool and aggregating cases by diagnosis and error type revealed patterns of diagnostic failures that suggested areas for improvement. (nih.gov)
  • Last year's NAM report on "Improving Diagnosis in Health Care" [ 2 ] suggested that at least 1 in 20 adults are affected by diagnostic errors each year and that nearly everyone is misdiagnosed during their lifetime. (medscape.com)
  • They recommend strategies to improve diagnosis , such as establishing a formal curricula for educating trainees about misdiagnosis and developing validated metrics to determine how frequently diagnostic errors occur and understand their downstream health and economic implications. (ahrq.gov)
  • Diagnostic error can be defined as a diagnosis that is missed, wrong or delayed, as detected by some subsequent definitive test or finding. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The survey revealed that 33 percent of the medical malpractice claims filed were based on errors related to the diagnosis. (articlecity.com)
  • When a doctor fails to perform necessary diagnostic tests, this can result in a misdiagnosis or a delayed diagnosis. (articlecity.com)
  • We must prove that there was a diagnostic error, either through failing to order diagnostic tests, a misdiagnosis, or a delayed diagnosis. (articlecity.com)
  • Along with its assessment of the rate of errors in diagnosis, the IOM has a plan to improve, but will doctors accept the IOM's advice, or continue business as usual? (darkdaily.com)
  • Think twice: effects on diagnostic accuracy of returning to the case to reflect upon the initial diagnosis. (ahrq.gov)
  • The most common such lapses were failure or delay in ordering a diagnostic test, misinterpretation of results, failure to establish a differential diagnosis, and failure or delay in obtaining a consultation or referral. (ecri.org)
  • This program explores the complexity of the diagnostic process and examines trends in diagnosis-related malpractice allegations. (medpro.com)
  • Most people will experience at least one diagnostic error - an inaccurate or delayed diagnosis - in their lifetime, sometimes with devastating consequences, according to a new report from the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. (wtnnews.com)
  • However, the study panel found that efforts to improve diagnosis and reduce diagnostic errors have been limited. (wtnnews.com)
  • Illuminating the blind spot of diagnostic error and improving diagnosis in health care will require a significant reenvisioning of the diagnostic process and widespread commitment to change. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Yet, diagnosis-and, in particular, the occurrence of diagnostic errors-is not a major focus in health care practice or research. (nationalacademies.org)
  • At Geisinger, the multidisciplinary Committee to Improve Clinical Diagnosis and the Safer Dx Learning Lab (a collaboration with Baylor College of Medicine) are taking a systematic approach to learn how health care systems can enhance the safety and accuracy of the diagnostic process. (pa.gov)
  • Thank you for joining us for the Diagnostic Error in Medicine 13th Annual International Conference (SIDM2020), focused on Transforming Education & Practice to Improve Diagnosis . (improvediagnosis.org)
  • An understanding of the major clinical manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism provides the basis for knowing when to consider the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Why that many Crawl Diagnostics errors, false? (moz.com)
  • Many of these errors result from communication failures between patients and physicians, between primary care providers and specialists, or between different types of healthcare professionals. (medscape.com)
  • These case identification failures constitute diagnostic misattributions-even diagnostic errors- where the care of individuals with monogenic disease defaults to the treatment plan offered to those with polygenic or non-genetic forms of the disease. (cdc.gov)
  • WHO is preparing a standardized nomenclature and taxonomy of medical errors and health-care system failures, building on its experience of country comparisons, existing programmes for product and service safety, and the work of institutions such as the WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring in Uppsala, Sweden. (who.int)
  • Initial assessment of the nature and magnitude of the problem is an important precursor to devising and applying methods to prevent health-care errors and system failures, and to mitigate their effects. (who.int)
  • Log failures, bugs and errors. (lu.se)
  • Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) individually are rare but collectively are common. (medscape.com)
  • For patients with suspected or known inborn errors of metabolism, successful emergency treatment depends on prompt institution of therapy aimed at metabolic stabilization. (medscape.com)
