The plantar fascia is the thick connective tissue (aponeurosis) which supports the arch on the bottom (plantar side) of the foot. It runs from the tuberosity of the calcaneus (heel bone) forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones (the bone between each toe and the bones of the mid-foot). The plantar fascia is a broad structure that spans between the medial calcaneal tubercle and the proximal phalanges of the toes. Recent studies suggest that the plantar fascia is actually an aponeurosis rather than true fascia. The Dorland's Medical Dictionary defines an aponeurosis as: (i) a white, flattened or ribbon-like tendinous expansion, serving mainly to connect a muscle with the parts that it moves, (ii) a term formerly applied to certain fasciae. Further, it defines the plantar aponeurosis as bands of fibrous connective tissue radiating toward the bases of the toes from the medial process of the tuber calcanei (posterior half of ...

The fascia lata is the deep fascia of the thigh. It encloses the thigh muscles and forms the outer limit of the fascial compartments of thigh, which are internally separated by intermuscular septa. The fascia lata is thickened at its lateral side where it forms the iliotibial tract, a structure that runs to the tibia and serves as a site of muscle attachment. The fascia lata is an investment for the whole of the thigh, but varies in thickness in different parts. It is thicker in the upper and lateral part of the thigh, where it receives a fibrous expansion from the gluteus maximus, and where the tensor fasciae latae is inserted between its layers; it is very thin behind and at the upper and medial part, where it covers the adductor muscles, and again becomes stronger around the knee, receiving fibrous expansions from the tendon of the biceps femoris laterally, from the sartorius medially, and from the ...

The spermatic cord is the cord-like structure in males formed by the vas deferens (ductus deferens) and surrounding tissue that runs from the deep inguinal ring down to each testicle. Its serosal covering, the tunica vaginalis, is an extension of the peritoneum that passes through the transversalis fascia. The spermatic cord is ensheathed in three layers of tissue: external spermatic fascia, an extension of the innominate fascia that overlies the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle cremasteric muscle and fascia, formed from a continuation of the internal oblique muscle and its fascia internal spermatic fascia, continuous with the transversalis fascia The normal diameter of the spermatic cord is about 16 mm (range 11 to 22 mm). Arteries: testicular artery, deferential artery, cremasteric artery Nerves: nerve to cremaster (genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve) and testicular nerves ...

... (/ˌiːəˌsɪnəˈfɪlɪk ˌfæʃiˈaɪtɪs, ˌiːoʊ-, -ˌfæsi-/), also known as "Shulman's syndrome", is a form of fasciitis, the inflammatory diseases that affect the fascia, the connective tissues surrounding muscles, blood vessels and nerves. Unlike other diseases in that category, it is limited to the arms and legs, and usually resolves itself, although some cases require corticosteroids, and some cases are associated with aplastic anemia. The presentation of eosinophilic fasciitis is similar to scleroderma or systemic sclerosis. However, unlike scleroderma, it affects the fascia, not the skin (dermis). The characteristic and severe effects of scleroderma and systemic sclerosis, such as Raynaud's syndrome, involvement of the extremities, prominent small blood vessels (telangiectasia), and visceral changes such as swallowing problems, are absent. It was first characterized in 1974, and it is not yet known whether it is actually a distinct condition or just a ...

The obturator fascia, or fascia of the obturator internus, covers the pelvic surface of that muscle and is attached around the margin of its origin.. Above, it is loosely connected to the back part of the arcuate line, and here it is continuous with the iliac fascia.. In front of this, as it follows the line of origin of the internal obturator, it gradually separates from the iliac fascia and the continuity between the two is retained only through the periosteum.. It arches beneath the obturator vessels and nerve, completing the obturator canal, and at the front of the pelvis is attached to the back of the superior ramus of the pubis.. Below, the obturator fascia is attached to the falciform process of the sacrotuberous ligament and to the pubic arch, where it becomes continuous with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm.. Behind, it is prolonged into the gluteal region.. The internal pudendal ...

Superficial fascia is the lowermost layer of the skin in nearly all of the regions of the body, that blends with the reticular dermis layer.[4] It is present on the face, over the upper portion of the sternocleidomastoid, at the nape of the neck, and overlying the breastbone.[5] It consists mainly of loose areolar, and fatty adipose connective tissue and is the layer that primarily determines the shape of a body.[citation needed] In addition to its subcutaneous presence, superficial fascia surrounds organs and glands, neurovascular bundles, and is found at many other locations where it fills otherwise unoccupied space. It serves as a storage medium of fat and water; as a passageway for lymph, nerve and blood vessels; and as a protective padding to cushion and insulate.[6] Superficial fascia is present, but does not contain fat, in the eyelid, ear, scrotum, penis and clitoris.[7] Due to its viscoelastic properties, superficial fascia can ...

