Dendritic cells. Medical search

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

Non-hematopoietic cells, with extensive dendritic processes, found in the primary and secondary follicles of lymphoid tissue (the B cell zones). They are different from conventional DENDRITIC CELLS associated with T-CELLS. They are derived from MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS and are negative for class II MHC antigen and do not process or present antigen like the conventional dendritic cells do. Instead, follicular dendritic cells have FC RECEPTORS and C3B RECEPTORS that hold antigen in the form of ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES on their surfaces for long periods for recognition by B-CELLS.

The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

An integrin alpha subunit of approximately 150-kDa molecular weight. It is expressed at high levels on monocytes and combines with CD18 ANTIGEN to form the cell surface receptor INTEGRIN ALPHAXBETA2. The subunit contains a conserved I-domain which is characteristic of several of alpha integrins.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of INTERFERON-GAMMA production by T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Recirculating, dendritic, antigen-presenting cells containing characteristic racket-shaped granules (Birbeck granules). They are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the EPIDERMIS and are rich in Class II MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX molecules. Langerhans cells were the first dendritic cell to be described and have been a model of study for other dendritic cells (DCs), especially other migrating DCs such as dermal DCs and INTERSTITIAL DENDRITIC CELLS.

Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.

A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on CELL DIFFERENTIATION or APOPTOSIS. Coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states.

Measure of histocompatibility at the HL-A locus. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two individuals are mixed together in tissue culture for several days. Lymphocytes from incompatible individuals will stimulate each other to proliferate significantly (measured by tritiated thymidine uptake) whereas those from compatible individuals will not. In the one-way MLC test, the lymphocytes from one of the individuals are inactivated (usually by treatment with MITOMYCIN or radiation) thereby allowing only the untreated remaining population of cells to proliferate in response to foreign histocompatibility antigens.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

Class I-restricted activation of CD8-POSITIVE LYMPHOCYTES resulting from ANTIGEN PRESENTATION of exogenous ANTIGENS (cross-presentation). This is in contrast to normal activation of these lymphocytes (direct-priming) which results from presentation of endogenous antigens.

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.

Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.

The classes of BONE MARROW-derived blood cells in the monocytic series (MONOCYTES and their precursors) and granulocytic series (GRANULOCYTES and their precursors).

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

A family of pattern recognition receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich domain and a cytoplasmic domain that share homology with the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR and the DROSOPHILA toll protein. Following pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors recruit and activate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL19 and CHEMOKINE CCL21. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS.

An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

A pattern recognition receptor that binds unmethylated CPG CLUSTERS. It mediates cellular responses to bacterial pathogens by distinguishing between self and bacterial DNA.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR7 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards T LYMPHOCYTES and B LYMPHOCYTES.

A low affinity interleukin-3 receptor subunit that combines with the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR COMMON BETA SUBUNIT to form a high affinity receptor for INTERLEUKIN-3.

Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

A pattern recognition receptor that binds several forms of imidazo-quinoline including the antiviral compound Imiquimod.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

A membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells that binds to CD40 ANTIGENS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and induces their proliferation. Mutation of the gene for CD40 ligand is a cause of HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 1.

A subclass of lectins that are specific for CARBOHYDRATES that contain MANNOSE.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR7 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards DENDRITIC CELLS and T-LYMPHOCYTES.

Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

The alpha subunits of integrin heterodimers (INTEGRINS), which mediate ligand specificity. There are approximately 18 different alpha chains, exhibiting great sequence diversity; several chains are also spliced into alternative isoforms. They possess a long extracellular portion (1200 amino acids) containing a MIDAS (metal ion-dependent adhesion site) motif, and seven 60-amino acid tandem repeats, the last 4 of which form EF HAND MOTIFS. The intracellular portion is short with the exception of INTEGRIN ALPHA4.

Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.

Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

Form of adoptive transfer where cells with antitumor activity are transferred to the tumor-bearing host in order to mediate tumor regression. The lymphoid cells commonly used are lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). This is usually considered a form of passive immunotherapy. (From DeVita, et al., Cancer, 1993, pp.305-7, 314)

One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.

A major adhesion-associated heterodimer molecule expressed by MONOCYTES; GRANULOCYTES; NK CELLS; and some LYMPHOCYTES. The alpha subunit is the CD11C ANTIGEN, a surface antigen expressed on some myeloid cells. The beta subunit is the CD18 ANTIGEN.

A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A cytokine subunit that is a component of both interleukin-12 and interleukin-23. It binds to the INTERLEUKIN-12 SUBUNIT P35 via a disulfide bond to form interleukin-12 and to INTERLEUKIN-23 SUBUNIT P19 to form interleukin-23.

Interferon secreted by leukocytes, fibroblasts, or lymphoblasts in response to viruses or interferon inducers other than mitogens, antigens, or allo-antigens. They include alpha- and beta-interferons (INTERFERON-ALPHA and INTERFERON-BETA).

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: CR, CCR, and CXCR, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

A dioxygenase with specificity for the oxidation of the indoleamine ring of TRYPTOPHAN. It is an extrahepatic enzyme that plays a role in metabolism as the first and rate limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of TRYPTOPHAN catabolism.

Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C; (CHEMOKINES, C); CC; (CHEMOKINES, CC); and CXC; (CHEMOKINES, CXC); according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

Group of chemokines with adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils but not neutrophils.

A pattern recognition receptor that interacts with LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 96 and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. It mediates cellular responses to GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Sarcoma of FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS most often found in the lymph nodes. This rare neoplasm occurs predominately in adults.

A CD antigen that contains a conserved I domain which is involved in ligand binding. When combined with CD18 the two subunits form MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN.

An intracellular signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR and INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTORS signal transduction. It forms a signaling complex with the activated cell surface receptors and members of the IRAK KINASES.

Protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by B- and T- LYMPHOCYTES following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY. It can result from either previous infection with that agent or vaccination (IMMUNITY, ACTIVE), or transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from an immune donor (IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE).

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Experimentally induced tumor that produces MELANIN in animals to provide a model for studying human MELANOMA.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes, macrophages, and some granulocytes. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

Interferon inducer consisting of a synthetic, mismatched double-stranded RNA. The polymer is made of one strand each of polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid.

A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

Specialized forms of antibody-producing B-LYMPHOCYTES. They synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. They are found only in lymphoid organs and at sites of immune responses and normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989, p169 & Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p20)

A pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with other TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS. It interacts with multiple ligands including PEPTIDOGLYCAN, bacterial LIPOPROTEINS, lipoarabinomannan, and a variety of PORINS.

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR6 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards DENDRITIC CELLS; T-LYMPHOCYTES; and B-LYMPHOCYTES.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

A pattern recognition receptor that recognizes GUANOSINE and URIDINE-rich single-stranded RNA.

A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-23 is comprised of a unique 19 kDa subunit and 40 kDa subunit that is shared with INTERLEUKIN-12. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells

The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

A rare sarcoma of INTERDIGITATING CELLS found in the lymph nodes and non-lymphoid organs. They exhibit a variable immunophenotype and lack Birbeck granules.

The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. When an isoantigen is encountered by species members who lack it, an immune response is induced. Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS.

A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL20. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS.

Subset of helper-effector T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete IL-17, IL-17F, and IL-22. These cytokines are involved in host defenses and tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases.

One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.

A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the PHARYNX. There is one on each side of the oropharynx in the fauces between the anterior and posterior pillars of the SOFT PALATE.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Active immunization where vaccine is administered for therapeutic or preventive purposes. This can include administration of immunopotentiating agents such as BCG vaccine and Corynebacterium parvum as well as biological response modifiers such as interferons, interleukins, and colony-stimulating factors in order to directly stimulate the immune system.

An inhibitory B7 antigen that has specificity for the T-CELL receptor PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 1 PROTEIN. CD274 antigen provides negative signals that control and inhibit T-cell responses and is found at higher than normal levels on tumor cells, suggesting its potential role in TUMOR IMMUNE EVASION.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR4 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards TH2 CELLS and TC2 CELLS.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

Lymphoid tissue on the mucosa of the small intestine.

The activated center of a lymphoid follicle in secondary lymphoid tissue where B-LYMPHOCYTES are stimulated by antigens and helper T cells (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) are stimulated to generate memory cells.

Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances.

A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.

Nonsusceptibility to the pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or antigenic substances as a result of antibody secretions of the mucous membranes. Mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts produce a form of IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) that serves to protect these ports of entry into the body.

The cells found in the body fluid circulating throughout the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

A proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T-LYMPHOCYTES or their precursors. Several subtypes of interleukin-17 have been identified, each of which is a product of a unique gene.

A subunit of interleukin-12. It binds to the INTERLEUKIN-12 SUBUNIT P40 via a disulfide bond that results in the active cytokine.

High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.

The engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles.

Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.

Methods for maintaining or growing CELLS in vitro.

Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli.

A subclass of winged helix DNA-binding proteins that share homology with their founding member fork head protein, Drosophila.

A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.

Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.

A pattern recognition receptor that binds DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA. It mediates cellular responses to certain viral pathogens.

A melanosome-associated protein that plays a role in the maturation of the MELANOSOME.

Alteration of the immune system or of an immune response by agents that activate or suppress its function. This can include IMMUNIZATION or administration of immunomodulatory drugs. Immunomodulation can also encompass non-therapeutic alteration of the immune system effected by endogenous or exogenous substances.

A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)

Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

A subunit of interleukin-23. It combines with INTERLEUKIN-12 SUBUNIT P40, which is shared between the two cytokines, to form in the active interleukin-23 cytokine.

Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A strain of non-obese diabetic mice developed in Japan that has been widely studied as a model for T-cell-dependent autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which insulitis is a major histopathologic feature, and in which genetic susceptibility is strongly MHC-linked.

High affinity receptors for INTERLEUKIN-3. They are found on early HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS; progenitors of MYELOID CELLS; EOSINOPHILS; and BASOPHILS. Interleukin-3 receptors are formed by the dimerization of the INTERLEUKIN-3 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT and the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR COMMON BETA SUBUNIT.

Cerebrosides which contain as their polar head group a galactose moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramide. Their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in beta-galactosidase, is the cause of galactosylceramide lipidosis or globoid cell leukodystrophy.

A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member that is expressed on activated antigen-presenting cells such as B-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. It signals T-LYMPHOCYTES by binding the OX40 RECEPTOR.

A costimulatory B7 antigen that has specificity for the T-CELL receptor PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 1 RECEPTOR. It is closely-related to CD274 antigen; however, its expression is restricted to DENDRITIC CELLS and activated MACROPHAGES.

The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

Distinctive neoplastic disorders of histiocytes. Included are malignant neoplasms of MACROPHAGES and DENDRITIC CELLS.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.

Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.

Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. (1/14470)

It is not known whether subsets of dendritic cells provide different cytokine microenvironments that determine the differentiation of either type-1 T helper (TH1) or TH2 cells. Human monocyte (pDC1)-derived dendritic cells (DC1) were found to induce TH1 differentiation, whereas dendritic cells (DC2) derived from CD4+CD3-CD11c- plasmacytoid cells (pDC2) induced TH2 differentiation by use of a mechanism unaffected by interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-12. The TH2 cytokine IL-4 enhanced DC1 maturation and killed pDC2, an effect potentiated by IL-10 but blocked by CD40 ligand and interferon-gamma. Thus, a negative feedback loop from the mature T helper cells may selectively inhibit prolonged TH1 or TH2 responses by regulating survival of the appropriate dendritic cell subset. (+info)

Potent immunoregulatory effects of Salmonella typhi flagella on antigenic stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (2/14470)

A key function of monocytes/macrophages (Mphi) is to present antigens to T cells. However, upon interaction with bacteria, Mphi lose their ability to effectively present soluble antigens. This functional loss was associated with alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules and CD14 and a reduction in the uptake of soluble antigen. Recently, we have demonstrated that Salmonella typhi flagella (STF) markedly decrease CD14 expression and are potent inducers of proinflammatory cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC). In order to determine whether S. typhi and soluble STF also alter the ability of Mphi to activate T cells to proliferate to antigens and mitogens, hPBMC were cultured in the presence of tetanus toxoid (TT) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and either killed whole-cell S. typhi or purified STF protein. Both whole-cell S. typhi and STF suppressed proliferation to PHA and TT. This decreased proliferation was not a result of increased Mphi production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, or oxygen radicals or the release of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, or interleukin-10 following exposure to STF. However, the ability to take up soluble antigen, as determined by fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran uptake, was reduced in cells cultured with STF. Moreover, there was a dramatic reduction in the expression of CD54 on Mphi after exposure to STF. These results indicate that whole-cell S. typhi and STF have the ability to alter in vitro proliferation to soluble antigens and mitogens by affecting Mphi function. (+info)

Disproportionate recruitment of CD8+ T cells into the central nervous system by professional antigen-presenting cells. (3/14470)

