Brugia malayi

Wuchereria bancrofti

Anopheles

Loa loa filariasis

Culex13

• Setaria tundra was found to be widespread in southern Germany in various mosquito species, except Culex spp. (biomedcentral.com)
• Through the bite of infected Aedes , Culex , Anopheles , and Mansonia mosquitoes. (cdc.gov)
• Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens are filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles genera. (nih.gov)
• Wolbachia is a confusing α-proteobacterium, first identified in the ovaries of Culex mosquitoes [ 1 ] and is probably the most common known endosymbiotic microbe in the biosphere [ 2 ]. (parasitol.kr)
• In this study, we have developed a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of infective stage (L3) Wuchereria bancrofti and the vector species Culex quinquefasciatus. (journalcra.com)
• The disease is caused by the nematode worm, either Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi and is transmitted by mosquito species Culex quinquefasciatus and Mansonia annulifera/M.uniformis respectively. (aimu.us)
• Culex, Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes serve as vector for W.bancrofti in transmission of the disease. (aimu.us)
• Australian distribution, genetic status and seasonal abundance of the exotic mosquito Culex molestus (Forskal) (Diptera: Culicidae). (edu.au)
• The microfilariae infect biting Culex pipiens mosquitoes (less commonly Anopheles, Aedes, and Mansonella species). (medscape.com)
• The significance of low density microfilaraemia in the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say in Sri Lanka. (thefreedictionary.com)
• Although several studies have suggested that gravid traps might be useful for collection of mosquitoes, particularly Culex quinquefasciatus, to monitor transmission of the nematode Wuchereria bancrofti (xenomonitoring), there has not been a study to see which of the currently available gravid traps is most effective in endemic areas. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• The epidemiology of LF in the region is characterized by the prevalence of both nocturnally periodic and diurnally sub-periodic races of W. bancrofti and involvement of Aedes , Anopheles , and Culex vectors [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• Once the vector insect bites (the vectors include mosquitoes from the genera Anopheles, Culex, Aedes and Mansonia ), third-stage larvae migrate through the skin into the cutaneous lymphatic vessels. (clinmedjournals.org)

Aedes10

• The functional significance of MfWb1 wa also assessed by performing feeding experiments using laboratory bred Aedes togoi and it was found that MfWb1 has an effect on the transmission of W. bancrofti. (who.int)
• 2006) Spatial analysis of spill-over effects of insecticide-treated materials in a cluster-randomized trial against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Trujillo, Venezeula, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 75 (5), 177-177. (plymouth.ac.uk)
• filariasis are mosquito species in the genera Mansonia and Aedes . (cdc.gov)
• The principal mosquito vectors include Mansonia, Anopheles, and Aedes mosquitoes. (wikipedia.org)
• Effects of cohabitation on the population performance and survivorship of the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus and the resident mosquito Aedes notoscriptus (diptera: Culicidae) in Australia. (edu.au)
• Landing response of Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis mosquitoes to coloured targets. (edu.au)
• Beyond Thursday Island: Expanding the current Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) control program across the Torres Strait. (edu.au)
• Tonga was highly endemic for lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by diurnally sub-periodic Wuchereria bancroft i transmitted by Aedes vector species. (biomedcentral.com)
• The most notable feature is a very high prevalence of Aedes -transmitted diurnally sub-periodic W. bancrofti in several countries including Tonga [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• The Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus , for example, is a prolific breeder in man-made environments and a vector for several diseases including dengue, West Nile fever and Japanese encephalitis. (rentokil.com.hk)

