Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)
The decrease in neuronal activity (related to a decrease in metabolic demand) extending from the site of cortical stimulation. It is believed to be responsible for the decrease in cerebral blood flow that accompanies the aura of MIGRAINE WITH AURA. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 8th ed.)
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems.
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
A persistent activity-dependent decrease in synaptic efficacy between NEURONS. It typically occurs following repeated low-frequency afferent stimulation, but it can be induced by other methods. Long-term depression appears to play a role in MEMORY.
Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Check list, usually to be filled out by a person about himself, consisting of many statements about personal characteristics which the subject checks.
A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication.
Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
A structurally and mechanistically diverse group of drugs that are not tricyclics or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The most clinically important appear to act selectively on serotonergic systems, especially by inhibiting serotonin reuptake.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior.
Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain.
The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)
Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
A furancarbonitrile that is one of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. The interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist.
A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.
Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
Those occurrences, including social, psychological, and environmental, which require an adjustment or effect a change in an individual's pattern of living.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.
The act of killing oneself.
Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)
The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.
Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effects usually take weeks to develop and may reflect compensatory changes in the central nervous system.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Electrically induced CONVULSIONS primarily used in the treatment of severe AFFECTIVE DISORDERS and SCHIZOPHRENIA.
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.
The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
The mating of plants or non-human animals which are closely related genetically.
Child with one or more parents afflicted by a physical or mental disorder.
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.
A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.
The unsuccessful attempt to kill oneself.
The determination and evaluation of personality attributes by interviews, observations, tests, or scales. Articles concerning personality measurement are considered to be within scope of this term.
Evaluation of the level of physical, physiological, or mental functioning in the older population group.
A person's view of himself.
Interaction between a mother and child.
Sodium chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters located primarily on the PLASMA MEMBRANE of serotonergic neurons. They are different than SEROTONIN RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to SEROTONIN. They remove SEROTONIN from the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE by high affinity reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. Regulates signal amplitude and duration at serotonergic synapses and is the site of action of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS.
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)
The state wherein the person is well adjusted.
Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons.
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.
The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, or eating.
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.
A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory.
Method for obtaining information through verbal responses, written or oral, from subjects.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
A subspecialty of psychiatry concerned with the mental health of the aged.
A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.
Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Persons who provide care to those who need supervision or assistance in illness or disability. They may provide the care in the home, in a hospital, or in an institution. Although caregivers include trained medical, nursing, and other health personnel, the concept also refers to parents, spouses, or other family members, friends, members of the clergy, teachers, social workers, fellow patients.
Any form of psychotherapy designed to produce therapeutic change within a minimal amount of time, generally not more than 20 sessions.
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
A form of therapy in which two or more patients participate under the guidance of one or more psychotherapists for the purpose of treating emotional disturbances, social maladjustments, and psychotic states.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.
Normal, appropriate sorrowful response to an immediate cause. It is self-limiting and gradually subsides within a reasonable time.
Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).
The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.
Learned expectation that one's responses are independent of reward and, hence, do not predict or control the occurrence of rewards. Learned helplessness derives from a history, experimentally induced or naturally occurring, of having received punishment/aversive stimulation regardless of responses made. Such circumstances result in an impaired ability to learn. Used for human or animal populations. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Disorders related to substance abuse.
Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus.
Organized services to provide mental health care.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Persons who receive ambulatory care at an outpatient department or clinic without room and board being provided.
The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Behavior-response patterns that characterize the individual.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
Computer systems utilized as adjuncts in the treatment of disease.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal.
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
Appraisal of one's own personal qualities or traits.
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.
The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
The human ability to adapt in the face of tragedy, trauma, adversity, hardship, and ongoing significant life stressors.
Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
Personality construct referring to an individual's perception of the locus of events as determined internally by his or her own behavior versus fate, luck, or external forces. (ERIC Thesaurus, 1996).
Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.
The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.
Former members of the armed services.
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).
Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.
Lack of emotion or emotional expression; a disorder of motivation that persists over time.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.
An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of PHYSICAL EXERTION or endurance.
Agents that are used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
A set of statistical methods for analyzing the correlations among several variables in order to estimate the number of fundamental dimensions that underlie the observed data and to describe and measure those dimensions. It is used frequently in the development of scoring systems for rating scales and questionnaires.
The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The term is also applied to the data themselves and to the summarization of the data.
Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.
Adaptation of the person to the social environment. Adjustment may take place by adapting the self to the environment or by changing the environment. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996)
Performing the role of a parent by care-giving, nurturance, and protection of the child by a natural or substitute parent. The parent supports the child by exercising authority and through consistent, empathic, appropriate behavior in response to the child's needs. PARENTING differs from CHILD REARING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the children and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
A serotonin receptor subtype found distributed through the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM where they are involved in neuroendocrine regulation of ACTH secretion. The fact that this serotonin receptor subtype is particularly sensitive to SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS such as BUSPIRONE suggests its role in the modulation of ANXIETY and DEPRESSION.
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Set of expectations that exempt persons from responsibility for their illness and exempt them from usual responsibilities.
Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes.
Standardized clinical interview used to assess current psychopathology by scaling patient responses to the questions.
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).
The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication.
Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive mental health services provided for individuals in the community.
A social group consisting of parents or parent substitutes and children.
A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.
Subjective feeling of having committed an error, offense or sin; unpleasant feeling of self-criticism. These result from acts, impulses, or thoughts contrary to one's personal conscience.
The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
The interrelationship of psychology and religion.
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)
Those unable to leave home without exceptional effort and support; patients (in this condition) who are provided with or are eligible for home health services, including medical treatment and personal care. Persons are considered homebound even if they may be infrequently and briefly absent from home if these absences do not indicate an ability to receive health care in a professional's office or health care facility. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988, p309)
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Field of psychology concerned with the normal and abnormal behavior of adolescents. It includes mental processes as well as observable responses.
One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.
Organizations which provide an environment encouraging social interactions through group activities or individual relationships especially for the purpose of rehabilitating or supporting patients, individuals with common health problems, or the elderly. They include therapeutic social clubs.
The personal cost of acute or chronic disease. The cost to the patient may be an economic, social, or psychological cost or personal loss to self, family, or immediate community. The cost of illness may be reflected in absenteeism, productivity, response to treatment, peace of mind, or QUALITY OF LIFE. It differs from HEALTH CARE COSTS, meaning the societal cost of providing services related to the delivery of health care, rather than personal impact on individuals.
The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)
Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.
Mental activity, not predominantly perceptual, by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience.
The co-existence of a substance abuse disorder with a psychiatric disorder. The diagnostic principle is based on the fact that it has been found often that chemically dependent patients also have psychiatric problems of various degrees of severity.
A strong emotional feeling of displeasure aroused by being interfered with, injured or threatened.

Meta-analysis of the reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type A moclobemide and brofaromine for the treatment of depression. (1/9883)

The reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMAs) are a newer group of antidepressants that have had much less impact on clinical psychopharmacology than another contemporary class of medications, the selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs). The RIMAs agents are distinguished from the older monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) by their selectivity and reversibility. As a result, dietary restrictions are not required during RIMA therapy, and hypertensive crises are quite rare. In this article, we describe a series of meta-analyses of studies of the two most widely researched RIMAs, moclobemide (MOC; Aurorex) and brofaromine (BRO). Our findings confirm that both BRO and MOC are as effective as the tricyclic antidepressants, and they are better tolerated. However, BRO is not being studied at present for reasons unrelated to efficacy or side effects. MOC, which is available throughout much of the world (but not the United States), is significantly more effective than placebo and, at the least, comparable to the SSRIs in both efficacy and tolerability. For MOC, higher dosages may enhance efficacy for more severe depressions. We also found evidence that supports clinical impressions that MOC is somewhat less effective, albeit better tolerated, than older MAOIs, such as phenelzine or tranylcypromine. Little evidence has yet emerged to suggest that the RIMAs share older MAOIs' utility for treatment of depressions characterized by prominent reverse neurovegetative features. Based on available evidence, the RIMAs appear to have a limited, but useful, role in the differential therapeutics of the depressive disorders.  (+info)

Individual and organizational predictors of depression in general practitioners. (2/9883)

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress and depression are seen in both general practitioners (GPs) and hospital doctors, and this has implications for patient care. It is therefore important to discover the individual and organizational causes of elevated symptoms so they can be tackled. AIM: To discover the relative importance of individual characteristics measured 10 years earlier compared with current organizational stressors in predicting depression in GPs. METHOD: Longitudinal questionnaire study, using data from those of the original cohort of 318 medical students who are now GPs (n = 131), considering perceptions of current stressors and comparing through regression analyses the relative strength of early personality and mood with current organizational factors of sleep, hours worked, and practice size in predicting current depression levels. RESULTS: There were 22 (17%) stressors scoring above threshold for depression. Relationships with senior doctors and patients are the main reported stressors, followed by making mistakes and conflict of career with personal life. The predictors of symptom levels varied for men and women. In men, depression and self-criticism as students, and current sleep levels; and in women, sibling rivalry and current alcohol use, were the main predictors: in men, 27% of the variance was accounted for by early dispositional factors alone compared with 14% in women. A model is suggested linking sleep loss with workplace stressors, self-critical cognitions, and depression. CONCLUSION: Interventions can be made throughout training, targeting self-criticism and recognizing early depression, while later addressing the organizational stressors, particularly work relationships and sleep patterns.  (+info)

Increased serotonin receptor density and platelet GPIIb/IIIa activation among smokers. (3/9883)

This study sought to determine whether depressive symptoms and/or platelet serotonin receptor (5HT2A) density are associated with increased platelet activation (PA) found among smokers. Flow cytometric detection of PA was used to study 36 smokers and 16 nonsmokers, aged 18 to 48 years. Subjects were tested at baseline and after either smoking 2 cigarettes (smokers) or a similar resting interval (nonsmokers). Assessment of PA included both platelet secretion and fibrinogen receptor (GPIIb/IIIa) binding. Platelet 5HT2A receptor binding and saturation were tested using [3H]LSD, and depressive symptoms were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory. Platelet 5HT2A receptor density was increased among smokers versus nonsmokers (82.7+/-67.7 versus 40.0+/-20.2 fmol/mg protein; P<0.005), and there was a dose-dependent relationship between receptor density and packs/d among smokers. Baseline wound-induced GPIIb/IIIa binding at 1 minute and GPIIb/IIIa binding in response to collagen stimulation in vitro was increased among smokers (P<0.05); there were no changes in PA among smokers after smoking, and platelet secretion was not elevated among smokers. Depressive symptoms were associated with 5HT2A receptor density among nonsmokers (P<0.005), but no such relationship was evident among smokers; PA was unrelated to 5HT2A receptor density in either group. The findings indicate that smoking is associated with increased platelet serotonin receptor density and with increased GPIIb/IIIa receptor binding, although these 2 factors are not related to each other or to depressive symptoms among smokers. Serotonergic dysfunction may be an important factor in the development of cardiovascular disease among smokers.  (+info)

The Montefiore community children's project: a controlled study of cognitive and emotional problems of homeless mothers and children. (4/9883)

OBJECTIVES: This study compares the prevalence of emotional, academic, and cognitive impairment in children and mothers living in the community with those living in shelters for the homeless. METHOD: In New York City, 82 homeless mothers and their 102 children, aged 6 to 11, recruited from family shelters were compared to 115 nonhomeless mothers with 176 children recruited from classmates of the homeless children. Assessments included standardized tests and interviews. RESULTS: Mothers in shelters for the homeless showed higher rates of depression and anxiety than did nonhomeless mothers. Boys in homeless shelters showed higher rates of serious emotional and behavioral problems. Both boys and girls in homeless shelters showed more academic problems than did nonhomeless children. CONCLUSION: Study findings suggest a need among homeless children for special attention to academic problems that are not attributable to intellectual deficits in either children or their mothers. Although high rates of emotional and behavioral problems characterized poor children living in both settings, boys in shelters for the homeless may be particularly in need of professional attention.  (+info)

Persistence of depressive symptoms in diabetic adults. (5/9883)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level and pattern of persistent depressive symptoms among adults with diabetes and identify factors associated with increased risk of being persistently depressed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A self-report depression symptom inventory was administered to 245 patients at two initial time points--the beginning and end of a comprehensive outpatient diabetes education program--and at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Only 13% of subjects were persistently depressed (i.e., exceeded the criterion for depression symptoms at all three time points). The rate of being depressed at follow-up was 10% for those negative for depression symptoms at either of the initial time points, 36% for those positive at one initial time point, and 73% for those positive at both initial time points (P < 0.0001). Those at increased risk for being persistently depressed were those who did not graduate from high school, had more than two complications of diabetes, and were not treated with insulin. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent depressive symptomatology is present in a substantial number of diabetic adults and can be effectively predicted using simple screening instruments during initial contacts. Risk factors for being persistently depressed only partly overlap those for transient depressive symptoms and represent a possible biological dimension.  (+info)

A cost-effective approach to the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. (6/9883)

In light of the tremendous expansion in the number of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors available to the clinician, the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee of the Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center considered the advantages and disadvantages of fluoxethine, paroxetine, and sertraline, to determine which agent or agents would be carried on the formulary. The committed recommended sertraline as the preferred agent for the treatment of depression, panic disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the economic outcome of that decision. The study population consisted of patients at the medical center who were receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during January through March of 1994 and those were receiving these agents between September 1995 and January 1996. The expanded collection period in 1995-96 was due to a relatively new medical center policy to offer 90-day fills on medication to reduce costs. The extended collection period assured a 100% sample of patients receiving these agents. The 1994 fluoxetine to sertraline dosage equivalency ratio was 20 mg:55.6 mg, based on average daily doses of fluoxetine and sertraline of 32.7 and 90.9 mg, respectively. The cost to the medical center for an average daily dose of fluoxetine was $1.86; sertraline cost $1.22 per day. The 1996 fluoxetine to sertraline dosage equivalency ratio (20 mg:51.3 mg) had not changed significantly since 1994, indicating that the dose of 20 mg of fluoxetine remained very close to a 50-mg dose of sertraline. The average daily doses of fluoxetine and sertraline (34.9 mg and 89.7 mg, respectively) were not significantly different than the 1994 doses. Only 33 patients had been prescribed paroxetine (average daily dose, 32.4 mg). On the basis of these values, the average daily cost of fluoxetine to the medical center was $2.01, compared with $1.18 for sertraline and $1.24 for paroxetine. This $0.83 per patient per day drug acquisition cost difference between fluoxetine and sertraline results in a drug cost reduction of $302,674 per year.  (+info)

Alternative insurance arrangements and the treatment of depression: what are the facts? (7/9883)

Using insurance claims data from nine large self-insured employers offering 26 alternative health benefit plans, we examine empirically how the composition and utilization for the treatment of depression vary under alternative organizational forms of insurance (indemnity, preferred provider organization networks, and mental health carve-outs), and variations in patient cost-sharing (copayments for psychotherapy and for prescription drugs). Although total outpatient mental health and substance abuse expenditures per treated individual do not vary significantly across insurance forms, the depressed outpatient is more likely to receive anti-depressant drug medications is preferred provider organizations and carve-outs than when covered by indemnity insurance. Those individuals facing higher copayments for psychotherapy are more likely to receive anti-depressant drug medications. For those receiving treatment, increases in prescription drug copayments tend to increase the share of anti-depressant drug medication costs accounted for by the newest (and more costly) generation of drugs, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.  (+info)

Effectiveness and economic impact of antidepressant medications: a review. (8/9883)

This article reviews the existing literature on the pharmacoeconomics and effectiveness of antidepressant medications. Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have not proved to be more efficacious than the older tricyclics, and their prescription costs are significantly higher, they provide superior effectiveness; ie, patients are less likely to discontinue taking them or switch antidepressants. Pharmacoeconomic studies consistently demonstrate a relationship between this superior effectiveness and reductions in overall treatment costs, often through decreased utilization of medical and hospital services. The most conservative study found a cost offset that more than negated the extra cost of drugs, although the cost savings were not statistically significant. Other studies found statistically significant lowering of utilization costs by using SSRIs rather than tricyclics. Studies comparing SSRIs with each other present conflicting findings, although fluoxetine appears to have an edge over sertraline and paroxetine with regards to effectiveness and pharmacoeconomics. More studies employing a prospective outcome design and naturalistic study setting need to be conducted with SSRIs and other new antidepressants.  (+info)

Depressive disorder, also known as major depressive disorder or clinical depression, is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable. People with depressive disorder may also experience changes in appetite, sleep patterns, energy levels, and cognitive function. Depressive disorder can be a chronic condition that affects a person's ability to function in daily life, and it can also increase the risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders and substance abuse disorders. Treatment for depressive disorder typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy, and it is important for individuals with depressive disorder to seek professional help as soon as possible to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Postpartum depression, also known as postnatal depression, is a type of depression that occurs after childbirth. It is a common condition that affects many women, and can occur within the first few weeks to several months after giving birth. Symptoms of postpartum depression can include feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness, as well as difficulty sleeping, changes in appetite, and difficulty bonding with the baby. In severe cases, postpartum depression can lead to thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Postpartum depression is typically treated with a combination of therapy and medication, and it is important for women who are experiencing symptoms to seek help as soon as possible. Early intervention can help to prevent the condition from becoming more severe and can improve the mother's overall well-being and ability to care for her baby.

Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD) is a phenomenon that occurs in the cerebral cortex, which is the outer layer of the brain. It is characterized by a wave of depolarization that spreads across the cortex, followed by a period of hyperpolarization. This wave of depolarization is accompanied by a decrease in blood flow, a decrease in oxygen levels, and an increase in glutamate release. CSD is thought to play a role in a variety of neurological conditions, including migraine headaches, stroke, and epilepsy. It is also thought to be involved in the spread of brain injury following trauma, and in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. CSD is typically studied using electroencephalography (EEG), which measures the electrical activity of the brain. It is also studied using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which can visualize changes in blood flow and oxygen levels in the brain during a CSD event.

Depressive Disorder, Major, also known as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), is a mental health condition characterized by persistent and severe feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable. People with MDD may also experience changes in appetite and sleep patterns, feelings of fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide. MDD is a common disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It can occur at any age and can be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. MDD can have a significant impact on a person's daily life, including their ability to work, socialize, and take care of themselves. Treatment for MDD typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). It is important for people with MDD to seek professional help as soon as possible to receive appropriate treatment and support.

Antidepressive agents, also known as antidepressants, are a class of medications that are used to treat depression and other mood disorders. They work by altering the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which are believed to play a role in regulating mood and emotions. There are several different types of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and others. Each type of antidepressant works in a slightly different way, and they may be prescribed for different types of depression or other mood disorders. Antidepressants are generally considered safe and effective when used as directed by a healthcare provider. However, they can have side effects, such as nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, and sexual dysfunction, and they may interact with other medications or medical conditions. It is important to talk to a healthcare provider about the risks and benefits of antidepressants, and to follow their instructions carefully.

Anxiety is a common mental health condition characterized by excessive and persistent worry, fear, and unease about everyday situations or events. It can also manifest as physical symptoms such as restlessness, irritability, muscle tension, and difficulty sleeping. In the medical field, anxiety is typically diagnosed and treated by mental health professionals such as psychiatrists, psychologists, and therapists. Treatment options for anxiety may include medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. It is important to note that anxiety can be a symptom of other medical conditions, so it is important to consult a healthcare provider if you are experiencing symptoms of anxiety.

Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive and persistent feelings of worry, fear, and unease. These disorders can interfere with a person's daily life, relationships, and ability to function normally. Anxiety disorders can be classified into several categories, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Treatment for anxiety disorders typically involves a combination of medication and therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

Comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more medical conditions in the same individual at the same time. These conditions can be related or unrelated to each other, and they can affect the severity and treatment of each other. Comorbidity is common in many medical conditions, and it can complicate the diagnosis and management of the underlying condition. For example, a patient with diabetes may also have high blood pressure, which is a common comorbidity. The presence of comorbidity can affect the patient's prognosis, treatment options, and overall quality of life.

Second-generation antidepressants, also known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), are a class of medications used to treat depression and other mental health conditions. These medications work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which are involved in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep. Second-generation antidepressants are generally considered to be safer and have fewer side effects than older antidepressants, such as tricyclic antidepressants. They are often prescribed as a first-line treatment for depression and are also used to treat anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Examples of second-generation antidepressants include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), escitalopram (Lexapro), and venlafaxine (Effexor). It is important to note that while these medications can be effective in treating depression and other mental health conditions, they may not work for everyone and may take several weeks to start working. Additionally, like all medications, they can have side effects, so it is important to work closely with a healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan for an individual's specific needs.

Cognitive therapy is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It is based on the idea that negative or distorted thinking patterns can contribute to emotional distress and mental health problems. The goal of cognitive therapy is to help individuals identify and change these negative thought patterns, in order to improve their mood and overall well-being. In cognitive therapy, the therapist works with the individual to identify and challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, and to develop more balanced and realistic ways of thinking. This can involve a variety of techniques, such as cognitive restructuring, behavioral experiments, and mindfulness exercises. The therapist may also teach the individual skills for managing stress and anxiety, and for improving their relationships with others. Cognitive therapy is often used to treat a variety of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It can be used on its own, or in combination with other forms of treatment, such as medication or other forms of psychotherapy.

In the medical field, "affect" typically refers to a patient's emotional state or mood. It is often used in conjunction with the term "psychiatric assessment" to evaluate a patient's mental health and emotional well-being. Affect can be assessed through various means, such as observation of the patient's facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language, as well as through self-reporting and standardized rating scales. Changes in affect can be an important indicator of various mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Therefore, assessing a patient's affect is an important part of a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation.

Dysthymic Disorder, also known as chronic mild depression, is a type of mood disorder characterized by a persistent low-grade depression that lasts for at least two years. The symptoms of dysthymic disorder are generally less severe than those of major depressive disorder, but they can still significantly impact a person's quality of life. Symptoms of dysthymic disorder may include: - A depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day - Loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable - Fatigue or loss of energy - Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism - Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering details - Changes in appetite or weight - Insomnia or excessive sleeping - Feelings of worthlessness or guilt - Restlessness or irritability Dysthymic disorder can be treated with a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may be effective in treating the symptoms of dysthymic disorder. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) are also commonly used to treat dysthymic disorder.

Cross-sectional studies are a type of observational research design used in the medical field to examine the prevalence or distribution of a particular health outcome or risk factor in a population at a specific point in time. In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of individuals who are all measured at the same time, rather than following them over time. Cross-sectional studies are useful for identifying associations between health outcomes and risk factors, but they cannot establish causality. For example, a cross-sectional study may find that people who smoke are more likely to have lung cancer than non-smokers, but it cannot determine whether smoking causes lung cancer or if people with lung cancer are more likely to smoke. Cross-sectional studies are often used in public health research to estimate the prevalence of diseases or conditions in a population, to identify risk factors for certain health outcomes, and to compare the health status of different groups of people. They can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions or to identify potential risk factors for disease outbreaks.

Citalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that is used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and other conditions. It works by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain, which helps to regulate mood, appetite, and sleep. Citalopram is typically taken orally in tablet form and is usually prescribed at a starting dose of 10-20 mg per day, which may be increased gradually up to a maximum dose of 60 mg per day. It is important to note that citalopram may cause side effects, such as nausea, dizziness, and sexual dysfunction, and should only be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that is commonly used in the medical field to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It works by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain, which is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood, appetite, and sleep. Sertraline is typically prescribed as a daily pill, and the dosage may vary depending on the individual's condition and response to treatment. It may take several weeks to see the full benefits of sertraline, and it is important to continue taking the medication as prescribed even if symptoms improve. Sertraline can have some common side effects, including nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, and sexual dysfunction. However, these side effects are usually mild and can be managed with adjustments to the dosage or by taking the medication with food. In rare cases, sertraline can cause more serious side effects, such as serotonin syndrome, which is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include episodes of mania or hypomania (abnormally elevated or irritable mood) and depression. These mood swings can be severe and can significantly impact a person's daily life, relationships, and ability to function. Bipolar disorder is typically diagnosed based on a person's symptoms, medical history, and a physical examination. There are several different types of bipolar disorder, including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, and other specified bipolar and related disorders. Treatment for bipolar disorder typically involves a combination of medication and therapy. Medications used to treat bipolar disorder may include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Therapy may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and family-focused therapy. It is important to note that bipolar disorder is a serious medical condition that requires ongoing treatment and management. With proper treatment, many people with bipolar disorder are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

In the medical field, "Adaptation, Psychological" refers to the process by which individuals adjust to and cope with stressors, trauma, and other challenging life events. This can involve a range of psychological mechanisms, such as cognitive restructuring, emotional regulation, and social support seeking. Psychological adaptation can be influenced by a variety of factors, including an individual's personality traits, coping skills, social support network, and access to resources. It is an important aspect of mental health and well-being, as individuals who are able to effectively adapt to stressors are more likely to experience positive outcomes and maintain good mental health over time. Psychological adaptation can also be studied in the context of specific populations, such as refugees, military personnel, and individuals with chronic illnesses, to better understand the unique challenges they face and develop effective interventions to support their adaptation.

Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant refers to a type of depression that does not respond to standard treatments such as antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. This type of depression is also known as treatment-resistant depression (TRD). TRD is a serious and debilitating condition that can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. It is estimated that up to 30% of people with depression do not respond to their initial treatment, and up to 50% do not respond to their second treatment. Treatment-resistant depression can be challenging to treat, and may require more specialized and intensive treatment approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or deep brain stimulation (DBS). It is important for individuals with TRD to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and symptoms.

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication that is commonly used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and bulimia nervosa. It works by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain, which is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and other functions. Fluoxetine is usually taken orally and may take several weeks to start working. Common side effects of fluoxetine include nausea, dry mouth, dizziness, and sexual dysfunction. It is important to note that fluoxetine should only be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it can interact with other medications and may not be suitable for everyone.

Antidepressive agents, tricyclic, are a class of medications that were originally developed in the 1950s and are used to treat depression and other mood disorders. They are called "tricyclic" because they have three rings of atoms in their chemical structure. Tricyclic antidepressants work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which are involved in regulating mood. They are typically taken orally and can take several weeks to start working. While tricyclic antidepressants are effective in treating depression, they can also have side effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, dizziness, and drowsiness. They can also interact with other medications and may not be safe for everyone to take, particularly those with certain medical conditions or who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Tricyclic antidepressants are no longer the first-line treatment for depression, but they may still be prescribed in certain cases, particularly for older adults or those with more severe depression.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method used to compare the means of three or more groups. In the medical field, ANOVA can be used to compare the effectiveness of different treatments, interventions, or medications on a particular outcome or variable of interest. For example, a researcher may want to compare the effectiveness of three different medications for treating a particular disease. They could use ANOVA to compare the mean response (e.g., improvement in symptoms) between the three groups of patients who received each medication. If the results show a significant difference between the groups, it would suggest that one medication is more effective than the others. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different groups of patients based on a categorical variable, such as age, gender, or race. For example, a researcher may want to compare the mean blood pressure of patients in different age groups. They could use ANOVA to compare the mean blood pressure between the different age groups and determine if there are significant differences. Overall, ANOVA is a powerful statistical tool that can be used to compare the means of different groups in the medical field, helping researchers to identify which treatments or interventions are most effective and to better understand the factors that influence health outcomes.

Mood disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by significant disturbances in mood, emotions, and behavior. These disorders are typically classified into two main categories: depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. Depressive disorders include major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and dysthymia. These disorders are characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. Symptoms may also include changes in appetite and sleep patterns, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Bipolar disorders, on the other hand, are characterized by extreme mood swings that alternate between periods of mania or hypomania (elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, and decreased need for sleep) and periods of depression. The most common bipolar disorder is bipolar I disorder, which is characterized by at least one manic episode, while bipolar II disorder is characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode. Other mood disorders include seasonal affective disorder (SAD), which is a type of depression that occurs during the winter months, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), which is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that affects mood and behavior. Mood disorders can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, relationships, and ability to function in daily activities. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, military combat, sexual assault, or physical violence. PTSD is characterized by a cluster of symptoms that can include intrusive thoughts or memories of the traumatic event, avoidance of reminders of the event, negative changes in mood or cognition, and increased arousal or reactivity. These symptoms can significantly impair a person's daily functioning and quality of life. PTSD is typically diagnosed by a mental health professional using a standardized set of criteria, and treatment may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both.

In the medical field, a "Child of Impaired Parents" refers to a child whose parents have a physical or mental impairment that may affect the child's health or development. This can include conditions such as genetic disorders, chronic illnesses, substance abuse, mental health issues, or developmental disabilities that may be passed down from the parents to their child. The term "Child of Impaired Parents" is often used in the context of medical research, public health, and social services to identify and address the unique needs of these children and their families. It is important to note that having impaired parents does not necessarily mean that a child will have health or developmental issues, but it does increase the risk. Early intervention and support can help mitigate these risks and improve outcomes for these children.

Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication that is used to treat a variety of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It works by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain, which is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood, appetite, and other bodily functions. Paroxetine is typically taken orally in tablet form and is usually prescribed at a starting dose of 10-20 mg per day, which may be increased gradually up to a maximum dose of 50 mg per day. The medication is usually taken once a day, with or without food. Common side effects of paroxetine include nausea, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, and sexual dysfunction. More serious side effects may include serotonin syndrome, which is a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when serotonin levels in the brain become too high. Other serious side effects may include bleeding, heart problems, and suicidal thoughts or behavior, particularly in children, adolescents, and young adults. Paroxetine is contraindicated in individuals who have had a history of allergic reactions to paroxetine or other SSRIs, as well as in those who have had a history of bleeding disorders or certain heart conditions. It is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, as it may increase the risk of birth defects.

In the medical field, a chronic disease is a long-term health condition that persists for an extended period, typically for more than three months. Chronic diseases are often progressive, meaning that they tend to worsen over time, and they can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. Chronic diseases can affect any part of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Some examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and arthritis. Chronic diseases often require ongoing medical management, including medication, lifestyle changes, and regular monitoring to prevent complications and manage symptoms. Treatment for chronic diseases may also involve rehabilitation, physical therapy, and other supportive care.

Cognition disorders refer to a group of conditions that affect an individual's ability to think, reason, remember, and learn. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including brain injury, neurological disorders, genetic factors, and aging. Cognition disorders can manifest in different ways, depending on the specific area of the brain that is affected. For example, a person with a memory disorder may have difficulty remembering important information, while someone with a language disorder may have trouble expressing themselves or understanding what others are saying. Some common types of cognition disorders include: 1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurological disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. 2. Dementia: A general term used to describe a decline in cognitive function that is severe enough to interfere with daily life. 3. Delirium: A sudden onset of confusion and disorientation that can be caused by a variety of factors, including illness, medication side effects, or dehydration. 4. Aphasia: A language disorder that affects a person's ability to speak, understand, or use language. 5. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a person's ability to focus, pay attention, and control impulses. 6. Learning disorders: A group of conditions that affect a person's ability to acquire and use knowledge and skills. Cognition disorders can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, and treatment options may include medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. Early diagnosis and intervention are important for managing these conditions and improving outcomes.

In the medical field, mental disorders are conditions that affect a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, causing significant distress or impairment in daily functioning. Mental disorders are diagnosed based on a set of criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. The DSM-5 categorizes mental disorders into several broad categories, including: 1. Anxiety disorders: conditions characterized by excessive fear or worry, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. 2. Mood disorders: conditions characterized by significant changes in mood, such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia. 3. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders: conditions characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and abnormal behavior, such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder. 4. Neurodevelopmental disorders: conditions that begin in childhood and affect cognitive and social development, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 5. Personality disorders: conditions characterized by enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that deviate from societal norms and cause significant distress or impairment, such as borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. 6. Substance-related and addictive disorders: conditions characterized by the use of substances or behaviors that cause significant impairment in daily functioning, such as alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, and gambling disorder. 7. Eating disorders: conditions characterized by abnormal eating behaviors that cause significant distress or impairment, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Mental disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors, and they can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. Treatment for mental disorders typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes.

Cohort studies are a type of observational study in the medical field that involves following a group of individuals (a cohort) over time to identify the incidence of a particular disease or health outcome. The individuals in the cohort are typically selected based on a common characteristic, such as age, gender, or exposure to a particular risk factor. During the study, researchers collect data on the health and lifestyle of the cohort members, and then compare the incidence of the disease or health outcome between different subgroups within the cohort. This can help researchers identify risk factors or protective factors associated with the disease or outcome. Cohort studies are useful for studying the long-term effects of exposure to a particular risk factor, such as smoking or air pollution, on the development of a disease. They can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions or treatments for a particular disease. One of the main advantages of cohort studies is that they can provide strong evidence of causality, as the exposure and outcome are measured over a long period of time and in the same group of individuals. However, they can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and may be subject to biases if the cohort is not representative of the general population.

In the medical field, fatigue is a common symptom that can be caused by a variety of factors, including physical or mental exertion, lack of sleep, chronic illness, or medication side effects. Fatigue is characterized by a persistent feeling of tiredness or exhaustion that is not relieved by rest or sleep. Fatigue can be a symptom of many different medical conditions, including anemia, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, heart disease, sleep disorders, and thyroid disorders. It can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as antidepressants or chemotherapy drugs. In some cases, fatigue may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as cancer or a neurological disorder. It is important to discuss any persistent feelings of fatigue with a healthcare provider to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins (SERTs) are a group of proteins that are responsible for regulating the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain and other tissues. These proteins are located on the surface of nerve cells (neurons) and are involved in the process of reuptake, which is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back up into the neuron that released them. SERTs play a critical role in regulating mood, appetite, and other physiological processes, and imbalances in SERT activity have been linked to a number of mental health conditions, including depression and anxiety disorders.

Somatoform Disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition. People with somatoform disorders often experience persistent and distressing physical symptoms, such as chronic pain, fatigue, and gastrointestinal problems, that are not relieved by medical treatment. The symptoms of somatoform disorders are often vague and difficult to diagnose, and they may mimic the symptoms of a physical illness. Some common somatoform disorders include fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, and conversion disorder. Somatoform disorders are often comorbid with other mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Treatment for somatoform disorders typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication, with a focus on addressing the underlying emotional and psychological factors that contribute to the physical symptoms.