  • Mortality can be very high for certain inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), particularly those that present in neonates, but initial presentation of IEM even in adults may result in death. (medscape.com)
  • Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) can affect any organ system and usually affect multiple organ systems resulting in morbidity due to acute and/or chronic organ dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Many inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) have multiple forms that differ in their mode of inheritance. (medscape.com)
  • A majority of errors were related to late interventions and misdiagnosis. (who.int)
  • 2-4 One factor that may contribute to its relative neglect is that the true incidence of diagnostic error is not widely appreciated. (bmj.com)
  • The incidence of diagnostic error has been estimated using eight different research approaches ( table 1 ). (bmj.com)
  • However, the committee concluded that the available research estimates were not adequate to extrapolate a specific estimate or range of the incidence of diagnostic errors within clinical practice today. (nationalacademies.org)
  • They're defensible cases under the law, and part of that has to do with how the law is written,' said Gaynor, noting that the law recognizes that errors may occur in the practice of medicine. (ecri.org)
  • The Harvard Medical Practice Study, which reviewed medical records, found diagnostic errors in 17 percent of the adverse events occurring in hospitalized patients (Leape et al. (nationalacademies.org)
  • We studied physicians' knowledge of the occurrence, frequency and causes of medical errors and their actual practice toward reporting them. (who.int)
  • The questionnaire had 6 sections covering demographic data, knowledge, attitudes and practice towards reporting medical errors, perceived causes of and frequency of medical errors in their hospital and personal experiences of medical error reporting. (who.int)
  • Effect on diagnostic accuracy of cognitive reasoning tools for the workplace setting: systematic review and meta-analysis. (ahrq.gov)
  • Instead, we see a diagnostic error rate (derived from non-applicable European sources with training very different than that of the U.S.) and an analysis of malpractice data interpreted to be cognitive error. (acep.org)
  • The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) has been on journey to overcome the cognitive biases that may contribute to diagnostic error. (pa.gov)
  • This clinical vignette study examined the breakdowns in diagnostic thinking for 88 medical students completing 8 standardized cases. (ahrq.gov)
  • Service technicians have no problem recognising breakdowns and carrying out machine diagnostics, Error Codes TOYOTA DTC DIAGNOSTICS, plus they are familiar with equipment from a variety of manufacturers. (trucksfaultcodes.com)
  • The authors emphasize that diagnostic errors have become even more important in light of the growing clinical and financial costs of these errors in health care. (ahrq.gov)
  • Do malpractice claim clinical case vignettes enhance diagnostic accuracy and acceptance in clinical reasoning education during GP training? (ahrq.gov)
  • Citing a 2014 study of medical malpractice claims , Gaynor noted that lapse in clinical judgment was the most common reason identified for diagnostic error, a factor that was present in 73% of cases. (ecri.org)
  • The diagnostic process is a complex, collaborative activity that involves clinical reasoning and information gathering to determine a patient's health problem. (pa.gov)
  • Part of the challenge is the variety of settings in which these errors can occur, including hospitals, emergency departments, a variety of outpatient settings (such as primary and specialty care settings and retail clinics), and long-term care settings (such as nursing homes and rehabilitation centers), combined with the complexity of the diagnostic process itself. (nationalacademies.org)
  • For example, as a last action, did this error message occur before or after connecting? (hunterlab.com)
  • The committee drew this conclusion based on its collective assessment of the available evidence describing the epidemiology of diagnostic errors. (nationalacademies.org)
  • They also found that more diagnostic error claims were rooted in outpatient care than inpatient care, (68.8 percent vs. 31.2 percent) but inpatient diagnostic errors were more likely to be lethal (48.4 percent vs. 36.9 percent). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • For example, a recent study estimated that 5 percent of U.S. adults who seek outpatient care experience a diagnostic error, and the researchers who conducted the study noted that this is likely a conservative estimate (Singh et al. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Most cases in autopsy series derive from inpatient settings, but they also include deaths from the emergency department which, for many reasons, is considered to be the natural laboratory for studying diagnostic error. (bmj.com)