Microfilariae37

• Microscopic detection of microfilariae on an appropriately timed thick blood film. (cdc.gov)
• The microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, B timori, Loa loa, Mansonella perstans, and M ozzardi are found in the blood, while the microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus and M streptocerca are found in the skin. (mayomedicallaboratories.com)
• If microfilariae are taken up by a biting insect vector (mosquitos, blackflies, midges, and deer flies), they undergo further development in the insect and can then be transmitted to other humans. (mayomedicallaboratories.com)
• However, microfilariae may be in low numbers and, therefore, use of concentration methods such as the Knott's technique improves the detection sensitivity. (mayomedicallaboratories.com)
• Microfilariae may be seen in peripheral blood on routine thick and thin blood films, but concentration techniques such as the Knott's concentration and Nucleopore membrane filtration technique offer increased detection sensitivity. (mayomedicallaboratories.com)
• A panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti were produced and designated as MfWb1. (who.int)
• MfWb1 was stage and species specific to microfilariae of W. bancrofti. (who.int)
• There was no reactivity in the IFAT against infective larvae of W. bancrofti, microfilariae of Brugia pahangi, microfilariae of Brugia malayi, adult Onchocerca gibsoni, adult O. gutturosa and Acanthocheilonema viteae. (who.int)
• MfWb1 reacted only with the surface antigens on the sheath of microfilariae of W. bancrofti and the location was determined by IFAT and immunocytochemistry. (who.int)
• At lower dilutions of up to 1 : 6, MfWb1 completely inhibited the development of microfilariae in infected mosquitoes. (who.int)
• A total of 67 dogs were sampled for blood microfilariae detection and for D. immitis DNA detection. (bvsalud.org)
• Definitive diagnosis of ongoing LF infection is achieved through identification of the microfilariae (juvenile worms) in blood samples or through the detection of antigens of W. bancrofti . (mectizan.org)
• Treating people in endemic districts eliminates microfilariae from the blood of infected individuals, thereby interrupting transmission of infection by mosquitoes. (mectizan.org)
• When an infected mosquito bites a healthy person, the larvae called microfilariae move into the lymphatics and lymph nodes. (aimu.us)
• These microfilariae circulate in the peripheral blood usually in the night, and are sucked by the mosquitoes during a bite. (aimu.us)
• Serologic techniques provide an alternative to microscopic detection of microfilariae for the diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. (aimu.us)
• But the new species of human filaria in North Sumatra was both physiologically and morphologically distinct from the W. bancrofti microfilariae commonly found in Jakarta. (wikipedia.org)
• Nocturnal subperiodicity: microfilariae are present in the blood at all times, but appear at greatest density between noon and 8 PM. B. malayi is transmitted by a mosquito vector. (wikipedia.org)
• 4. The mosquito takes a human blood meal and ingests microfilariae (worm-like sheathed eggs) that circulate in the human blood stream. (wikipedia.org)
• 5-7 In the mosquito, the microfilariae shed sheaths, penetrate the midgut, and migrate to the thoracic muscles were the microfilariae increase in size, molt, and develop into infective larvae (L1 and L3) over a span of 7-21 days. (wikipedia.org)
• No multiplication or sexual reproduction of microfilariae occurs in the mosquito. (wikipedia.org)
• The cause of this periodicity remains unknown, but the advantages of the microfilariae being in the peripheral blood during these hours may ensure the vector, the nighttime mosquito, will have a higher chance of transmitting them elsewhere. (wikipedia.org)
• As stated previously, during the day, the microfilariae are found in the lungs and during the night, they sense a change in their hosts' body temperature and will migrate to the peripheral veins/arteries where they await to be found by a hungry mosquito . (blogspot.ca)
• The mosquito will unknowingly consume the microfilariae during their meal. (blogspot.ca)
• Once inside the mosquito, the microfilariae will then loose their sheaths where they will find their way to the mosquitos midgut and their thoracic muscles. (blogspot.ca)
• the microfilariae released by the female worms circulate in the peripheral blood and are not harmful, but can be ingested by mosquitoes, which transmit the infection from person to person. (biomedcentral.com)
• As the mosquito takes a blood meal from a human host, many microfilariae are ingested. (medicaljoyworks.com)
• They reported the occurrence of a species of human filariae in North Sumatra that was both physiologically and morphologically distinct from the W. bancrofti microfilariae commonly found in Jakarta and named the pathogen Filaria malayi . (meddic.jp)
• however, definitive diagnosis is based on the detection of microfilariae, primarily in the blood. (asmscience.org)
• The microfilariae differ from those of W. bancrofti by having two terminal nuclei that are distinctly separated from the other nuclei in the tail. (asmscience.org)
• When a mosquito bites a person who has lymphatic filariasis, microscopic worms called microfilariae (baby worms) circulating in the person's blood enter and infect the mosquito. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• While inside the mosquito, the microfilariae develop over a period of a week into an infectious stage, called larvae. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• Female worms produce millions of microfilariae that swarm in the blood at night when mosquitoes bite, continuing the cycle. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• The strategy for elimination is based on the use of mass community treatment to kill the microfilariae to stop transmission of the parasite by mosquitoes. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• Endemicity of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Cambodia was proven in 1956 when microfilariae were detected in mosquitos in the Kratié province. (readbyqxmd.com)
• In 2001, an extensive study confirmed the presence of both Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae. (readbyqxmd.com)
• Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) is a neglected tropical disease of predominantly filarial endemic countries caused by a hypersensitivity response to antigens from microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi . (clinmedjournals.org)