... s (FIC, FICB) is a local anesthetic nerve block, a type of local anesthesia, used for the hip and thigh. FIC can performed by using ultrasound or with a loss of resistance technique, the latter sometimes referred to as the "two-pop-method". FIC works by affecting the femoral, obturator and the lateral cutaneous nerves with a local anesthetic. When FIC is performed with the loss of resistance technique, the injection site for FIC is found by drawing an imaginary line between the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. The injection site is 1 cm. below the lateral one third and the medial two thirds of this line. Two losses of resistances are felt as the fascia lata and the fascia iliaca is penetrated by a semi-blunt cannula. Aspiration (drawing back the cannula) is performed, after which a local analgesic is injected while compressing on the skin distally to increase cranial distribution. The block was first described in 1989 as an alternative to 3-in-1 nerve ...

The pretracheal fascia is a portion of the structure of the human neck. It extends medially in front of the carotid vessels and assists in forming the carotid sheath. It is continued behind the depressor muscles of the hyoid bone, and, after enveloping the thyroid gland, is prolonged in front of the trachea to meet the corresponding layer of the opposite side. The pretracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia passes in front of the carotid sheath (i.e., common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus) and in front of the cervical viscera (larynx, oesophagus and pharynx). Above, it is fixed to the hyoid bone, while below it is carried downward in front of the trachea and large vessels at the root of the neck, and ultimately blends with the fibrous pericardium. This layer is fused on either side with the prevertebral fascia, and with it completes the compartment containing the larynx and trachea, the thyroid gland, and the pharynx and esophagus. It ...

Cherney incision - Cherney described a transverse incision that allows excellent surgical exposure to the space of Retzius and the pelvic sidewall. The curvilinear skin and rectus fascial incision is made 2 finger breadths above the symphysis pubis and carried in Langer's lines from 2 fingerbreadths medial to one anterior superior iliac spine to the corresponding position medial to the opposite anterior superior iliac spine. The anterior rectus fascia is mobilized distally off the underlying rectus muscle bodies. The pyramidalis muscles are dissected free and sharply excised to expose the underlying rectus tendons. With an index finger, a plane is developed between the fibrous tendons of the rectus muscle and the underlying transversalis fascia. Using a sharp no.10 scalpel blade, the rectus tendons are transected transversely 1-2 cm distal to the superior edge of the pubic bone. Rectus muscle should never be cut. The rectus muscles are retracted and the ...

Whenever muscles and joints are moved this also exerts mechanical strain on related fascia. The general assumption in sports science had therefore been that muscle strength exercises as well as cardiovascular training would be sufficient for an optimal training of the associate fibrous connective tissues. However, recent ultrasound-based research revealed that the mechanical threshold for a training effect on tendinous tissues tends to be significantly higher than for muscle fibers. This insight happened roughly during the same time in which the field of fascia research attracted major attention by showing that fascial tissues are much more than passive transmitters of muscular tension (years 2007 - 2010). Both influences together triggered an increasing attention in sports science towards the question whether and how fascial tissues can be specifically stimulated with active exercises.[2][3][4] ...

The popliteal fossa (sometimes referred to as the kneepit or hough[1]) is a shallow depression located at the back of the knee joint. The bones of the popliteal fossa are the femur and the tibia. The boundaries of the fossa are: The roof is formed by (from superficial to deep): skin superficial fascia, which contains the small saphenous vein, the terminal branch of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, posterior division of the medial cutaneous nerve, lateral sural cutaneous nerve, and medial sural cutaneous nerve deep fascia or popliteal fascia The floor is formed by: the popliteal surface of the femur the capsule of the knee joint and the oblique popliteal ligament strong fascia covering the popliteus muscle Structures within the popliteal fossa include, (from superficial to deep): tibial nerve popliteal vein popliteal artery, a continuation of the femoral artery small saphenous vein (termination) common fibular nerve (also known as ...

The retroinguinal space (or Bogros' space) is the extraperitoneal space situated deep to the inguinal ligament. It's limited by the fascia transversalis anteriorly, the peritoneum posteriorly and the iliac fascia laterally. This preperitoneal space communicates with prevesical space of Retzius. It is divided into two compartments. The medial compartment contains vasculature including the femoral artery and vein. The lateral compartment allows for passage of the iliopsoas (primary hip flexor), allowing attachment to the femur, along with the femoral nerve. Inguinal Hernia from the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery at Saint Pierre University Hospital. September ...

Several anatomical terms are particular to the hands and feet.[2] For improved clarity, the directional term palmar (from Latin palma 'palm of the hand') is usually used to describe the front of the hand, and dorsal is the back of the hand. For example, the top of a dog's paw is its dorsal surface; the underside, either the palmar (on the forelimb) or the plantar (on the hindlimb) surface. The palmar fascia is palmar to the tendons of muscles which flex the fingers, and the dorsal venous arch is so named because it is on the dorsal side of the foot. Volar can also be used to refer to the underside of the palm or sole, which are themselves also sometimes used to describe location as palmar and plantar. For example, volar pads are those on the underside of hands, fingers, feet, and toes. These terms are used to avoid confusion when describing the median surface of the hand and what is the "anterior" or "posterior" surface - "anterior" can be used to describe the palm of the hand, and ...