Cyclohexanols are a group of organic compounds that contain a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to one of the carbon atoms. They are commonly used as solvents, intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals, and as starting materials for the production of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. In the medical field, cyclohexanols are used as intermediates in the synthesis of various drugs, including analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, and antibiotics. They are also used as solvents in the preparation of pharmaceuticals and as precursors for the synthesis of other organic compounds. Some specific examples of cyclohexanols used in the medical field include: - Cyclohexanol, which is used as a solvent in the preparation of various pharmaceuticals and as a starting material for the synthesis of other organic compounds. - 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, which is used as a starting material for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, including anti-inflammatory agents and analgesics. - 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, which is used as a starting material for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, including anti-inflammatory agents and analgesics. It is important to note that while cyclohexanols have some potential medical applications, they can also be toxic and may cause skin irritation, respiratory irritation, and other adverse effects if not used properly. Therefore, they should be handled with care and used only under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

In the medical field, "age factors" refer to the effects of aging on the body and its various systems. As people age, their bodies undergo a variety of changes that can impact their health and well-being. These changes can include: 1. Decreased immune function: As people age, their immune system becomes less effective at fighting off infections and diseases. 2. Changes in metabolism: Aging can cause changes in the way the body processes food and uses energy, which can lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, and other metabolic disorders. 3. Cardiovascular changes: Aging can lead to changes in the heart and blood vessels, including increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. 4. Cognitive changes: Aging can affect memory, attention, and other cognitive functions, which can lead to conditions such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease. 5. Joint and bone changes: Aging can cause changes in the joints and bones, including decreased bone density and increased risk of osteoporosis and arthritis. 6. Skin changes: Aging can cause changes in the skin, including wrinkles, age spots, and decreased elasticity. 7. Hormonal changes: Aging can cause changes in hormone levels, including decreased estrogen in women and decreased testosterone in men, which can lead to a variety of health issues. Overall, age factors play a significant role in the development of many health conditions and can impact a person's quality of life. It is important for individuals to be aware of these changes and to take steps to maintain their health and well-being as they age.

Mianserin is a medication that is used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is a type of antidepressant called a tetracyclic antidepressant, which means that it contains four rings of atoms in its chemical structure. Mianserin works by affecting the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, including serotonin and norepinephrine, which are involved in mood regulation. It is typically prescribed to people who have not responded well to other antidepressants or who have side effects from those medications. Mianserin may also be used to treat other conditions, such as insomnia and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). It is important to note that mianserin can have side effects, and it may not be suitable for everyone. It is always important to talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new medication.

In the medical field, pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is a complex phenomenon that involves both physical and emotional components, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, illness, inflammation, and nerve damage. Pain can be acute or chronic, and it can be localized to a specific area of the body or can affect the entire body. Acute pain is typically short-lived and is a normal response to injury or illness. Chronic pain, on the other hand, persists for more than three months and can be caused by a variety of factors, including nerve damage, inflammation, and psychological factors. In the medical field, pain is typically assessed using a pain scale, such as the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), which measures pain intensity on a scale of 0 to 10. Treatment for pain depends on the underlying cause and can include medications, physical therapy, and other interventions.

In the medical field, the brain is the most complex and vital organ in the human body. It is responsible for controlling and coordinating all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, thought, emotion, and memory. The brain is located in the skull and is protected by the skull bones and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is composed of billions of nerve cells, or neurons, which communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. These neurons are organized into different regions of the brain, each with its own specific functions. The brain is also divided into two hemispheres, the left and right, which are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. Damage to the brain can result in a wide range of neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Treatment for brain disorders often involves medications, surgery, and rehabilitation therapies to help restore function and improve quality of life.

Adjustment Disorders are a group of mental health conditions that occur when an individual experiences significant stress, trauma, or other life changes that they are unable to cope with in a healthy way. These disorders are characterized by a range of symptoms that can include anxiety, depression, irritability, sleep disturbances, and difficulty concentrating. Adjustment Disorders are typically short-term conditions that can be treated with therapy, medication, or a combination of both. They are different from other mental health conditions in that they are not caused by a specific mental illness or disorder, but rather by a specific stressor or life event. There are several different types of Adjustment Disorders, including Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety, Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood, Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood, and Adjustment Disorder with Disturbance of Conduct. Each type of Adjustment Disorder is characterized by a specific set of symptoms and may require a different treatment approach.

Sleep disorders are medical conditions that affect the quality, duration, and structure of sleep. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and underlying medical conditions. Sleep disorders can have a significant impact on a person's physical and mental health, as well as their daily functioning and quality of life. Some common sleep disorders include: 1. Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early. 2. Sleep apnea: A condition in which a person's breathing is repeatedly interrupted during sleep. 3. Restless leg syndrome: A condition in which a person experiences an irresistible urge to move their legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations. 4. Narcolepsy: A neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden, brief episodes of sleep. 5. Parasomnias: Sleep disorders that involve abnormal behaviors or experiences during sleep, such as sleepwalking or sleep talking. Diagnosis of sleep disorders typically involves a sleep study, which is a test that measures a person's sleep patterns and brain activity while they sleep. Treatment options for sleep disorders may include lifestyle changes, medication, and therapy.

Affective disorders, also known as mood disorders, are a group of mental health conditions characterized by significant disturbances in a person's mood, emotions, and behavior. Psychotic disorders, on the other hand, are a group of mental health conditions characterized by a loss of contact with reality, including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. Affective disorders that are also psychotic are a subset of mood disorders that are characterized by the presence of psychotic symptoms, such as delusions or hallucinations, in addition to the mood symptoms. Examples of affective disorders that can be psychotic include bipolar disorder with psychotic features, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, and schizoaffective disorder. It is important to note that not all individuals with affective disorders will experience psychotic symptoms, and not all individuals with psychotic symptoms will have an affective disorder. Additionally, the presence of psychotic symptoms can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of affective disorders, as well as increase the risk of suicide and other negative outcomes.

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) refer to the basic tasks that individuals perform on a daily basis to maintain their independence and quality of life. These tasks are essential for daily functioning and include: 1. Bathing and grooming 2. Dressing oneself 3. Eating and drinking 4. Toileting 5. Transferring (e.g., getting in and out of bed, chairs, or vehicles) 6. Walking and ambulating 7. Personal hygiene (e.g., brushing teeth, washing hair) ADLs are often used as a measure of an individual's functional status and independence. In the medical field, ADLs are commonly used to assess the severity of a patient's illness or injury, to determine the level of care needed, and to track progress over time.

Sleep initiation and maintenance disorders are a group of sleep disorders that affect a person's ability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or both. These disorders can cause a range of symptoms, including difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and early morning awakenings. Some common sleep initiation and maintenance disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and narcolepsy. These disorders can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and can lead to a range of physical and mental health problems if left untreated. Treatment for sleep initiation and maintenance disorders typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medication, and therapy.

Nortriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant medication that is used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. It works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which can help to improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. Nortriptyline is available in both oral and injectable forms and is typically prescribed by a psychiatrist or other mental health professional. It is important to note that nortriptyline can have side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, and constipation, and may interact with other medications.

In the medical field, caregivers are individuals who provide assistance and support to patients who are unable to care for themselves due to illness, injury, or disability. Caregivers may be family members, friends, or professional caregivers such as nurses, home health aides, or personal care assistants. Caregivers may provide a wide range of services, including assistance with daily activities such as bathing, dressing, and eating, as well as administering medications, monitoring vital signs, and providing emotional support. They may also help with transportation to medical appointments, managing medical records, and coordinating care with other healthcare providers. Caregivers play a critical role in the healthcare system, as they often provide the necessary support for patients to receive high-quality care and maintain their independence. However, caregiving can also be physically and emotionally demanding, and caregivers may benefit from support and resources to help them manage the challenges of their role.

In the medical field, cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and using information. It encompasses a wide range of mental functions, including perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive abilities are essential for daily functioning and can be affected by various medical conditions, such as brain injuries, neurological disorders, and mental illnesses. In medical settings, cognitive assessments are often used to evaluate a patient's cognitive abilities and diagnose any underlying conditions that may be affecting them. Cognitive therapy is also a type of psychotherapy that focuses on improving cognitive processes to alleviate symptoms of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Case-control studies are a type of observational study used in the medical field to investigate the relationship between an exposure and an outcome. In a case-control study, researchers identify individuals who have experienced a particular outcome (cases) and compare their exposure history to a group of individuals who have not experienced the outcome (controls). The main goal of a case-control study is to determine whether the exposure was a risk factor for the outcome. To do this, researchers collect information about the exposure history of both the cases and the controls and compare the two groups to see if there is a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of the exposure between the two groups. Case-control studies are often used when the outcome of interest is rare, and it is difficult or unethical to conduct a prospective cohort study. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to recall bias, where participants may not accurately remember their exposure history. Additionally, because case-control studies only provide information about the association between an exposure and an outcome, they cannot establish causality.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs during specific times of the year, typically in the fall and winter months. It is also sometimes referred to as winter depression or seasonal depression. SAD is characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. Other symptoms may include fatigue, changes in appetite and weight, difficulty sleeping, and irritability. SAD is believed to be caused by changes in the levels of certain hormones and neurotransmitters in the brain, as well as by the reduced exposure to sunlight that occurs during the winter months. Treatment for SAD typically involves light therapy, medication, and psychotherapy.

Pregnancy complications refer to any medical conditions or problems that arise during pregnancy that can potentially harm the mother or the developing fetus. These complications can range from minor issues that can be easily managed to life-threatening conditions that require immediate medical attention. Some common examples of pregnancy complications include gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, placenta previa, preterm labor, and miscarriage. Other complications may include infections, such as urinary tract infections or sexually transmitted infections, as well as conditions that can affect the baby, such as congenital anomalies or birth defects. Pregnancy complications can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, underlying medical conditions, and environmental factors. Proper prenatal care and regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help identify and manage pregnancy complications early on, reducing the risk of complications and improving outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Neurotic disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive anxiety, worry, and emotional distress. These disorders are often referred to as anxiety disorders and include conditions such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Individuals with neurotic disorders may experience a range of symptoms, including excessive fear or worry, physical symptoms such as sweating or trembling, avoidance of certain situations or activities, and difficulty concentrating or sleeping. These symptoms can significantly impact an individual's daily life and ability to function normally. Treatment for neurotic disorders typically involves a combination of therapy and medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common form of therapy used to treat these disorders, as it helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their anxiety and distress. Medications such as antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs may also be prescribed to help manage symptoms.

Anhedonia is a symptom of several mental health conditions, including depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. It refers to the inability to experience pleasure or enjoyment from activities that are typically pleasurable, such as eating, socializing, or engaging in hobbies. People with anhedonia may also have difficulty feeling emotions or expressing themselves. It is a key symptom of depression and is often accompanied by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness. Treatment for anhedonia typically involves addressing the underlying mental health condition and may include medication, therapy, or a combination of both.

Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant medication that is used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and other conditions such as chronic pain, insomnia, and enuresis (bedwetting). It works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which can help to improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. Imipramine is usually taken orally in tablet form and may take several weeks to start working. It can cause side effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, dizziness, and drowsiness.

Substance-related disorders are a group of mental health conditions that are caused by the use of drugs or alcohol. These disorders can range from mild to severe and can have a significant impact on a person's life. Substance-related disorders are diagnosed when a person's use of drugs or alcohol causes problems in their daily life, such as problems at work or school, problems with relationships, or legal problems. Substance-related disorders can also lead to physical health problems, such as liver damage or heart disease. Treatment for substance-related disorders typically involves a combination of behavioral therapy and medication.

Affective symptoms refer to a group of emotional and mood-related symptoms that are commonly associated with mental health disorders. These symptoms can include changes in mood, such as feelings of sadness, anxiety, irritability, or anger, as well as changes in energy levels, appetite, and sleep patterns. In the medical field, affective symptoms are often used to diagnose and treat mental health conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders. These symptoms can also be associated with other medical conditions, such as chronic pain, hormonal imbalances, and neurological disorders. Affective symptoms can be severe and can significantly impact a person's daily functioning and quality of life. Treatment for affective symptoms typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms.

In the medical field, recurrence refers to the reappearance of a disease or condition after it has been treated or has gone into remission. Recurrence can occur in various medical conditions, including cancer, infections, and autoimmune diseases. For example, in cancer, recurrence means that the cancer has come back after it has been treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other treatments. Recurrence can occur months, years, or even decades after the initial treatment. In infections, recurrence means that the infection has returned after it has been treated with antibiotics or other medications. Recurrence can occur due to incomplete treatment, antibiotic resistance, or other factors. In autoimmune diseases, recurrence means that the symptoms of the disease return after they have been controlled with medication. Recurrence can occur due to changes in the immune system or other factors. Overall, recurrence is a significant concern for patients and healthcare providers, as it can require additional treatment and can impact the patient's quality of life.

In the medical field, the term "age of onset" refers to the age at which a particular disease or condition first appears or manifests in an individual. It is a useful concept in the study of various medical conditions, as it can provide important information about the underlying causes of the disease, as well as its progression and potential treatment options. For example, the age of onset of Alzheimer's disease is typically in the late 60s or early 70s, although it can occur earlier in some cases. Similarly, the age of onset of type 1 diabetes is typically in childhood or adolescence, while the age of onset of type 2 diabetes is typically in adulthood. Understanding the age of onset of a particular disease can also be important in terms of genetic counseling and family planning. For example, if a family has a history of early-onset Alzheimer's disease, individuals in the family may want to consider genetic testing and counseling to understand their risk of developing the disease at an early age.

Panic disorder is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are sudden and intense episodes of fear, anxiety, and physical symptoms that come on quickly and reach their peak within 10 minutes. During a panic attack, a person may experience symptoms such as a racing heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, and a sense of impending doom or loss of control. Panic attacks can be very distressing and can lead to avoidance behaviors and a fear of having another attack. Panic disorder is diagnosed when a person experiences at least four panic attacks in a four-week period and is significantly distressed by the attacks or by the fear of having another attack. Treatment for panic disorder typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger that transmits signals between nerve cells in the brain and throughout the body. It plays a crucial role in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and other bodily functions. In the medical field, serotonin is often studied in relation to mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Low levels of serotonin have been linked to these conditions, and medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often prescribed to increase serotonin levels in the brain and improve symptoms. Serotonin is also involved in the regulation of pain perception, blood pressure, and other bodily functions. Imbalances in serotonin levels have been implicated in a variety of medical conditions, including migraines, fibromyalgia, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) are a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor found in the central nervous system. They are named after the agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), which binds to and activates these receptors. NMDA receptors are important for a variety of physiological processes, including learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. They are also involved in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. NMDA receptors are heteromeric complexes composed of two subunits, NR1 and NR2, which can be differentially expressed in various brain regions and cell types. The NR2 subunit determines the pharmacological properties and functional profile of the receptor, while the NR1 subunit is essential for receptor function. Activation of NMDA receptors requires the binding of both glutamate and a co-agonist, such as glycine or d-serine, as well as the depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. This leads to the opening of a cation-permeable channel that allows the influx of calcium ions, which can trigger various intracellular signaling pathways and modulate gene expression. In summary, NMDA receptors are a type of glutamate receptor that play a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system.

In the medical field, "Behavior, Animal" refers to the study of the actions, responses, and interactions of animals, including humans, with their environment. This field encompasses a wide range of topics, including animal behavior in the wild, animal behavior in captivity, animal behavior in domestic settings, and animal behavior in laboratory settings. Animal behaviorists study a variety of behaviors, including social behavior, mating behavior, feeding behavior, communication behavior, and aggression. They use a variety of research methods, including observational studies, experiments, and surveys, to understand the underlying mechanisms that drive animal behavior. Animal behavior research has important applications in fields such as conservation biology, animal welfare, and veterinary medicine. For example, understanding animal behavior can help conservationists develop effective strategies for protecting endangered species, and it can help veterinarians develop more effective treatments for behavioral disorders in animals.

Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate (mGluRs) are a family of receptors that are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. These receptors are found throughout the central nervous system and play a role in a variety of physiological processes, including learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. mGluRs are metabotropic because they do not directly open ion channels like other types of glutamate receptors. Instead, they activate intracellular signaling pathways that can modulate the activity of other proteins and molecules within the cell. There are eight subtypes of mGluRs, which are classified into three groups based on their structure and function: group I (mGluR1 and mGluR5), group II (mGluR2 and mGluR3), and group III (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, and mGluR8). Each subtype has a distinct distribution and function within the brain, and dysregulation of mGluR activity has been implicated in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, and epilepsy.

Demography is the study of human populations, including their size, growth, structure, distribution, and changes over time. In the medical field, demography is used to understand the health and healthcare needs of different populations, including age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Demographic data can be used to identify trends and patterns in health outcomes, such as disease incidence and mortality rates, and to inform public health policies and interventions. For example, demographers may analyze data on the aging population to identify the healthcare needs of older adults, or they may study the distribution of certain diseases in different racial and ethnic groups to inform targeted prevention and treatment efforts.