Anopheles12

• To compare the performance of the CSP ELISA and ECL-SB for the detection of mosquito infection, four groups of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were infected with cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
• as a primary vector for W. bancrofti to be replaced by Anopheles sp. (parasitol.kr)
• Malaria transmission in Africa is dominated by the Anopheles gambiae species complex and the Anopheles funestus group of mosquitoes. (biomedcentral.com)
• Another parasite called Brugia malayi also causes filariasis is transmitted by the vector Mansonia and Anopheles mosquitoes. (aimu.us)
• All Anopheles mosquitoes were dissected and examined for the larval stages of the parasite following which molecular identification of both vector and parasite was done. (beds.ac.uk)
• Previously, it has been shown that a hexane extract of the bark is toxic to adult females of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, a malaria vector. (edenextdata.com)
• Anopheles / ə ˈ n ɒ f ᵻ l iː z / (Greek anofelís: "useless") is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. (wn.com)
• Anopheles mosquitoes kill about 440,000 people each year because of malaria. (wn.com)
• Some species of Anopheles also can serve as the vectors for canine heartworm Dirofilaria immitis , the filariasis -causing species Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi , and viruses such as one that causes O'nyong'nyong fever. (wn.com)
• molecules to the malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. (wn.com)
• Several species of mosquitoes can transmit the disease, but in rural Africa the Anopheles mosquito is the primary carrier for both lymphatic filariasis and malaria. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• Most infections can only be transmitted by a particular, disease-specific vector, e.g., malaria by Anopheles mosquitoes. (fao.org)

Larvae8

• The worm larvae (microfilaria) may be injected by an infected mosquito directly into the blood . (lymphedemapeople.com)
• These third-stage larvae migrate towards the mosquito's head and proboscis and are transmitted to another human next time the mosquito takes a blood meal. (news-medical.net)
• This is because a competent mosquito usually transmits only a few infective L3 larvae (see Life cycle), and less than 10% of those larvae progress through all the necessary molting steps and develop into adult worms that can mate. (wikipedia.org)
• Worm larvae deposited by the bite of an infected mosquito enter the body and migrate to the lymphatic system, where they mature into adult worms. (healthcanal.com)
• The third stage larvae will enter into the human through the opened bite made by the mosquito. (blogspot.ca)
• These undergo several morphological changes within the mosquito, ultimately developing into L3 larvae, which are deposited onto human skin, when the mosquito bites. (medicaljoyworks.com)
• During subsequent bites by the mosquito, the larvae infect human hosts and migrate to the lymphatic tissues, where they develop into adult worms within a year. (medscape.com)
• The infected mosquito deposits microscopic larvae on the skin while biting a person and the larvae enter the bite wound migrating to the human lymph system, where they mature. (lymphedemapeople.com)