  • Inpatient notes: reducing diagnostic error-a new horizon of opportunities for hospital medicine. (ahrq.gov)
  • Gaynor offered strategies to prevent diagnostic errors and improve defensibility in the event of a claim. (ecri.org)
  • Describe the use of a diagnostic checklist to help prevent diagnostic errors. (dmu.edu)
  • Improving medical residents' self-assessment of their diagnostic accuracy: does feedback help? (ahrq.gov)
  • Just over half (58%) of diagnostic errors occurred during the initial diagnostic assessment. (ecri.org)
  • Still, interventions should target all diagnostic errors, regardless of their potential to injure patients. (medscape.com)
  • Patient generated research priorities to improve diagnostic safety: a systematic prioritization exercise. (ahrq.gov)
  • Join Divvy Upadhyay, MD, MPH, program lead and scientist in the division of quality, safety, and patient experience at Geisinger, to understand how this "learning health system" approach is being implemented to improve diagnostic safety across the health system. (pa.gov)
  • The error code: 0x80070020 is also one of the major bugs of Windows 10 May 2019 update. (pc-diagnostics.com)
  • In 1999, the Institute of Medicine (now called the National Academy of Medicine [NAM]) published the report "To Err Is Human," [ 1 ] which famously estimated that 44,000 to 98,000 Americans died from medical errors each year, the higher number being the equivalent of a jumbo jet crashing and killing everyone on board every day of the year. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, we know much less about how to prevent medical errors in outpatient settings where most people receive healthcare. (medscape.com)
  • According to the NAM, medical culture must change to become more reflective and team-oriented to promote routine monitoring, open discussion, and feedback about diagnostic performance. (medscape.com)
  • Medical errors: where are we now? (ahrq.gov)
  • This is more evidence that diagnostic errors could easily be the biggest patient safety and medical malpractice problem in the United States," says David E. Newman-TokerM.D ., Ph.D., an associate professor of neurology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and leader of the study published online in BMJ Quality and Safety. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • These are frequent problems that have played second fiddle to medical and surgical errors, which are evident more immediately. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • A recent study found that diagnostic errors were the most common reason for medical malpractice claims from 2013 to 2017. (articlecity.com)
  • Diagnostic errors are common factors in a medical malpractice claim. (articlecity.com)
  • Proving a doctor or healthcare provider is guilty of medical malpractice for a diagnostic error can be difficult. (articlecity.com)
  • Linking the injury to the diagnostic error requires the assistance of medical experts. (articlecity.com)
  • Medical experts review the case to determine the error and whether that error caused the injury. (articlecity.com)
  • If you believe that you have been injured because of a diagnostic error, you need to consult a Tennessee medical malpractice attorney immediately. (articlecity.com)
  • Thus, should the IOM develop specific actions items intended to reduce medical errors, not only are these suggestions likely to involve more effective use of medical laboratory tests by physicians, but there is a strong probability that Congress might eventually write these recommendations into future healthcare legislation. (darkdaily.com)
  • Diagnostic errors by medical students: results of a prospective qualitative study. (ahrq.gov)
  • The information provided at this CME activity is for continuing education purposes only and is not meant to substitute for the independent medical judgment of a healthcare provider relative to diagnostic and treatment options of a specific patient's medical condition. (dmu.edu)
  • ABSTRACT Identifying reasons for under-reporting is crucial in reducing the incidence of medical errors. (who.int)
  • Under-reporting of medical errors was common in this hospital. (who.int)
  • Two of the most common problems that we encounter with Conversations are bad credentials and webhook errors. (twilio.com)
  • Common contributing factors of diagnostic error: a retrospective analysis of 109 serious adverse event reports from Dutch hospitals. (ahrq.gov)
  • This workshop reviews proper techniques and discusses common mistakes when performing in-shelter diagnostic tests. (maddiesfund.org)
  • Regression modelling where explanatory variables are measured with error is a common problem in applied sciences. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-IV) is a fully structured diagnostic instrument that assesses thirty-four common psychiatric diagnoses of children and adolescents. (cdc.gov)