In the medical field, apathy is a lack of interest, motivation, or concern about one's surroundings, activities, or relationships. It is a common symptom of various medical conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, brain injuries, and neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Apathy can also be a side effect of certain medications or a symptom of substance abuse. In severe cases, apathy can lead to social isolation, decreased quality of life, and even suicide. Treatment for apathy depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Dementia is a general term used to describe a group of symptoms that are caused by damage or disease in the brain. It is a progressive and irreversible condition that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. Dementia can be caused by a variety of factors, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and Lewy body dementia. These conditions can affect different parts of the brain and cause different symptoms. Some common symptoms of dementia include: - Memory loss - Difficulty with language and communication - Confusion and disorientation - Changes in mood and behavior - Difficulty with problem-solving and decision-making - Changes in physical abilities, such as balance and coordination Dementia can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and various tests, such as brain imaging and cognitive assessments. There is currently no cure for dementia, but treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for those affected.

Antimanic agents are medications used to treat mania, a symptom of bipolar disorder characterized by extreme highs or elevated mood, irritability, racing thoughts, and decreased need for sleep. These medications work by stabilizing the brain's chemistry and reducing the symptoms of mania. Examples of antimanic agents include lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, and atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine and quetiapine. It is important to note that these medications should only be prescribed and monitored by a qualified healthcare professional.

Action potentials are electrical signals that are generated by neurons in the nervous system. They are responsible for transmitting information throughout the body and are the basis of all neural communication. When a neuron is at rest, it has a negative electrical charge inside the cell and a positive charge outside the cell. When a stimulus is received by the neuron, it causes the membrane around the cell to become more permeable to sodium ions. This allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, causing the membrane potential to become more positive. This change in membrane potential is called depolarization. Once the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold, an action potential is generated. This is a rapid and brief change in the membrane potential that travels down the length of the neuron. The action potential is characterized by a rapid rise in membrane potential, followed by a rapid fall, and then a return to the resting membrane potential. Action potentials are essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. They allow neurons to communicate with each other and transmit information throughout the body. They are also involved in a variety of important physiological processes, including muscle contraction, hormone release, and sensory perception.

In the medical field, the chi-square distribution is a statistical tool used to analyze the relationship between two categorical variables. It is often used in medical research to determine whether there is a significant association between two variables, such as the presence of a disease and a particular risk factor. The chi-square distribution is a probability distribution that describes the sum of the squared differences between the observed and expected frequencies of a categorical variable. It is commonly used in hypothesis testing to determine whether the observed frequencies of a categorical variable differ significantly from the expected frequencies. In medical research, the chi-square test is often used to analyze the relationship between two categorical variables, such as the presence of a disease and a particular risk factor. For example, a researcher may want to determine whether there is a significant association between smoking and lung cancer. To do this, the researcher would collect data on the smoking habits of a group of people and their incidence of lung cancer. The chi-square test would then be used to determine whether the observed frequencies of lung cancer among smokers differ significantly from the expected frequencies based on the overall incidence of lung cancer in the population. Overall, the chi-square distribution is a valuable tool in medical research for analyzing the relationship between categorical variables and determining whether observed frequencies differ significantly from expected frequencies.

The serotonin 5-HT1A receptor is a protein found on the surface of cells in the brain and other parts of the body. It is a type of serotonin receptor, which are proteins that bind to and respond to the neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin is a chemical messenger that plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and other functions. The 5-HT1A receptor is involved in a number of different brain functions, including anxiety, depression, and pain perception. It is also thought to play a role in the development of certain mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Drugs that act on the 5-HT1A receptor are used to treat a variety of conditions, including depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These drugs are known as serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonists, and they work by binding to the receptor and activating it, which can have a calming effect on the brain.

Hydrocortisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone that is used in the medical field to treat a variety of conditions. It is a potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent that can help reduce inflammation, swelling, and redness in the body. Hydrocortisone is also used to treat conditions such as allergies, asthma, eczema, and psoriasis, as well as to reduce the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, a condition in which the body does not produce enough of the hormone cortisol. It is available in a variety of forms, including oral tablets, topical creams, and injections.

Child abuse is a term used to describe any form of physical, emotional, or sexual mistreatment or neglect of a child by a parent, caregiver, or other person responsible for the child's well-being. In the medical field, child abuse is often defined as any act or failure to act that results in harm, serious harm, or the potential for harm to a child. This can include physical injuries such as bruises, burns, or fractures, as well as emotional or psychological harm such as neglect, emotional abuse, or sexual abuse. Medical professionals who work with children are trained to recognize the signs of child abuse and to report any suspected cases to the appropriate authorities. This is important because child abuse can have serious long-term consequences for the child's physical and mental health, as well as their ability to develop into healthy, functioning adults.

In the medical field, aging refers to the natural process of physical, biological, and psychological changes that occur over time in living organisms, including humans. These changes can affect various aspects of an individual's health and well-being, including their metabolism, immune system, cardiovascular system, skeletal system, and cognitive function. Aging is a complex process that is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. As people age, their bodies undergo a gradual decline in function, which can lead to the development of age-related diseases and conditions such as arthritis, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dementia. In the medical field, aging is studied in the context of geriatrics, which is the branch of medicine that focuses on the health and well-being of older adults. Geriatricians work to identify and manage age-related health issues, promote healthy aging, and improve the quality of life for older adults.

In the medical field, "attitude to health" refers to an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors related to their health and well-being. It encompasses their perceptions of their own health status, their motivation to engage in healthy behaviors, their willingness to seek medical care, and their attitudes towards illness and disease. An individual's attitude to health can have a significant impact on their health outcomes. For example, a positive attitude towards health can motivate individuals to adopt healthy behaviors, such as regular exercise and a healthy diet, and to seek medical care when needed. On the other hand, a negative attitude towards health can lead to unhealthy behaviors and a reluctance to seek medical care, which can contribute to poor health outcomes. In medical practice, healthcare providers often assess an individual's attitude to health as part of their overall assessment of their health status. This can help healthcare providers to identify any barriers to healthy behaviors or medical care and to develop tailored interventions to support positive health behaviors and outcomes.

Receptors, AMPA are a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor that are widely expressed in the central nervous system. They are named after the neurotransmitter AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid), which is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. AMPA receptors are important for fast synaptic transmission, as they are rapidly activated by glutamate and can mediate strong postsynaptic currents. They are also involved in a variety of physiological processes, including learning and memory, and have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression. AMPA receptors are composed of four subunits, each of which contains an ion channel that opens in response to binding of glutamate. There are several different subunit combinations that can form AMPA receptors, which can affect their properties and distribution in the brain.

Community Mental Health Services refer to a range of mental health services that are provided outside of traditional hospital settings, such as psychiatric hospitals or clinics. These services are designed to support individuals with mental health conditions in their communities, and to help them maintain their mental health and well-being. Community Mental Health Services may include a variety of different types of services, such as: 1. Outpatient therapy: This type of service involves regular meetings with a mental health professional, either individually or in a group setting, to discuss and work through mental health concerns. 2. Case management: This type of service involves a mental health professional working with an individual to develop a plan for managing their mental health needs, including accessing other services and resources as needed. 3. Support groups: These are groups of individuals who meet regularly to share their experiences and provide support to one another. 4. Crisis intervention: This type of service involves providing immediate support and assistance to individuals who are experiencing a mental health crisis, such as a suicide attempt or a severe episode of psychosis. 5. Assertive community treatment (ACT): This type of service involves a team of mental health professionals working closely with an individual to provide intensive, personalized support and treatment in the community. Overall, the goal of Community Mental Health Services is to help individuals with mental health conditions maintain their independence and quality of life, while also providing them with the support and resources they need to manage their conditions effectively.

Psychotic disorders are a group of mental illnesses characterized by a loss of contact with reality. People with psychotic disorders may experience hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there), delusions (firmly held beliefs that are not based in reality), disorganized thinking or speech, and other symptoms that significantly impair their ability to function in daily life. Psychotic disorders can be further classified into several subtypes, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, and brief psychotic disorder. These disorders can affect people of all ages and genders, and their symptoms can range from mild to severe. Psychotic disorders are typically treated with a combination of medication and therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or family therapy. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of relapse.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and tenderness, as well as fatigue, sleep disturbances, and other symptoms. It is a complex condition that affects the central nervous system and is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. The diagnosis of fibromyalgia is based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, and ruling out other possible causes of pain. The diagnostic criteria include widespread pain for at least three months, tenderness in specific areas of the body, and other symptoms such as fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive difficulties. There is currently no cure for fibromyalgia, but treatment options can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include medications, physical therapy, exercise, stress management techniques, and lifestyle changes.

Adolescent psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the psychological development of individuals between the ages of 10 and 19. During this stage of life, adolescents undergo significant physical, emotional, and cognitive changes, and they are also faced with a variety of social and environmental challenges. Adolescent psychology seeks to understand the unique psychological characteristics of this age group, including their emotional and behavioral patterns, their cognitive development, and their social relationships. It also aims to identify the factors that influence adolescent development, such as family dynamics, peer relationships, and cultural and societal influences. By studying adolescent psychology, healthcare professionals can better understand the needs and challenges of this population and develop effective interventions to promote healthy development and prevent mental health problems.

The Cost of Illness (COI) is a measure of the economic burden of a disease or health condition on individuals, families, and society as a whole. It includes the direct and indirect costs associated with the disease, such as medical expenses, lost productivity, and disability. Direct costs of illness refer to the expenses incurred by healthcare providers, such as hospitalization, medication, and medical equipment. Indirect costs, on the other hand, refer to the expenses incurred by individuals and families, such as lost wages, reduced productivity, and decreased quality of life. COI is an important tool for policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers to understand the economic impact of diseases and to allocate resources effectively. By estimating the COI of a disease, policymakers can prioritize interventions that are most likely to reduce the economic burden of the disease and improve public health outcomes.

Phobic disorders are a type of anxiety disorder characterized by excessive and persistent fear or anxiety in response to specific objects, situations, or activities. People with phobic disorders often experience intense and overwhelming fear that is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the feared object or situation. This fear can lead to avoidance behaviors, which can significantly impact a person's daily life and functioning. Phobic disorders are classified into several categories, including specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, and agoraphobia. Specific phobias involve an intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as heights, spiders, or flying. Social anxiety disorder involves an intense fear of social or performance situations, such as public speaking or being evaluated by others. Agoraphobia involves an intense fear of being in situations or places where escape may be difficult or embarrassing if an anxiety attack were to occur. Treatment for phobic disorders typically involves a combination of therapy and medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common form of therapy used to treat phobic disorders. CBT helps people identify and challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs about the feared object or situation, and gradually expose themselves to it in a safe and controlled environment. Medications such as antidepressants and benzodiazepines may also be used to help manage symptoms of anxiety and panic.

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by the excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to one's health, relationships, and daily life. In the medical field, alcoholism is diagnosed based on a set of criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). These criteria include: 1. The presence of tolerance, which is the need to consume more alcohol to achieve the same desired effect. 2. The presence of withdrawal symptoms when alcohol use is reduced or stopped. 3. The presence of cravings or a strong desire to drink. 4. The continuation of alcohol use despite negative consequences, such as health problems, relationship problems, or legal problems. 5. The presence of significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning due to alcohol use. Alcoholism is a complex disorder that can be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapy, medication, and support groups.

Parkinson's disease is a chronic and progressive neurological disorder that affects movement. It is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain that plays a crucial role in controlling movement. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease typically develop gradually and may include tremors, stiffness, slow movement, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Other common symptoms may include loss of smell, constipation, sleep disturbances, and cognitive changes. Parkinson's disease is usually diagnosed based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and neuroimaging tests. There is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease, but medications and other treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for people with the condition.

In the medical field, anger is a complex emotional response that involves a range of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral responses. It is a natural human emotion that can be triggered by a variety of factors, including stress, frustration, disappointment, and injustice. Anger can manifest in different ways, such as irritability, aggression, hostility, and physical aggression. It can also lead to physical symptoms such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension. In some cases, anger can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, such as depression, anxiety, or a neurological disorder. It can also be a side effect of certain medications or a symptom of a substance abuse problem. In the medical field, anger management is an important aspect of mental health treatment. It involves teaching individuals how to recognize and regulate their anger in a healthy and constructive way, such as through relaxation techniques, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or medication.

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, responsible for many of the higher functions of the nervous system, including perception, thought, memory, and consciousness. It is composed of two hemispheres, each of which is divided into four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. The cerebral cortex is responsible for processing sensory information from the body and the environment, as well as generating motor commands to control movement. It is also involved in complex cognitive processes such as language, decision-making, and problem-solving. Damage to the cerebral cortex can result in a range of neurological and cognitive disorders, including dementia, aphasia, and apraxia.

Clinical protocols are standardized sets of procedures and guidelines that are used in the medical field to ensure that patients receive consistent, high-quality care. These protocols typically outline the steps that healthcare providers should take to diagnose and treat specific medical conditions, as well as the medications, dosages, and other interventions that should be used. Clinical protocols are designed to help healthcare providers make informed decisions about patient care and to ensure that patients receive the most effective treatments possible. They are often developed by medical experts and organizations, such as professional societies, government agencies, and academic institutions, and are regularly reviewed and updated to reflect the latest medical research and best practices. Clinical protocols can be used in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities. They are an important tool for ensuring that healthcare providers are providing consistent, evidence-based care to their patients, and can help to improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk of medical errors.

In the medical field, cross-cultural comparison refers to the study of how different cultures perceive, understand, and approach health and illness. This involves comparing and contrasting the beliefs, practices, and attitudes towards health and illness across different cultural groups. Cross-cultural comparison is important in healthcare because it helps healthcare providers to understand the cultural context of their patients and to provide culturally sensitive care. It also helps to identify and address health disparities that may be related to cultural differences. For example, cross-cultural comparison may reveal that certain cultural groups have different beliefs about the causes of illness, different attitudes towards seeking medical care, and different practices for managing health and illness. This information can be used to develop culturally appropriate interventions and treatments that are more likely to be effective for patients from different cultural backgrounds.

Anti-anxiety agents, also known as anxiolytics, are medications that are used to treat anxiety disorders. These disorders are characterized by excessive and persistent feelings of worry, fear, and unease that can interfere with daily activities and cause significant distress. Anti-anxiety agents work by altering the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which play a role in regulating mood and anxiety. They can be classified into several categories, including benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine sedatives, buspirone, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Benzodiazepines are the most commonly prescribed anti-anxiety agents and are effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety and panic attacks. However, they can be habit-forming and may cause side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and memory impairment. Non-benzodiazepine sedatives, such as zolpidem and zaleplon, are also effective in treating anxiety and insomnia but have a lower risk of dependence and withdrawal symptoms compared to benzodiazepines. Buspirone is a non-sedating anti-anxiety agent that works by increasing the levels of GABA in the brain. It is often used to treat generalized anxiety disorder and is less likely to cause side effects than benzodiazepines. SSRIs, such as fluoxetine and sertraline, are primarily used to treat depression but can also be effective in treating anxiety disorders. They work by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain and may take several weeks to start working. It is important to note that anti-anxiety agents should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional and should not be used as a substitute for therapy or other forms of treatment for anxiety disorders.

In the medical field, "Australia" typically refers to the country located in the southern hemisphere, which is known for its unique flora and fauna, as well as its diverse population and healthcare system. Australia has a well-developed healthcare system that is publicly funded through a combination of taxes and government subsidies. The country has a universal healthcare system known as Medicare, which provides free or low-cost medical services to all citizens and permanent residents. In addition to its public healthcare system, Australia also has a thriving private healthcare sector, which includes hospitals, clinics, and specialist medical practices. Many Australians also have private health insurance, which can provide additional coverage for medical services that are not covered by Medicare. Overall, the medical field in Australia is highly advanced and well-regarded, with a strong emphasis on research, innovation, and patient-centered care.

Stress Disorders, Traumatic, also known as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), is a mental health condition that can develop after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. Traumatic events can include natural disasters, accidents, physical or sexual assault, war, and other life-threatening situations. PTSD is characterized by a range of symptoms that can include intrusive thoughts or memories of the traumatic event, avoidance of triggers that remind the person of the event, negative changes in mood or feelings, and problems with sleep or concentration. People with PTSD may also experience physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, and muscle tension. PTSD can be a debilitating condition that affects a person's ability to function in daily life. However, with proper treatment, many people are able to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. Treatment options for PTSD may include therapy, medication, or a combination of both.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Psychophysiologic disorders, also known as psychosomatic disorders or somatization disorders, are a group of conditions in which physical symptoms are caused or exacerbated by psychological factors. These disorders are characterized by the presence of multiple, persistent, and often vague physical symptoms that are not explained by a medical condition or substance use. Examples of psychophysiologic disorders include irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ). These conditions can cause significant distress and disability, and may be difficult to diagnose and treat because the physical symptoms are not directly related to a specific underlying medical condition. Psychophysiologic disorders are often treated with a combination of psychological therapy and medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common type of therapy used to treat these conditions, as it can help individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that may be contributing to their physical symptoms. Medications such as antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs may also be prescribed to help manage symptoms.

In the medical field, bereavement refers to the emotional and psychological response to the loss of a loved one, such as a spouse, parent, child, or friend. Bereavement is a natural and normal process that involves a range of emotions, including sadness, anger, guilt, and confusion. The grieving process can vary from person to person and can take different lengths of time. Some people may experience a period of intense grief immediately after the loss, while others may feel a sense of numbness or detachment. In the medical field, bereavement is often treated as a mental health issue, and healthcare professionals may provide support and counseling to help individuals cope with their grief. This can include therapy, medication, or other interventions designed to help individuals manage their emotions and adjust to their new reality.