Parasites13

• The infectivity of Plasmodium gametocytes is typically determined by microscopically examining the midguts of mosquitoes that have taken a blood meal containing potentially infectious parasites. (biomedcentral.com)
• We conducted a molecular mass screening of mosquitoes for filarial parasites using mitochondrial 12S rRNA-based real-time PCR. (biomedcentral.com)
• Usefulness of multiplex PCR was evaluated by testing mosquito pools to know which genera and species are used by filarial parasites as a vector. (nih.gov)
• C) Distribution of filarial parasites among different mosquito genera using multiplex PCR. (nih.gov)
• Thus, we aimed to identify the possible concurrent presence of Wolbachia within different mosquitoes and filarial parasites, in Assiut Governorate, Egypt using multiplex PCR. (parasitol.kr)
• Wolbachia within filaria-infected mosquitoes in our locality gives a hope to use bacteria as a new control trend simultaneously targeting the vector and filarial parasites. (parasitol.kr)
• Backpack PCR: A point-of-collection diagnostic platform for the rapid detection of Brugia parasites in mosquitoes. (cdc.gov)
• Here we present a novel diagnostic approach for molecular xenomonitoring of filarial parasites in mosquitoes that uses a rapid, NaOH-based DNA extraction methodology coupled with a portable, battery powered PCR platform and a test strip-based DNA detection assay. (cdc.gov)
• While the research reported here serves as a proof-of-concept for the backpack PCR methodology for the detection of filarial parasites in mosquitoes, the platform should be easily adaptable to the detection of W. bancrofti and other mosquito-transmitted pathogens. (cdc.gov)
• These parasites penetrate the skin either their own or through the opening created by mosquito bites to reach the lymphatic system. (aimu.us)
• These parasites can be found in 80 countries: in the humid and tropical areas (where mosquito s are apparent) of Africa, Asia, isolate America areas, and the Pacific islands. (blogspot.ca)
• Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (TPE) is the pulmonary manifestation of occult filariasis, where there is an immunological response to filarial parasites, Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. (medicaljoyworks.com)
• In the year 2000, there were more than 120 million people infected with these mosquito-transmitted parasites and there are now more than 947 million people in 54 countries at risk requiring prophylactic treatment to stop the spread of the disease [ 2 ]. (clinmedjournals.org)

Microfilaria6

• A single microfilaria in 100 µl of blood or added to 1 ml of blood, a single third-stage larva in a pool of 20 uninfected mosquitoes, or 0.4 pg of W. bancrofti genomic DNA added to 100 µl of human blood or serum can be detected by this PCR method. (ajtmh.org)
• The EPBs intervention resulted in a reduction in mosquito density of 80% and a 64.3% reduction in microfilaria prevalence. (who.int)
• Mosquitoes, however, can be infected by humans if they ingest microfilaria during a blood meal of an infected individual(1). (msdsonline.com)
• It was similar to another filarial roundworm Wuchereria bancrofti (then called Filaria (Microfilaria) bancrfoti). (wikipedia.org)
• Wuchereria bancrofti can live as in the body as microfilaria for up to 12 months. (blogspot.ca)
• Microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti in a peripheral blood smear. (medscape.com)

