AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Clostridium botulinumBotulinum ToxinsClostridiumBotulismBotulinum Toxins, Type AClostridium botulinum type AClostridium botulinum type EClostridium botulinum type BClostridium difficileBotulinum AntitoxinClostridium InfectionsClostridium botulinum type DClostridium botulinum type FADP Ribose TransferasesFood PreservationClostridium botulinum type CSporesNeurotoxinsToxins, BiologicalFood MicrobiologySpores, BacterialNeuromuscular AgentsClostridium tetaniToxoidsAntitoxinsFood IrradiationBacterial ToxinsLethal Dose 50Anti-Dyskinesia AgentsEnterocolitis, PseudomembranousFish ProductsClostridium acetobutylicumClostridium thermocellumClostridium butyricumFood PackagingFood ContaminationClostridium botulinum type GrhoB GTP-Binding ProteinAdenosine Diphosphate RiboseFood, PreservedRefrigerationCulture MediaSorbic AcidHot TemperatureHemagglutininsClostridium sordelliiMolecular Sequence DataSynaptosomal-Associated Protein 25Biological AssayrhoA GTP-Binding ProteinDNA, BacterialBacteriological TechniquesEnterotoxinsFecesTetanus ToxinMeatClostridium perfringensFood PreservativesBacterial Proteinsrho GTP-Binding ProteinsCobalt IsotopesSodium NitriteClostridium septicumSoil MicrobiologyImmunodiffusionMeat ProductsGTP-Binding ProteinsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationBlepharospasmTiliaClostridium beijerinckiiGenes, BacterialAmmonium SulfateAmino Acid SequenceBird DiseasesThioglycolatesShellfishRibotypingSpasmTrypsinWater MicrobiologySalmonidaeTemperatureBiological Warfare AgentsGangliosidesChromatographySpecies SpecificityTorticollisFermentationCytotoxinsMuscle SpasticityInjections, IntramuscularNeutralization TestsFoodborne DiseasesSynaptosomesClostridium cellulolyticum
Clostridium botulinum: A species of anaerobic, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae that produces proteins with characteristic neurotoxicity. It is the etiologic agent of BOTULISM in humans, wild fowl, HORSES; and CATTLE. Seven subtypes (sometimes called antigenic types, or strains) exist, each producing a different botulinum toxin (BOTULINUM TOXINS). The organism and its spores are widely distributed in nature.Botulinum Toxins: Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.Botulism: A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)Botulinum Toxins, Type A: A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.Clostridium botulinum type A: Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces BOTULINUM TOXINS, TYPE A which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.Clostridium botulinum type E: Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type E which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.Clostridium botulinum type B: Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type B which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.Clostridium difficile: A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.Botulinum Antitoxin: Antiserum given therapeutically in BOTULISM.Clostridium Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.Clostridium botulinum type D: Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type D which is neurotoxic to ANIMALS, especially CATTLE, but not humans.Clostridium botulinum type F: Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type F which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.ADP Ribose Transferases: Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.Food Preservation: Procedures or techniques used to keep food from spoiling.Clostridium botulinum type C: Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type C which is neurotoxic to ANIMALS, especially CATTLE, but not humans. It causes dissociation of ACTIN FILAMENTS.Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.Toxins, Biological: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.Food Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.Spores, Bacterial: Heat and stain resistant, metabolically inactive bodies formed within the vegetative cells of bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.Neuromuscular Agents: Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS.Clostridium tetani: The cause of TETANUS in humans and domestic animals. It is a common inhabitant of human and horse intestines as well as soil. Two components make up its potent exotoxin activity, a neurotoxin and a hemolytic toxin.Toxoids: Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. Anatoxin toxoids are distinct from anatoxins that are TROPANES found in CYANOBACTERIA.Antitoxins: Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.Food Irradiation: Treatment of food with RADIATION.Bacterial Toxins: Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.Lethal Dose 50: The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.Anti-Dyskinesia Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias.Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous: An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., FISH FLOUR, fish meal).Clostridium acetobutylicum: A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, used for the industrial production of SOLVENTS.Clostridium thermocellum: A species of gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridaceae. It degrades and ferments CELLOBIOSE and CELLULOSE to ETHANOL in the CELLULOSOME.Clostridium butyricum: Type species of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM, a gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is used as a source of PROBIOTICS.Food Packaging: Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for processed and raw foods and beverages. It includes packaging intended to be used for storage and also used for preparation of foods such as microwave food containers versus COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS. Packaging materials may be intended for food contact or designated non-contact, for example, shipping containers. FOOD LABELING is also available.Food Contamination: The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.Clostridium botulinum type G: Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type G. Though it has been isolated from soil, no outbreaks involving this type have been recognized.rhoB GTP-Binding Protein: A GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating a signal transduction pathway that controls assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.Food, Preserved: Food that has been prepared and stored in a way to prevent spoilage.Refrigeration: The mechanical process of cooling.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.Hot Temperature: Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.Hemagglutinins: Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc.Clostridium sordellii: A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, found in INTESTINES and SOIL.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25: A ubiquitous target SNARE protein that interacts with SYNTAXIN and SYNAPTOBREVIN. It is a core component of the machinery for intracellular MEMBRANE FUSION. The sequence contains 2 SNARE domains, one is the prototype for the Qb-SNARES, and the other is the prototype for the Qc-SNARES.Biological Assay: A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.rhoA GTP-Binding Protein: A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Bacteriological Techniques: Techniques used in studying bacteria.Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.Feces: Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.Tetanus Toxin: Protein synthesized by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI as a single chain of ~150 kDa with 35% sequence identity to BOTULINUM TOXIN that is cleaved to a light and a heavy chain that are linked by a single disulfide bond. Tetanolysin is the hemolytic and tetanospasmin is the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal CONVULSIONS.Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.Clostridium perfringens: The most common etiologic agent of GAS GANGRENE. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins.Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.rho GTP-Binding Proteins: A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Cobalt Isotopes: Stable cobalt atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cobalt, but differ in atomic weight. Co-59 is a stable cobalt isotope.Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.Clostridium septicum: A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. Infections have a strong association with malignancies and also with GAS GANGRENE.Soil Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple).GTP-Binding Proteins: Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Blepharospasm: Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.Tilia: A plant genus of the family TILIACEAE. Some species in this genus are called Limetree which is nearly the same as the common name for lime (CITRUS AURANTIIFOLIA). Some people are allergic to the POLLEN.Clostridium beijerinckii: A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, capable of solventogenesis, and isolated from SOIL, infected WOUNDS, fermenting OLIVES, and spoiled CANDY.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Bird Diseases: Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.Thioglycolates: Organic esters of thioglycolic acid (HS-CH2COOH).Shellfish: Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum MOLLUSCA or the subphylum CRUSTACEA, and used as food.Ribotyping: RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains.Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.Water Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Salmonidae: A family of anadromous fish comprising SALMON; TROUT; whitefish; and graylings. They are the most important food and game fishes. Their habitat is the northern Atlantic and Pacific, both marine and inland, and the Great Lakes. (Nelson: Fishes of the World, 1976, p97)Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Biological Warfare Agents: Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE.Gangliosides: A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)Chromatography: Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Torticollis: A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.Fermentation: Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.Cytotoxins: Substances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. These are distinguished from CYTOSTATIC AGENTS in degree of effect. Some of them are used as CYTOTOXIC ANTIBIOTICS. The mechanism of action of many of these are as ALKYLATING AGENTS or MITOSIS MODULATORS.Muscle Spasticity: A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)Injections, Intramuscular: Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.Neutralization Tests: The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).Foodborne Diseases: Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.Synaptosomes: Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.Clostridium cellulolyticum: A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is a cellulolytic, mesophilic species isolated from decayed GRASS.
Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum
Apple butterApple butter
Food preservationFood preservation
ExotoxinExotoxin
Botulinum toxinBotulinum toxin
Food storageFood storage
Sodium nitriteSodium nitrite
Botulinum toxinBotulinum toxin
BotulismBotulism
Canned fishCanned fish
Botulinum toxinBotulinum toxin
Rihab TahaRihab Taha
NeurotoxinNeurotoxin
Gas gangreneGas gangrene
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Clostridium botulinumBotulinum ToxinsClostridiumBotulismBotulinum Toxins, Type AClostridium botulinum type AClostridium botulinum type EClostridium botulinum type BClostridium difficileBotulinum AntitoxinClostridium InfectionsClostridium botulinum type DClostridium botulinum type FADP Ribose TransferasesFood PreservationClostridium botulinum type CSporesNeurotoxinsToxins, BiologicalFood MicrobiologySpores, BacterialNeuromuscular AgentsClostridium tetaniToxoidsAntitoxinsFood IrradiationBacterial ToxinsLethal Dose 50Anti-Dyskinesia AgentsEnterocolitis, PseudomembranousFish ProductsClostridium acetobutylicumClostridium thermocellumClostridium butyricumFood PackagingFood ContaminationClostridium botulinum type GrhoB GTP-Binding ProteinAdenosine Diphosphate RiboseFood, PreservedRefrigerationCulture MediaSorbic AcidHot TemperatureHemagglutininsClostridium sordelliiMolecular Sequence DataSynaptosomal-Associated Protein 25Biological AssayrhoA GTP-Binding ProteinDNA, BacterialBacteriological TechniquesEnterotoxinsFecesTetanus ToxinMeatClostridium perfringensFood PreservativesBacterial Proteinsrho GTP-Binding ProteinsCobalt IsotopesSodium NitriteClostridium septicumSoil MicrobiologyImmunodiffusionMeat ProductsGTP-Binding ProteinsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationBlepharospasmTiliaClostridium beijerinckiiGenes, BacterialAmmonium SulfateAmino Acid SequenceBird DiseasesThioglycolatesShellfishRibotypingSpasmTrypsinWater MicrobiologySalmonidaeTemperatureBiological Warfare AgentsGangliosidesChromatographySpecies SpecificityTorticollisFermentationCytotoxinsMuscle SpasticityInjections, IntramuscularNeutralization TestsFoodborne DiseasesSynaptosomesClostridium cellulolyticum
Clostridium botulinum - WikipediaClostridium botulinum - Wikipedia
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AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Clostridium botulinumBotulinum ToxinsClostridiumBotulismBotulinum Toxins, Type AClostridium botulinum type AClostridium botulinum type EClostridium botulinum type BClostridium difficileBotulinum AntitoxinClostridium InfectionsClostridium botulinum type DClostridium botulinum type FADP Ribose TransferasesFood PreservationClostridium botulinum type CSporesNeurotoxinsToxins, BiologicalFood MicrobiologySpores, BacterialNeuromuscular AgentsClostridium tetaniToxoidsAntitoxinsFood IrradiationBacterial ToxinsLethal Dose 50Anti-Dyskinesia AgentsEnterocolitis, PseudomembranousFish ProductsClostridium acetobutylicumClostridium thermocellumClostridium butyricumFood PackagingFood ContaminationClostridium botulinum type GrhoB GTP-Binding ProteinAdenosine Diphosphate RiboseFood, PreservedRefrigerationCulture MediaSorbic AcidHot TemperatureHemagglutininsClostridium sordelliiMolecular Sequence DataSynaptosomal-Associated Protein 25Biological AssayrhoA GTP-Binding ProteinDNA, BacterialBacteriological TechniquesEnterotoxinsFecesTetanus ToxinMeatClostridium perfringensFood PreservativesBacterial Proteinsrho GTP-Binding ProteinsCobalt IsotopesSodium NitriteClostridium septicumSoil MicrobiologyImmunodiffusionMeat ProductsGTP-Binding ProteinsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationBlepharospasmTiliaClostridium beijerinckiiGenes, BacterialAmmonium SulfateAmino Acid SequenceBird DiseasesThioglycolatesShellfishRibotypingSpasmTrypsinWater MicrobiologySalmonidaeTemperatureBiological Warfare AgentsGangliosidesChromatographySpecies SpecificityTorticollisFermentationCytotoxinsMuscle SpasticityInjections, IntramuscularNeutralization TestsFoodborne DiseasesSynaptosomesClostridium cellulolyticum
BacteriaPerfringensBacillusDifficileProduced by the bacteriumSpeciesTetaniOrganismNeurotoxin producedNeurotoxinsBacterialPathogenicBacterium Clostridium botulinumMicroorganismsParalysisGenusTypes of botulinum toxinUbiquitousVegetativeProducesSpoilageSpores to germinateToxicityInfantsNitritesSporogenesAcetylcholineSporeType B botulinumErmengemAcquired the toxinGerminateToxin blocksMicroorganismToxins producedMuscle contractionProteinsFoodProduction of antibodiesSerotypesHeat-resistantNervesIncubationOxygenGangreneEnzymeGerminationIntestinalAntibodiesIntramuscularProtein synthesis
Bacteria34
Perfringens9
Bacillus6
Difficile4
Produced by the bacterium4
Species7
Tetani2
Organism9
Neurotoxin produced2