Inappropriate immune responses, thought to exacerbate or even to initiate several types of central nervous system (CNS) neuropathology, could arise from failures by either the CNS or the immune system. The extent that the inappropriate appearance of antigen-presenting cell (APC) function contributes to CNS inflammation and pathology is still under debate. Therefore, we characterized the response initiated when professional APCs (dendritic cells) presenting non-CNS antigens were injected into the CNS. These dendritic cells expressed numerous T-cell chemokines, but only in the presence of antigen did leukocytes accumulate in the ventricles, meninges, sub-arachnoid spaces, and injection site. Within the CNS parenchyma, the injected dendritic cells migrated preferentially into the white matter tracts, yet only a small percentage of the recruited leukocytes entered the CNS parenchyma, and then only in the white matter tracts. Although T-cell recruitment was antigen specific and thus mediated by CD4+ T cells in the models used here, CD8+ T cells accumulated in numbers equal to or greater than that of CD4+ T cells. Few of the recruited T cells expressed activation markers (CD25 and VLA-4), and those that did were primarily in the meninges, injection site, ventricles, and perivascular spaces but not in the parenchyma. These results indicate that 1) the CNS modulates the cellular composition and activation states of responding T-cell populations and that 2) myelin-restricted inflammation need not be initiated by a myelin-specific antigen. (+info)

Bone marrow and peripheral blood dendritic cells from patients with multiple myeloma are phenotypically and functionally normal despite the detection of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus gene sequences. (4/14470)

Multiple myeloma (MM) cells express idiotypic proteins and other tumor-associated antigens which make them ideal targets for novel immunotherapeutic approaches. However, recent reports show the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) gene sequences in bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) in MM, raising concerns regarding their antigen-presenting cell (APC) function. In the present study, we sought to identify the ideal source of DCs from MM patients for use in vaccination approaches. We compared the relative frequency, phenotype, and function of BMDCs or peripheral blood dendritic cells (PBDCs) from MM patients versus normal donors. DCs were derived by culture of mononuclear cells in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4. The yield as well as the pattern and intensity of Ag (HLA-DR, CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86) expression were equivalent on DCs from BM or PB of MM patients versus normal donors. Comparison of PBDCs versus BMDCs showed higher surface expression of HLA-DR (P =.01), CD86 (P =. 0003), and CD14 (P =.04) on PBDCs. APC function, assessed using an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), demonstrated equivalent T-cell proliferation triggered by MM versus normal DCs. Moreover, no differences in APC function were noted in BMDCs compared with PBDCs. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of genomic DNA from both MM patient and normal donor DCs for the 233-bp KSHV gene sequence (KS330233) was negative, but nested PCR to yield a final product of 186 bp internal to KS330233 was positive in 16 of 18 (88.8%) MM BMDCs, 3 of 8 (37.5%) normal BMDCs, 1 of 5 (20%) MM PBDCs, and 2 of 6 (33.3%) normal donor PBDCs. Sequencing of 4 MM patient PCR products showed 96% to 98% homology to the published KSHV gene sequence, with patient specific mutations ruling out PCR artifacts or contamination. In addition, KHSV-specific viral cyclin D (open reading frame [ORF] 72) was amplified in 2 of 5 MM BMDCs, with sequencing of the ORF 72 amplicon revealing 91% and 92% homology to the KSHV viral cyclin D sequence. These sequences again demonstrated patient specific mutations, ruling out contamination. Therefore, our studies show that PB appears to be the preferred source of DCs for use in vaccination strategies due to the ready accessibility and phenotypic profile of PBDCs, as well as the comparable APC function and lower detection rate of KSHV gene sequences compared with BMDCs. Whether active KSHV infection is present and important in the pathophysiology of MM remains unclear; however, our study shows that MMDCs remain functional despite the detection of KSHV gene sequences. (+info)

Interleukin-10-treated human dendritic cells induce a melanoma-antigen-specific anergy in CD8(+) T cells resulting in a failure to lyse tumor cells. (5/14470)

Dendritic cells (DC) are critically involved in the initiation of primary immune processes, including tumor rejection. In our study, we investigated the effect of interleukin-10 (IL-10)-treated human DC on the properties of CD8(+) T cells that are known to be essential for the destruction of tumor cells. We show that IL-10-pretreatment of DC not only reduces their allostimulatory capacity, but also induces a state of alloantigen-specific anergy in both primed and naive (CD45RA+) CD8(+) T cells. To investigate the influence of IL-10-treated DC on melanoma-associated antigen-specific T cells, we generated a tyrosinase-specific CD8(+) T-cell line by several rounds of stimulation with the specific antigen. After coculture with IL-10-treated DC, restimulation of the T-cell line with untreated, antigen-pulsed DC demonstrated peptide-specific anergy in the tyrosinase-specific T cells. Addition of IL-2 to the anergic T cells reversed the state of both alloantigen- or peptide-specific anergy. In contrast to optimally stimulated CD8(+) T cells, anergic tyrosinase-specific CD8(+) T cells, after coculture with peptide-pulsed IL-10-treated DC, failed to lyse an HLA-A2-positive and tyrosinase-expressing melanoma cell line. Thus, our data demonstrate that IL-10-treated DC induce an antigen-specific anergy in cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, a process that might be a mechanism of tumors to inhibit immune surveillance by converting DC into tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells. (+info)

Presentation of renal tumor antigens by human dendritic cells activates tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes against autologous tumor: implications for live kidney cancer vaccines. (6/14470)

The clinical impact of dendritic cells (DCs) in the treatment of human cancer depends on their unique role as the most potent antigen-presenting cells that are capable of priming an antitumor T-cell response. Here, we demonstrate that functional DCs can be generated from peripheral blood of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by culture of monocytes/macrophages (CD14+) in autologous serum containing medium (RPMI) in the presence of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin (IL) 4. For testing the capability of RCC-antigen uptake and processing, we loaded these DCs with autologous tumor lysate (TuLy) using liposomes, after which cytometric analysis of the DCs revealed a markedly increased expression of HLA class I antigen and a persistent high expression of class II. The immunogenicity of DC-TuLy was further tested in cultures of renal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) cultured in low-dose IL-2 (20 Biologic Response Modifier Program units/ml). A synergistic effect of DC-TuLy and IL-2 in stimulating a T cell-dependent immune response was demonstrated by: (a) the increase of growth expansion of TILs (9.4-14.3-fold; day 21); (b) the up-regulation of the CD3+ CD56- TcR+ (both CD4+ and CD8+) cell population; (c) the augmentation of T cell-restricted autologous tumor lysis; and (d) the enhancement of IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-6 mRNA expression by TILs. Taken together, these data implicate that DC-TuLy can activate immunosuppressed TIL via an induction of enhanced antitumor CTL responses associated with production of Thl cells. This indicates a potential role of DC-TuLy vaccines for induction of active immunity in patients with advanced RCC. (+info)

Identification of MAGE-3 epitopes presented by HLA-DR molecules to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. (7/14470)

MAGE-type genes are expressed by many tumors of different histological types and not by normal cells, except for male germline cells, which do not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Therefore, the antigens encoded by MAGE-type genes are strictly tumor specific and common to many tumors. We describe here the identification of the first MAGE-encoded epitopes presented by histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells were loaded with a MAGE-3 recombinant protein and used to stimulate autologous CD4(+) T cells. We isolated CD4(+) T cell clones that recognized two different MAGE-3 epitopes, MAGE-3114-127 and MAGE-3121-134, both presented by the HLA-DR13 molecule, which is expressed in 20% of Caucasians. The second epitope is also encoded by MAGE-1, -2, and -6. Our procedure should be applicable to other proteins for the identification of new tumor-specific antigens presented by HLA class II molecules. The knowledge of such antigens will be useful for evaluation of the immune response of cancer patients immunized with proteins or with recombinant viruses carrying entire genes coding for tumor antigens. The use of antigenic peptides presented by class II in addition to peptides presented by class I may also improve the efficacy of therapeutic antitumor vaccination. (+info)

Maturation, activation, and protection of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA. (8/14470)

The initiation of an immune response is critically dependent on the activation of dendritic cells (DCs). This process is triggered by surface receptors specific for inflammatory cytokines or for conserved patterns characteristic of infectious agents. Here we show that human DCs are activated by influenza virus infection and by double-stranded (ds)RNA. This activation results not only in increased antigen presentation and T cell stimulatory capacity, but also in resistance to the cytopathic effect of the virus, mediated by the production of type I interferon, and upregulation of MxA. Because dsRNA stimulates both maturation and resistance, DCs can serve as altruistic antigen-presenting cells capable of sustaining viral antigen production while acquiring the capacity to trigger naive T cells and drive polarized T helper cell type 1 responses. (+info)

The most common division of dendritic cells is conventional dendritic cells (a.k.a. myeloid dendritic cells) vs. plasmacytoid ... three classical dendritic cell subsets and one plasmacytoid dendritic cell subset. At least some of these dendritic cell ... The morphology of dendritic cells results in a very large surface-to-volume ratio. That is, the dendritic cell has a very large ... Whereas mature dendritic cells are able to activate antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells, the formation of CD8+ memory T cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell

Unlike dendritic cells (DC), FDCs are not derived from the bone-marrow hematopoietic stem cell, but are of mesenchymal origin. ... Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are cells of the immune system found in primary and secondary lymph follicles (lymph nodes) of ... and the skin of patients with pseudo B cells lymphoma. Follicular dendritic cells participate in HIV-1 infection development ... "Endocytosis and recycling of immune complexes by follicular dendritic cells enhances B cell binding and activation". Frontiers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cells

... blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. In the bone marrow, common dendritic cell progenitors expressing Flt3 (CD135) ... and CD304 unlike other dendritic cell types. Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare type of myeloid ... Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a rare type of immune cell that are known to secrete large quantities of type 1 ... In humans, pDCs exhibit plasma cell morphology and express CD4, HLA-DR, CD123, blood-derived dendritic cell antigen-2 (BDCA-2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmacytoid_dendritic_cell

"Tumor cells convert immature myeloid dendritic cells into TGF-beta-secreting cells inducing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell ... Tolerogenic dendritic cells (a. k. a. tol-DCs, tDCs, or DCregs) are heterogenous pool of dendritic cells with immuno- ... "Differentiation of Tr1 cells by immature dendritic cells requires IL-10 but not CD25+CD4+ Tr cells". Blood. 105 (3): 1162-9. ... Treatment with these cells was safe and well tolerated. The whole pool of tolerogenic dendritic cells can be divided in two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerogenic_dendritic_cell

Tew, John G.; Kosco, Marie H.; Burton, Gregory F.; Szakal, Andras K. (1990). "Follicular Dendritic Cells as Accessory Cells". ... Fonseca, Rafael; Tefferi, Ayalew; Strickler, John G. (1997). "Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma mimicking diffuse large cell ... Cyclophosphamide slows or stops cell growth. It targets cells that are rapidly dividing, which include cancer cells that are ... including resistance to cell death and evading growth suppressors. At the time of the follicular dendritic cell sarcoma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cell_sarcoma

... is a form of malignant histiocytosis affecting dendritic cells. It can present in the ... Kawachi K, Nakatani Y, Inayama Y, Kawano N, Toda N, Misugi K (April 2002). "Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma of the ... Kanaan H, Al-Maghrabi J, Linjawi A, Al-Abbassi A, Dandan A, Haider AR (February 2006). "Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdigitating_dendritic_cell_sarcoma

The dendritic cell-based cancer vaccine is an innovation in therapeutic strategy for cancer patients. Dendritic cells (DCs) are ... "The Dendritic Cell Lineage: Ontogeny and Function of Dendritic Cells and Their Subsets in the Steady State and the Inflamed ... Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) differentiate from lymphoid progenitor cells in the lymphoid tissues. They express CD123 ... "Dendritic cells: Immunological sentinels with a central role in health and disease". Immunology and Cell Biology. 78 (2): 91- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell-based_cancer_vaccine

There are three types of dendritic cells, plasmacytic dendritic cells (pDC) and two types of conventional dendritic cells (cDC ... a malignancy of plasmacytoid dendritic cells rather than lymphocytes and therefore termed blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell ... Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematologic malignancy. It was initially regarded as a form of ... Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm is an aggressive malignancy with features of cutaneous lymphoma (e.g. malignant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastic_plasmacytoid_dendritic_cell_neoplasm

Lotze M (2001). Dendritic Cells. Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-455851-8. Li Y, Tan S, Zhang C, Chai Y, He M, Zhang CW, et ... T cells and trigger the increase in CD28− T cells. Unlike the activation of CD8+ T cells, the proliferation of CD28− T cells ... The activation of CD8+ T cells is essential in antitumor immunity. The 4-1BB/4-1BBL complex with the help of T-cell receptor ... 1BBL complex together with a signal provided by a T-cell receptor can provide costimulatory signals to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNFSF9