Filariasis28

• Development and standardization of a rapid PCR-based method for the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in mosquitoes for xenomonitoring the human prevalence of bancroftian filariasis. (ajtmh.org)
• The control of lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by Wuchereria bancrofti in the Central African Region has been hampered by the presence of Loa loa due to severe adverse events that arise in the treatment with ivermectin. (biomedcentral.com)
• Those of highest medical relevance are the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis ( Wuchereria bancrofti and others) and onchocerciasis ( Onchocerca volvulus ), both diseases with anthroponotic cycles. (biomedcentral.com)
• Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a debilitating, mosquito-borne, nematode infection that has been targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2020. (biomedcentral.com)
• LF antigenic detection was performed using the immunocromatographic BinaxNOW filariasis card test (ICT). (biomedcentral.com)
• The technique showed 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity.Multiplex PCR offers a reliable procedure for molecular xenomonitoring of filariasis within their respective vectors in endemic areas.Therefore, it is recommended for evaluation of mosquito infection after lymphatic filariasis eradication programs. (nih.gov)
• Therefore, it is recommended for evaluation of mosquito infection after lymphatic filariasis eradication programs. (nih.gov)
• W bancrofti and the Brugia species cause a serious condition called lymphatic filariasis. (mayomedicallaboratories.com)
• Development of various immunodiagnostic tests for the detection of infected patients with bancroftian filariasis was attempted by using MfWb1. (who.int)
• Antibody detection has served as the basis for diagnostic assays for filariasis for many decades. (biomedcentral.com)
• Lymphatic filariasis (LF), the major cause of elephantiasis, is spread by mosquitos and damages the lymphatic system, leading to serious disability, disfigurement, and low quality of life across Africa and some parts of Asia. (path.org)
• These tests will join the SD BIOLINE Onchocerciasis IgG4 rapid test , a monoplex antibody-detection test for onchocerciasis post-elimination surveillance, and the Alere Filariasis Test Strip, an antigen-detection test for use in LF disease mapping and to inform the MDA stopping decision, both marketed by SD/Alere to aid in the elimination of onchocerciasis and LF. (path.org)
• A primary cause of this increase is the rapid and unplanned growth of cities, which creates numerous breeding sites for the mosquitoes that transmit the disease.In its most obvious manifestations, lymphatic filariasis causes enlargement of the entire leg or arm, the genitals, vulva and breasts. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• The thread-like, parasitic filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi that cause lymphatic filariasis live almost exclusively in humans. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• Elimination of lymphatic filariasis is possible by stopping the spread of infection with mass drug administration (MDA) and protection from mosquito bites and vector control measures. (aimu.us)
• Wuchereria bancrofti is a human parasitic roundworm that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. (wikipedia.org)
• Washington University School of Medicine Washington University's Kurt Curtis, in Liberia, readies a new diagnostic test for lymphatic filariasis, a mosquito-born infection that can lead to enormously swollen limbs and genitals. (healthcanal.com)
• Both tests detect the presence of worms that cause lymphatic filariasis, a devastating mosquito-borne illness also known as elephantiasis. (healthcanal.com)
• Wuchereria bancrofti is a thread-like nematode that is one of the three different nematodes that cause Lymphatic filariasis in humans. (blogspot.ca)
• Human infection with Wuchereria bancrofti causes a disabling parasitic disease known as lymphatic filariasis, which is a major public health and socio-economic problem in many parts of the world. (biomedcentral.com)
• Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease and an important cause of chronic morbidity in tropical countries. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Filariasis is a mosquito borne parasitic infection, affecting mainly the lymphatic system of humans. (medicaljoyworks.com)
• In 1900, Sir Ronald Ross, a scientist from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, reported that lymphatic filariasis is transmitted through mosquito bites. (medscape.com)
• Loaisis or loa loa filariasis is caused by the parasitic worm Loa Loa versus either the Wuchereria bancrofti,or the Brugia malayi. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a disabling and disfiguring disease resulting from a mosquito-borne parasitic infection. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic worm transmitted by the bites of mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• Commenting on the data Professor David Molyneux of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine says "In this landmark publication, new data from the national program in Egypt show that we can, using the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended strategy of an annual drug distribution, end the cycle of transmission of lymphatic filariasis by mosquitoes. (news-medical.net)
• One-third of the cases of W. bancrofti filariasis have been reported in Africa, another third in India and the rest in South Asia, Pacific Rim and parts of Central and South America. (clinmedjournals.org)

Elephantiasis1

• Unilateral left lower leg elephantiasis secondary to Wuchereria bancrofti infection in a boy. (medscape.com)

Endemic7

• We also compared real-time PCR with conventional PCR (C-PCR) for detecting W. bancrofti DNA in mosquito samples collected in endemic areas in Egypt and Papua New Guinea. (ajtmh.org)
• EPIDEMIOLOGY: Wuchereria bancrofti is endemic in 78 countries and affects 128 million people worldwide(1). (msdsonline.com)
• In the northern zone (two regions), which were not endemic for loiasis, W. bancrofti microfilaremia was confirmed microscopically using night blood smears [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• The first test, an onchocerciasis and LF dual-detection, or "biplex," test, is designed to fill these gaps in surveillance data for both diseases' control programs in areas of Africa where the diseases are co-endemic. (path.org)
• Like W. bancrofti , control measures have reduced the occurrence and endemic range considerably. (cdc.gov)
• At present, 1.1 billion people (20% of the world's population) in some 80 endemic countries located in tropical areas of the world are at risk of infection by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi . (biomedcentral.com)
• Hydrocele is the most common manifestation of chronic W bancrofti infection in males in endemic areas. (medscape.com)