  • These four metabolically distinct groups do not, however, necessarily correlate with the serological specificities of the botulinum neurotoxin produced, which are classified into 7 serotypes, A-F. The type A toxin is used in minute doses to treat both painful muscle spasms and as a cosmetic treatment to temporarily remove frown lines between eyebrows. (wishartlab.com)
  • It occurs when neuromuscular transmission is interrupted by a protein neurotoxin produced by the spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum . (inchem.org)
Neurotoxins3
  • After their ingestion, botulinum neurotoxins are absorbed primarily in the duodenum and jejunum, and pass into the bloodstream and travel to synapses in the nervous system. (marlerblog.com)
  • Botulinum neurotoxins induce blockage of voluntary motor and autonomic cholinergic neuromuscular junctions, which prevents motor fiber stimulation. (cdc.gov)
  • These characteristics are favorable for spore germination, outgrowth, and subsequent neurotoxin formation in the food if nonproteolytic C. botulinum is present, as this bacterium has been reported to multiply and produce type B, E, or F botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) at temperatures as low as 3.0°C ( 11 ). (asm.org)
Bacterial7
Pathogenic2
  • Some of the presently available synthetic drugs fail to inhibit many pathogenic microbes. (hindawi.com)
  • By destroying pathogenic and spoilage organisms while keeping food chemistry basically intact, high-pressure technology enables pasteurization of foods with minimal effects on taste,texture, appearance, or nutritional value. (ift.org)
Bacterium Clostridium botulinum3
Microorganisms8
Paralysis3
Genus1
Types of botulinum toxin3
Ubiquitous3
Vegetative2
Produces3
Spoilage1
Spores to germinate2
Toxicity4
Infants6
Nitrites3
Sporogenes2
Acetylcholine4
Spore6
Type B botulinum2
Ermengem1
Acquired the toxin1
  • However, these integrations sites are degraded, indicating that the C. botulinum acquired the toxin genes quite far in the evolutionary past. (wikipedia.org)
Germinate1
Toxin blocks1
Microorganism3
Toxins produced1
  • This review particularly focuses upon different aspects of the iota and C2 families of binary toxins produced by four different clostridia. (frontiersin.org)
Muscle contraction1
Proteins3
Food10
Production of antibodies2
Serotypes1
Heat-resistant1
Nerves1
Incubation1
Oxygen6
Gangrene1
Enzyme1
Germination2
Intestinal1
Antibodies2
Intramuscular2
Protein synthesis1
Bacteria Associated with Foodborne Diseases - IFT.org
Bacteria Associated with Foodborne Diseases - IFT.org (ift.org)
Diagnosis and Management of Foodborne Illnesses
Diagnosis and Management of Foodborne Illnesses (cdc.gov)
MSN Exam for Neurological System Part II - RNpedia
MSN Exam for Neurological System Part II - RNpedia (rnpedia.com)
Mutation Displacement in Origin of Bacterial Pathogenicity | Answers in Genesis
Mutation Displacement in Origin of Bacterial Pathogenicity | Answers in Genesis (answersingenesis.org)
Micro - Basic Bacteriology (Exotoxins & Endotoxins) Flashcards by Quita Kilgore | Brainscape
Micro - Basic Bacteriology (Exotoxins & Endotoxins) Flashcards by Quita Kilgore | Brainscape (brainscape.com)
Understanding Poisons from a Creationist Perspective | Answers in Genesis
Understanding Poisons from a Creationist Perspective | Answers in Genesis (answersingenesis.org)
ASMscience | Food Microbiology: Funda
ASMscience | Food Microbiology: Funda (asmscience.org)
The pathogen risks lurking in baked foods | 2019-06-26 | Baking Business
The pathogen risks lurking in baked foods | 2019-06-26 | Baking Business (bakingbusiness.com)
Preserving Foods through High-Pressure Processing - IFT.org
Preserving Foods through High-Pressure Processing - IFT.org (ift.org)
Exposure of children and adults to nitrites and nitrates - Finnish Food Authority
Exposure of children and adults to nitrites and nitrates - Finnish Food Authority (ruokavirasto.fi)
Here's Why You Should NEVER Eat Wheat | GreenMedInfo | Blog Entry
Here's Why You Should NEVER Eat Wheat | GreenMedInfo | Blog Entry (greenmedinfo.com)
Federal Register :: Elimination of Trichinae Control Regulations and Consolidation of Thermally Processed,...
Federal Register :: Elimination of Trichinae Control Regulations and Consolidation of Thermally Processed,... (federalregister.gov)
Application # 2016/0312232. BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR - Patents.com
Application # 2016/0312232. BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR - Patents.com (patents.com)
Dystonia
Dystonia (netdoctor.co.uk)
Botulism poisoning proven to be some of the Worst Neurotoxins
Botulism poisoning proven to be some of the Worst Neurotoxins (drlam.com)
Food processing: The Advantages of Processed Foods: (EUFIC)
Food processing: The Advantages of Processed Foods: (EUFIC) (eufic.org)
Clostridia: Molecular Biology in the Post-genomic Era
Clostridia: Molecular Biology in the Post-genomic Era (caister.com)
Canning Glossary - SBCanning.com - homemade canning recipes
Canning Glossary - SBCanning.com - homemade canning recipes (sbcanning.com)
General Principles in Bacteriology Made Easy | Medchrome
General Principles in Bacteriology Made Easy | Medchrome (medchrome.com)
Are You Cleaning Out Your Own Wallet?
Are You Cleaning Out Your Own Wallet? (mrmoneymustache.com)