  • These Methods of Operation are arranged, more-or-less, in order of increasing complexity and their increasing value of diagnostics information. (wikipedia.org)
  • We assessed model performance with rigorous out-of-sample testing of prediction error and the validity of 95% UIs. (cdc.gov)
  • A classification system was devised that augments traditional error classification . (bvsalud.org)
  • Comment -enhanced peer review expands traditional diagnostic error classification , may identify errors that were underscored, provides continuous educational feedback for participants, and promotes a collegial environment . (bvsalud.org)
  • The ATS-CDC recommendations are contained, for the most part, in three official joint statements: 'Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis,' 'Treatment of Tuberculosis and Tuberculosis Infection in Adults and Children,' and 'Control of Tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • One estimate suggests that when patients see a doctor for a new problem, the average diagnostic error rate may be as high as 15 percent. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Failing to order diagnostic tests is one of the errors that can lead to injuries and death for patients. (articlecity.com)
  • These include autopsy studies, case reviews, surveys of patient and physicians, voluntary reporting systems, using standardised patients, second reviews, diagnostic testing audits and closed claims reviews. (bmj.com)
  • 3) encouraging both patients and physicians to voluntarily report errors they encounter, and facilitating this process. (bmj.com)
  • Diagnosing patients is a complex and challenging process, and issues associated with diagnostic errors span the healthcare continuum and affect all specialties. (medpro.com)
  • Cite this: Diagnostic Error in Patients With Pulmonary Symptoms: More Challenging Cases - Medscape - Dec 19, 2017. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnostic errors and delays impact everyone involved including healthcare leaders, clinicians and patients. (beckershospitalreview.com)
  • As with previous editions, this edition of Diagnostic Standards has been prepared as a basic guide and statement of principles for all persons involved in the care of patients with tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • 2010). Analyses of malpractice claims data indicate that diagnostic errors are the leading type of paid claims, represent the highest proportion of total payments, and are almost twice as likely to have resulted in the patient's death compared to other claims (Tehrani et al. (nationalacademies.org)
  • You can click on an event in the Error Logs and see the properties of the message that encountered an error, such as your resource SID, timestamp and any warnings or errors thrown by Twilio. (twilio.com)
  • is true, do not print any errors/warnings. (perl.org)
  • A wide range of important safety concerns have been studied, and to this point, including medication errors, hospital-acquired infections, wrong-site surgery and a host of other issues. (bmj.com)
  • Oral outpatient chemotherapy medication errors in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (ahrq.gov)
  • The report and call to action are a continuation of the Institute of Medicine's Quality Chasm Series , which includes reports such as To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century and Preventing Medication Errors . (wtnnews.com)
  • I am getting a lot of duplicate content and duplicate page title errors from my crawl analysis. (moz.com)
  • I using volusion and it looks like the photo gallery is causing the duplicate content errors. (moz.com)
  • The groups of problems were compared considering the frequency and distribution of spelling errors produced in writing situations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Physicians readily recalled multiple cases of diagnostic errors and were willing to share their experiences. (nih.gov)
  • Those recommendations, however, are running up against ingrained mindsets and overconfidence on the part of physicians who are reluctant to include decision-support technology in the diagnostic process. (darkdaily.com)
  • Immunising' physicians against availability bias in diagnostic reasoning: a randomised controlled experiment. (ahrq.gov)
  • The American College of Emergency Physicians and nine other emergency medicine organizations issued a letter expressing their deep concern about a recently released report titled "Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review," which was conducted as part of AHRQ's Effective Health Care Program. (acep.org)
  • Physicians did not appreciate attempts to improve the system of error reporting and a culture of blame still prevailed. (who.int)