It was previously shown that TGF-β was produced by intestinal dendritic cells, which has been considered to be the source of ... Th3 cells can also directly suppress Th1 and Th2 cells by secretion of TGF-β and provide help to B cells towards IgA secretion ... Th3 cells have different cytokine requirements for their growth from CD25+CD4+ Treg cells. The survival of CD25+CD4+ Treg cells ... Th3 cells are characterised as CD4+CD25−CD69+FOXP3-LAP+ cells. Unlike the well characterised T regulatory (Treg ) cells, Th3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_3_cell

a.^ B: B cell. E: erythrocyte. Endo: endothelial cell. D: dendritic cell. FDC: follicular dendritic cell. Mac: macrophage. MC: ... whereas CR2 is expressed only on B cells as a co-receptor. Red blood cells (RBCs) also express CR1, which enables RBCs to carry ... White blood cells, particularly monocytes and macrophages, express complement receptors on their surface. All four complement ... mast cell. M0: monocyte. Pha: phagocyte. PMN: polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Deficits in complement receptor expression can cause ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_receptor

... dendritic cells move to the T cell zone or to the B cell follicle along the fibroblast reticular cell network. Dendritic cells ... The sub-populations include: fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs); folicular dendritic cells (FDCs); lymphatic endothelial cells ... Lymph node stromal cells can give rise to a number of malignancies including: follicular dendritic cell sarcoma; fibroblastic ... FRCs express chemokines such as CCL21 and CCL19 which assist the movement of T cells and dendritic cells with CCR7 receptors. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node_stromal_cell

Dendritic cells (DC) can be stimulated to activate a cytotoxic response towards an antigen. Dendritic cells, a type of antigen- ... Immune effector cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes work ... CD4+ helper T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and B cells). This initiates a cytotoxic response against tumour cells expressing ... Loss of T-cell tolerance then unleashes B-cells and other immune effector cells on to the target tissue. The ideal tolerogenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapy

Her research considered dendritic cells and their role in cancer and infectious disease. Margaret Baird grew up in Tauranga, a ... Baird investigated dendritic cells. She was made a lecturer in the Microbiology Department at the University of Otago, where ... She also studied how p53 was involved in the regulation of dendritic cell function. Baird taught immunology courses at the ... she investigated the role of dendritic cells in infectious diseases and cancer. She was promoted to Professor in 2011. When ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Baird

Bigley V, Cytlak U, Collin M (February 2018). "Human dendritic cell immunodeficiencies". Seminars in Cell & Developmental ... The various presentations of GATA2 deficiency include: 1) Monocytopenia and Mycobacterium Avium Complex/Dendritic Cell, ... These individuals also have low numbers of two other types of circulating blood cells viz., B lymphocytes and NK cells. Other ... "Exome sequencing identifies GATA-2 mutation as the cause of dendritic cell, monocyte, B and NK lymphoid deficiency". Blood. 118 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GATA2_deficiency

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. SI: Human dendritic cells. 86: 129-139. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.015. PMC 6167211 ... In this way some retroviruses can convert normal cells into cancer cells. Some provirus remains latent in the cell for a long ... Cell-to-cell Fluids Airborne, like the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The DNA formed after reverse transcription (the provirus) ... Later it was found that a similar gene in cells is involved in cell signaling, which was most likely excised with the proviral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus

... the dendritic cell. Once activated, dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes, where they present the antigen to T cells and B ... These mRNA fragments are taken up by dendritic cells through phagocytosis. The dendritic cells use their internal machinery ( ... Dendritic cells display antigens on their surfaces, leading to interactions with T cells to initiate an immune response. ... Dendritic cells can be collected from patients and programmed with the desired mRNA, then administered back into patients to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_vaccine

Yang D, Chen Q, Gertz B, He R, Phulsuksombati M, Ye RD, Oppenheim JJ (Sep 2002). "Human dendritic cells express functional ... tissue macrophages and dendritic cells. The functions of FPR3 and the few ligands which activate it have not been fully ... "The synthetic peptide Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-D-Met inhibits human monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation via formyl peptide ... 1 by cathepsin D cleavage that potently stimulates chemotaxis through FPR3 in monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_3

"Dendritic Cell Development and Maturation". In Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli (ed.). Dendritic Cells in Fundamental and Clinical ... "Expression of B7 Costimulator Molecules on Mouse Dendritic Cells". In Jacques Banchereau; Daniel Schmitt (eds.). Dendritic ... Inaho is known for her work on dendritic cells and she won the Asia pacific UNESCO Awards for Women in Science in 2014. She has ... Contributions of Dendritic Cells". In Ralph M. Steinman; Robert John North (eds.). Mechanisms of Host Resistance to Infectious ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayo_Inaba

The link between atherosclerosis and autoimmunity is plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). PDCs contribute to the early stages ... Some foam cells are derived from smooth muscle cells and present a limited macrophage-like phenotype. Foam cell formation is ... "Smooth muscle-derived macrophage-like cells contribute to multiple cell lineages in the atherosclerotic plaque". Cell Discovery ... Foam cells form the fatty streaks of the plaques of atheroma in the tunica intima of arteries. Foam cells are not dangerous as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam_cell

... Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor Dendritic cell ... Antigen-presenting cells are also termed Dendritic cells, of which Langerhans cells are a subtype. There are four main types ... These cells are surveillance cells that take foreign antigens and present them to antigen-processing cells, such as T-cells, ... Dendritic cell neoplasms are classified by the World Health Organization as follows: Langerhans cell histiocytosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langerhans_cell_sarcoma

On myeloid and pre-plasmacytoid dendritic cells DC-SIGN mediates dendritic cell rolling interactions with blood endothelium and ... a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells". Cell. 100 (5): 587-97. doi:10.1016/ ... a C-type lectin on dendritic cells that unveils many aspects of dendritic cell biology". J. Leukoc. Biol. 71 (6): 921-31. doi: ... "Antiviral immune responses by human langerhans cells and dendritic cells in HIV-1 infection". HIV Interactions with Dendritic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-SIGN

Its ligand is ICOSL, expressed mainly on B cells and dendritic cells. The molecule seems to be important in T cell effector ... dendritic cells and activated T-cells (SIGLEC9). SIGLECs 7 and 9 suppress the immune function of these cells by binding to ... Binding with its two ligands are CD80 and CD86, expressed on dendritic cells, prompts T cell expansion. CD28 was the target of ... CD40 signaling is known to 'license' dendritic cells to mature and thereby trigger T-cell activation and differentiation. A now ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_checkpoint

Her current research focuses on dendritic cells (a kind of immune cell), and includes allergic response work. In 2012, Ronchese ... Hilligan, K. L.; Ronchese, F. (2020). "Antigen presentation by dendritic cells and their instruction of CD4+ T helper cell ... 2021). "Homeostatic IL-13 in healthy skin directs dendritic cell differentiation to promote TH2 and inhibit TH17 cell ... "Clec9A+ dendritic cells are not essential for antitumor CD8+ T cell responses induced by poly I:C immunotherapy". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Ronchese

Drakes M, Blanchard T, Czinn S (June 2004). "Bacterial probiotic modulation of dendritic cells". Infection and Immunity. 72 (6 ... Vangay P, Ward T, Gerber JS, Knights D (May 2015). "Antibiotics, pediatric dysbiosis, and disease". Cell Host & Microbe. 17 (5 ... A human's microbiome can change because of inflammatory processes, such as cell-mediated inflammation and host-mediated ... Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that affects the beta cells in the pancreas, causing insulin production to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysbiosis

... his most well-known researches include the dendritic cells and vaccines. While Ralph M. Steinman discovered the dendritic cells ... "Dendritic cells as vectors for therapy." Cell 106.3 (2001): 271-274. "Data Driven: Immunai Adds Biocuration, European Hubs with ... "Taking dendritic cells into medicine." Nature 449.7161 (2007): 419. Banchereau, Jacques, and A. Karolina Palucka. "Dendritic ... He is best known for his extensive research on dendritic cells with Nobel Laureate Ralph M. Steinman. He is the fifth most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Banchereau

Dendritic cell vaccines combine dendritic cells with antigens to present the antigens to the body's white blood cells, thus ... Anguille S, Smits EL, Lion E, van Tendeloo VF, Berneman ZN (June 2014). "Clinical use of dendritic cells for cancer therapy". ... Kim W, Liau LM (January 2010). "Dendritic cell vaccines for brain tumors". Neurosurgery Clinics of North America. 21 (1): 139- ... Some cells of the immune system that recognize the proteins expressed will mount an attack against these proteins and cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine

... endogenous activators of dendritic cells". Nature Medicine. 5 (11): 1249-55. doi:10.1038/15200. PMID 10545990. S2CID 29090284 ... In order to keep the cytotoxic cells from killing cells just for presenting self-proteins, the cytotoxic cells (self-reactive T ... T cells cannot bind native antigens, but require that they be processed by APCs, whereas B cells can be activated by native ... For T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition, the peptide must be processed into small fragments inside the cell and presented by a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen

... they regulate other immune cell functions (e.g., CD4+ T cell, dendritic cell, B cell, mast cell, neutrophil, and basophil ... These cells also have a limited ability to participate in phagocytosis, they are professional antigen-presenting cells, ... Granulocytes are derived from stem cells residing in the bone marrow. The differentiation of these stem cells from pluripotent ... "Granulocytes as modulators of dendritic cell function". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 102 (4): 1003-1016. doi:10.1189/jlb. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte

Münz C (2014). "Dendritic cells during Epstein Barr virus infection". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5: 308. doi:10.3389/fmicb. ... They indicate the loss of the type I IFN autocrine loop and several defects in macrophages and T cell responses. Stat2-/- cells ... cells but not in double knockout STAT2 cells. IFN-γ pretreatment did not provide any antiviral response during infection of VSV ... This finding could be explained by the reduced level of STAT1 in cells of STAT2 knockout mice. Additionally, the double ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAT2

... and dendritic cells involved in antigen processing". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 185 (10): 1743-51. doi:10.1084/jem. ... an inhibitory receptor expressed on effector and memory CD8 T cells) with their HLA ligands, thus modulating immune reactions ... "A common inhibitory receptor for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on human lymphoid and myelomonocytic cells ... "Cloning of novel immunoglobulin superfamily receptors expressed on human myeloid and lymphoid cells: structural evidence for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILRA3

... such as NK cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and in higher concentrations, immature dendritic cells. The 9 kDa form ... Its expression is restricted to cytotoxic immune cells such as cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, NKT cells and γδ T cells. Orthologs ... Granulysin is expressed in killer cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells, which hold the cytotoxic ... More precisely, 15 kDa GNLY is capable of initiating differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells. The 15 kDa form is also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNLY

"ICOS and CD28 reversely regulate IL-10 on re-activation of human effector T cells with mature dendritic cells". European ... It forms homodimers and plays an important role in cell-cell signaling, immune responses and regulation of cell proliferation. ... It is thought to be important for Th2 cells in particular. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the CD28 and CTLA-4 cell ... Compared to wild-type naïve T cells, ICOS-/- T cells activated with plate-bound anti-CD3 have reduced proliferation and IL-2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD278

Thymic dendritic cells and macrophages appear to be responsible for the apoptotic signals sent to autoreactive T cells in the ... Such T cells are often removed via clonal deletion, leaving autoreactive B cells unstimulated and unactivated. These B cells do ... This occurs after the functional B-cell receptor (BCR) is assembled. It is possible for B cells with high self affinity to go ... These medullary epithelial cells express an autoimmune regulator (AIRE) which allows these cells to present proteins specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_deletion

Liu YJ (2005). "IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors". Annual Review ... A virus-infected cell releases viral particles that can infect nearby cells. However, the infected cell can protect neighboring ... and its expression is restricted to immune cells such as T cells and NK cells. All interferons share several common effects: ... Reduced numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells with age is associated with increased COVID-19 severity, possibly because these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

These cells, together with other immune cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, dendritic cells and ... These hallmark features of FLS in RA are divided into 7 cell-intrinsic hallmarks and 4 cell-extrinsic hallmarks. The cell- ... Furthermore these cells express a number of molecules important for the mediation of the cell adhesion, such as cadherin-11, ... They lose the property called contact inhibition (cells arrest their growth in the case when more cells come into contact with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast-like_synoviocyte

... dendritic cells, monocytes, neutrophils) of the mammalian host, with the macrophages being the target white blood cell of the ... Vargas-Inchaustegui, Diego A.; Xin, Lijun; Soong, Lynn (1 June 2008). "Leishmania braziliensis Infection Induces Dendritic Cell ... forms (stages): amastigote in the human cells body and animals. Within a few months of infection, an ulcer forms. After healing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmania_braziliensis

... mast cells, a sub-population of dendritic cells (which are factor XIIIa-negative) in the interstitium and around the adnexa of ... as a cell surface glycoprotein and functions as a cell-cell adhesion factor. It may also mediate the attachment of ... Cells expressing CD34 (CD34+ cell) are normally found in the umbilical cord and bone marrow as haematopoietic cells, or in ... December 2019). "Single-cell analysis of bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells from children with sickle cell disease and thalassemia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD34