Nematode1

• CHARACTERISTICS: Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial nematode that, as an adult, is a thread-like worm(1,2,3). (msdsonline.com)

Malaria5

• LF is also recognized as the second most disabling mosquito-borne disease next to malaria(1,4,5,6). (msdsonline.com)
• DISCUSIÓN: Los hallazgos en las diferentes regiones estudiadas permiten concluir que la diversidad genética, la multiplicidad de infección y la dinámica en el tiempo de las infecciones por P. falciparum se ven afectadas por el grado de endemicidad de la malaria en cada país. (bvsalud.org)
• hinesorum malaria mosquitoes from northern Queensland, Australia. (edu.au)
• In 1902, Sir Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for his discovery that malaria is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. (medscape.com)
• Risk of malaria infection was associated with socio-cultural and environmental factors exposing individuals to mosquito bites. (scielosp.org)

Genera4

• Overall there are 6 genera and 70 species of mosquitoes responsible for the spread of Wuchereria bancrofti(1). (msdsonline.com)
• of the genera Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi that are introduced into the body by many species of mosquitoes. (thefreedictionary.com)
• W. bancrofti is transmitted by many different mosquito genera/species, depending on geographical distribution. (cdc.gov)
• Buckley proposed to divide the old genus Wuchereria, into two genera, Wuchereria and introduced a new Brugia after the original discoverer. (wikipedia.org)

Mansonia4

• During a blood meal, an infected mosquito (typically Mansonia spp. (cdc.gov)
• B. malayi is transmitted by Mansonia mosquitoes and is restricted to South and Southeast Asia. (wikipedia.org)
• The nocturnal periodic form is transmitted by Mansonia and some anopheline mosquitoes in open swamps and rice growing areas. (wikipedia.org)
• The nocturnal subperiodic form is transmitted by Mansonia in forest swamps, where mosquitoes bite in the shade at any time. (wikipedia.org)

Humans4

• Because of this stability and because very few sporozoites are egested during blood feeding [ 14 , 15 ] it is generally accepted that a mosquito with any number of salivary gland sporozoites is infective to humans. (biomedcentral.com)
• In Africa, LF is caused by the parasitic thread-like worm, Wuchereria bancrofti , and is transmitted to humans through the bites of mosquitoes. (mectizan.org)
• These mosquitoes tend to bite at night and appear to only infect humans. (wikipedia.org)
• The infection in humans is initiated after the inoculation of sporozoites from an infected mosquito. (glowm.com)

Quinquefasciatus2

• In both locations, the CDC gravid trap collected the highest number of mosquitoes, the highest number of Cx quinquefasciatus, and the highest proportion of gravid mosquitoes. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• The effectiveness of all four gravid traps should encourage the sampling of Cx quinquefasciatus where it is an important disease vector or nuisance mosquito. (lymphedemapeople.com)

Infective2

• An infective stage (L3) detection assay provides a more direct measure of transmission risk and may be useful as a sensitive and non-invasive method for monitoring GPELF programs. (journalcra.com)
• The accumulation of many infective mosquito bites - several hundreds to thousands - is required to establish infection. (wikipedia.org)

Worm1

• As a dioecious worm, W. bancrofti exhibits sexual dimorphism. (wikipedia.org)

Prevalence3

• The detection of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enhanced chemiluminescent slot-blot (ECL-SB) may be used as objective, scalable alternatives to microscopy for the determination of infection prevalence. (biomedcentral.com)
• Epidemiological mapping was undertaken to determine the prevalence of infection by Wuchereria bancrofti in 37 districts of Nepal between July to December 2001. (biomedcentral.com)
• The sexual prevalence of filarial infection varies by region, possibly because of variable exposure in cultural or employment patterns that result in contact with vector species of mosquito. (medscape.com)