  • This work deals with estimation and diagnostic analytics in regression modelling based on the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution using additive measurement errors. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • This method will be called during client creation if any error occurs. (twilio.com)
  • Overall, diagnostic errors have been underappreciated and under-recognized because they're difficult to measure and keep track of owing to the frequent gap between the time the error occurs and when it's detected," Newman-Toker says. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • A: A diagnostic message error is an error that occurs when WinRAR cannot open or extract a file due to some reasons. (thesparklediva.com)
  • Such teams can greatly improve the quality of care and save tons of money that is now being wasted by failed diagnostic processes. (medscape.com)
  • What are your thoughts about the role in administrative vs deliberative decision-making processes of diagnostic treatment? (medscape.com)
  • The few errors related to visual processes show that they are not typical of the reviewed problems. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Persistent Problem of Diagnostic Error - Medscape - Dec 01, 2015. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnostic error has recently garnered attention as a patient safety problem, as evidenced by the publication of a major report on the topic by the Institute of Medicine. (ahrq.gov)
  • He says experts have often downplayed the scope of diagnostic errors not because they were unaware of the problem, but "because they were afraid to open up a can of worms they couldn't close. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Diagnostic errors in the American healthcare system is a problem that is now on the radar screen of policymakers at the Institute of Medicine (IOM). (darkdaily.com)
  • The IOM recently convened a committee that released a list of recommendations to address the problem of diagnostic errors in medicine. (darkdaily.com)
  • Diagnostic errors are a complex and often overlooked problem in the field of patient safety. (pa.gov)
  • The error message may vary depending on the cause of the problem, such as \'The archive is either in unknown format or damaged\', \'CRC failed in the encrypted file\', \'Unexpected end of archive\', etc. (thesparklediva.com)
  • It was not possible to identify the most prevalent errors for each type of problem. (bvsalud.org)
  • No typical errors were identified for each problem. (bvsalud.org)
  • The committee concluded: "Improving the diagnostic process is not only possible, but it represents a moral, professional, and public health imperative. (medscape.com)
  • Reducing prognostic errors: a new imperative in quality healthcare. (ahrq.gov)
  • The majority of diagnostic errors were missed diagnoses, rather than delayed or wrong ones. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The human toll of mistaken diagnoses is likely much greater than his team's review showed, Newman-Toker says, because the data they used covers only cases with the most severe consequences of diagnostic error. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • In the spring of 2018, the Authority convened an expert panel of 10 speakers to discuss issues in diagnostic error and strategies for improvement. (pa.gov)
  • [ 5 ] These reports together with Lucien Leape's bombshell 1994 JAMA article, "Error in Medicine," [ 6 ] constitute the bulwarks of the patient safety movement but deal largely with errors in treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Other outpatient safety problems, such as diagnostic errors, will require different approaches. (medscape.com)
  • This commentary describes why diagnostic errors previously received less attention than other safety efforts and highlights the importance of addressing this issue. (ahrq.gov)
  • Advancing diagnostic safety research: results of a systematic research priority setting exercise. (ahrq.gov)
  • Thanks to the Flexi Loop diagnostic functions, errors in the safety functions can be reliably identified and displayed consistently and without error masking using the event history. (sick.com)
  • Another item that made this year's safety hazard list that was not on last year's list is vaccine coverage gaps and errors. (medscape.com)
  • t https://unctad.org/system/files/official- document/aldcmisc2020d3_en.pdf. (who.int)
  • Multi-purpose diagnostic, a monolithic program that performs multiple tasks that may or may not be suitable for all uses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The grouping of errors in the following categories: spelling, phonological or visual-spatial showed a trend to predominance of errors due to spelling errors. (bvsalud.org)
  • If you encounter issues with Twilio Conversations, we've provided the following diagnostics tips to help get you back on track. (twilio.com)