1999). "Inherited human Caspase 10 mutations underlie defective lymphocyte and dendritic cell apoptosis in autoimmune ... 1987). "Analysis of mutation in human cells by using an Epstein-Barr virus shuttle system". Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 (1): 379-87. doi ... Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive ... Cell. United States. 114 (2): 181-90. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00521-X. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 12887920. Goltsev, Y V; Kovalenko ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase_10

... and dendritic cells of the innate immune system. The granulocytes, also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of their ... In hematology, myelopoiesis in the broadest sense of the term is the production of bone marrow and of all cells that arise from ... A granulocyte differentiates into a distinct cell type by a process called granulopoiesis. In this process it first transforms ... The common myeloid progenitor can differentiate in the bone marrow into red blood cells and megakaryocytes (leading to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelopoiesis

Among the immune cells, TLR6 has been detected in conventional dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, microglia, neutrophils ... found on the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria or macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP2), found on the cell membrane of ... Yeh DW, Huang LR, Chen YW, Huang CF, Chuang TH (2016). "Interplay between Inflammation and Stemness in Cancer Cells: The Role ... NK cells and B lymphocytes. A 359T>C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the extracellular leucine rich repeat domain is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_6

Each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of olfactory receptor (OR), but many separate olfactory receptor cells ... The dendrites extend to the olfactory epithelial surface and each ends in a dendritic knob from which around 20 to 35 cilia ... opens ion channels in the cell membrane, resulting in an influx of sodium and calcium ions into the cell, and an efflux of ... The cell bodies of the ORNs are distributed among all three of the stratified layers of the olfactory epithelium. Many tiny ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron

"Galectin-9 induces maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells". Journal of Immunology. 175 (5): 2974-81. doi:10.4049/ ... Moreover, galectin-9 contributed to tumorigenesis by tumor cell transformation, cell-cycle regulation, angiogenesis, and cell ... an interaction with CD40 on T-cells induced their proliferation inhibition and cell death. Galectin-9 also has important ... "A modified version of galectin-9 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of Burkitt and Hodgkin lymphoma cells". British ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galectin-9

Engagement of the Type I interferon receptor on dendritic cells inhibits promotion of Th17 cells: central role of intracellular ... Cell 36:879-888. Rao A, Faas S and H. Cantor. Analogues which compete for antigen binding to an arsonate-reactive T cell clone ... Cell 1981;23:19. Rao A, Allard WJ, Hogan PG, Rosenson RS, Cantor, H. Alloreactive T cell clones. Ly phenotypes predict both ... Glimcher L, Shen F-W, Cantor H. Identification of a cell-surface antigen selectively expressed on the natural killer cell. J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Cantor

Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity Peter A ... credited for the discovery of stem cell with Ernest McCulloch A. Ross Tilley (1904-1988) MD FRCS(C) OBE OC - plastic surgeon ... credited with discovery of cancer stem cell Tommy Douglas PC CC SOM LLD (hc) (1904-1986) - introduced publicly funded health ... discoverer of hormone secreted by heart muscle cells Willard Boyle (1924-2011) - inventor of the charge coupled device, winner ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians

... dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Evidence also suggests that CD8 T lymphocyte cells mediate protection against Yersinia by ... On the role of SycE in targeting YopE into HeLa cells". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (31): 22102-8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.31.22102. PMID ... It not only infects the host cell but also protects the bacteria. It undergoes several mechanisms to evade the host's immune ... Additionally, it is thought that YopE targets the following immune cells, in particular: B lymphocytes, macrophages, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YopE_protein_domain

... but they have previously been shown to stain with markers similar to those of follicular dendritic cells, including CD21. Under ... A Warthin-Finkeldey cell is a type of giant multinucleate cell found in hyperplastic lymph nodes early in the course of measles ... Orenstein JM (1988). "The Warthin-Finkeldey-Type Giant Cell in HIV Infection, What Is It?". Ultrastructural Pathology. 22 (4): ... Kjeldsberg CR, Kim H (1981). "Polykaryocytes resembling Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells in reactive and neoplastic lymphoid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warthin–Finkeldey_cell

One study, however, did make use of human neural stem cells grown into a network to control a robotic actuator. These cells ... formation and elimination of synapses or extension and retraction of neurites and dendritic spines. But these two definitions ... Harvesting neural stem cells requires sacrificing the developing fetus, a process considered too costly to perform on many ... Like most cell cultures, neuron cultures are highly susceptible to infection. They are also susceptible to hyperosmolality from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultured_neuronal_network

... the actions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or the differentiation of progenitor cells to pro-inflammatory Dendritic cells; d ... 14-PGJ2 causes cells to engage the pathway of Programmed cell death termed Paraptosis, a form of cell suicide that differs from ... regulating the cell cycle and cell proliferation by stimulating p21, cFos, Erg-1, and cMyc or inhibiting N-Myc, Cyclin D1, Cdk4 ... and other cell types. The three PGJ2 cyclopentenone prostaglandins induce apoptosis in rodent cultured neuron cells by a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins

"NK cell activation by dendritic cells is dependent on LFA-1-mediated induction of calcium-calmodulin kinase II: inhibition by ... In mammalian cells, the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is ... Cell. Endocrinol. 175 (1-2): 149-56. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00383-5. PMID 11325525. S2CID 338776. Schell MJ, Erneux C, ... Tombes RM, Krystal GW (1997). "Identification of novel human tumor cell-specific CaMK-II variants". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMK2B

Mishra PK, Tyagi N, Kundu S, Tyagi SC (2009). "MicroRNAs are involved in homocysteine-induced cardiac remodeling". Cell ... controls dendritic plasticity and synaptic transmission by downregulating neuropilin-2". The Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (16): ... "MicroRNA expression in human airway smooth muscle cells: role of miR-25 in regulation of airway smooth muscle phenotype". ... American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 42 (4): 506-13. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2009-0123OC. PMC 2848741. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-188_microRNA_precursor_family

... of the C-terminal domain of delta glutamate receptor with spectrin in the dendritic spines of cultured Purkinje cells". ... "AlphaII-spectrin is critical for cell adhesion and cell cycle" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (4): 2409-18. ... Bennett PM, Baines AJ, Lecomte MC, Maggs AM, Pinder JC (2004). "Not just a plasma membrane protein: in cardiac muscle cells ... The spectrins are a family of widely distributed cytoskeletal proteins which are involved in actin crosslinking, cell adhesion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTAN1

These cells include T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, epithelial cells and Paneth ... Th9 cells can arise not only from naive T cells but also from differentiated Th2 cells. Another function of IL-25 is the ... "IL-25 causes apoptosis of IL-25R-expressing breast cancer cells without toxicity to nonmalignant cells". Science Translational ... Evidence is the expression of IL-17RB on Th2 cells, not on Th1 and Th17. In addition, IL-25 is responsible for the decrease in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_25

1990, 112, 7638-47 Tomalia, D. A.; Fréchet, J.M. J. Discovery of dendrimers and dendritic polymers: a brief historical ... Molecular Design and Ordering Effects in pi-Functional Materials for Transistor and Solar Cell Applications - A Perspective. J ... A New Convergent Approach to Dendritic Macromolecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. ... as carriers for targeted therapeutics and successful approaches to new organic materials for transistors and solar cells. 2020 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fréchet

... an adhesive monomer for dental adhesive materials A brand name for the medication medronic acid Monocyte Dendritic-cell ... a component of bacterial cell walls with inflammatory properties 10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, ... Progenitors, a type of progenitor cell Madison Dearborn Partners, an American private equity firm Malaysian Democratic Party, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDP

In addition, IL-3 stimulates proliferation of all cells in the myeloid lineage (granulocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells), ... Activated T cells can either induce their own proliferation and differentiation (autocrine signaling), or that of other T cells ... It has been shown that combination of IL-3, GM-CSF and stem cell factor enhances peripheral blood stem cells during high-dose ... IL-3 is produced as a monomer by activated T cells, monocytes/macrophages and stroma cells. The major function of IL-3 cytokine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_3

1996). "Peripheral blood dendritic cells express Fc epsilon RI as a complex composed of Fc epsilon RI alpha- and Fc epsilon RI ... a critical regulator of airway smooth muscle cells?". Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 291 (3): L312-21. doi:10.1152/ ... 1992). "Epidermal Langerhans cells from normal human skin bind monomeric IgE via Fc epsilon RI". J. Exp. Med. 175 (5): 1353-65 ... Le Coniat M, Kinet JP, Berger R (1990). "The human genes for the alpha and gamma subunits of the mast cell receptor for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCER1A

In studies of primary mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron cell cultures, the substance increased the number of differentiated ... "9-Methyl-β-carboline-induced cognitive enhancement is associated with elevated hippocampal dopamine levels and dendritic and ... In vitro studies with dopaminergic neuron cell cultures demonstrated increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and ... of tyrosine hydroxylase expressing neurons in the left striatum after an injection of MPP+ had reduced the number of such cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-Methyl-β-carboline

... including CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells and B cells. HTLV-I entry is mediated through interaction of the surface unit of the ... The virus activates a subset of T-helper cells called Th1 cells. The result is a proliferation of Th1 cells and overproduction ... Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 or human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I), also called the adult T-cell lymphoma virus type ... Once integrated, HTLV-1 continues to exist only as a provirus which can spread from cell to cell through a viral synapse. Few, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1

Dendritic cells are important regulators of immunity, but their role in myelodysplastic syndrome is unclear. Get the inside ... Immune effector cell characteristics. ↓ Tregs. ↑ Th17 cells. ↑ NK cells. ↑ CD8+ CTLs. ↑ Tregs. ↓ Th17 cells. ↓ NK cells. ↓ CD8+ ... Normal Dendritic Cell Biology *. Dendritic cell (DCs) are professional APCs that orchestrate the immune response by presenting ... DC: Dendritic cell; IFN: Interferon; Lin: Lineage (CD3, CD14 and CD19); pDC: Plasmacytoid dendritic cell; slan: 6-sulfo LacNAc ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806669_3

Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical regulators of immune responses. Under noninflammatory conditions, several human DC subsets ... Human inflammatory dendritic cells induce Th17 cell differentiation Immunity. 2013 Feb 21;38(2):336-48. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni. ... cell differentiation from naive CD4(+) T cells through the selective secretion of Th17 cell-polarizing cytokines. We conclude ... Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical regulators of immune responses. Under noninflammatory conditions, several human DC subsets ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23352235/?dopt=Abstract

Commensal-specific T-cell responses result from the coordinated action of skin-resident dendritic cell subsets and are not ... They find that defined skin commensal bacteria elicit a dermal dendritic-cell-dependent, long-lasting and commensal-specific ... The CD8+ T cells are shown to enhance innate protection against a fungal pathogen. The skin represents the primary interface ... Here Yasmine Belkaid and colleagues examine the nature of the antigen presenting cells involved in the dialogue between the ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14052?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7ac31e9f-fcd9-4de3-b2b2-7162353496ff

... monocyte derived dendritic cells, MDDCs) to facilitate their capture, processing, and presentation to CD8+ (cytotoxic) T ... aim of this work was to use MSMPs to deliver viral specific MHC class I restricted epitopes into human antigen presenting cells ... are excellent vehicles for releasing molecules inside the cell. The ... Dendritic cells maturation by MSMPs. (a) Representative histograms of dendritic cells maturation determined by quantifying the ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2013/362163/

Downloading a figure as powerpoint requires a browser with javascript support. Enable javascript and try again For help please contact [email protected] ...

https://www.jci.org/assets/223938/powerpoint

Using Dendritic Cells as a Peptide Delivery System.. ... Using Dendritic Cells as a Peptide Delivery System.. WHO ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/164001?locale-attribute=ru&

A detailed Purkinje cell model (Masoli et al 2015). Cerebellar Golgi cells, dendritic processing, and synaptic plasticity ( ... A detailed Purkinje cell model (Masoli et al 2015). Cerebellar Golgi cells, dendritic processing, and synaptic plasticity ( ... A detailed Purkinje cell model (Masoli et al 2015). Cerebellar Golgi cells, dendritic processing, and synaptic plasticity ( ... A detailed Purkinje cell model (Masoli et al 2015). Cerebellar Golgi cells, dendritic processing, and synaptic plasticity ( ...

https://senselab.med.yale.edu/MicrocircuitDB/ShowModel?model=266806&file=/Golgi_cell_2020/Morphology_2/mod_files/GRC_CA.mod

The Role of Dendritic Cells in T Cell Immunity to Cryptosporidium The Role of Dendritic Cells in T Cell Immunity to ... T cells, which can only be primed by dendritic cells, are indispensable in controlling the infection of Cryptosporidium. ,P, ... Investigate dendritic cell-mediated T cell activation in response to Cryptosporidium infection. ,P, The proposed studies will ... DCs in Peyers patch acquire intestinal antigens transferred by M cells; 2) IL-12, which is produced predominantly by dendritic ...