India1

• Lymphatic pathology in asymptomatic and symptomatic children with Wuchereria bancrofti infection in children from Odisha, India and its reversal with DEC and albendazole treatment. (rmrcbbsr.gov.in)

Infections5

• Tolerance and efficacy of combined diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti and intestinal helminth infections in Haitian children. (cdc.gov)
• The infections is spread through mosquito bites. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• W. bancrofti was named after physician Otto Wucherer and parasitologist Joseph Bancroft, both of whom extensively studied filarial infections. (wikipedia.org)
• More than 90% of the estimated 120 million infections are due to W bancrofti, of which 26.79 million cases are hydrocele. (medscape.com)
• Some medical and hygienic pest insects, such as tsetse flies and mosquitoes, which vector devastating human pathogens, often also carry Wolbachia infections. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

Peripheral2

• Acute - detection in peripheral blood 3. (brainscape.com)
• During the day, they thrive in the lungs and at night, th ey sense their hosts body temperature drop, and travel and emerge in the peripheral veins/arteries at night in order to spread through a vector, typically a mosquito . (blogspot.ca)

Polymerase6

• Oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a 490-basepair DNA fragment in the 5′ end of the pWb 12 repeated DNA sequence in Wuchereria bancrofti for specific amplification of W. bancrofti DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (ajtmh.org)
• We developed and evaluated real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in human blood and in mosquitoes. (ajtmh.org)
• Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-based assay for diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti infection. (ajtmh.org)
• Development of a quantitative, competitive polymerase chain reaction-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA. (ajtmh.org)
• Detection of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in patients sputum by the polymerase chain reaction. (ajtmh.org)
• When two populations of M. alternatus were subjected to diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of four Wolbachia genes, only the ftsZ gene was detected from one of the populations. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

Albendazole1

• Dreyer G, Addiss D, Williamson J, Norões J. Efficacy of co-administered diethylcarbamazine and albendazole against adult Wuchereria bancrofti . (cdc.gov)

Antigen-detection2

• A n antigen-detection test, known better as the ITC test can scan blood sample and will reveal the results within minutes. (blogspot.ca)
• Previously, national campaigns were asked to use immunochromatography test (ICT) for filarial antigen detection kit in schools or community-based samples. (springer.com)

Assays3

• When mosquitoes were analysed 48 h later (10 days PI) both assays performed as well as microscopy for infection detection. (biomedcentral.com)
• Previously, through next generation sequencing (NGS)-based identification and targeting of non-coding, high copy-number repetitive DNA sequences, we described the development of a panel of improved quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)-based assays for the detection of Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis. (cdc.gov)
• Wuchereria bancrofti can be detected via by circulating filarial antigen (CFA) assays. (medscape.com)

Proportion of mosquitoes1

• Although it damaged the highest proportion of mosquitoes as they passed through the trap fan, the CDC gravid trap also contained the highest number of living mosquitoes, when the traps were collected in the morning. (lymphedemapeople.com)

Assay for the detection1

• Of greater importance, this backpack PCR system also provides the proof-of-concept framework for the development of a parallel assay for the detection of W. bancrofti. (cdc.gov)

Bite of an infected1

• The disease is transmitted by the bite of an infected anopheline mosquito, through transfusions, by blood contamination as a result of needle abuse, or congenitally. (glowm.com)

Infected mosquito bites1

• The first part of their lifecycle occurs when an infected mosquito bites an innocent standby for a lovely meal. (blogspot.ca)

Transmission6

• MODE OF TRANSMISSION: The disease is usually transmitted through the bite of an infectious mosquito. (msdsonline.com)
• Knowledge of the potential vector role of Culicidae mosquitoes in Germany is very scanty, and until recently it was generally assumed that they are not involved in the transmission of anthroponotic or zoonotic pathogens in this country. (biomedcentral.com)
• In these areas, antibody-detection tests provide important information about recent transmission rates. (path.org)
• These nematodes usually begin transmission through a mosquito vector and transmission is completed when the mosquito bites a human. (blogspot.ca)
• The combination of two non-invasive surveys, the urine anti-filarial IgG4 levels of schoolchildren and MX of vector mosquitoes, would be a convenient package to monitor the ongoing transmission (hotspots) of LF in the surveillance. (springer.com)
• The impact of MDA was assessed through interim and post-MDA antigen (Ag) detection surveys among adults and transmission assessment surveys among children. (biomedcentral.com)