  • However, sometimes you may encounter a diagnostic message error when you try to open or extract a file with WinRAR. (thesparklediva.com)
  • The doctor could fail to perform a diagnostic test that could have revealed the condition, or the doctor may have ignored the signs and symptoms of a disease or condition. (articlecity.com)
  • How often do you perform in-shelter diagnostics such as a fecal, heartworm test, or cytology? (maddiesfund.org)
  • A diagnostic program (also known as a test mode) is an automatic computer program sequence that determines the operational status within the software, hardware, or any combination thereof in a component, a system, or a network of systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • See Built-in test equipment that enabled system operators to perform testing and diagnostics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Solution-based diagnostics, that test for known failure modes by identifying if their known symptoms are detected. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the late 1960s, Volkswagen introduced the first on-board computer system with diagnostics provisions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The diagnostics program for a device or system may be independently located or integrated within. (wikipedia.org)
  • Integrated background diagnostics, that perform testing of system components during idle-time of a system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Operation-interleaved diagnostics, that incorporate diagnostics into the normal operation of a system component, thus any marginal operating mode is immediately diagnosed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Key to its design is its reusable hardware and software operating system that performs all of its diagnostics programs. (wikipedia.org)
  • After the completion of these steps, you can find that the troubleshooter automatically starts to scan for the acknowledge problems and errors with your system updates. (pc-diagnostics.com)
  • System diagnostics during operation and during commisioning without busmaster. (sick.com)
  • We base this system on the physical isolation of viruses from large pooled samples of human serum and plasma ( e.g., discarded specimens from diagnostic laboratories), followed by shotgun sequencing of the resulting genomes. (cdc.gov)
  • They found that of the 350,706 paid claims, diagnostic errors were the leading type (28.6 percent) and accounted for the highest proportion of total payments (35.2 percent). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Those payments, the researchers found, were higher even than for errors resulting in death. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • 15:38:24: Error: Failed to load shared library 'avformat-55.dll' (error 126: The specified module could not be found. (audacityteam.org)
  • 1991), and a more recent study in the Netherlands found that diagnostic errors comprised 6.4 percent of hospital adverse events (Zwaan et al. (nationalacademies.org)
  • None of the Microsoft Office Diagnostics found any problems. (microsoft.com)
  • The Setup Diagnostic was not completed because a valid source was not found. (microsoft.com)
  • The Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART) feature of your hard disk has found errors that may indicate that the hard disk is likely to fail. (microsoft.com)
  • The Disk Diagnostic found evidence of hardware errors. (microsoft.com)
  • The Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART) feature of your hard disk has found errors. (microsoft.com)
  • Microsoft Office Diagnostics has found blocked-out (failed) sectors on your hard disk. (microsoft.com)
  • The Memory Diagnostic found evidence of failure in the random access memory (RAM). (microsoft.com)
  • Diagnostic programs ideally provide the user with guidance regarding any issues or problems found during its operation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The errors for inverting similar letters are the least found. (bvsalud.org)
  • Impact of diagnostic checklists on the interpretation of normal and abnormal electrocardiograms. (ahrq.gov)
  • This adapted taxonomy may be used to classify where a failure occurred during the diagnostic process. (pa.gov)
  • Associated Disorders (5) and Inconclusive Diagnostics (9). (bvsalud.org)
  • According to the National Academy of Medicine, most people will experience at least one diagnostic error in their lifetime, sometimes with fatal outcomes. (pa.gov)
  • What can we learn from in-depth analysis of human errors resulting in diagnostic errors in the emergency department: an analysis of serious adverse event reports. (ahrq.gov)
  • Provide dedicated funding for research on the diagnostic process and diagnostic errors. (medscape.com)
  • A poster geared towards healthcare workers and the diagnostic process. (pa.gov)
  • and enhancing health care professional education and training in the diagnostic process. (pa.gov)