https://www.nal.usda.gov/research-tools/food-safety-research-projects/role-dendritic-cells-t-cell-immunity-cryptosporidium-0

These suppressive signals affect immune cells including neutrophils, T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. ... The suppressive environment is produced by many different cell types including fibroblasts endothelial cells, epithelial cells ... We focus on dendritic cells that bridge between the two branches of the immune system, the innate immune and the adaptive ... We have also found and profile a new sub-type of dendritic cell (DCs). This new subtype was found in the tissue but express ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/758735/reporting

T cells (CD8+ cells and CD4+ cells) or CD8+ T cells were isolated from mouse spleen cells by Dynabeads T Cell Isolation kit or ... At the same time, T cells (CD8+ cells and CD4+ cells) or CD8+ T cells were isolated from human PBMCs by Dynabeads T Cell ... CD8+ cells and CD4+ cells) or 1 × 105 CD8+ cells alone in a 96-well plate. The same amount of T cells or CD8+ T cells was added ... cell death of 4T1 cells versus CD8+ T cells only, which resulted in 2.16% cell death. Without DCs, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells showed ...

https://www.cell.com/molecular-therapy-family/oncolytics/fulltext/S2372-7705

How much do you know about the presentation and diagnosis of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN)? Test your ... Fast Five Quiz: Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm Presentation and Diagnosis * Fast Five Quiz: Advanced and ... Fast Five Quiz: Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm Presentation and Diagnosis - Medscape - Feb 23, 2021. ... Whereas normal white blood cells play a protective immune-response role, leukemic white blood cells are immature and abnormal, ...

https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/944308_2

... actively inhibits dendritic cell (DC) maturation. Methods Dendritic cells were injected into syngeneic corneas or conjunctivae ... "Effect of the Ocular Microenvironment in Regulating Corneal Dendritic Cell Maturation." Archives of Ophthalmology 125 (7) (July ... expression and poor T-cell stimulation. Anti-transforming growth factor β2 treatment of aqueous humor and of corneal ... maintained in part by the inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor β2 on resident DCs and by their suppression of T-cell ...

https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/34622450

Dendritic Cell Engulfing T Cell. Description:. Artists model of a dendritic cell engulfing an HIV-infected T cell. Based on ... Dendritic Cell Engulfing T Cell. Add to My Pictures View/Download:. Small: 468x720 ...

https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=10409

Dendritic length and cell surface estimates.. We measured the density of synapses on dendritic segments in freeze-thaw-treated ... lacunosum moleculare, in contrast to CA1 basket cells (Fig. 6; Table 2). The total dendritic lengths [n = 4 cells each area; ... We could not measure total cell dendritic surface of PV-expressing basket cells in the CA1 area due to the variability of ... Dendritic lengths per layer and total dendritic lengths of individual reconstructed PV-expressing basket cells in micrometers ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/16/6809?ijkey=08ee7fb5952df69d6ba6e3c8b27f68fde4ab8598&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Example: +cell +stem * Tip 3. You can use + and - symbols to force inclusion or exclusion of specific words.. Example: +cell - ... We investigated whether a developmental immaturity of the dendritic cells (DCs) compartment could contribute to the high ... Dictyostelium cell death: early emergence and demise of highly polarized paddle cells ... DCs are among the first cells to colonize the spleen, but the ontogeny of DC subsets follows distinct steps. At birth, ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/ontogeny-and-innate-properties-of-neonatal-dendritic-cells/

... that is accessible to be processed by dendritic cells, deliver the antigen to the dendritic cells, encourage dendritic cell ... There are several different elements in the process of achieving these ends including delivery of antigen to dendritic cells in ... This thesis seeks to explore the efficacy of vaccines that target dendritic cells as one particular form of immunotherapy. ... These different components of dendritic cell-directed vaccinations will be detailed and reviewed in order to understand the ...

https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/honorstheses/120/

Products listed include human and murine Dendritic Cell Cytokine Packages and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion Cytokine ...

https://www.peprotech.com/gb/cytokine-packages

In this study, we show that BLS stimulates bone marrow dendritic cells from mice in vitro to up-regulate the levels of ... In vivo, BLS increases the number of dendritic cells and their expression of CD62L in the draining lymph node. All of the ... A polymeric bacterial protein activates dendritic cells via TLR4. .noexiste{ color: #000; } .imagenItem{background-image: url ... A polymeric bacterial protein activates dendritic cells via TLR4; American Association of Immunologists; Journal of Immunology ...

https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/39088

John V. Forrester on Dendritic cells and the eye: their role in the ocular immune response, part of a collection of multimedia ... called the plasmacytoid dendritic cells. There has been a suggestion that this other cell type, the plasmacytoid dendritic cell ... and most of this small subset of dendritic cells arises from the bone marrow. Whether or not the plasmacytoid dendritic cell ... and a subset of myeloid dendritic cells called, conventional dendritic cells. There is also a smaller population of CD34 ...

https://hstalks.com/t/2283/dendritic-cells-and-the-eye-their-role-in-the-ocul/?biosci

Capn T Cell explains MACS® Technology cell isolation. Improve your cell separation with the autoMACS Pro. Reference List: MACS ... cells, which correspond to low density PMN-MDSCs (region R5), CD14+cells (region R6) and SSClowCD14-cells (region R7). Low ... a gate on viable cells (7-AAD-cells) was set (region R4). B) Cells from region R4 were further separated into 3 subsets: side ... automated cell processing in a closed system. Effective polyclonal T cell activation and expansion. Improved sperm selection ...

https://www.miltenyibiotec.com/NL-en/applications/dendritic-cells--monocytes-macrophages/macrophages-and-mdscs.html

Enhanced dendritic cell antigen presentation in RNA-based immunotherapy. ... Specific Mart-1/Melan A effector T cells were produced after culture of naïve T cells with dendritic cells that were ... T-Cell cultures were generated by stimulation of naïve T-cells with each set of dendritic cells. Specific antigen presentation ... Enhanced dendritic cell antigen presentation in RNA-based immunotherapy. Journal Article (Journal Article) ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub722396

Dendritic cell-intrinsic expression of NF-κB1 is required to promote optimal Th2 cell differentiation. Journal of Immunology. ... Dendritic cell-intrinsic expression of NF-κB1 is required to promote optimal Th2 cell differentiation. In: Journal of ... Dendritic cell-intrinsic expression of NF-κB1 is required to promote optimal Th2 cell differentiation. / Artis, David; Kane, ... title = "Dendritic cell-intrinsic expression of NF-κB1 is required to promote optimal Th2 cell differentiation", ...

https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/dendritic-cell-intrinsic-expression-of-nf-%CE%BAb1-is-required-to-prom

Targeting human plasmacytoid dendritic cells through BDCA2 prevents skin inflammation and fibrosis in a novel xenotransplant ... Targeting human plasmacytoid dendritic cells through BDCA2 prevents skin inflammation and fibrosis in a novel xenotransplant ...

https://ard.bmj.com/content/80/7/920.altmetrics

Undersized Dendritic Arborizations in Retinal Ganglion Cells of the rd1 Mutant Mouse: A Paradigm of Early Onset Photoreceptor ... Development of Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Structure and Synaptic Connections by Ning Tian ... Ganglion Cell Physiology by Ralph Nelson. *Melanopsin-expressing, Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) ... This work gets at the remodeling issue in retinal degenerative diseaseby examining the last cells in the chain of retinal cells ...

https://webvision.med.utah.edu/2012/08/undersized-dendritic-arborizations-in-retinal-ganglion-cells-of-the-rd1-mutant-mouse-a-paradigm-of-early-onset-photoreceptor-degeneration/

There are four main dendritic cell types and some other dendritic cell-relative cell types. A simplified view on these ... Markers shared with other cell types make flow cytometric identification of so rare cells, like the dendritic cells are, a bit ... NK cells and some T and B cell subsets. Similar situation is with most dendritic cell markers. However, this can be overcome by ... Sometimes are among dendritic cells sensu lato counted also non-classical monocytes. Fig. 1: Among other functions, dendritic ...

https://www.exbio.cz/about-exbio/blog/dendritic-cell-markers

Although much progress has been made in the understanding of the ontogeny and function of dendritic cells (DCs), the ... Here we characterized candidate transcriptional activators involved in the commitment of myeloid progenitor cells to the DC ... Although much progress has been made in the understanding of the ontogeny and function of dendritic cells (DCs), the ... Here we characterized candidate transcriptional activators involved in the commitment of myeloid progenitor cells to the DC ...

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4mb583kw

Juvenile Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm. Kinan M. Hayani1, Gabriele Escherich2, Karoline Koch3, Lars E. French1 ... Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is primarly a disease of the elderlies with an overall infaust prognosis. ... Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. In: Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al., editors. WHO classification of ... 2. Histopathology of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm in (a) skin and in (b) bone marrow, haematoxylin and eosin ...

https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-3603

... by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DC (pDCs) has been suggested to influence the type o ... dendritic cell; IFNAR−/−, type I IFN receptor deficient; MCMV, murine cytomegalovirus; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell; TLR, ... dendritic cell; IFNAR−/−, type I IFN receptor deficient; MCMV, murine cytomegalovirus; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell; TLR, ... type 2 dendritic cell precursors and CD11c(+) dendritic cells to produce type I IFN. J. Immunol. ...

https://rupress.org/jem/article/201/7/1157/52571/Type-I-interferon-dependence-of-plasmacytoid

We advise (and provide) dendritic cells by HemaCare for your research purposes. These monocyte derived dendritic cells are ... where groups either received normal dendritic cells expressing CTLA-4 or dendritic cells treated with CTLA-4 siRNA. Mice that ... Cell Biology and Signalling. Cell Sourcing - Cell Culture Technologies. Drug Discovery. Gene Expression - Molecular Biology. ... 1] Halpert, M. M. et al. Dendritic Cell-Secreted Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein-4 Regulates the T-cell Response by ...

https://www.tebu-bio.com/blog/ctla-4-discovery-in-dendritic-cells-opens-new-doors-for-cancer-immunotherapy/

In summary, DCs are widely affected in MDS with respect to frequencies of different subsets, maturation, cytokine secretion and induction of T-cell proliferation (Figure 2A). (medscape.com)
To determine whether the ocular anterior segment (aqueous humor and cornea) actively inhibits dendritic cell (DC) maturation. (harvard.edu)
Vaccination has the potential to provide antigen (Ag) that is accessible to be processed by dendritic cells, deliver the antigen to the dendritic cells, encourage dendritic cell maturation and further promote the ability of dendritic cells to present antigen to effector cells to encourage a tumor antigen-specific immune response. (pdx.edu)
We hypothesized that increased mRNA transfection efficiency and dendritic cell maturation would improve antigen processing and presentation as well as T-cell costimulation, resulting in enhanced induction of antimelanoma immune responses. (duke.edu)
Maturation of dendritic cells further improved antigen presentation regardless of transfection technique. (duke.edu)
CONCLUSIONS: Efficient mRNA transfection by electroporation as well as dendritic cell maturation results in increased levels of Mart-1/Melan A antigen presentation and enhanced production of antigen-specific effector T cells. (duke.edu)
BCMA, B cell maturation, is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. (rndsystems.com)
Healthy NK cells were able to stimulate the maturation of DCs particularly with core peptide whereas NS3-4 had no effect. (bvsalud.org)
When DCs were healthy, all peptides were able to produce significant maturation of DCs even when cocultured with HCV+ NK cells. (bvsalud.org)
Pathogenic SYNGAP1 mutations impair cognitive development by disrupting maturation of dendritic spine synapses. (bvsalud.org)