The amygdala is a small almond-shaped structure located deep within the temporal lobes of the brain. It is part of the limbic system, which is responsible for regulating emotions, memory, and behavior. The amygdala plays a crucial role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. It receives sensory information from the thalamus and evaluates it for potential threats or danger. If a threat is detected, the amygdala sends signals to other parts of the brain, such as the hypothalamus and the brainstem, to initiate a fight-or-flight response. The amygdala is also involved in the formation and retrieval of emotional memories. It helps to consolidate emotional memories and store them in long-term memory, which can be important for learning from past experiences and avoiding similar situations in the future. In addition to its role in emotion regulation and memory, the amygdala is also involved in other functions, such as social behavior, decision-making, and addiction. Damage to the amygdala can result in a range of emotional and behavioral problems, including anxiety disorders, depression, and aggression.

In the medical field, "African Americans" refers to individuals who are of African descent and live in the United States. This term is often used to describe the unique health challenges and disparities that this population faces, such as higher rates of certain diseases, lower access to healthcare, and poorer health outcomes compared to other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Medical professionals may use this term to identify and address these disparities, and to develop targeted interventions and treatments to improve the health of African Americans.

Migraine disorders are a group of neurological conditions characterized by recurrent headaches that are often severe, throbbing, and disabling. Migraines can be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, and visual disturbances. There are several types of migraine disorders, including: 1. Migraine without aura: This is the most common type of migraine, and it is characterized by a headache that is usually on one side of the head, throbbing, and severe. 2. Migraine with aura: This type of migraine is less common and is characterized by a headache that is usually accompanied by sensory or visual disturbances, such as flashing lights, zigzag lines, or blind spots. 3. Chronic migraine: This type of migraine is defined as having at least 15 headache days per month for at least three months, with at least eight of those days meeting the criteria for a migraine. 4. Medication-overuse headache: This type of headache occurs when a person takes over-the-counter or prescription pain medication too frequently, leading to rebound headaches that are more severe and difficult to treat. Migraine disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental triggers, and hormonal changes. Treatment for migraine disorders typically involves a combination of medication, lifestyle changes, and behavioral therapies.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development, maintenance, and survival of neurons in the brain. It is produced by neurons themselves and acts as a growth factor, promoting the growth and differentiation of new neurons, as well as the survival of existing ones. BDNF is involved in a wide range of brain functions, including learning, memory, mood regulation, and neuroplasticity, which is the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences and environmental stimuli. It has also been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. BDNF is synthesized in the brain and released into the extracellular space, where it binds to specific receptors on the surface of neurons, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways that promote neuronal growth and survival. It is also involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, which is the ability of synapses (connections between neurons) to strengthen or weaken in response to changes in their activity. Overall, BDNF is a critical factor in the maintenance and function of the brain, and its dysregulation has been linked to a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by inflexible and maladaptive patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that deviate significantly from the expectations of the individual's culture and cause distress or impairment in personal, social, and occupational functioning. There are ten recognized personality disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is the standard classification system used by mental health professionals in the United States: 1. Antisocial Personality Disorder 2. Borderline Personality Disorder 3. Histrionic Personality Disorder 4. Narcissistic Personality Disorder 5. Avoidant Personality Disorder 6. Dependent Personality Disorder 7. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 8. Paranoid Personality Disorder 9. Schizoid Personality Disorder 10. Schizotypal Personality Disorder Personality disorders are typically diagnosed in adulthood, although some individuals may exhibit symptoms in childhood or adolescence. Treatment for personality disorders can be challenging, as individuals with these conditions may have difficulty recognizing and changing their maladaptive behaviors and patterns of thinking. However, therapy, medication, and other forms of support can be effective in helping individuals with personality disorders manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol, also known as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), is a chemical compound that is found in the brain and other tissues in the body. It is a metabolite of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in a variety of brain functions, including movement, motivation, and reward. In the medical field, DHPG is sometimes used as a marker for the activity of dopamine neurons in the brain. It has been studied in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction. Some research has suggested that DHPG may play a role in the development and progression of these conditions, and that measuring its levels in the brain may be useful for diagnosing and treating these disorders.

In the medical field, "Diseases in Twins" refers to the occurrence of health conditions or illnesses in individuals who are identical or fraternal twins. Twins have a higher risk of developing certain diseases or health conditions compared to individuals who are not twins. This increased risk can be due to genetic factors, shared environmental factors, or a combination of both. For example, identical twins have a higher risk of developing certain genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia, compared to non-twins. Fraternal twins, who are not genetically identical, also have a higher risk of developing certain health conditions, such as type 1 diabetes or schizophrenia, compared to non-twins. The study of diseases in twins is an important area of research in the medical field, as it can help identify genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of certain diseases. This information can then be used to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies for these diseases.

Lithium compounds are chemical compounds that contain lithium as a constituent element. In the medical field, lithium compounds are primarily used as a medication to treat bipolar disorder, a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings. Lithium works by regulating the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine and serotonin, which can help stabilize mood and prevent manic or depressive episodes. Lithium compounds are typically administered orally in the form of lithium carbonate or lithium citrate. The dosage and frequency of administration are carefully monitored by a healthcare provider to ensure that the patient receives the appropriate amount of medication to manage their symptoms while minimizing the risk of side effects. While lithium is generally considered safe and effective for treating bipolar disorder, it can also have side effects, such as tremors, weight gain, and kidney problems. Therefore, patients taking lithium must be closely monitored by a healthcare provider to ensure that they are receiving the appropriate treatment and that any potential side effects are managed effectively.

Ketamine is a medication that is primarily used as an anesthetic for surgical procedures and to treat severe pain. It is a synthetic drug that belongs to a class of medications called dissociative anesthetics, which work by altering the patient's perception of reality and creating a dissociative state. Ketamine is also sometimes used off-label for other medical conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and chronic pain. It is administered intravenously or intramuscularly and can produce a range of effects, including sedation, analgesia, and dissociation. While ketamine can be effective for certain medical conditions, it can also have side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, and changes in blood pressure and heart rate. It is important for healthcare providers to carefully monitor patients who receive ketamine and to adjust the dosage as needed to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Bupropion is a medication that is used to treat depression, smoking cessation, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, which means that it blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, leading to increased levels of these neurotransmitters. This increase in neurotransmitter levels is thought to improve mood and reduce cravings in depression and smoking cessation, and to improve focus and attention in ADHD. Bupropion is available in both immediate-release and extended-release forms, and is typically taken orally. It may cause side effects such as dry mouth, headache, and insomnia.

Antipsychotic agents, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of medications used to treat various mental health conditions, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe depression. These medications work by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in the regulation of mood, behavior, and cognition. Antipsychotic agents are typically classified into two main categories: typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics. Typical antipsychotics, such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine, were the first antipsychotic medications developed and are known for their ability to produce significant side effects, including movement disorders and cognitive impairment. Atypical antipsychotics, such as risperidone and olanzapine, were developed later and are generally considered to have fewer side effects, although they can still cause weight gain, metabolic changes, and other adverse effects. Antipsychotic agents are typically prescribed to help reduce symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions, and to improve overall functioning in individuals with mental health conditions. However, they can also be used to treat other conditions, such as Tourette's syndrome and restless leg syndrome. It is important to note that antipsychotic agents should only be used under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as they can have significant side effects and may interact with other medications.

Puerperal disorders refer to a group of medical conditions that occur during the postpartum period, which is the time immediately following childbirth. These disorders can affect the mother's physical and mental health and can be life-threatening if left untreated. Some common puerperal disorders include: 1. Postpartum hemorrhage: This is the most common cause of maternal mortality worldwide and occurs when there is excessive bleeding after childbirth. 2. Infection: Infections such as endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and sepsis can occur after childbirth and can be life-threatening if left untreated. 3. Puerperal fever: This is a fever that occurs within the first week after childbirth and can be caused by infection. 4. Postpartum depression: This is a mood disorder that can occur after childbirth and can affect the mother's ability to care for herself and her baby. 5. Postpartum psychosis: This is a rare but serious mental health disorder that can occur after childbirth and can cause hallucinations, delusions, and mood swings. 6. Breastfeeding difficulties: Many new mothers experience difficulties breastfeeding, which can lead to stress and anxiety. 7. Postpartum thyroiditis: This is an autoimmune disorder that can occur after childbirth and can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and depression. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of puerperal disorders are essential to ensure the health and well-being of the mother and her baby.

Conduct disorder is a mental health disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms. Children with conduct disorder often engage in aggressive, delinquent, or criminal behavior, and may also have difficulty controlling their impulses and emotions. The disorder typically begins in childhood and can persist into adolescence and adulthood. Conduct disorder can co-occur with other mental health disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The exact cause of conduct disorder is not fully understood, but it is believed to be influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors. Treatment for conduct disorder typically involves a combination of therapy, medication, and support from family and community resources.

Psychomotor agitation is a symptom characterized by excessive restlessness, fidgeting, and inability to sit still. It is often seen in individuals with mental health conditions such as anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Psychomotor agitation can also be a side effect of certain medications or medical conditions such as hyperthyroidism. It can manifest as physical movements such as pacing, rocking, or repetitive hand gestures, as well as verbal agitation or irritability. Treatment for psychomotor agitation may involve medication, therapy, or other interventions depending on the underlying cause.

Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It is a vital mineral for the human body and is essential for many bodily functions, including bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. In the medical field, calcium is often used to diagnose and treat conditions related to calcium deficiency or excess. For example, low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and tingling, while high levels (hypercalcemia) can lead to kidney stones, bone loss, and other complications. Calcium supplements are often prescribed to people who are at risk of developing calcium deficiency, such as older adults, vegetarians, and people with certain medical conditions. However, it is important to note that excessive calcium intake can also be harmful, and it is important to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements.

Combined modality therapy (CMT) is a cancer treatment approach that involves using two or more different types of treatments simultaneously or in sequence to achieve a better therapeutic effect than any single treatment alone. The goal of CMT is to increase the effectiveness of cancer treatment while minimizing side effects. The different types of treatments that may be used in CMT include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormonal therapy. The specific combination of treatments used in CMT depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and individual needs. CMT is often used for the treatment of advanced or aggressive cancers, where a single treatment may not be effective. By combining different treatments, CMT can help to destroy cancer cells more completely and prevent the cancer from returning. However, CMT can also have more significant side effects than a single treatment, so it is important for patients to discuss the potential risks and benefits with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Trazodone is a medication that is primarily used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and also acts as a serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) at higher doses. Trazodone is also sometimes used as a sleep aid to treat insomnia. It works by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain, which can help to improve mood and reduce anxiety. Trazodone is available in tablet form and is usually taken once or twice a day. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare professional when taking trazodone, as the dosage and duration of treatment may vary depending on the individual and the condition being treated.

In the medical field, counseling refers to the provision of emotional support, guidance, and advice to individuals who are dealing with various mental health issues, physical health problems, or life challenges. Counseling can take many forms, including individual therapy, group therapy, couples therapy, family therapy, and more. It can be provided by a variety of healthcare professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and licensed counselors. The goal of counseling is to help individuals develop coping strategies, improve their mental and emotional well-being, and make positive changes in their lives. This may involve exploring underlying issues, setting goals, and developing a plan of action to achieve those goals. Counseling can be beneficial for individuals dealing with a wide range of issues, including anxiety, depression, stress, relationship problems, addiction, trauma, and more. It can also be helpful for individuals who are seeking to make positive changes in their lives, such as quitting smoking, losing weight, or improving their overall health and well-being.

In the medical field, "cats" typically refers to Felis catus, which is the scientific name for the domestic cat. Cats are commonly kept as pets and are known for their agility, playful behavior, and affectionate nature. In veterinary medicine, cats are commonly treated for a variety of health conditions, including respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal issues, and dental problems. Cats can also be used in medical research to study various diseases and conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. In some cases, the term "cats" may also refer to a group of animals used in medical research or testing. For example, cats may be used to study the effects of certain drugs or treatments on the immune system or to test new vaccines.

Coronary disease, also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque. This can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, which can cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other symptoms. In severe cases, coronary disease can lead to a heart attack, which occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is completely blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. Coronary disease is a common condition that affects many people, particularly those who are middle-aged or older, and is often associated with other risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Treatment for coronary disease may include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.

Chronic pain is a type of pain that persists for more than 12 weeks and is not relieved by standard medical treatments. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, illness, or underlying medical conditions. Chronic pain can be severe and can significantly impact a person's quality of life, leading to physical and emotional distress, as well as social isolation and disability. Treatment for chronic pain typically involves a combination of medications, physical therapy, and other interventions, and may require the involvement of a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by a range of symptoms that affect a person's thoughts, emotions, and behavior. These symptoms can include hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not there), delusions (false beliefs that are not based in reality), disorganized thinking and speech, and problems with emotional expression and social interaction. Schizophrenia is a chronic condition that can last for a lifetime, although the severity of symptoms can vary over time. It is not caused by a single factor, but rather by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Treatment for schizophrenia typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support from family and friends. While there is no cure for schizophrenia, with proper treatment, many people are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

Hypochondriasis is a mental health condition characterized by persistent and excessive preoccupation with the belief that one has a serious illness, even when medical evidence indicates otherwise. People with hypochondriasis may experience intense anxiety and worry about their health, and may seek multiple medical consultations or tests in an attempt to confirm or rule out their fears. Hypochondriasis can be a debilitating condition that significantly impacts a person's quality of life, relationships, and ability to function in daily activities. It is often comorbid with other mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Treatment for hypochondriasis typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication, such as antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common form of psychotherapy used to treat hypochondriasis, as it helps individuals identify and challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs about their health.

Child abuse, sexual refers to the act of engaging in sexual activity with a child who is unable to give informed consent or is unable to understand the nature of the act. This can include activities such as sexual touching, penetration, or exploitation of the child for the sexual gratification of the perpetrator. Sexual abuse can have serious and long-lasting physical, emotional, and psychological effects on the child, and it is considered a serious crime in most jurisdictions.

Glutamic acid is an amino acid that is naturally occurring in the human body and is essential for various bodily functions. It is a non-essential amino acid, meaning that the body can produce it from other compounds, but it is still important for maintaining good health. In the medical field, glutamic acid is sometimes used as a medication to treat certain conditions. For example, it is used to treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Glutamic acid is also used to treat certain types of brain injuries, such as stroke, by promoting the growth of new brain cells. In addition to its medicinal uses, glutamic acid is also an important component of the diet. It is found in many foods, including meats, fish, poultry, dairy products, and grains. It is also available as a dietary supplement.

In the medical field, aggression refers to a behavior characterized by hostile or threatening actions or words directed towards others. Aggression can be physical or verbal and can range from mild irritability to extreme violence. Aggression can be a symptom of various mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or substance abuse disorders. It can also be a response to stress, frustration, or other negative emotions. In some cases, aggression may be a sign of a neurological disorder or a side effect of certain medications. It is important for healthcare professionals to identify and address the underlying cause of aggression in order to provide appropriate treatment and prevent harm to others.

In the medical field, neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors of cells that can occur in any part of the body. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or difficulty moving the affected area. Examples of benign neoplasms include lipomas (fatty tumors), hemangiomas (vascular tumors), and fibromas (fibrous tumors). Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. They can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the location and stage of the cancer. Examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinomas (cancers that start in epithelial cells), sarcomas (cancers that start in connective tissue), and leukemias (cancers that start in blood cells). The diagnosis of neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy (the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options for neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

In the medical field, culture refers to the collection of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) that grow on a specific culture medium. The culture medium provides the nutrients and conditions necessary for the microorganisms to thrive and multiply. The process of growing a culture involves taking a sample of a patient's body fluid, tissue, or other bodily substance and placing it on a culture medium. The culture medium is then incubated in a controlled environment to allow the microorganisms to grow and multiply. The resulting colonies of microorganisms can be identified and analyzed to determine the type and number of microorganisms present. Cultures are an important tool in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. They can help identify the specific microorganisms causing an infection, which can guide the selection of appropriate antibiotics or other treatments. Cultures can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and detect the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms.

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is a widely used tool in the medical field to assess the severity of symptoms of various psychiatric disorders. It is a 18-item scale that assesses symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, excitement, anxiety, depression, motor retardation, agitation, and disorientation. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 to 7, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. The BPRS is often used in clinical trials to measure the effectiveness of treatments for psychiatric disorders, and it is also used in routine clinical practice to monitor the progress of patients with these conditions.

"Baltimore" is not a term commonly used in the medical field. However, it is the name of a major city in the United States, located in the state of Maryland. The city is home to several major medical institutions, including the Johns Hopkins Hospital, which is one of the top hospitals in the country and is known for its research and medical advancements. The city is also home to the University of Maryland School of Medicine, which is a leading medical school and research institution.

Behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing specific behaviors or patterns of behavior that are causing distress or interfering with an individual's daily life. It is based on the idea that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected and that changing one can lead to changes in the others. Behavior therapy typically involves identifying specific behaviors that need to be changed, setting specific goals for those changes, and developing a plan to achieve those goals. This may involve learning new skills, practicing new behaviors, and receiving feedback and support from a therapist. There are several different types of behavior therapy, including: 1. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): ABA is a type of behavior therapy that is often used to treat children with autism spectrum disorder. It involves breaking down complex behaviors into smaller, more manageable steps and teaching them through positive reinforcement. 2. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of behavior therapy that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors. It is often used to treat anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions. 3. Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP): ERP is a type of behavior therapy that is used to treat anxiety disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It involves gradually exposing the individual to the feared object or situation and preventing them from engaging in their usual response to it. Overall, behavior therapy is a highly effective treatment for a wide range of mental health conditions and can be used in conjunction with other forms of therapy or medication.

Respiratory insufficiency is a medical condition in which the body is unable to take in enough oxygen or expel enough carbon dioxide. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including lung disease, heart disease, neurological disorders, or other medical conditions that affect the respiratory system. Symptoms of respiratory insufficiency may include shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion, dizziness, and bluish discoloration of the skin or nails. In severe cases, respiratory insufficiency can lead to respiratory failure, which is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. Treatment for respiratory insufficiency depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, oxygen therapy may be used to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood. In other cases, medications or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying condition causing the respiratory insufficiency. In severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be required to help the patient breathe.

In the medical field, a confidence interval is a range of values that is likely to contain a population parameter with a certain level of confidence. A population parameter is a characteristic of a population, such as the mean or proportion of a particular trait in a group of people. For example, a researcher might want to estimate the mean blood pressure of a population of adults. To do this, they might collect a sample of blood pressure measurements from a random group of adults and calculate the mean blood pressure of the sample. They could then use statistical methods to calculate a confidence interval for the mean blood pressure of the population. A 95% confidence interval means that there is a 95% chance that the true mean blood pressure of the population falls within the range of values given by the confidence interval. This is useful because it allows researchers to make statements about the population parameter with a certain level of certainty, even though they are only working with a sample of data. Confidence intervals are commonly used in medical research to estimate the effectiveness of treatments, to compare the results of different treatments, and to assess the accuracy of diagnostic tests. They are also used in other fields, such as economics and social sciences, to make inferences about population parameters.

In the medical field, bullying is defined as repeated and intentional behavior that is meant to harm, intimidate, or humiliate another person. This behavior can take many forms, including physical, verbal, and emotional abuse. Bullying can occur in a variety of settings, including schools, workplaces, and healthcare facilities. Bullying in the medical field can take many forms, including: 1. Verbal abuse: This includes name-calling, insults, and derogatory comments. 2. Physical abuse: This includes hitting, pushing, or other forms of physical violence. 3. Emotional abuse: This includes intimidation, manipulation, and threats. 4. Social exclusion: This includes isolating a person from others or excluding them from social activities. Bullying can have serious negative effects on a person's physical and mental health. It can lead to anxiety, depression, and other mental health problems, as well as physical injuries. In the medical field, bullying can also lead to decreased job satisfaction, decreased productivity, and increased turnover rates.

In the medical field, "Analgesics, Opioid" refers to a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain. Opioids are a subclass of analgesics that are derived from the opium poppy or synthesized in the laboratory. Opioids work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which can reduce the perception of pain and produce feelings of euphoria. They are commonly used to treat moderate to severe pain, such as that caused by surgery, injury, or chronic conditions like cancer. However, opioids can also be addictive and can cause side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, constipation, and respiratory depression. As a result, they are typically prescribed only for short-term use and under close medical supervision.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) is a chemical compound that is used in the medical field as a drug. It is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, which means that it blocks the action of NMDA receptors in the brain. NMDA receptors are a type of ion channel that are involved in a variety of brain functions, including learning, memory, and mood regulation. By blocking NMDA receptors, APV can have a range of effects on the brain, including reducing seizures, improving mood, and reducing anxiety. APV is sometimes used as a treatment for conditions such as epilepsy, depression, and anxiety disorders. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Adrenergic uptake inhibitors are a class of drugs that block the reuptake of norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) and dopamine from the synaptic clefts in the brain. This leads to an increase in the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain, which can have a variety of effects on the body. There are two main types of adrenergic uptake inhibitors: selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SDRIs). SNRIs are primarily used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders, while SDRIs are primarily used to treat Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. Some examples of adrenergic uptake inhibitors include venlafaxine (Effexor), duloxetine (Cymbalta), and bupropion (Wellbutrin). These drugs are typically taken orally and may have side effects such as nausea, dizziness, and insomnia. It is important to note that adrenergic uptake inhibitors should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can interact with other medications and may not be suitable for everyone.

Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that individuals use to protect themselves from anxiety, stress, and other negative emotions. These mechanisms are automatic and unconscious, and they operate outside of conscious awareness. Defense mechanisms can be either adaptive or maladaptive, depending on how they are used and the situation in which they are employed. In the medical field, defense mechanisms are often studied in the context of mental health and psychopathology. They are thought to play a role in the development and maintenance of various mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders. For example, individuals with anxiety disorders may use defense mechanisms such as repression or denial to avoid confronting their fears and anxieties. Similarly, individuals with mood disorders may use defense mechanisms such as projection or rationalization to cope with their negative emotions. In therapy, defense mechanisms can be a useful tool for understanding an individual's thought patterns and behaviors. Therapists may work with their clients to identify and understand their defense mechanisms, and to develop healthier coping strategies that can help them manage their emotions and improve their mental health.

In the medical field, arousal refers to the state of being awake and alert, and the ability to respond to stimuli. It is a fundamental aspect of consciousness and is closely related to other aspects of consciousness such as attention, perception, and memory. Arousal can be influenced by a variety of factors, including physical factors such as sleep, hunger, and thirst, as well as psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and mood. In some cases, disorders of arousal can occur, such as sleep disorders, which can affect a person's ability to stay awake and alert during the day, or sexual arousal disorders, which can affect a person's ability to experience sexual pleasure. In the context of medical treatment, arousal can be an important factor to consider when evaluating a patient's overall health and well-being. For example, a patient with a low level of arousal may be more susceptible to infections or other health problems, and may require additional support or interventions to maintain their level of alertness and responsiveness.

In the medical field, "Animals, Newborn" typically refers to animals that are less than 28 days old. This age range is often used to describe the developmental stage of animals, particularly in the context of research or veterinary medicine. Newborn animals may require specialized care and attention, as they are often more vulnerable to illness and injury than older animals. They may also have unique nutritional and behavioral needs that must be addressed in order to promote their growth and development. In some cases, newborn animals may be used in medical research to study various biological processes, such as development, growth, and disease. However, the use of animals in research is highly regulated, and strict ethical guidelines must be followed to ensure the welfare and safety of the animals involved.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the central nervous system. It is a non-protein amino acid that is synthesized from glutamate in the brain and spinal cord. GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning that it reduces the activity of neurons and helps to calm and relax the brain. In the medical field, GABA is often used as a treatment for anxiety disorders, insomnia, and epilepsy. It is available as a dietary supplement and can also be prescribed by a doctor in the form of medication. GABA supplements are believed to help reduce feelings of anxiety and promote relaxation by increasing the levels of GABA in the brain. However, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of GABA on the human body and to determine the most effective ways to use it as a treatment.

In the medical field, causality refers to the relationship between an event or exposure and a health outcome. It is the determination of whether one event or exposure directly causes another event or health outcome, or if there is only an association between the two. Causality can be established through various methods, including observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and biological experiments. In observational studies, researchers collect data on the exposure and health outcome and analyze the relationship between them. In randomized controlled trials, participants are randomly assigned to receive either the exposure or a control group, and the outcomes are compared between the two groups. In biological experiments, researchers manipulate the exposure in a controlled environment and observe the effects on the health outcome. In the medical field, establishing causality is important for making informed decisions about treatment and prevention. For example, if a study shows a strong association between smoking and lung cancer, it does not necessarily mean that smoking causes lung cancer. However, if a randomized controlled trial shows that smokers who quit smoking have a significantly lower risk of developing lung cancer, it can be concluded that smoking causes lung cancer.

In the medical field, a stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted or reduced, causing brain cells to die. This can happen in two ways: 1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 85% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain, cutting off blood flow to the affected area. 2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding into the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes are less common than ischemic strokes, accounting for about 15% of all strokes. Strokes can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the location and severity of the brain damage. Common symptoms include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; dizziness or loss of balance; and severe headache. Prompt medical treatment is crucial for stroke patients, as the sooner treatment is given, the better the chances of recovery. Treatment options may include medications to dissolve blood clots or prevent further clot formation, surgery to remove a blood clot or repair a ruptured blood vessel, and rehabilitation to help patients recover from the effects of the stroke.