Antibody1

• The rapid immunochromatographic card test (ICT) and a new commercial antibody detection kit (CELISA®) were used. (who.int)

Periodicity2

• W bancrofti and Brugia species are usually released between 10 p.m. and 2 a.m. (nocturnal periodicity), while L loa is released mostly from 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. (diurnal periodicity). (mayomedicallaboratories.com)
• in geographic areas where mosquitoes are not strictly night-biters (as in areas of Polynesia), the microfilarial periodicity is modified or absent. (thefreedictionary.com)

Blood7

• FTS positive individuals were further subjected to night blood collection for detecting W. bancrofti . (biomedcentral.com)
• No W. bancrofti mf was found in the night blood of any individuals but L. loa mf were found in both day and night blood of participants who were FTS positive. (biomedcentral.com)
• It is therefore important to collect blood during these time periods for optimal detection sensitivity. (mayomedicallaboratories.com)
• Dependent variables were Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia detected with filarial test strips (FTS) and microfilaraemia detected by night blood smears. (springer.com)
• These micofilariae are taken up by the mosquito or fly during a blood meal. (news-medical.net)
• Mf are ingested by mosquitoes from the blood of an infected individual, completing the cycle. (lymphedemapeople.com)
• Like mosquitos, they bite animals as blood is their main food. (lymphedemapeople.com)

Filarial nematodes1

• Xenomonitoring of different filarial nematodes using single and multiplex PCR in mosquitoes from Assiut Governorate, Egypt. (nih.gov)

Microfilaraemia1

• Two hundred and fifty nine out of 820 (31.6%) of subjects aged ≥ 5 years had W. bancrofti antigenaemia and 11.8% (97/820) had microfilaraemia. (springer.com)

Insect2

• Intracellular Wolbachia bacteria are estimated to naturally infect approximately 20% of insect species and up to 28% of surveyed mosquito species [ 3 - 5 ]. (parasitol.kr)
• It is spread by the insect vectors, such as mosquitoes and black flies. (biology-online.org)

Human5

• Human and mosquito surveys were conducted in 40 randomly selected households in Hadibo (capital of Socotra) before and after application of EPBs. (who.int)
• Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are closely related mosquito-borne flaviviruses that co-circulate in tropical regions and constitute major threats to global human health. (bvsalud.org)
• Human beings serve as the definitive host and mosquitoes as their intermediate hosts. (wikipedia.org)
• As previously stated, the Wuchereria bancrofti has two hosts: a mosquito and a human. (blogspot.ca)
• Mosquitoes were collected simultaneously at all sites by human landing catches for 4 days per month over a six-month period. (beds.ac.uk)

Infectious2

• Wuchereria bancrofti is the infectious agent in 91 % of LF cases. (msdsonline.com)
• It affects 120 million people in 73 countries where 1.46 billion people are at risk of acquiring the infection through infectious mosquito bites. (biomedcentral.com)

Serum1

• Sensitive and Specific Identification of Neospora Caninum Infection of Cattle Based on Detection of Serum Antibodies to Recombinant Ncp29 Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. (jove.com)

Life Cycle1

• W. bancrofti carry out their life cycle in two hosts. (wikipedia.org)

Sensitivity and specifi1

• The detection potential of the assay in terms of sensitivity and specificity of the primer WbL3-1 was 85% and 100%, whereas the same for the primer WbL3-2 was 95% and 100% respectively based on the decoded results of the assessment of 20 coded samples and the variation in the sensitivity was insignificant. (journalcra.com)

Eradication1

• Mosquito Eradication: The Story of Killing Campto , (pp. 245-256). (edu.au)