The basic concept of immunotherapy is to "convince" the immune system to kill tumor cells. (europa.eu)
We have profiled pancreatic cancer development from early lesion to tumor using single-cell RNA-seq including validation of the main genes using immunohistochemistry. (europa.eu)
We showed in these models the activation of both CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ helper T cells by dendritic cell vaccination with modified CD133 mRNA, with subsequent decrease in tumor growth. (cell.com)
This study for the first time demonstrates in a syngeneic mouse model of TNBC that targeting CD133, in an MHC-independent manner, is an effective strategy against the cancer stem cell population, leading to tumor abrogation. (cell.com)
Emerging evidence points to cancer stem cells (CSCs) as the driver of tumor growth, metastases, and resistance to therapies. (cell.com)
These preliminary tests demonstrate that the tumor-Ag conjugated micro-particle matures dendritic cells to promote and activate an immune response. (pdx.edu)
BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells pulsed with mRNA provide a unique approach to tumor immunotherapy. (duke.edu)
Hereafter, DCs will be loaded with allogeneic MPM tumor cell line lysate (Pheralys) and maturated using the Jonuleit cytokine cocktail. (esmo.org)
Tumor-specific immune activation will be investigated using both tumor material and peripheral blood samples prior and post DCT with flow cytometry, imaging mass cytometry, and T-cell receptor repertoire analysis. (esmo.org)
T cells were stimulated with DCs transfected with tumor mRNA or control DCs (mock transfected) as indicated. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results revealed that tumors lead to induction of the glucocorticoid- induced leucine zipper (GILZ) gene in DCs, and that this gene is critical for the development of tumor-induced tolerance of both DCs and T cells. (elsevier.com)
Long-term survival in advanced melanoma patients undergoing DC vaccination is similar to ipilimumab-treated patients and occurs upon induction of tumor-specific T cells, blood eosinophilia, and strong vaccine injection site reactions occurring after the initial vaccinations. (jci.org)
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma is an uncommon tumor that originates from follicular dendritic cells. (who.int)
We present a case of an elderly woman with a history of follicular dendritic tumor. (who.int)
Advances in tumor cell biology have led to the ability to subclassify NHL via the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphomas (see below). (medscape.com)
The long-term survival in patients with metastatic neuroblastoma is poor, perhaps because of the abundance of nonproliferating tumor cells. (medscape.com)
Because of the role of exosomes in the induction of angiogenesis, stromal cell activation, and tumor growth and metastasis, exosomes have the potential in addressing TME proliferation and TME therapeutic resistance. (creative-proteomics.com)

The aim of this work was to use MSMPs to deliver viral specific MHC class I restricted epitopes into human antigen presenting cells (monocyte derived dendritic cells, MDDCs) to facilitate their capture, processing, and presentation to CD8+ (cytotoxic) T lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
METHODS: Immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells were transfected with mRNA by passive pulsing, lipofection, or electroporation. (duke.edu)
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells ( Mo-DC ) develope from some monocytes during inflammation. (exbio.cz)
These monocyte derived dendritic cells are obtained from immunomagnetic separation techniques from a leukapheresis product. (tebu-bio.com)

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is primarly a disease of the elderlies with an overall infaust prognosis. (medicaljournals.se)
Based on the clinico-pathological correlation the diagnosis of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) was retained. (medicaljournals.se)
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is an extremely rare haematological malignancy defined by concurrent expression of CD4, CD56, BCL-2 and CD123. (bmj.com)

We conclude that inflammatory DCs represent a distinct human DC subset and propose that they are derived from monocytes and are involved in the induction and maintenance of Th17 cell responses. (nih.gov)
Sometimes are among dendritic cells sensu lato counted also non-classical monocytes. (exbio.cz)
CD11b is expressed not only on cDC2, but also on monocytes, granulocytes, NK cells and some T and B cell subsets. (exbio.cz)
The Lineage Cocktail FITC (cat no. 6K01-T050) is designed to stain and gate-out human T lymphocytes (CD3 + ), B lymphocytes (CD19 + CD20 + ), NK cells (CD16 + CD56 + ), non-differentiated monocytes (CD14 + ), neutrophils (CD16 + ), and eosinophils (CD14 +dim ). (exbio.cz)
Single-cell immune profiling reveals long-term changes in myeloid cells and identifies a novel subset of CD9+ monocytes associated with COVID-19 hospitalization. (lji.org)
In the case of ciprofloxacin therapy in a Salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium, S. Tm) mouse infection model, this has been traced to tolerant bacterial cells surviving in lymph node monocytes (i.e., classical dendritic cells). (medworm.com)

Commensal-specific T-cell responses result from the coordinated action of skin-resident dendritic cell subsets and are not associated with inflammation, revealing that tissue-resident cells are poised to sense and respond to alterations in microbial communities. (nature.com)
Figure 3: Distinct dendritic cell subsets cooperate to mediate host-commensal interaction in the skin. (nature.com)
DCs are among the first cells to colonize the spleen, but the ontogeny of DC subsets follows distinct steps. (pasteur.fr)
The percentages of proliferated CFSE lo cells within the CD4 + and CD8 + T subsets are shown. (jci.org)
Mean number of IFN γ positive spots from duplicate wells obtained with the indicated numbers of un-fractionated T cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets from individual patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Different human dendritic cell subsets in peripheral blood. (medscape.com)
Single-cell eQTL analysis of activated T cell subsets reveals activation and cell type-dependent effects of disease-risk variants. (lji.org)

It can be hypothesized that in myeloid diseases, such as MDS, defects in cells that play a crucial role in orchestrating immune responses are highly relevant in the pathophysiology of the disease. (medscape.com)
And the lineage of these, of course, is to produce macrophages and a subset of myeloid dendritic cells called, conventional dendritic cells. (hstalks.com)
There is also a smaller population of CD34 myeloid precursor cells which enter the bloodstream, and these may produce a subset of cells called the plasmacytoid dendritic cells. (hstalks.com)
You can then isolate and analyze macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) . (miltenyibiotec.com)
A simplified view on these populations is following: Classical myeloid dendritic cells type 1 ( cDC1 ) are crucial for induction of cytotoxic T cell immunity against intracellular pathogens and cancer. (exbio.cz)
Classical myeloid dendritic cells type 2 ( cDC2 ) play an important role in detection of extracellular pathogens and presentation of their antigens. (exbio.cz)
Here we characterized candidate transcriptional activators involved in the commitment of myeloid progenitor cells to the DC lineage and predicted regulators of DC functional diversity in tissues. (escholarship.org)
Tuberculosis patients and mice infected with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis accumulate high numbers of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). (jci.org)
We found that repeated injections of M. tuberculosis vaccines (heat-killed M. tuberculosis in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, such as Montanide) but not single or control vaccines without M. tuberculosis strongly expanded CD11b+ myeloid cells in the spleen, leading to T cell suppression of proliferation and killing ex vivo. (jci.org)
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) constitute a group of heterogeneous clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders with a propensity to evolve into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). (medscape.com)
Myeloid dendritic cells. (ukzn.ac.za)

A number of receptors and signaling pathways can influence the ability of dendritic cells (DC) to promote CD4 + Th type 1 (Th1) responses. (monash.edu)

note = "The role of follicular dendritic cells in scrapie pathogenesis RI: BBSRC Cat. (ed.ac.uk)

They compared the culture media of several matured human dendritic cell preparations with PBMC culture controls, and found that CTLA-4 was only present in the dendritic cell culture media. (tebu-bio.com)

Presence of DR positive dendritic cells in the lung. (unil.ch)
We also noted that CD11c positive dendritic cells but not F4/80 positive macrophages retained SWCNT in the lungs 9 days after pharyngeal aspiration. (cdc.gov)

Products listed include human and murine Dendritic Cell Cytokine Packages and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion Cytokine Packages. (peprotech.com)
Studies have suggested that Tax may be secreted from HTLV-I-infected cells and act as an extracellular cytokine, be internalized and processed for presentation, or be transported to the nucleus where it may act as a transcriptional activator. (elsevier.com)
Astragaloside IV is the primary pure saponin of Astragalus , and has been shown to be important to its cytokine and T-cell modulation effects, promoting T-helper cells toward a T-helper 1 (Th1) phenotype. (ndnr.com)
Regulatory T (Treg) cells also play an important role in anti-inflammatory responses via cell-cell contact or cytokine secretion involving IL-10. (molcells.org)
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells initiate a complex chemokine and cytokine network and are a viable drug target in chronic HCV patients. (weillcornell.org)
In the psoriasis-like mouse model, the CK2-specific inhibitor CX-4945 ameliorated imiquimod-induced psoriasis symptoms with reduced proliferation, abnormal differentiation, inflammatory cytokine production (especially IL-17A) of keratinocytes, and infiltration of Î³Î´ T cells. (bvsalud.org)

The suppressive environment is produced by many different cell types including fibroblasts endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and immune cells, that express immunosuppressive cytokines and receptors. (europa.eu)
In addition to the extensive mapping of the changes in epithelial cells, We created a roadmap of the immunoactivatory and immunosuppressive signals along the course of the disease. (europa.eu)
Similar origin have epithelial Langerhans cells . (exbio.cz)
During this phase, infected lymphocytes and dendritic cells migrate into the subepithelial cell layer and transmit measles to epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
In addition to the lipid material, Zagarelli et al also noted the presence of what they interpreted as degenerating epithelial cells in the foam cells. (medscape.com)
Lipofuscin deposits were found to accumulate in the subcuticular region of OHCs, IPs and OPs, near the endolymphatic surfaces of many of the supporting cells and in the epithelial cells of Reissner's membrane. (cdc.gov)
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and most cancers stem cells (CSCs) play a vital function in metastasis of papillary thyroid most cancers (PTC). (aabioetica.org)
and T-LYMPHOCYTES, and is produced by various cell types, including epithelial and dendritic cells. (bvsalud.org)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical regulators of immune responses. (nih.gov)
The induction of most CD8+ T cell responses by DCs requires the presentation of peptides from internalized antigens by class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that usually present endogenous cytoplasmic antigens. (hindawi.com)
Our results indicate that relative immune quiescence in the cornea and in the anterior segment is actively maintained in part by the inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor β2 on resident DCs and by their suppression of T-cell-mediated immune and inflammatory responses. (harvard.edu)
This combination of strategies may be used to enhance immune responses to RNA-based dendritic cell vaccines. (duke.edu)
In an in vivo adoptive transfer model in which NF-κB-sufficient OVA-specific DO11.10 TCR transgenic T cells were injected into OVA-immunized WT or NF-κB1 -/- hosts, NF-κB1 -/- APCs efficiently promoted CD4 + T cell proliferation and IFN-γ responses, but failed to promote Ag-specific IL-4 production. (monash.edu)
Increased tolerogenic responses of VAT-cDCs in the GOF mice was able to revert the development of VAT inflammation in part, altering T cell recruitment and inducing a more T cell immunosuppressive phenotype, but not sufficient to improve insulin sensitivity. (bl.uk)
Dendritic cells play a crucial role in activation, regulation and polarization of the immune responses. (exbio.cz)
New research suggests that dendritic cells produce and release CTLA-4, which typically inhibits anticancer responses. (tebu-bio.com)
Ipilimumab binds to CTLA-4 on T cells, which blocks the inhibitory signals and enhances anti-cancer immune responses. (tebu-bio.com)
Thus, the findings of this study suggest that inhibition of dendritic cell-secreted CTLA-4 may enhance T-cell responses and lead to better cancer immunotherapy outcomes. (tebu-bio.com)
DCs are potent APCs that initiate T cell-dependent immune responses ( 1 ). (rupress.org)
We evaluated T-cell responses to mitogens and to defined antigens in breast cancer patients. (aacrjournals.org)
Purified DCs from 32 patients with breast cancer demonstrated a significantly decreased ability to stimulate control allogeneic T cells, but stimulation of patient T cells with either control allogeneic DCs or immobilized anti-CD3 antibody resulted in normal T-cell responses, even in patients with stage IV tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
Those cells also induced substantially higher levels of influenza virus-specific CTL responses than mature DCs from the peripheral blood of these patients, although responses did not quite reach control values. (aacrjournals.org)
Bone marrow transplantation and adoptive transfer approaches demonstrate that ISG15 alters dendritic cell (DC) responses in the ACD mouse model. (authorea.com)
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown great promise in generating antitumor immune responses but have generally fallen short of producing durable cures. (elsevier.com)
Various cell types contribute to dysregulation of immune responses in MDS. (medscape.com)
Vaccine-specific immune responses including high-affinity, IFNγ-producing CD4 + and lytic polyfunctional CD8 + T cells were de novo induced or boosted in most patients. (jci.org)
Exposure of mature DCs to trimeric soluble CD40 ligand, unexpectedly, did not further enhance such immune responses, while keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) pulsing to provide unspecific CD4 + help promoted CD8 + T cell responses - notably, their longevity. (jci.org)
Th2 cells are critical in maintaining both the state of chronic and relapsing eosinophil-predominant inflammation and the acute hypersensitivity responses characteristic of the atopic diseases. (jci.org)
IgE-induced mast cell degranulation in vivo is often followed by a late-phase reaction (LPR), a second wave of hypersensitivity responses occurring many hours after the acute reaction and dependent upon eosinophils. (jci.org)
Evidence in humans and animal models suggests that IgE-mediated mast cell activation gives rise to both the acute and late-phase responses. (jci.org)
Acute responses are accompanied by evidence of mast cell activation and mediator release. (jci.org)
Gicobi JK, Dellacecca ER, Dong H . Resilient T-cell responses in patients with advanced cancers. (mayo.edu)