Look up depression, depress, or depressed in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Depression may refer to: Depression (mood), a ... a severe economic depression during the 1930s, commonly referred to as simply the Depression Long Depression, an economic ... depression during 1873-96, known at the time as the Great Depression Depression (kinesiology), an anatomical term of motion, ... physiological depression of the central nervous system that can result in loss of consciousness Depression (geology), a ...
... is the fifth studio album by Dutch thrash metal band Dead Head, released in early 2009. Dead Head began writing ... material for Depression Tank in 2006, in the beginning of 2008 they signed a record deal with Displeased Records for the album ...
... may refer to: My Depression: A Picture Book, a 2005 picture book by Elizabeth Swados My Depression (The Up and ... book This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title My Depression. If an internal link led you here, you may ...
... , Lowest points, East European Plain, Depressions of Europe). ... The North Caspian depression is part of the continental or semi-arid desert biome. The area receives 300 mm (12 in) of rain per ... The Caspian Depression is below sea level, consisting of large areas of marshlands in the eastern region. It is one of the ... The depression is also home to many insect species, with several thousand different species likely living in the region around ...
... which may also have played a role in causing the depression. Like the later Great Depression, the Long Depression affected ... The episode was labeled the "Great Depression" at the time, and it held that designation until the Great Depression of the ... ISBN 0-415-19011-8. David Glasner, Thomas F. Cooley (1997). "Depression of 1882-1885". Business Cycles and Depressions: An ... ISBN 0-8240-0944-4. David Glasner, Thomas F. Cooley (1997). "Depression of 1873-1879". Business Cycles and Depressions: An ...
Depressions of Kazakhstan, Depressions of Turkmenistan, Depressions of Uzbekistan, Depressions (geology), Endorheic basins of ... The Turan Depression, Turan Lowland or Turanian Basin is a low-lying desert basin region stretching from southern Turkmenistan ... The lowland region lies to the east of the Caspian Sea and southeast of the Aral Sea in the vast Aral-Caspian Depression but ... The part of the depression adjacent to the Aral Sea is drainless. It includes a network of temporary streams usually ending in ...
Historically, isostatic depression has been used to estimate global ice volume by relating the magnitude of depression to the ... Isostatic depression is the sinking of large parts of the Earth's crust into the asthenosphere caused by a heavy weight placed ... Isostatic depression and isostatic rebound occur at rates of centimeters per year. Greenland is an example of an isostatically ... Isostatic depression is a phase of glacial isostasy, along with isostatic rebound. Glacial isostasy is the Earth's response to ...
... atypical depression tends to cause greater functional impairment than other forms of depression. Atypical depression is a ... and hypoactive in atypical depression. Atypical depression can be differentiated from melancholic depression via verbal fluency ... Atypical depression was first thought of as a disorder separate from typical depression in 1959, when doctors E.D. West and P. ... Atypical depression is defined in the DSM IV as depression that shares many of the typical symptoms of major depressive ...
The Gowd-i zerrah, i.e., Zerrah Depression (Persian for "lake depression") is the lowest part of an inland drainage basin ... The lowest section of the Godzareh depression is 467 m above sea level. The depression only receives runoff water when the main ... In general, a geological depression is a landform that is sunken or lower than the surrounding area. The Godzareh depression is ... the Godzareh depression in Afghanistan. The depression is flat and very shallow with fine textured sediment at its lowest ...
The Mourdi Depression is a prominent desert depression of northeastern Chad. It lies adjacent to the Ennedi Plateau. The cleft ... before passing through the Mourdi Depression and Erdi Ma. The Mourdi Depression is also along a fisherman's route for reaching ... The Mourdi Depression lies along a trading route from Abéché to Kurfa; this route passes Tiné, then veers north to Bao, ... The depression is cited as one of the most important Saharan grazing-grounds. There are numerous rock paintings in the area. ...
... is reason-guided psychological depression. It can arise from adverse life circumstances. Such depression ... Rational depression sometimes leads to rational suicide. KL Kirschner (2007), "Calling It Quits: When Patients or Proxies ... Christian leaders (such as John Cassian, Isidore of Seville, Bede) recognized the distinction between "irrational" depression ( ... "Depression in the Context of Disability and the "Right to Die"", Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 25 (3): 171-198, doi: ...
... may refer to: No Depression (magazine), a roots music website and quarterly print journal (2015-present). ... "No Depression in New Zealand" (1981), a song by Blam Blam Blam This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the ... a 1936 song popularized by the Carter Family No Depression (album), a 1990 album by the alternative country band Uncle Tupelo " ... Formerly a bi-monthly roots music magazine (published 1995-2008). "No Depression in Heaven", ...
In plants, genetic load can be assessed through a test analogous to an inbreeding depression test called an Autogamy depression ... the less likely it is to suffer from inbreeding depression, though inbreeding and outbreeding depression can simultaneously ... Inbreeding depression has also been found to occur more gradually than predicted in some wild populations, such as in the ... Inbreeding depression is often the result of a population bottleneck. In general, the higher the genetic variation or gene pool ...
... much modern thinking treats collective depression as an aggregate of individuals depressions. However, there is growing ... Collective depression is often found in detained communities, such as ghettos, concentration camps or other places where all ... Collective depression can also be a state of considerable vulnerability, as destructive strategies may be clutched at through ... Collective depression is one of many collective mental states, such as collective elation, collective paranoia, collective ...
In winter, the depression produces an average of 700,000 tonnes of dust each day (Todd et al., 2007). Research published in the ... 2006). "The Bodélé depression: a single spot in the Sahara that provides most of the mineral dust to the Amazon forest ( ... The dry bowl that forms the depression is marked by a series of ephemeral lakes, many of which were last filled during wetter ... Diatoms from these fresh water lakes, once part of the prehistoric Mega-Lake Chad, now make up the surface of the depression ...
... is a volcanic field in Russia. The Tunkin Depression itself is a 200 kilometres (120 mi) tectonic depression ... Four other groups of volcanoes are found in the Tunkin Depression. The Tunkin volcanic field has filled the Tunkin Depression ... The depression consists of a number of basins and is covered by alluvial sediments of the Irkut River. The basin is bordered by ... "Tunkin Depression". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Whitford-Stark, J.L. (1987). A survey of Cenozoic ...
The long-term outcome for psychotic depression is generally poorer than for non-psychotic depression. "Psychotic Depression". ... Family members of those who have experienced psychotic depression are at increased risk for both psychotic depression and ... There are a number of biological features that may distinguish psychotic depression from non-psychotic depression. The most ... Research has shown that psychotic depression differs from non-psychotic depression in a number of ways: potential precipitating ...
The autogamy depression can be calculated through the simple equation AD = 1-(wa/wg), where AD is the Autogamy Depression, wa ... The experimental design for observing the occurrence of autogamy depression is called an "autogamy depression test" which has ... Autogamy depression can be defined as the "lowered viability of autogamous progeny relative to geitonogamous progeny". ... been described by researchers as analogous to a test for inbreeding depression. The ability for fitness of autogamous progeny ...
The Danakil Depression is the northern part of the Afar Triangle or Afar Depression in Ethiopia, a geological depression that ... Danakil Depression, Ethiopia". Journal of Applied Volcanology. 5: 1-9. doi:10.1186/s13617-015-0042-x. Danakil Depression - ... The Danakil Depression is the hottest place on Earth in terms of year-round average temperatures. It is also one of the lowest ... The Danakil Depression lies at the triple junction of three tectonic plates and has a complex geological history. It has ...
Measures of depression include, but are not limited to: Beck Depression Inventory-11 and the 9-item depression scale in the ... Schools of depression theories include: Cognitive theory of depression Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression Behavioral ... theories of depression Evolutionary approaches to depression Biology of depression Epigenetics of depression Depressed mood may ... Depression also tends to run in families. Depression is associated with low extraversion, and people who have high levels of ...
In Bremen, the Bremen Dunes, south of the Lesum, separate the Weser Depression from the Wümme Depression. North of the Lesum, ... The Weser Depression (German: Weserniederung) or Weser Lowlands is the region north of Porta Westfalica in Germany, where the ... From Langwedel, as far as the River Lesum, it is separated from the Wümme Depression by a narrow ridge of dunes, on which the ... At many places, such as south of the mouth of the River Aller or in Bremen-Huchting, the Weser Depression transitions to bog ...
Classification of depression on NetDoctor Endogenous Depression Information Endogenous Depression Help Resources (CS1 maint: ... Endogenous depression (melancholia) is an atypical sub-class of major depressive disorder (clinical depression). It could be ... Endogenous depression was initially considered valuable as a means of diagnostic differentiation with reactive depression. ... Joiner Jr., Thomas E. (2001-02-01). "Negative attributional style, hopelessness depression and endogenous depression". ...
... is a 2013 interactive fiction game dealing with the subject of depression. It was developed by Zoë Quinn using ... Depression Quest was praised by critics for its portrayal of depression and its educational value. The game was noted for ... It was created to foster a greater understanding of depression. Depression Quest can be played for free, and has a pay-what-you ... Patrick Klepek praised Depression Quest's writing, and said that "by the end, [he] was able to say [he] understood depression a ...
... debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200, with 27,000 copies sold in its first week. Depression Cherry ... Depression Cherry is the fifth studio album by the American dream pop duo Beach House. It was co-produced by the group and ... "Depression Cherry by Beach House on Sub Pop Records". Sub Pop. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved ... Depression Cherry (CD liner notes). Sub Pop. 2015. SP1122. Brodsky, Rachel (May 26, 2015). "Beach House Announce New Album, ' ...
The Kara Depression is a depression in the Extreme North of European Russia, by the mouth of Kara River, north-east of the Pay- ... The depression is part of the Pechora coal basin. Structure of the Kara depression, International Geology Review Volume 18, ... Depressions of Russia, All stub articles, Russia geography stubs). ...
The Greater Depression is a play on the term Great Depression, possibly referring to: The COVID-19 recession of 2020, which in ... the future may exceed the depth of Great Depression Dark Conspiracy, role-playing game Wide Awake (novel), speculative fiction ... novel by David Levithan This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Greater Depression. If an internal ...
The Wittlich Depression is divided into the following natural regions: (to 25 - Moselle Valley) 251 Wittlich Depression 251.0 ... The Wittlich Depression Cycleway (Radweg Wittlicher Senke) runs through the region. The Wittlich Depression runs for about 45 ... The depression is bounded to the northwest by the Meulenwald forest, to the southeast by the Moselle Hills and to the east by ... The Wittlich Depression is drained by the Lieser and its tributaries. The jointed rocks below the surface hold a larger amount ...
This depression is acknowledged to be a worse depression in the United States than the later Great Depression of the 1930s.[ ... "a depression", and the economic crisis immediately preceding the 1930s depression, the Depression of 1920-21, was referred to ... Today the term "depression" is most often associated with the Great Depression of the 1930s, but the term had been in use long ... This definition of depression implies that a recession and a depression will have different ending dates and thus distinct ...
... is a type of cake that was commonly made during the Great Depression. The ingredients include little or no milk ... Depression cake is just one of many examples of ingredient substitution during the Great Depression, as some women took full ... Depression cake has been referred to as "War Cake" by texts dating back to World War I. In a pamphlet distributed by the United ... When the Great Depression hit America following the Stock Market Crash of 1929, families were forced to stretch their budgets ...
40°44′N 56°47′E / 40.733°N 56.783°E / 40.733; 56.783 The Karashor Depression (also, Garashor Depression) is a hundred ... Depressions of Turkmenistan, All stub articles, Turkmenistan geography stubs). ...
Depression is treatable. Learn about seeking treatment for yourself or a loved one. ... Find out if what you are experiencing may be depression. ... For additional resources on depression or postpartum depression ... How to Help a Friend or Family Member Experiencing Depression. To support someone who has depression, help her get appropriate ... Can you help me find out if I have depression?". "I dont feel like myself. Could it be depression?" ...
... and guidelines on clinical depression including anxiety and mania, as well as depression treatment. ... Depression : Review in-depth clinical information, latest medical news, ...
... have depression. It is a serious medical illness that causes feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and frustration that do not go ... What causes depression in teens?. Many factors may play a role in depression, including:. *Genetics. Depression can run in ... Depression Screening (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish * Get Your Teen Screened for Depression (Office of Disease ... Managing your depression - teens (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Recognizing teen depression (Medical Encyclopedia) ...
... is common and treatable. ... Postpartum depression is depression that occurs after having a ... Symptoms of postpartum depression. The symptoms of postpartum depression are similar to symptoms of depression, but may also ... Depression during and after pregnancy is common and treatable. If you think you have depression, seek treatment from your ... Feelings of postpartum depression are more intense and last longer than those of "baby blues," a term used to describe the ...
My Depression may refer to: My Depression: A Picture Book, a 2005 picture book by Elizabeth Swados My Depression (The Up and ... book This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title My Depression. If an internal link led you here, you may ...
However, the depression might not meet criteria for major depression because of somewhat atypical features of depression in ... A family history of depression is less common among patients with late-onset depression than in younger adults with depression ... Late-onset depression. The prognosis for patients with late-onset depression is felt to be poorer than that for younger ... Paternal Anxiety, Depression Dont Always Negatively Affect Child Cognition, Behavior * Perinatal Depression Rarely Stands ...
The more people share their experiences with depression, the more others suffering from the condition realize theyre not alone ... In Praise of Depression Mooshinindy - The Depression Ones Miss Banshees Inverse Candlelight - The Slip William Styron - ... Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance. American Psychiatric Association. Feel free to share the resources and words on ... Depression, anxiety, listlessness - these are as real as the weather - AND EQUALLY NOT UNDER ONES CONTROL. Not ones fault. ...
Measures of Depression Subset Identifier See Note 15 1 No depression data obtained 10 8 11 2 Depression data obtained 3545 899 ... 0 No major depression 3364 867 1200 1 DSM-III major depression 150 29 126 2 Bereavement 25 3 11 8 Blank, but applicable 16 8 16 ... Each of the questions about a worst episode of depression is parallel to one of the lifetime depression questions: for example ... If the answer was yes then F23 was asked, which elicits symptoms of masked depression. Although only major depression is ...
We often think of adults with major depression as having an onset during the teenage years. Depression is something that can ... We know that depression can be genetic - it often runs in families-but that it is a combination of genes and environment that ... Depression is different. There is a range of symptoms that might start sticking around, more days than not, for multiple weeks ... Major depression is among the worlds leading causes of illness and disability. Its one of the most common mental disorders in ...
WebMD helps you understand how depression can affect your sleep and vice versa. ... What Causes Depression?. No one knows for sure what causes depression, but several factors have been linked to it, including:. ... How Are Sleep and Depression Linked?. An inability to sleep, or insomnia, can be one of the signs of depression (a small ... What Depression and Insomnia Treatments Are Available?. Treatment choices for depression depend on how serious the illness is. ...
A new study has found a link between clinical depression and the frequent consumption of sweetened fruit drinks, soft drinks, ... A new study has found a link between clinical depression and the frequent consumption of sweetened fruit drinks, soft drinks, ...
... ZCZC MIAPWSEP2 ALL TTAA00 KNHC DDHHMM TROPICAL DEPRESSION GIL WIND SPEED PROBABILITIES NUMBER 24 NWS ... NA TROP DEPRESSION 81 58 48 44 45 47 NA TROPICAL STORM 14 17 24 26 22 28 NA HURRICANE X X X 1 1 1 NA ... NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER MIAMI FL EP072013 0900 UTC MON AUG 05 2013 AT 0900Z THE CENTER OF TROPICAL DEPRESSION GIL WAS LOCATED ...
The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders postulates that depression reflects inadequate norepinephrine activity at ... Tyrosine for depression J Psychiatr Res. 1982;17(2):175-80. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(82)90019-x. ... The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders postulates that depression reflects inadequate norepinephrine activity at ... comparing tyrosine to the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine and to placebo in non-bipolar outpatients with major depression. ...
As Unemployment Soars Toward Great Depression High, Jeff Bezos Gets Even Richer Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos could become the worlds ...
Major depression and depression severity can be assessed using pre-defined cut-points, described in the references that follow. ... Mental Health - Depression Screener (DPQ_I) Data File: DPQ_I.xpt First Published: December 2017. Last Revised: NA ... A nine-item depression screening instrument (variable name prefix DPQ), also called the Patient Health Questionnaire (Kroenke ... The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 1606-13. ...
Estimated population-based prevalence of depression. Published. 2015. South-East Asia. Timor-Leste. 3.0. 2.98918. 0.02989. ... Estimated population-based prevalence of depression. Published. 2015. South-East Asia. Sri Lanka. 4.1. 4.05868. 0.04059. ... Estimated population-based prevalence of depression. Published. 2015. Africa. Sao Tome and Principe. 3.9. 3.89881. 0.03899. ... Estimated population-based prevalence of depression. Published. 2015. Americas. Antigua and Barbuda. 5.1. 5.05867. 0.05059. ...
... depression - Sharing our stories on preparing for and responding to public health events ... Tags alcohol, anxiety, binge drinking, college, depression, exercise, healthy choices, healthy lifestyle, mental health, ... Tags anxiety disorders, children, depression, mental disorders, mental health, world mental health day ...
Depression Psychological Treatments for Depression Which type of talking treatment is right for you? Posted June 7, 2023 , ... it may be mistaking the symptoms of depression for its causes while pretending that depression has little or nothing to do with ... Depression is, to varying degrees, self-remitting, but formal interventions can help to speed things up and ensure a more ... Neel Burton is author of Growing from Depression.. To find a therapist near you, visit the Psychology Today Therapy Directory. ...
Andrew Weil writes of an integrative approach to mental health, warding off mild and moderate depression with an anti- ... That means lingering depression caused by the drugs. You know, we were always taught that depression, however severe it is, is ... There is a clear correlation of depression with affluence, and were seeing an unprecedented epidemic of depression, in our ... Combating Depression With Meditation, Diet In his book Spontaneous Happiness, Dr. Andrew Weil writes of an integrative ...
... famous people are not immune to the pain of depression. Match the quote to the celebrity who said it and get inspired by ... "It [depression] was so awful. I didnt know how to express what it was. I remember trying to explain it to my stepdad and ... Celebrity Depression Quotes. From supermodels to movie stars to politicians to painters, famous people are not immune to the ... "That terrible mood of depression of whether its any good or not is what is known as The Artists Reward." ...
People conceived during the Great Depression show signs of ageing faster than they should. Plus, new prefixes for really big ... People conceived during the Great Depression show signs of ageing faster than they should. Plus, new prefixes for really big ... People conceived during the Great Depression show signs of ageing faster than they should. Plus, new prefixes for really big ... The Great Depression shaped peoples DNA. The cells of people who were conceived during the Great Depression show signs of ...
Source for information on Causes of the Great Depression: Great Depression and the New Deal Reference Library dictionary. ... According to the most precise defini… Great Depression , The Great Depression, the most significant economic slowdown in U.S. ... "Causes of the Great Depression ." Great Depression and the New Deal Reference Library. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Sep. 2023 ,https ... Catastrophe: the Great Depression. For most Americans the Great Depression began suddenly in October of 1929. Most thought the ...
In males, hormonal depression may occur due to low testosterone.. Treating the underlying cause may help relieve depression. ... Depression is a lifelong mental health condition. There is no cure for depression, but many different treatments are available ... How to deal with depression after a breakup. After a breakup, a person may experience an onset of depression. Learn more here. ... Low testosterone levels may also cause depression.. How do I know whether Im experiencing depression or hormonal changes?. It ...
Sleep deprivation may not be just a consequence of depression but also may play a causal role, new research suggests. ... Overworked, Stressed, and Sad: Medscape Nurse Practitioner Burnout & Depression Report 2023 * Which Patients Are at Risk for ... What Role Does the Primary Care Team Have in Adolescent Depression Recognition and Management? 0.25 CME / CE / ABIM MOC Credits ... "Disrupted sleep has traditionally been viewed as a symptom of mood disorders like depression," Peter Meerlo, PhD, from the ...
The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history, which lasted from 1929 to 1939. It began... ... Great Depression Essays. *. The Causes Of The Great Depression And The Great Depression. 798 Words , 4 Pages. The Great ... The Great Depression In Cinderella Man And The Great Depression. 817 Words , 4 Pages. he Great Depression was a time of huge ... The Great Depression In Canad Life During The Great Depression. 276 Words , 2 Pages. The great depression was stressful and the ...
... by Avery Neal, PhD. If you are a stepmother, there is no doubt you have found yourself in what can ... How would you not? Depression is just a term used to describe a cluster of symptoms that we may experience at any one time. ... So, what can you do if you are experiencing symptoms of depression in response to these feelings? There are no easy solutions ... A woman is more vulnerable to depression when there is any type of role change, transition, emotional upheaval, or discord in ...
A manic-depressive individual may experience long stretches of depression followed by periods of excess, upbeat energy. Here is ... The symptoms for bipolar disorder can be classified into depression or mania. Depression causes a wide range of psychological ... Depression can also result in physical symptoms such as fatigue, restlessness, agitation, insomnia or oversleeping and a ... A manic-depressive individual may experience long stretches of depression followed by periods of excess, upbeat energy. Here is ...
Doctors have said that depression is common among stroke survivors.. "I will have more to say about this soon, but for now I ... "This isnt about politics - right now there are people who are suffering with depression in red counties and blue counties. If ... Fetterman released from inpatient treatment for depression The Pennsylvania Democrat said hes "so happy to be home" after more ... John Fetterman has returned home after more than a month of inpatient treatment for depression, the Pennsylvania senator said ...
What teachers should know about depression and how to help a student who is depressed. ... Many students with depression dont receive the care they need.. Depression can get better with the right treatment and support ... Help students with depression feel welcome and included. Let them know youre available to help. Encourage their strengths and ... Teachers can help by knowing the signs of depression, taking steps to guide students toward the help they need, and by being a ...
The Great Depression had many causes - beyond the 1929 stock market crash that triggered it - which exposed weaknesses in the ... Could the Great Depression happen again?. "The highest unemployment rate since the Great Depression" screamed headlines in ... 7 causes of the Great Depression, and how the road to recovery transformed the US economy. Written by Anne Field and Paul Kim; ... During the Great Depression, the unemployed queued for food in breadlines. Visual Studies Workshop/Getty Images JUMP TO Section ...
  • Postpartum depression is depression that occurs after having a baby. (cdc.gov)
  • Feelings of postpartum depression are more intense and last longer than those of "baby blues," a term used to describe the worry, sadness, and tiredness many women experience after having a baby. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent CDC research shows that about 1 in 8 women experience symptoms of postpartum depression. (cdc.gov)