In particular, colonization with Staphylococcus epidermidis induces IL-17A + CD8 + T cells that home to the epidermis, enhance innate barrier immunity and limit pathogen invasion. (nature.com)
The most powerful antigen presenting cells are dendritic cells (DCs), which bridge innate and adaptive immunity and are capable of initiating a primary immune response by activating naïve T cells [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
We focus on dendritic cells that bridge between the two branches of the immune system, the innate immune and the adaptive immune systems, and extensively search new ways to manipulate them to fight cancer. (europa.eu)
These antigen presenting cells are essential for both immune reactions and for immune tolerance, and they integrate innate and adaptive immunity. (exbio.cz)
The outcome of the ensuing battle will determine whether the infection will remain locally limited within the engulfing cells of the innate immune system, or will continue to spread, causing the individual to become a clinically active TB patient [ 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. (intechopen.com)
Interleukin 1-Beta (IL-1β) production by innate cells following TLR stimulation correlates with TB recurrence in art-treated HIV-infected patients. (ukzn.ac.za)
Conclusion: Cross-talk between DCs and NK cells plays an important role in the induction of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. (bvsalud.org)

Bone-marrow biopsy revealed infiltration (2%) with the same blastic cells. (medicaljournals.se)

This article reviews the general role of dendritic cells (DCs) and their possible contribution to immune dysregulation in low- and high-risk MDS in particular. (medscape.com)

CD8 + T cells are required for primary immunity in C57BL/6 mice following low-dose, intradermal challenge with Leishmania major . (nature.com)
Our central hypothesis is that DCs acquire parasite antigens when exposed to Cryptosporidium infection thereby priming specific T cell immunity. (usda.gov)
Based on these observations, the specific aims are designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the nature of dendritic cell interaction with Cryptosporidium and induction of T cell immunity. (usda.gov)
The proposed studies will provide the basis for understanding the mechanisms for the induction of T cell- mediated anti-Cryptosporidium immunity necessary for future design of vaccines and other methods of interventions. (usda.gov)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are important regulators of immunity. (medscape.com)
Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. (bvsalud.org)
The California based biotech plans to use a well-known replicating cell line (human erythroleukemia, K562) to integrate the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 or its S1 domain onto the cell membrane simulating that the viral protein is introduced on a decoy cell surface to evoke T cell and B cell immunity to COVID-19. (pharma-industry-review.com)
Sorrento is currently working to prove the capacity of I-Cells inside an animal model to build defensive T-cell and B-cell immunity. (pharma-industry-review.com)

Reduced islet inflammation and expansion of islets, provided a greater insulin reserve in the GOF mice, improving β-cell insulin compensation in response to obesity-induced IR. (bl.uk)
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) deficiency in dendritic cells protects against contact hypersensitivity (CHS) inflammation in mouse. (authorea.com)

Parvalbumin-expressing basket cells, making GABAergic synapses onto cell bodies and proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells, control pyramidal cell activity and participate in network oscillations in slice preparations, but their roles in vivo remain to be tested. (jneurosci.org)
Seizures and loss or dysfunction of GABAergic synapses onto adult-born dentate granule cells (GCs) alter their dendritic growth and migration, resulting in dysmorphic and hyperexcitable GCs. (eneuro.org)
In the vertebrate retina, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendrites extend from the cell body and form synapses with nearby amacrine and bipolar cells. (pubpub.org)
First, we captured functional properties of the dendritic spines of neurons with live 2-photon calcium imaging, and targeting the same cell, dendrites, and spines in serial block-face scanning EM (SEM) to analyze the structural characteristics of synapses and their surroundings. (zeiss.com)

Dendritic cells develop from macrophages in the bone marrow. (biolegend.com)
BALB/c mouse bone marrow cells (9x105) peptide, in which C-terminal residue was were cultured in 1ml of AIM-V medium replaced to provide the complete H-2Kd- binding motif. (who.int)
In this study, we show that BLS stimulates bone marrow dendritic cells from mice in vitro to up-regulate the levels of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86) and major histocompatibility class II Ag. (conicet.gov.ar)
They arise as hematopoietic precursors as stem cells in the bone marrow. (hstalks.com)
But it's generally believed that in fact, this is not correct, and most of this small subset of dendritic cells arises from the bone marrow. (hstalks.com)
Further, bone marrow-derived DC from NF-κB1 -/- mice failed to promote OVA-specific Th2 cell differentiation in in vitro cocultare studies. (monash.edu)
Dendritic cells differentiate from bone marrow-residing progenitors, and circulate in the blood, untill they enter peripheral tissues to play their part. (exbio.cz)
Origination - pluripotent stem cells (fetal liver & bone marrow of animal host) Pluripotent- not yet committed to differentiate. (kupdf.net)
Differentiation-Associated Expression of Conventional Protein Kinase C Isoforms in Primary Cultures of Bone Marrow Cells Induced by M-CSF and G-CSF. (aabioetica.org)
The current research focuses on typical PKC (cPKC) expression and its regulation in major cultures of bone marrow cells induced to endure macrophage/granulocyte differentiation by macrophage colony-stimulating issue (M-CSF) or granular colony-stimulating issue (G-CSF). (aabioetica.org)

This process, essential for the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines, is called cross presentation, and DCs are the main antigen cross presenting and cross priming cell type in vivo [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Our goal is to elucidate the mechanisms by which immune cells initiate resistance against cryptosporidiosis with a view that a better understanding of the various components of the immune response will lead to development of effective vaccines and adjuvants to combat the infection in humans. (usda.gov)
This thesis seeks to explore the efficacy of vaccines that target dendritic cells as one particular form of immunotherapy. (pdx.edu)
These different components of dendritic cell-directed vaccinations will be detailed and reviewed in order to understand the efficacy and immune-stimulating potential of possible vaccines. (pdx.edu)
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have emerged as a promising strategy to induce antitumoral cytotoxic T cells for the immunotherapy of cancer. (cipsm.de)

Induction of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes by Immunization with Dengue Virus - Derived, Modified Epitope Peptide, Using Dendritic Cells as a Peptide Delivery System. (who.int)
For example, CD26 is expressed not only on cDC1, but also on lymphocytes and NK cells. (exbio.cz)
The greatest province of these APCs is to mete out these peptide-MHC complexes to T-lymphocytes (T-cells), an impor- tant component of the adaptive untouched system. (daubnet.com)
The most important aspect of the platform is that it should allow for dendritic cells to recruit T lymphocytes and induce Th1 cell polarization that if feasible will also induce a cytotoxic T cell response and thus clearance of SARS-CoV-2 virus. (pharma-industry-review.com)
It has activity towards DENDRITIC CELLS and T-LYMPHOCYTES. (bvsalud.org)

Upon recognition and antigen uptake, dendritic cells migrate to secondary lymphoid organs to prime the adaptive immune response through T cell engagement and activation. (biolegend.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) constitutively sample self-Ags and migrate to draining LNs even in the steady state. (aai.org)
Cripto-1 can modify cancerous cells through its function in EMT, which enables these cells to migrate via the extracellular matrix, bloodstream, and lymphatic vessels, on their way for metastasizing to other organs. (bvsalud.org)

abstract = "Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic agent of both adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). (elsevier.com)

Enhanced dendritic cell antigen presentation in RNA-based immunotherapy. (duke.edu)
CTLA-4 discovery in dendritic cells - a new role in Cancer Immunotherapy? (tebu-bio.com)
At tebu-bio, we are excited to hear about new roles for dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy strategies. (tebu-bio.com)
Thus, defective T-cell function in patients with advanced breast cancer can be overcome by stimulation with DCs generated from precursors, suggesting that these cells may better serve as autologous antigen carriers for cancer immunotherapy than mature peripheral blood DCs. (aacrjournals.org)

There are many contradicting factors that induce or inhibit immune response against tumors and cancer cells. (europa.eu)
The formation of a suppressive environment induced by cancer is considered a major cause for tumors' escape of immune cell killing. (europa.eu)
CD133, a cell surface antigen, has been shown to be present on cancer stem cells of many solid tumors, including breast cancer. (cell.com)
In addition, vaccination with short-term activated DC induced a strong cytotoxic T-cell response in vivo and led to the eradication of tumors. (cipsm.de)
A new MIT study explains why dendritic cells (green) in lymph nodes that drain from the lungs fail to stimulate killer T cells (white) to attack lung tumors. (genengnews.com)
EOSINOPHILS Have granules that stain red with eosin Y. Mediate late phase of allergic response, active in immune response to parasites & tumors (antibodydependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity). (kupdf.net)

Moreover, human inflammatory DCs, but not inflammatory macrophages, stimulated autologous memory CD4(+) T cells to produce interleukin-17 and induce T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation from naive CD4(+) T cells through the selective secretion of Th17 cell-polarizing cytokines. (nih.gov)
In contrast, the regulatory pathways and signaling events that govern the ability of DC to instruct Th2 cell differentiation remain poorly defined. (monash.edu)
Taken together, these studies identify a novel requirement for DC-intrinsic expression of NF-κB1 in regulating the MAPK pathway and governing the competence of DC to instruct Th2 cell differentiation. (monash.edu)
The Protein kinase C (PKC) -associated sign pathway performs essential roles in regulation of cell development, differentiation and apoptosis. (aabioetica.org)
In this study, the NTERA2-D1 (NT2) cells were induced towards differentiation (NT2-RA) with 10-5 M retinoic acid (RA) for three days and then subjected to various amounts of vitreous humor (VH). (bvsalud.org)

A limitation to targeting CD133 is major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted presentation of epitopes, leading to activation of only one arm of the immune system: either CD4+ helper T cells or CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. (cell.com)
have CTL epitope expressed in host cells by infection with live viruses, or by Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) administration of an expression plasmid class I - restricted, CD8+ cytotoxic T vector (i.e. (who.int)
Dendritic Cell-Secreted Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein-4 Regulates the T-cell Response by Downmodulating Bystander Surface B7. (tebu-bio.com)

BPDCN is an exceedingly rare and aggressive tumour, derived from precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, usually affecting elderly males. (medicaljournals.se)
Normal levels of control allogeneic and tetanus toxoid-dependent T-cell proliferation were observed when DCs obtained from precursors were used as stimulators. (aacrjournals.org)
When combined with multicolor fate mapping of cell precursors, it allows for analysis of single- color cell clusters, which in turn informs on the clonal relationship of cells in tissues (Snippert et al, Cell 143134-144. (bvsalud.org)

In the present study, Induction of dendritic cells we employed a single 9-amino acid (a.a. (who.int)
Presentation of Tax peptides by activated dendritic cells (DCs) to naïve CD8 + T cells likely plays an important role in the induction of a Tax-specific CTL response and the eventual neurologic dysfunction observed in HAM/TSP. (elsevier.com)

Cross-linking of IgE bound to mast cells by FcεRI triggers the release of preformed vasoactive mediators, synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and the transcription of cytokines. (jci.org)
In addition, levels of IFN-γ-secreting cell types, such as Th1 cells, CD8 T cells, and mast cells, are elevated in obese adipose tissue. (molcells.org)
BASOPHILS AND MAST CELLS Have basophilic granules, stain bluish black with basic dyes. (kupdf.net)
Basophils circulate, mast cells found in tissue. (kupdf.net)
Mast cells: BM derived cells, differentiate in blood and connective tissue. (kupdf.net)

In vivo, BLS increases the number of dendritic cells and their expression of CD62L in the draining lymph node. (conicet.gov.ar)
Furthermore, short-term activated FL-DC overcame immune suppression by regulatory T cells and acquired high migratory potential toward the chemokine CCL21 necessary for DC recruitment to lymph nodes. (cipsm.de)
Activated NKT cells inhibit autoimmune diabetes through tolerogenic recruitment of dendritic cells to pancreatic lymph nodes. (umassmed.edu)
In the nodule biopsy, lymph node structure is destroyed, completely effaced by intermediate-sized monotonous lymphoid cells with round nuclei and abundant mitosis. (researchsquare.com)

Nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma with T-follicular helper phenotype (NPTCL-TFH) is a subset of peripheral T-cell lymphoma defined by expression of at least 2 or 3 TFH markers. (researchsquare.com)
As for a new umbrella category of PTCL, nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma with T-follicular helper phenotype (NPTCL-TFH) was firstly classified in the 2017 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of hematolymphoid neoplasms. (researchsquare.com)

however, associations with other myelodysplastic syndromes as well as genetic aberrations in cell-cycle checkpoints have been reported (2). (medicaljournals.se)
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis leading to peripheral cytopenias. (medscape.com)

In addition, they extended their in vitro findings to a mouse model of melanoma, where groups either received normal dendritic cells expressing CTLA-4 or dendritic cells treated with CTLA-4 siRNA. (tebu-bio.com)
The identification and diagnosis of FDCS is not as easy as it has close histological resemblance with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, sarcoma, melanoma, undifferentiated carcinomas, melanoma, and other dendritic or histiocytic cell disease. (who.int)

Blocking the effect of the signals or manipulating the immune cells, can reverse the effect of the suppressive signals and induce the immune cells to kill malignant cells. (europa.eu)

VAT-cDCs are characterised by the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is known to modulate cDC function and promote T cell immune tolerance. (bl.uk)