  • Research suggests this swift change in allopregnanolone plays a major role in postpartum depression . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • WASHINGTON (Jan. 21, 2020) -- Maternal depression in the postpartum period, and even beyond, is associated with the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) throughout childhood and adolescence, according to a recent study published in the journal Dermatitis . (eurekalert.org)
  • The study, led by Jonathan Silverberg, MD, PhD, MPH, associate professor of dermatology at the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, examined the association of maternal depression in the postpartum period, and maternal and paternal depression in later childhood with AD in U.S. children and adolescents. (eurekalert.org)
  • They found that postpartum depression was associated with higher odds of AD developing later in childhood, more persistent AD, and increased sleep disturbance among children with AD. (eurekalert.org)
  • Our results further suggest that postpartum depression is associated with AD even in older children and adolescents, with more persistent disease and greater sleep disturbance," Silverberg said. (eurekalert.org)
  • The authors of the study suggest that pediatricians should consider screening and early intervention for postpartum depression to identify infants at higher risk for AD. (eurekalert.org)
  • Children born to mothers with depression in the postpartum period and beyond may warrant increased screening for AD and atopic disease, as well as use of gentle skin care and other strategies to mitigate AD. (eurekalert.org)
  • A service of The National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health reports that a study has been published suggesting that measuring the levels of hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy may predict whether a woman is likely to develop postpartum depression or not. (qualityhealth.com)
  • If you or a loved one has postpartum depression, you're not alone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Neuropsychiatric assessments encompassed the Apathy Evaluation Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, performed biennially (together with tests of global cognition) for up to 8 years. (lu.se)
  • Methods: This was an epidemiological, descriptive, transversal and quantitative study conducted with 275 high school students of preparatory courses for the entrance of the city of Alfenas-MG. For data collection we used two instruments: characterization of the sample and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression / Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. (bvsalud.org)
  • What are the symptoms of depression in teens? (medlineplus.gov)
  • According to the CDC, in 2019, 2.8% of adults experienced severe symptoms of depression, 4.2% experienced moderate symptoms, and 11.5% experienced mild symptoms in the past 2 weeks. (medscape.com)
  • Women were more likely than men to experience mild, moderate, or severe symptoms of depression. (medscape.com)
  • A hormonal imbalance may cause symptoms of depression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • So, what can you do if you are experiencing symptoms of depression in response to these feelings? (wellness.com)
  • Antidepressants can help control the symptoms of depression in bipolar disorder, while atypical antipsychotic medication is usually aimed toward mitigating the symptoms of mania. (foxnews.com)
  • About 30% of people who visit a primary care practitioner have symptoms of depression, but fewer than 10% of these people have major depression. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This is of particular importance in the depression literature, as several of the available antidepressants are shown to disrupt sleep architecture, indicating they can cause poorer sleep. (medscape.com)
  • Depression: Antidepressants vs. Therapy? (qualityhealth.com)
  • Objective: To assess anxiety and depression in high school students, and to verify the use of antidepressants, as well as the association between gender, age and household income on these variables. (bvsalud.org)
  • Stressful life experiences, such as abuse or being bullied or an injury can be factors that lead to depression, and additionally medical or psychological factors--endocrine disorders, substance abuse, underlying anxiety or learning issues can all lead to major depression. (nih.gov)
  • In some people, levels do not rise, which can lead to depression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Disorders that can lead to depression are common among older adults. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The great depression was stressful and the most powerful downturn. (ipl.org)
  • Additionally, a recent analysis by CDC found the rate of depression diagnoses at delivery is increasing and it was seven times higher in 2015 than in 2000. (cdc.gov)
  • Major depression diagnoses are growing quickly, especially for adolescents and millennials," said Trent Haywood, senior vice president and chief medical officer for BCBSA. (salon.com)
  • According to the report, millennials ages 18 to 34 have experienced a 47 percent increase in major depression diagnoses. (salon.com)
  • Depression is treatable. (cdc.gov)
  • Depression during and after pregnancy is common and treatable. (cdc.gov)
  • I will have more to say about this soon, but for now I want everyone to know that depression is treatable, and treatment works," Fetterman said. (politico.com)
  • Because depression impacts a significant percentage of the U.S. population and has serious individual and societal consequences, it is important to understand whether and how the prevalence of depression has changed over time so that trends can inform public health and outreach efforts. (salon.com)
  • Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale: A 20-item survey. (medscape.com)
  • Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D): A 20-item instrument that allows patients to evaluate their feelings, behavior, and outlook from the previous week. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast to the above self-report scales, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) is performed by a trained professional, not the patient. (medscape.com)
  • The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), although developed for older adults, has also been validated in younger adults. (medscape.com)
  • To better assess this quantitatively, we incorporated the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale ( 6 ) into both initial and follow-up interviews. (cdc.gov)
  • This scale is a commonly used method for objective measurement of clinical depression. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to the objective measurement using the CES-D scale, we also asked patients if they were experiencing depression since their illness and if they had a previous history of depression, with yes/no responses elicited. (cdc.gov)
  • In childhood, rates of depression are generally low, with equal numbers across boys and girls. (nih.gov)
  • Depression typically develops during a person's mid teens, 20s, or 30s, although depression can begin at almost any age, including during childhood. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Childhood-onset depression is commonly a precursor of bipolar disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. (medscape.com)
  • Mental health professionals treat depression with therapy, medication, or both. (kidshealth.org)
  • Since 2010, more than 200 community health workers and village health team members have been trained under the SEEK-GSP programme to recognize and treat depression. (who.int)
  • People conceived during the Great Depression show signs of ageing faster than they should. (nature.com)
  • People demand rights for the unemployed during the Great Depression in 1931 in front of the US Capitol. (nature.com)
  • The cells of people who were conceived during the Great Depression show signs of ageing faster than they should . (nature.com)
  • The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history, which lasted from 1929 to 1939. (ipl.org)
  • By 1933, the Great Depression reached its lowest point and millions of Americans were unemployed. (ipl.org)
  • he Great Depression was a time of huge economic downfall. (ipl.org)
  • The great depression started on October 29, 1929 and ended in 1939. (ipl.org)
  • The great depression started when stock markets crashed that meant business closed and money was harder to earn, banks closed, less jobs, not a lot of money. (ipl.org)
  • The Great Depression  The Great Depression 1929-39 was the deepest and longest-lasting economic crash in the history of the Western industrialized world. (ipl.org)
  • The Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929 which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors and nearby businesses. (ipl.org)
  • The great depression The great depression was the greatest economic fall in the history of the United States. (ipl.org)
  • What were the causes of the great depression? (ipl.org)
  • The Great Depression Beginning in 1929, the Great Depression was a true test of the world's economic health and ability to overcome crisis. (ipl.org)
  • The Great Depression was a severe economic crisis that was marked by low business activity and intense deflation. (ipl.org)
  • The Great Depression began in the United States, but swept all the way across the world and affected every industrialized nation. (ipl.org)
  • The Great Depression was a tragic time in which many American's suffered from unemployment, starvation, weak banking systems, overproduction, and many more issues. (ipl.org)
  • There were several issues that led up to the Great Depression, many of which were blamed on Hoover. (ipl.org)
  • He managed to become very unpopular due to his lack to realize the sweeping nature of the Great Depression. (ipl.org)
  • The Great Depression was an austere economic depression that began in the late 1920's and spanned until the late 1930's. (ipl.org)
  • The great depression in Canada started in 1929 and ended in 1939. (ipl.org)
  • This essay is going to talk about how the great depression had affected Canada economically, socially as well as politically. (ipl.org)
  • The Great Depression had affected Canada significantly as there was a drop in the economy, the economic drop had also affect the citizens living in Canada by a wide margin. (ipl.org)
  • What Caused the Great Depression? (businessinsider.com)
  • During the Great Depression, the unemployed queued for food in breadlines. (businessinsider.com)
  • While the October 1929 stock market crash triggered the Great Depression, multiple factors turned it into a decade-long economic catastrophe. (businessinsider.com)
  • Overproduction, executive inaction, ill-timed tariffs, and an inexperienced Federal Reserve all contributed to the Great Depression. (businessinsider.com)
  • The Great Depression was the worst economic period in US history. (businessinsider.com)
  • Difficulty sleeping can make it 10 times more likely for a person to experience depression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • People with a history of depression may also be more likely to experience depression during perimenopause. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A 2015 review notes that up to 40 percent of people with dementia can experience depression. (healthline.com)
  • Bipolar I disorder is defined by the occurrence of mania, and yet 90% of people with this condition will experience depression. (medscape.com)
  • Developed by psychiatrist Aaron Beck in the 1960s, CBT has become a mainstream treatment for non-severe depression and a number of other mental disorders. (psychologytoday.com)
  • GABA receptors are a type of receptor in the brain that plays a role in many mental health conditions, such as depression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It has also been strongly linked to a number of mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. (eurekalert.org)
  • Both anxiety disorder and depression are clinically common mental disorders. (news-medical.net)
  • In a similar study of 1,004 primary mental health care patients with an anxiety disorder, over two-thirds also met the diagnostic criteria for depression. (news-medical.net)
  • You re probably familiar with some of the more common mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, and bipolar disorder. (qualityhealth.com)
  • Mental illness, including depression, are oft-stigmatized conditions, which affects the ability of many to reach out and ask for help. (salon.com)
  • People living with HIV face a greater risk of developing mental disorders, with depression and anxiety among the most common comorbidities they face. (who.int)
  • Overview of Mood Disorders Mood disorders are mental health conditions that involve long periods of excessive sadness (depression), excessive elation (mania), or both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The strongest evidence currently in treating depression in adolescents is for the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs such as fluoxetine or sertraline, and medication may be effective when paired with psychological therapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT as this has been shown to be protective against possible side effects of medication-alone. (nih.gov)
  • To view the study, titled "Association of Maternal Depression with Atopic Dermatitis in American Children and Adolescents" published in the journal Dermatitis , visit: journals.lww.com/dermatitis/Fulltext/2020/01000/Maternal_Depression_and_Atopic_Dermatitis_in.9.aspx. (eurekalert.org)
  • Collaborative care for adolescents with depression in primary care: a randomized clinical trial. (medscape.com)
  • Your provider can help figure out whether you have depression, and he or she can help find the best treatment for you. (cdc.gov)
  • To support someone who has depression, help her get appropriate diagnosis and treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • If you think you have depression, seek treatment from your health care provider as soon as possible. (cdc.gov)
  • Effective depression treatment can include a combination of medication therapy, counseling, and referrals. (cdc.gov)
  • We work to improve understanding and treatment of adolescent depression. (nih.gov)
  • Depression is something that can wax and wane but often does come back without treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Treatment choices for depression depend on how serious the illness is. (webmd.com)
  • The most effective treatment for depression is often a combination of psychotherapy and medication. (webmd.com)
  • This article discusses the link between hormonal conditions and depression, treatment options, and when to seek help. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • John Fetterman has returned home after more than a month of inpatient treatment for depression, the Pennsylvania senator said Friday. (politico.com)
  • Depression can get better with the right treatment and support. (kidshealth.org)
  • Effective early treatment can reduce the risk of future episodes of depression. (kidshealth.org)
  • Once widely considered an inhumane practice, electric shock therapy finds increasing support as a treatment for depression. (qualityhealth.com)
  • The theory that it is more socially acceptable for teens and millennials to seek treatment is viable at this stage," Jonathan Rottenberg, a professor at the University of South Florida's Department of Psychology, and author of " The Depths: The Evolutionary Origins of the Depression Epidemic ," told Salon. (salon.com)
  • Consideration should be given to the diagnosis and treatment of youths with subclinical depression, because these children are at high risk to develop depression, and early intervention may be beneficial. (medscape.com)
  • Depression causes a wide range of psychological symptoms including: apathy, pervasive feelings of unhappiness, loss of self-confidence, irritability, indecision and suicidal thoughts. (foxnews.com)
  • This study included 11,472 older adults throughout Latin America, 26 percent of whom had depression or depressive symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • Depression affects about 1 of every 6 older adults. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some older adults have had depression earlier in their life. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some causes of depression may be more common among older adults. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In older adults, depression can cause symptoms that resemble those of dementia: slower thinking, decreased concentration, confusion, and difficulty remembering, rather than the sadness people tend to associate with depression. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Researchers involved in a 2019 study also found links between depression and dementia. (healthline.com)
  • Cyclothymia is the least severe form of bipolar disorder, and individuals with cyclothymia usually experience hypomanic episodes with mild depression. (foxnews.com)
  • The symptoms for bipolar disorder can be classified into depression or mania. (foxnews.com)
  • The research remains unclear as to whether these are caused by bipolar disorder or if individuals with these illnesses are more likely to experience manic-depression. (foxnews.com)
  • The Mood, Brain and Development Unit is a lab that studies adolescent depression and is led by Dr. Argyris Stringaris. (nih.gov)
  • A practical and effective primary care intervention for treating adolescent depression. (medscape.com)
  • A 2020 study conducted in Sweden compared dementia risk in people with and without depression. (healthline.com)
  • One 2020 study found that depression in people ages 45 to 64 years old was also associated with a higher risk of dementia. (healthline.com)
  • Psychological treatments for depression are safe and effective. (psychologytoday.com)
  • Psychological interventions ought to be first in line in the management of depression. (psychologytoday.com)
  • Different types of In the current study, there was no association obesity and location of fat accumulation might affect between general obesity and depression, anxiety psychological disorders. (who.int)
  • We discovered a significant and high psychological distress, neither in men nor positive relationship between abdominal obesity and depression, anxiety and high psychological distress in in women. (who.int)
  • Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) or the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II): 21-question symptom-rating scales providing a 0-63 severity score. (medscape.com)
  • Disrupted sleep has traditionally been viewed as a symptom of mood disorders like depression," Peter Meerlo, PhD, from the Center for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands, who led the study, told reporters attending a press briefing. (medscape.com)
  • Altogether, these findings provide "strong support" for the idea that restricted or disrupted sleep may not just be a symptom of mood disorders but "actually may be a causal factor in developing depression," Dr. Meerlo said. (medscape.com)
  • Disrupted sleep is classically thought of as a hallmark neurovegetative symptom of depression, but this and other research indicates the relationship between depressive symptoms and sleep is much more complicated," Dr. Philip explained. (medscape.com)
  • But this study didn't account for the fact that depression can also be a symptom of dementia. (healthline.com)
  • This means that depression can also appear as a symptom of dementia . (healthline.com)
  • Network analysis of data from over one thousand patients admitted to psychiatric inpatient care, modelled symptoms of anxiety and depression to investigate the strength of symptom associations between the two disorders. (news-medical.net)
  • Dementia and Depression: What's the Connection? (healthline.com)
  • There may also be another link between dementia and depression. (healthline.com)
  • Experiencing depression earlier in your life may increase your risk of developing dementia later on. (healthline.com)
  • Keep reading as we dive deeper into the link between depression and dementia. (healthline.com)
  • Research indicates that depression is linked to an increased risk of dementia . (healthline.com)
  • The study found that people with a diagnosis of depression were at a higher risk of developing dementia. (healthline.com)
  • The risk of dementia appeared to be highest in the first year after a diagnosis of depression. (healthline.com)
  • Both depression and depressive symptoms were found to be associated with an increased risk of dementia in this group. (healthline.com)
  • Due to the significant overlap in symptoms, depression can be hard to diagnose in people with dementia. (healthline.com)
  • Treating depression in people with dementia can be complicated. (healthline.com)
  • Whether they're occurring separately or together, symptoms of dementia and depression need to be evaluated by a healthcare professional. (healthline.com)
  • An inability to sleep , or insomnia , can be one of the signs of depression (a small percentage of depressed people, approximately 15%, oversleep or sleep too much ). (webmd.com)
  • Teachers can help by knowing the signs of depression, taking steps to guide students toward the help they need, and by being a source of support and encouragement. (kidshealth.org)
  • We know that depression can be genetic - it often runs in families-but that it is a combination of genes and environment that contribute to a first major depressive episode, and that sometimes if parent or another family member in a household is depressed, a teen may be more vulnerable to depression. (nih.gov)
  • A woman is more vulnerable to depression when there is any type of role change, transition, emotional upheaval, or discord in one or more of her primary relationships. (wellness.com)
  • With cognitive-behavioral therapy, patients learn to change negative thinking patterns that are related to feelings of depression. (webmd.com)
  • Interpersonal therapy helps people to understand how relationship problems, losses, or changes affect feelings of depression. (webmd.com)
  • Depression is a common mood disorder characterised by low mood, feelings of sadness and a loss of interest in everyday activities that persists over time and impacts daily functioning. (news-medical.net)
  • Some of the most effective types of psychotherapy for depression are cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy . (webmd.com)
  • In this short webinar, I'll be talking a little bit about major depression-what it is, how frequently we see it in young people, signs and symptoms, and next steps if you think someone you care about may be experiencing depression. (nih.gov)
  • We often think of adults with major depression as having an onset during the teenage years. (nih.gov)
  • Depression is classified as "major" if the person has at least five of these symptoms for two weeks or more. (webmd.com)
  • Initial results are encouraging, and we are now conducting a double-blind, parallel-group trial comparing tyrosine to the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine and to placebo in non-bipolar outpatients with major depression. (nih.gov)
  • Major depression and depression severity can be assessed using pre-defined cut-points, described in the references that follow. (cdc.gov)
  • Major depression affects nearly 9 million Americans who are commercially insured, according to the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association (BCBSA)'s Health of America report . (salon.com)
  • In the spirit of providing context, according to the report, major depression is the second most impactful condition on overall health, second to hypertension. (salon.com)
  • 22-60, the patient may be experiencing major depression. (cdc.gov)
  • Major depression is among one of the most common ailments, and it may be the most common major medical problem once we eliminate viruses and so forth. (medscape.com)
  • The symptoms of major depression are fairly well known. (medscape.com)
  • One study supporting this hypothesis use a survey of 313 outpatients with various anxiety disorders and depression. (news-medical.net)
  • A new study has found a link between clinical depression and the frequent consumption of sweetened fruit drinks, soft drinks, and iced tea, with diet products in particular being associated with higher incidences of the mood disorder. (theonion.com)
  • This effect has been seen in several psychiatric disorders, including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Dr. Philip noted. (medscape.com)
  • Depression is a mood disorder that is characterized by sadness, or having the blues. (webmd.com)
  • Experts talk about the blurring of the distinction between normal sadness and depression. (qualityhealth.com)
  • Depression is a feeling of sadness and/or a decreased interest or pleasure in activities that becomes a disorder when it is intense enough to interfere with functioning. (msdmanuals.com)
  • During perimenopause , estrogen and progesterone levels fall, which can trigger mood changes and may cause episodes of depression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A manic-depressive individual may experience long stretches of depression followed by periods of excess, upbeat energy. (foxnews.com)
  • The instrument incorporates DSM-IV depression diagnostic criteria (Spitzer et al.1999). (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, for moderate or severe depression, sometimes medications can be helpful. (nih.gov)
  • That's one of the questions my next guest, Dr. Andrew Weil, addresses in his new book "Spontaneous Happiness," and instead of taking medications to treat mild or moderate depression, Dr. Weil recommends a few alternatives, like meditation, daily exercise and what he calls anti-inflammatory diet. (npr.org)
  • The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. (cdc.gov)
  • The PHQ-9: a new depression and diagnostic severity measure. (cdc.gov)
  • They provide psychosocial support to people in villages through group support psychotherapy and to date have treated depression in more than 5000 people living with HIV/AIDS. (who.int)
  • Hormone changes can contribute to depression. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It helps you understand and work through troubled relationships that may contribute to your depression. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition, the lingering effects of inhalational agents and long-acting benzodiazepines may contribute to the development of respiratory depression in the PACU. (medscape.com)
  • Heredity, side effects of medications, emotionally distressing events, changes in levels of hormones or other substances in the body, and other factors can contribute to depression. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Depression in teens (ages 13-17) is a serious medical illness. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Lack of sleep caused by another medical illness or by personal problems can make depression worse. (webmd.com)
  • In all of these interviews, a higher than expected proportion of patients reported depression immediately after their illness. (cdc.gov)
  • People often use the term depression to describe the sad or discouraged mood that results from emotionally distressing events, such as a natural disaster, a serious illness, or death of a loved one. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Depression can be treated with counseling, medications, or both. (cdc.gov)
  • Ketamine No Better for Depression Than Placebo? (medscape.com)
  • The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders postulates that depression reflects inadequate norepinephrine activity at unspecified brain centers that regulate mood. (nih.gov)