Whether or not the plasmacytoid dendritic cell has a separate lineage from the conventional dendritic cell is unclear, but they certainly do appear to have specific and selective transcription factors, such as the E2-2 transcription factor, which is, in the absence of this, the possibility that the plasmacytoid dendritic cell can revert to a conventional dendritic cell might arise. (hstalks.com)
VAT harbours resident immune cells including conventional dendritic cells (cDC), that work in cooperation to regulate metabolic homeostasis. (bl.uk)
Differential expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DC (pDCs) has been suggested to influence the type of immune response induced by microbial pathogens. (rupress.org)
Notably, within 6-24 hours, in a Nos2-dependent fashion, they produced NO to rapidly kill conventional and plasmacytoid DCs while, surprisingly, sparing T cells in vivo. (jci.org)
In this chapter, I describe a multicolor fate mapping mouse model and microscopy technique to trace the progeny of conventional dendritic cell ( cDC , (Cabeza-Cabrerizo et al, Annu Rev Immunol 39131. (bvsalud.org)

Mouse spleen can be dissociated into single-cell suspensions using our Spleen Dissociation Kit, mouse in combination with our gentleMACS™ Dissociator with Heaters. (miltenyibiotec.com)
Although TLR ligands induced in situ migration of spleen cDC into the T cell area, spleen pDCs formed clusters in the marginal zone and in the outer T cell area 6 h after injection of TLR9 and TLR7 ligands, respectively. (rupress.org)
A ) CD11b + cells from spleen cells of untreated (Ctrl) and CFA-, CFA/IFA-, and CFA/CFA-treated mice were isolated by MACS and compared with in vitro-generated BM-MDSCs for their NO production by Griess assay after overnight stimulation with LPS/IFN-γ. (jci.org)
However, co-localization of T. gondii with CD11c or F4/80 positive cells could not be observed in lungs or spleen. (cdc.gov)

Murine mastcytoma line, P815 (H-2d), was administrated into the body may be used as target cells in CTL assays. (who.int)

The T-cell-stimulating capacity is also diminished, resulting in less T-cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
Interestingly, the researchers found that ablation of dendritic cell CTLA-4 expression by siRNA resulted in an upregulation CD8 + T cell proliferation and activation. (tebu-bio.com)
Only CD11b + cells isolated from CFA/CFA mice produce substantial amounts of NO and suppress T cell proliferation. (jci.org)
D ) Ex vivo bulk T cell proliferation assay. (jci.org)
10 Astragalus polysaccharides are also shown to promote proliferation and function of intestinal intraepithelial T cells - a group of specialized T cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa that may also have systemic immune modulating effects. (ndnr.com)

We are interested to reveal and explore the suppressive signals that produce by aggressive cancer types such as ovarian and pancreatic cancer and to find new ways to manipulate the immune cells to fight cancer. (europa.eu)
Breast cancer, a leading cause of death yearly, has been shown to be initiated and propagated by cancer stem cells. (cell.com)
CD133 in Breast Cancer Cells: More than a Stem Cell Marker. (cell.com)
Delivery of Anti-miRNA for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy Using RNA Nanoparticles Targeting Stem Cell Marker CD133. (cell.com)
Decreased antigen presentation by dendritic cells in patients with breast cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
Sorrento scientists have conceptualised and developed the decoy cell technique (I-Cell™, which means immune-training cells), exploiting the skills gained in the battle against cancer. (pharma-industry-review.com)
The chosen cell line was used safely in cancer vaccination programmes and is well defined (clinical trials utilising the colony-stimulating factor K562 expressing granulocyte-macrophage were used as a tumour vaccine). (pharma-industry-review.com)

As the millennium draws to a close, it is clear that IgE production represents only one feature of a larger specific immune response orchestrated by the Th2 subset of CD4 + Th cells. (jci.org)
T follicular helper cell is considered to be involved in B cell and a subset of effector T cell maturing. (researchsquare.com)

The contents of the cells stain with lipid stains, and the vacuoles that contain this material are decorated by anti-human lysosome antibody. (medscape.com)

In this article we review the structure, function, development, and maintenance of SLOs where T and B cells encounter Ag to generate effector cells or tolerance. (aai.org)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that serve as sentinels to survey the environment for pathogens using pattern-recognition receptors including TLRs, NLRs, and CLRs. (biolegend.com)
They are the F (fusion) protein, which is responsible for fusion of virus and host cell membranes, viral penetration, and hemolysis, and the H (hemagglutinin) protein, which is responsible for binding of virus to receptors on host cells. (cdc.gov)
Although clinical trials are mostly lacking, Astragalus has been credited with immune-modulating actions via numerous molecular, cell culture, animal, and in-vitro research, including effects on T cells, T-cell receptors, and cytokines. (ndnr.com)

Corneal supernatant-treated and aqueous humor-treated DCs retained their immaturity, as reflected by high antigen uptake but low costimulatory molecule (CD80 and CD86) expression and poor T-cell stimulation. (harvard.edu)

Derived, Modified Epitope Peptide, Using Dendritic Cells as a Peptide Delivery System. (who.int)

3) Investigate dendritic cell-mediated T cell activation in response to Cryptosporidium infection. (usda.gov)
After T-cell activation, CTLA-4 is upregulated on the cell surface where it functions to downregulate T cell function. (tebu-bio.com)
ELISPOT analysis of T-cell activation. (biomedcentral.com)
Short activation of FL-DC for as little as 4 h induced fully functional DC that rapidly secreted IL-12p70 and IFN-alpha, expressed high levels of costimulatory and MHC molecules and efficiently presented antigen to CD4 and CD8 T cells. (cipsm.de)
The current study was aimed to investigate the DC activation status, and their role in interaction with natural killer (NK) cells utilizing different setups with healthy NK and HCV+ DC, HCV+ NK and healthy DC, healthy DC and healthy NK and finally HCV+ NK and HCV+ DC in the presence of HCV peptides and a ratio of 5 NK: 1DC. (bvsalud.org)
The capacity to discriminate between dangerous foreign Ags and benign self-Ags relies on the APCs, their state of activation, and the recognition capacity of the naive T and B cells. (aai.org)

The ontogeny of dendritic cells is interesting. (hstalks.com)
Although much progress has been made in the understanding of the ontogeny and function of dendritic cells (DCs), the transcriptional regulation of the lineage commitment and functional specialization of DCs in vivo remains poorly understood. (escholarship.org)

Among other functions, dendritic cells also play an important role in the process of allergic hypersensitivity. (exbio.cz)

Later Ralph Steinman identified these as the most potent antigen presenting cells promoting the adaptive immune response. (hstalks.com)

There the microbe encounters the alveolar macrophage (AMac) and submucosal dendritic cell (DC). (intechopen.com)

Steinman and Cohn reported this in the Journal of Experimental Medicine of a novel cell type in the peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. (hstalks.com)
Dendritic cell life in the peripheral tissues lasts only for days to weeks, thus they must be continuously replaced by new ones. (exbio.cz)
The peripheral T- and NK-cell lymphomas classified by the WHO have many subclasses (see below). (medscape.com)
We report here a case of NPTCL-TFH with aberrant CD20 expression, hoping to provide cases and more cognition on this new type of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. (researchsquare.com)

We then tested whether stem cells from these patients could give rise to functional DCs after in vitro growth with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4. (aacrjournals.org)
Newly formed neurons must locate their appropriate target cells and then form synaptic connections with these targets in order to establish a functional nervous system. (pubpub.org)
Presence of functional dendritic cells in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus. (weillcornell.org)

The sites of organized lymphoid cell accumulations are termed primary and secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) 3 . (aai.org)
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) or, more accurately, tertiary lymphoid tissues are accumulations of lymphoid cells that arise in the adult. (aai.org)

Here, we investigated whether the increased transplant-derived inhibition resulted in structural changes to the dendritic arbors of adult-born GCs that might be responsible for reduced excitability. (eneuro.org)
These findings suggest a structural mechanism for seizure suppression whereby increased GABAergic innervation from transplanted MGE progenitors may restrict the growth of dendritic arbors in adult-born hippocampal GCs. (eneuro.org)
When we compared RGC dendritic arbors from tadpoles reared in dark and light environments, we found no morphological differences, suggesting that physiological visual activity did not contribute to the morphological development of Xenopus RGC dendritic arbors. (pubpub.org)

Additionally, through a series of experiments, we were able to determine that primed dendritic cells dramatically increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines after micro-particle endocytosis. (pdx.edu)
In lean adipose tissue, IL-4 secreted by eosinophils and Th2 cells activates M2 type macrophages, which express arginase and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. (molcells.org)
These cells and others that produce crucial cytokines maintain SLOs in the adult. (aai.org)

The levels of SSEA3 and TRA-1-81 antigens in NT2-RA were dropped but they increased in NT2- RA-VH to a level similar to the NT2 cells. (bvsalud.org)

CFSE-labeled bulk T cells isolated from naive mice were stimulated with CD3/CD28 antibodies and cultured for 4 days with MACS-purified CD11b + cells from untreated and CFA-, CFA/IFA-, and CFA/CFA-treated mice or in vitro BM-generated MDSCs in the presence or absence of L-NMMA. (jci.org)
CD11b + cell-depleted spleens from untreated and CFA-, CFA/IFA-, and CFA/CFA-treated mice ( n = 3) were CFSE labeled and then stimulated with CD3/CD28 antibodies for 4 days. (jci.org)
Statistical significance was assessed by comparison of sorted cells from control versus treated mice ( A ) or T cells only versus T cells cocultured with ex vivo-sorted CD11b + cells from treated mice ( C ) or bulk splenic T cells from control versus treated mice ( D and E ). Statistics by 1-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons and Tukey's post test. (jci.org)
Transplants of medial-ganglionic eminence (MGE) GABAergic progenitors into the hippocampus of adult mice with pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) have been shown to increase inhibitory synaptic currents in granule cells (GCs) in the dentate gyrus (DG) and suppress seizures. (eneuro.org)

We examined how visual stimulation influenced Xenopus RGC dendritic arborization. (pubpub.org)
Neuronal activity is known to be an important factor in shaping dendritic and axonal arborization. (pubpub.org)

RESULTS: Greatest intracellular green fluorescent protein was observed by flow cytometry following dendritic cell electroporation with green fluorescent protein mRNA. (duke.edu)

Anatomy39

Organisms13

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs105

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations1

Health Care2

Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. (1/14470)

Potent immunoregulatory effects of Salmonella typhi flagella on antigenic stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (2/14470)

Disproportionate recruitment of CD8+ T cells into the central nervous system by professional antigen-presenting cells. (3/14470)

Bone marrow and peripheral blood dendritic cells from patients with multiple myeloma are phenotypically and functionally normal despite the detection of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus gene sequences. (4/14470)

Interleukin-10-treated human dendritic cells induce a melanoma-antigen-specific anergy in CD8(+) T cells resulting in a failure to lyse tumor cells. (5/14470)

Presentation of renal tumor antigens by human dendritic cells activates tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes against autologous tumor: implications for live kidney cancer vaccines. (6/14470)

Identification of MAGE-3 epitopes presented by HLA-DR molecules to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. (7/14470)

Maturation, activation, and protection of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA. (8/14470)

Dendritic Cells

Dendritic Cells, Follicular

Antigen Presentation

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Antigens, CD11c

Lymphocyte Activation

Cells, Cultured

Cell Differentiation

T-Lymphocytes

Interleukin-12

Monocytes

Antigens, CD

Cytokines

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Flow Cytometry

Langerhans Cells

Immunophenotyping

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Lectins, C-Type

Coculture Techniques

Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed

Antigens, CD86

Cross-Priming

Lymph Nodes

Antigen-Presenting Cells

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Membrane Glycoproteins

Antigens, CD40

Spleen

Mice, Knockout

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II

Antigens, CD1

Cancer Vaccines

Myeloid Cells

Ovalbumin

Interferon-gamma

Bone Marrow Cells

Immune Tolerance

Toll-Like Receptors

Mice, Transgenic

Interleukin-10

Th1 Cells

Antigens, CD80

Receptors, CCR7

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

Macrophages

Adjuvants, Immunologic

Toll-Like Receptor 9

Cell Movement

T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic

Lipopolysaccharides

Chemokine CCL19

Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit

Cell Communication

Toll-Like Receptor 7

Receptors, Cell Surface

CD40 Ligand

Mannose-Binding Lectins

Chemokine CCL21

Antigens, CD8

Adoptive Transfer

Immunity, Innate

Integrin alpha Chains

Immunotherapy

Lymphoid Tissue

Immunotherapy, Adoptive

Interferon-alpha

Antigens

T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory

Cell Separation

Th2 Cells

Integrin alphaXbeta2

Interleukin-4

Antigens, Neoplasm

Signal Transduction

Interleukin-12 Subunit p40

Interferon Type I

B-Lymphocytes

Immunoglobulins

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha