Dendritic Cells
Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).
Dendritic Cells, Follicular
Non-hematopoietic cells, with extensive dendritic processes, found in the primary and secondary follicles of lymphoid tissue (the B cell zones). They are different from conventional DENDRITIC CELLS associated with T-CELLS. They are derived from MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS and are negative for class II MHC antigen and do not process or present antigen like the conventional dendritic cells do. Instead, follicular dendritic cells have FC RECEPTORS and C3B RECEPTORS that hold antigen in the form of ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES on their surfaces for long periods for recognition by B-CELLS.
Antigen Presentation
The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)
Antigens, CD11c
Lymphocyte Activation
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
Cells, Cultured
Cell Differentiation
T-Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Interleukin-12
A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of INTERFERON-GAMMA production by T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Monocytes
Antigens, CD
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
Cytokines
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Flow Cytometry
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
Langerhans Cells
Recirculating, dendritic, antigen-presenting cells containing characteristic racket-shaped granules (Birbeck granules). They are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the EPIDERMIS and are rich in Class II MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX molecules. Langerhans cells were the first dendritic cell to be described and have been a model of study for other dendritic cells (DCs), especially other migrating DCs such as dermal DCs and INTERSTITIAL DENDRITIC CELLS.
Immunophenotyping
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Lectins, C-Type
Coculture Techniques
Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
Measure of histocompatibility at the HL-A locus. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two individuals are mixed together in tissue culture for several days. Lymphocytes from incompatible individuals will stimulate each other to proliferate significantly (measured by tritiated thymidine uptake) whereas those from compatible individuals will not. In the one-way MLC test, the lymphocytes from one of the individuals are inactivated (usually by treatment with MITOMYCIN or radiation) thereby allowing only the untreated remaining population of cells to proliferate in response to foreign histocompatibility antigens.
Antigens, CD86
A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.
Cross-Priming
Lymph Nodes
Antigen-Presenting Cells
A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
Antigens, CD40
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Histocompatibility Antigens Class II
Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.
Antigens, CD1
Cancer Vaccines
Myeloid Cells
Interferon-gamma
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Bone Marrow Cells
Immune Tolerance
The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.
Toll-Like Receptors
A family of pattern recognition receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich domain and a cytoplasmic domain that share homology with the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR and the DROSOPHILA toll protein. Following pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors recruit and activate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.
Mice, Transgenic
Interleukin-10
A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.
Th1 Cells
Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
Antigens, CD80
A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.
Receptors, CCR7
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages.
Macrophages
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
Adjuvants, Immunologic
Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
Toll-Like Receptor 9
Cell Movement
T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Chemokine CCL19
Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit
Cell Communication
Toll-Like Receptor 7
Receptors, Cell Surface
Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.
CD40 Ligand
Mannose-Binding Lectins
Chemokine CCL21
Antigens, CD8
Adoptive Transfer
Immunity, Innate
Integrin alpha Chains
The alpha subunits of integrin heterodimers (INTEGRINS), which mediate ligand specificity. There are approximately 18 different alpha chains, exhibiting great sequence diversity; several chains are also spliced into alternative isoforms. They possess a long extracellular portion (1200 amino acids) containing a MIDAS (metal ion-dependent adhesion site) motif, and seven 60-amino acid tandem repeats, the last 4 of which form EF HAND MOTIFS. The intracellular portion is short with the exception of INTEGRIN ALPHA4.
Immunotherapy
Lymphoid Tissue
Immunotherapy, Adoptive
Form of adoptive transfer where cells with antitumor activity are transferred to the tumor-bearing host in order to mediate tumor regression. The lymphoid cells commonly used are lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). This is usually considered a form of passive immunotherapy. (From DeVita, et al., Cancer, 1993, pp.305-7, 314)
Interferon-alpha
One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
Th2 Cells
Integrin alphaXbeta2
Interleukin-4
Antigens, Neoplasm
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Interleukin-12 Subunit p40
Interferon Type I
B-Lymphocytes
Immunoglobulins
Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
Receptors, Chemokine
Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: CR, CCR, and CXCR, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.
Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase
Killer Cells, Natural
Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.
Up-Regulation
Chemokines
T-Lymphocyte Subsets
Skin
Chemokines, CC
Toll-Like Receptor 4
Phagocytosis
Phenotype
HLA-DR Antigens
Antigens, Surface
Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Follicular
Antigens, CD11b
Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
Adaptive Immunity
Protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by B- and T- LYMPHOCYTES following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY. It can result from either previous infection with that agent or vaccination (IMMUNITY, ACTIVE), or transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from an immune donor (IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE).
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte
Ligands
A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
Immunity, Cellular
Melanoma, Experimental
Endocytosis
Receptors, Immunologic
Antigens, CD14
Gene Expression Regulation
Cell Adhesion Molecules
Poly I-C
Dermatitis, Contact
Leukocytes, Mononuclear
Plasma Cells
Specialized forms of antibody-producing B-LYMPHOCYTES. They synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. They are found only in lymphoid organs and at sites of immune responses and normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989, p169 & Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p20)
Toll-Like Receptor 2
Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.
Chemokine CCL20
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Inflammation
Antigens, Differentiation
Toll-Like Receptor 8
Interleukin-23
Immunologic Memory
T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer
Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.
Down-Regulation
Models, Immunological
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Membrane Proteins
Apoptosis
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Antigens, CD11
A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95.
Immunization
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
Autoimmunity
Cell Count
Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Interdigitating
Chemotaxis
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Isoantigens
Thymus Gland
A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.
Receptors, CCR6
Th17 Cells
Interferon-beta
Cell Lineage
Lung
MART-1 Antigen
HIV-1
Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
Immune System
Palatine Tonsil
Immunohistochemistry
Receptors, IgG
Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).
Genetic Vectors
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
Inflammation Mediators
Disease Models, Animal
Immunotherapy, Active
Active immunization where vaccine is administered for therapeutic or preventive purposes. This can include administration of immunopotentiating agents such as BCG vaccine and Corynebacterium parvum as well as biological response modifiers such as interferons, interleukins, and colony-stimulating factors in order to directly stimulate the immune system.
Antigens, CD274
HLA-A2 Antigen
Chemokine CCL22
Antigens, CD4
55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.
Germinal Center
Immunity
Interleukin-6
Transduction, Genetic
Immunologic Factors
Immunity, Mucosal
Nonsusceptibility to the pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or antigenic substances as a result of antibody secretions of the mucous membranes. Mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts produce a form of IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) that serves to protect these ports of entry into the body.
NF-kappa B
Interleukin-17
Interleukin-12 Subunit p35
Antigens, CD45
High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.
Pinocytosis
Antigens, CD34
Interleukins
Forkhead Transcription Factors
Interleukin-2
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Toll-Like Receptor 3
gp100 Melanoma Antigen
Immunomodulation
Alteration of the immune system or of an immune response by agents that activate or suppress its function. This can include IMMUNIZATION or administration of immunomodulatory drugs. Immunomodulation can also encompass non-therapeutic alteration of the immune system effected by endogenous or exogenous substances.
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Allergens
Interleukin-23 Subunit p19
Vaccines
Gene Expression
Mice, Inbred NOD
Receptors, Interleukin-3
High affinity receptors for INTERLEUKIN-3. They are found on early HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS; progenitors of MYELOID CELLS; EOSINOPHILS; and BASOPHILS. Interleukin-3 receptors are formed by the dimerization of the INTERLEUKIN-3 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT and the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR COMMON BETA SUBUNIT.
Galactosylceramides
OX40 Ligand
Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein
Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant
Mice, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
Injections, Intradermal
Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. (1/14470)
It is not known whether subsets of dendritic cells provide different cytokine microenvironments that determine the differentiation of either type-1 T helper (TH1) or TH2 cells. Human monocyte (pDC1)-derived dendritic cells (DC1) were found to induce TH1 differentiation, whereas dendritic cells (DC2) derived from CD4+CD3-CD11c- plasmacytoid cells (pDC2) induced TH2 differentiation by use of a mechanism unaffected by interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-12. The TH2 cytokine IL-4 enhanced DC1 maturation and killed pDC2, an effect potentiated by IL-10 but blocked by CD40 ligand and interferon-gamma. Thus, a negative feedback loop from the mature T helper cells may selectively inhibit prolonged TH1 or TH2 responses by regulating survival of the appropriate dendritic cell subset. (+info)Potent immunoregulatory effects of Salmonella typhi flagella on antigenic stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (2/14470)
A key function of monocytes/macrophages (Mphi) is to present antigens to T cells. However, upon interaction with bacteria, Mphi lose their ability to effectively present soluble antigens. This functional loss was associated with alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules and CD14 and a reduction in the uptake of soluble antigen. Recently, we have demonstrated that Salmonella typhi flagella (STF) markedly decrease CD14 expression and are potent inducers of proinflammatory cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC). In order to determine whether S. typhi and soluble STF also alter the ability of Mphi to activate T cells to proliferate to antigens and mitogens, hPBMC were cultured in the presence of tetanus toxoid (TT) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and either killed whole-cell S. typhi or purified STF protein. Both whole-cell S. typhi and STF suppressed proliferation to PHA and TT. This decreased proliferation was not a result of increased Mphi production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, or oxygen radicals or the release of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, or interleukin-10 following exposure to STF. However, the ability to take up soluble antigen, as determined by fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran uptake, was reduced in cells cultured with STF. Moreover, there was a dramatic reduction in the expression of CD54 on Mphi after exposure to STF. These results indicate that whole-cell S. typhi and STF have the ability to alter in vitro proliferation to soluble antigens and mitogens by affecting Mphi function. (+info)Disproportionate recruitment of CD8+ T cells into the central nervous system by professional antigen-presenting cells. (3/14470)
Inappropriate immune responses, thought to exacerbate or even to initiate several types of central nervous system (CNS) neuropathology, could arise from failures by either the CNS or the immune system. The extent that the inappropriate appearance of antigen-presenting cell (APC) function contributes to CNS inflammation and pathology is still under debate. Therefore, we characterized the response initiated when professional APCs (dendritic cells) presenting non-CNS antigens were injected into the CNS. These dendritic cells expressed numerous T-cell chemokines, but only in the presence of antigen did leukocytes accumulate in the ventricles, meninges, sub-arachnoid spaces, and injection site. Within the CNS parenchyma, the injected dendritic cells migrated preferentially into the white matter tracts, yet only a small percentage of the recruited leukocytes entered the CNS parenchyma, and then only in the white matter tracts. Although T-cell recruitment was antigen specific and thus mediated by CD4+ T cells in the models used here, CD8+ T cells accumulated in numbers equal to or greater than that of CD4+ T cells. Few of the recruited T cells expressed activation markers (CD25 and VLA-4), and those that did were primarily in the meninges, injection site, ventricles, and perivascular spaces but not in the parenchyma. These results indicate that 1) the CNS modulates the cellular composition and activation states of responding T-cell populations and that 2) myelin-restricted inflammation need not be initiated by a myelin-specific antigen. (+info)Bone marrow and peripheral blood dendritic cells from patients with multiple myeloma are phenotypically and functionally normal despite the detection of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus gene sequences. (4/14470)
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells express idiotypic proteins and other tumor-associated antigens which make them ideal targets for novel immunotherapeutic approaches. However, recent reports show the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) gene sequences in bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) in MM, raising concerns regarding their antigen-presenting cell (APC) function. In the present study, we sought to identify the ideal source of DCs from MM patients for use in vaccination approaches. We compared the relative frequency, phenotype, and function of BMDCs or peripheral blood dendritic cells (PBDCs) from MM patients versus normal donors. DCs were derived by culture of mononuclear cells in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4. The yield as well as the pattern and intensity of Ag (HLA-DR, CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86) expression were equivalent on DCs from BM or PB of MM patients versus normal donors. Comparison of PBDCs versus BMDCs showed higher surface expression of HLA-DR (P =.01), CD86 (P =. 0003), and CD14 (P =.04) on PBDCs. APC function, assessed using an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), demonstrated equivalent T-cell proliferation triggered by MM versus normal DCs. Moreover, no differences in APC function were noted in BMDCs compared with PBDCs. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of genomic DNA from both MM patient and normal donor DCs for the 233-bp KSHV gene sequence (KS330233) was negative, but nested PCR to yield a final product of 186 bp internal to KS330233 was positive in 16 of 18 (88.8%) MM BMDCs, 3 of 8 (37.5%) normal BMDCs, 1 of 5 (20%) MM PBDCs, and 2 of 6 (33.3%) normal donor PBDCs. Sequencing of 4 MM patient PCR products showed 96% to 98% homology to the published KSHV gene sequence, with patient specific mutations ruling out PCR artifacts or contamination. In addition, KHSV-specific viral cyclin D (open reading frame [ORF] 72) was amplified in 2 of 5 MM BMDCs, with sequencing of the ORF 72 amplicon revealing 91% and 92% homology to the KSHV viral cyclin D sequence. These sequences again demonstrated patient specific mutations, ruling out contamination. Therefore, our studies show that PB appears to be the preferred source of DCs for use in vaccination strategies due to the ready accessibility and phenotypic profile of PBDCs, as well as the comparable APC function and lower detection rate of KSHV gene sequences compared with BMDCs. Whether active KSHV infection is present and important in the pathophysiology of MM remains unclear; however, our study shows that MMDCs remain functional despite the detection of KSHV gene sequences. (+info)Interleukin-10-treated human dendritic cells induce a melanoma-antigen-specific anergy in CD8(+) T cells resulting in a failure to lyse tumor cells. (5/14470)
Dendritic cells (DC) are critically involved in the initiation of primary immune processes, including tumor rejection. In our study, we investigated the effect of interleukin-10 (IL-10)-treated human DC on the properties of CD8(+) T cells that are known to be essential for the destruction of tumor cells. We show that IL-10-pretreatment of DC not only reduces their allostimulatory capacity, but also induces a state of alloantigen-specific anergy in both primed and naive (CD45RA+) CD8(+) T cells. To investigate the influence of IL-10-treated DC on melanoma-associated antigen-specific T cells, we generated a tyrosinase-specific CD8(+) T-cell line by several rounds of stimulation with the specific antigen. After coculture with IL-10-treated DC, restimulation of the T-cell line with untreated, antigen-pulsed DC demonstrated peptide-specific anergy in the tyrosinase-specific T cells. Addition of IL-2 to the anergic T cells reversed the state of both alloantigen- or peptide-specific anergy. In contrast to optimally stimulated CD8(+) T cells, anergic tyrosinase-specific CD8(+) T cells, after coculture with peptide-pulsed IL-10-treated DC, failed to lyse an HLA-A2-positive and tyrosinase-expressing melanoma cell line. Thus, our data demonstrate that IL-10-treated DC induce an antigen-specific anergy in cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, a process that might be a mechanism of tumors to inhibit immune surveillance by converting DC into tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells. (+info)Presentation of renal tumor antigens by human dendritic cells activates tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes against autologous tumor: implications for live kidney cancer vaccines. (6/14470)
The clinical impact of dendritic cells (DCs) in the treatment of human cancer depends on their unique role as the most potent antigen-presenting cells that are capable of priming an antitumor T-cell response. Here, we demonstrate that functional DCs can be generated from peripheral blood of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by culture of monocytes/macrophages (CD14+) in autologous serum containing medium (RPMI) in the presence of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin (IL) 4. For testing the capability of RCC-antigen uptake and processing, we loaded these DCs with autologous tumor lysate (TuLy) using liposomes, after which cytometric analysis of the DCs revealed a markedly increased expression of HLA class I antigen and a persistent high expression of class II. The immunogenicity of DC-TuLy was further tested in cultures of renal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) cultured in low-dose IL-2 (20 Biologic Response Modifier Program units/ml). A synergistic effect of DC-TuLy and IL-2 in stimulating a T cell-dependent immune response was demonstrated by: (a) the increase of growth expansion of TILs (9.4-14.3-fold; day 21); (b) the up-regulation of the CD3+ CD56- TcR+ (both CD4+ and CD8+) cell population; (c) the augmentation of T cell-restricted autologous tumor lysis; and (d) the enhancement of IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-6 mRNA expression by TILs. Taken together, these data implicate that DC-TuLy can activate immunosuppressed TIL via an induction of enhanced antitumor CTL responses associated with production of Thl cells. This indicates a potential role of DC-TuLy vaccines for induction of active immunity in patients with advanced RCC. (+info)Identification of MAGE-3 epitopes presented by HLA-DR molecules to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. (7/14470)
MAGE-type genes are expressed by many tumors of different histological types and not by normal cells, except for male germline cells, which do not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Therefore, the antigens encoded by MAGE-type genes are strictly tumor specific and common to many tumors. We describe here the identification of the first MAGE-encoded epitopes presented by histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells were loaded with a MAGE-3 recombinant protein and used to stimulate autologous CD4(+) T cells. We isolated CD4(+) T cell clones that recognized two different MAGE-3 epitopes, MAGE-3114-127 and MAGE-3121-134, both presented by the HLA-DR13 molecule, which is expressed in 20% of Caucasians. The second epitope is also encoded by MAGE-1, -2, and -6. Our procedure should be applicable to other proteins for the identification of new tumor-specific antigens presented by HLA class II molecules. The knowledge of such antigens will be useful for evaluation of the immune response of cancer patients immunized with proteins or with recombinant viruses carrying entire genes coding for tumor antigens. The use of antigenic peptides presented by class II in addition to peptides presented by class I may also improve the efficacy of therapeutic antitumor vaccination. (+info)Maturation, activation, and protection of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA. (8/14470)
The initiation of an immune response is critically dependent on the activation of dendritic cells (DCs). This process is triggered by surface receptors specific for inflammatory cytokines or for conserved patterns characteristic of infectious agents. Here we show that human DCs are activated by influenza virus infection and by double-stranded (ds)RNA. This activation results not only in increased antigen presentation and T cell stimulatory capacity, but also in resistance to the cytopathic effect of the virus, mediated by the production of type I interferon, and upregulation of MxA. Because dsRNA stimulates both maturation and resistance, DCs can serve as altruistic antigen-presenting cells capable of sustaining viral antigen production while acquiring the capacity to trigger naive T cells and drive polarized T helper cell type 1 responses. (+info)
Comparison of Several Maturation Inducing Factors in Dendritic Cell Differentiation
Levels of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and type-2 myeloid dendritic cells are reduced in peripheral blood of patients with...
Frontiers | Paradigm Shift in Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy: From in vitro Generated Monocyte-Derived DCs to Naturally...
Delivery of alloantigens via apoptotic cells generates dendritic cells with an immature tolerogenic phenotype
Dendritic cell vaccine increases survival in GBM | CANCERactive
Serotonin receptor 5-HT7 regulates morphology and migratory properties of dendritic cells | Journal of Cell Science
Development of dendritic cell-based vaccines for the treatment of HIV-infected patients.
The role of cross-presenting dendritic cells in tumour progression and immunotherapy
Rapid generation of broad T-cell immunity in humans after a single injection of mature dendritic cells. - CAMS Oxford Institute
Cell surface marker analysis of mouse thymic dendritic cells - Ardavin - 1992 - European Journal of Immunology - Wiley Online...
The hypoxic environment reprograms the cytokine/chemokine expression profile of human mature dendritic cells.
Functional redundancy between thymic CD8α<sup>+</sup>and Sirpα<sup>+</sup> conventional dendritic cells in presentation of...
Early Myeloid Dendritic Cell Dysregulation is Predictive of Disease Progression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection |...
Gamma-ray Irradiation Impairs Dendritic Cell Migration to CCL19 by Down-regulation of CCR7 and Induction of Cell Apoptosis
Human peripheral blood dendritic cells and monocyte subsets display similar chemokine receptor expression profiles with...
In Human Monocyte Derived Dendritic Cells SOCS1 Interacting with CYTIP Induces the Degradation of CYTIP by the Proteasome
Morphine inhibits murine dendritic cell IL-23 production by modulating toll-like receptor 2 and Nod2 signaling<...
Immune Responses to Autologous Langerhans-type Dendritic Cells Electroporated With mRNA Encoding a Tumor-associated Antigen in...
Helicobacter pylori induces human dendritic cell maturation and duodenal ulcer promoting gene a (dupA) enhances dendritic cell...
Circulatory antigen processing by mucosal dendritic cells controls CD8(+) T cell activation. | Sharpe Laboratory
Response of the splenic dendritic cell population to malaria infection - Oxford Big Data Institute
Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cell subsets of progressive or regressive tumors induce suppressive or protective immune responses...
Mapping the Human DC Lineage Through the Integration of High-Dimensional Techniques
Mosaic of Autoimmunity] | eLitMed
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Dendritic-Tumor Fusion Cell-Based Cancer Vaccines
Plus it
Decisions about dendritic cells: Past, present, and future by Ralph M. Steinman
Frontiers | Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Are Largely Dispensable for the Pathogenesis of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel...
Arc/Arg3.1 governs inflammatory dendritic cell migration from the skin and thereby controls T cell activation | Science...
Dendritic Cells: Teaching Tolerance to T Lymphocytes
Decellularized lymph node scaffolding as a carrier for dendritic cells to induce anti-tumor immunity<...
Stromal fibroblasts support dendritic cells to maintain IL-23/Th17 responses after exposure to ionizing radiation<...
Supplementary Material for: Cross-Talk between Human Dendritic Cell Subsets Influences Expression of RNA Sensors and Inhibits...
Subversion of plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cell functions in chr by Gyongyi Szabo and Angela Dolganiuc
Immunoregulatory effects of AFP domains on monocyte-derived dendritic cell function | BMC Immunology | Full Text
Immunoregulatory effects of AFP domains on monocyte-derived dendritic cell function | BMC Immunology | Full Text
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 2 Is a Feedback Inhibitor of TLR-Induced Activation in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells ...
Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells | RTI
A subset of toll-like receptor ligands induces cross-presentation by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells<...
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Isolation Kit II, human - Dendritic cells - MicroBeads and Isolation Kits - Cell separation...
Documentation in bone-marrow-augmented organ recipients of the presence of dendritic cell progenitors of donor origin - D...
Generation of mucosal dendritic cells from bone marrow reveals a critical role of retinoic acid<...
Differential modulation of TLR-3 and TLR-4 mediated dendritic cell maturation and function by progesterone<...
Serval - Alginate-coated chitosan nanogel capacity to modulate the effect of TLR ligands on blood dendritic cells.
Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into antigen-presenting dendritic cells - Lunds universitet
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells of melanoma patients present exogenous proteins to CD4+ T cells after FcγRII-mediated uptake | JEM
Mimicking the immunoregulatory properties of primary dendritic cells in vitro − A rational approach to design a test system. |...
Blood Dendritic Cell Enumeration Kit, human - Phenotyping assays - Kits and support reagents - MACS Flow Cytometry - Products -...
In vivo and in vitro analyses of α-galactosylceramide uptake by conventional dendritic cell subsets using its fluorescence...
T cell stimulatory capacity of DCs cultured with PGE2. | Open-i
No data available that match "dendritic cells"
Dendritic Cell News, Research
Dendritic Cell News and Research. RSS Dendritic Cells are a special type of immune cell that is found in tissues, such as the ... A dendritic cell is a type of phagocyte and a type of antigen-presenting cell (APC). Further Reading. *What are Dendritic Cells ... Known as CD11c+ dendritic cells, these new cells are more susceptible to HIV infection and can then transmit the virus to other ... at Lund University in Sweden has successfully reprogrammed mouse and human skin cells into immune cells called dendritic cells. ...
Dendritic epidermal T-cell activation. - PubMed - NCBI
Dendritic epidermal T-cell activation.. Sharp LL1, Jameson JM, Witherden DA, Komori HK, Havran WL. ... Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) are the skin-resident gammadeltaIEL and serve as a model system for gammadeltaIEL in other ... Although gammadelta T cells compose a small proportion of lymphocytes in lymphoid compartments and peripheral blood, they are ... the major T-cell population present in epithelial tissues. However, the role played by gammadelta TCR expressing ...
Dendritic cell fate is determined by BCL11A | PNAS
2010) TGF-beta1 accelerates dendritic cell differentiation from common dendritic cell progenitors and directs subset ... 2008) Transcription factor E2-2 is an essential and specific regulator of plasmacytoid dendritic cell development. Cell 135(1): ... 2010) Continuous expression of the transcription factor e2-2 maintains the cell fate of mature plasmacytoid dendritic cells. ... Dendritic cell fate is determined by BCL11A. Gregory C. Ippolito, Joseph D. Dekker, Yui-Hsi Wang, Bum-Kyu Lee, Arthur L. ...
Dendritic Cells in Fundamental and Clinical Immunology | SpringerLink
These proceedings contain selected contributions from the participants to the Fourth International Symposium on Dendritic cells ... Dendritic Cell Development and Migration. * Dendritic Cell Development and Maturation Ralph M. Steinman, Maggie Pack, Kayo ... Studies on dendritic cells (DC) have been greatly hampered by the difficulties in preparing sufficient cell numbers and in a ... T Cell-Mediated Terminal Maturation of Dendritic cells Paul R. Bergstresser, Toshiyuki Kitajima, Shan Xu, Kiyoshi Ariizumi, ...
CiteSeerX - Geometrical insights into the dendritic cell algorithm
This work examines the dendritic cell algorithm (DCA) from a mathematical perspective. By representing the signal pro-cessing ... using artificially generated data and a novel visualisation tech-nique that allows an entire population of dendritic cells to ... dendritic cell algorithm geometrical insight serious drawback linear classifier novel visualisation tech-nique signal pro- ... This work examines the dendritic cell algorithm (DCA) from a mathematical perspective. By representing the signal pro-cessing ...
Dendritic Cell | Definition | AIDSinfo
Dendritic cells capture antigens with their threadlike tentacles and present the antigens to T lymphocytes (T cells), ... A type of antigen-presenting cell found in many tissues throughout the body. ... Dendritic Cell Dendritic Cell Speaker A type of antigen-presenting cell found in many tissues throughout the body. Dendritic ... cells capture antigens with their threadlike tentacles and present the antigens to T lymphocytes (T cells), stimulating an ...
Analysis of Dendritic Cells at the Genetic Level | SpringerLink
... we have used two approaches to search at the genetic level for molecules which are specifically expressed by these cells. First ... To increase our understanding of dendritic cell (DC) function ... Dendritic Cell cDNA Library Mannose Receptor Dendritic Cell ... 1997) Analysis of Dendritic Cells at the Genetic Level. In: Ricciardi-Castagnoli P. (eds) Dendritic Cells in Fundamental and ... Dendritic cells freshly isolated from human blood express CD4 and mature into typical immunostimulatory dendritic cells after ...
Sensitivity of Dendritic Cells to Microenvironment Signals
In the present work two opposing situations known to affect dendritic cells are analyzed: tumor growth, leading to a ... The modifications suffered by these cells have consequences in the way the organism may respond. ... Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells capable of either activating the immune response or inducing and maintaining ... 3. Dendritic Cell Plasticity and Subtypes. Dendritic cells are heterogeneous and dynamic cells. Dendritic cells were first ...
Type-specific dendritic integration in mouse retinal ganglion cells | Nature Communications
Neurons compute by integrating synaptic inputs across their dendritic arbor. Here, the authors show that distinct cell-types of ... However, it is far from understood how different cell types tune this process to establish cell-type specific computations. ... exhibit type-specific dendritic integration profiles: in contrast to the other types, dendrites of transient Off alpha cells ... We show that differences between cell types can likely be explained by differences in backpropagation efficiency, arising from ...
FDA approves tagraxofusp-erzs for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm
Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells Part A, Volume 348 - 1st Edition
Purchase Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells Part A, Volume 348 - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780128183519, ... The Interaction of Dendritic Cells With Cancer Cells, The Role of Dendritic Cells in Human Diseases, and Dendritic Cells-based ... 4. Interaction of dendritic cells with cancer cells. Karolina Palucka. 5. Role of dendritic cells in human diseases. Kristen ... 1. Origin and development of dendritic cells. Julie Helft. 2. Dendritic cell subsets and locations. Sreekumar Balan. 3. Antigen ...
Identification of dendritic antigen-presenting cells in the zebrafish | PNAS
1998) Monocyte-derived dendritic cells have a phenotype comparable to that of dermal dendritic cells and display ... Over 7 ± 2.5% (n = 6) of Alexa 488+ cells displayed dendritic filaments emanating from the cell body. These dendrites varied in ... 2000) Lectin ligands on human dendritic cells and identification of a peanut agglutinin positive subset in blood. Cell Immunol ... 2006) The efficient isolation of murine splenic dendritic cells and their cytochemical features. Histochem Cell Biol 126:275- ...
JCI -
Dendritic cell-derived exosomes for cancer therapy
Dex have the potential to facilitate immune cell-dependent tumor rejection and have distinct advantages over cell-based ... DC-derived exosomes (Dex) are nanometer-sized membrane vesicles that are secreted by the sentinel antigen-presenting cells of ... This Review will evaluate the interactions of Dex with immune cells, their clinical progress, and the future of Dex ... as well as the propensity of these nanovesicles to mediate T and NK cell-based immune responses in patients. ...
JCI -
Dendritic cell-derived exosomes for cancer therapy
Dendritic-cell exosomes cross-present Toll-like receptor-ligands and activate bystander dendritic cells. Cell Immunol. 2014;289 ... I. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes transfer functional MHC class I/peptide complexes to dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2004;172(4 ... Dendritic cell exosomes directly kill tumor cells and activate natural killer cells via TNF superfamily ligands. Oncoimmunology ... Short-range exosomal transfer of viral RNA from infected cells to plasmacytoid dendritic cells triggers innate immunity. Cell ...
Some interfaces of dendritic cell biology: Ingenta Connect
Some interfaces of dendritic cell biology. APMIS 2003;111:675-97. The field of dendritic cell (DC) biology is robust, with ... regulatory T cells, peripheral T cell deletion), not just the initial priming or induction of T cell-mediated immunity, which ... DCs are now known to influence many different classes of lymphocytes (B, NK, NKT) and many types of T cell responses (Th1/Th2, ... A third interface is with cell biology. This is a critical discipline to understand at the subcellular and molecular levels the ...
Human dendritic cell subsets.
Dendritic cells are highly adapted to their role of presenting antigen and directing immune responses. Developmental studies ... dendritic cells are inflammatory dermal dendritic cells in psoriasis and drive strong TH17/TH1 T-cell responsesJ Allergy Clin ... "Dermal Dendritic Cells" comprise two distinct populations: CD1+ dendritic cells and CD209+ macrophagesJ Invest DermatolYear: ... Nectin-like protein 2 defines a subset of T-cell zone dendritic cells and is a ligand for class-I-restricted T-cell-associated ...
Harnessing dendritic cells in inflammatory skin diseases. - PubMed - NCBI
Dendritic cell populations in the skin of human and mice. aCommon cellular markers associated with human and mice skin DC ... Harnessing dendritic cells in inflammatory skin diseases.. Chu CC1, Di Meglio P, Nestle FO. ... The skin immune system harbors a complex network of dendritic cells (DCs). Recent studies highlight a diverse functional ... In the steady state, CD207+ DDCs (found in the dermis of mice) can capture dead cells or tissue antigens and promote T cell ...
Dendritic Cells, Viruses, and the Development of Atopic Disease
... Jonathan S. Tam and Mitchell H. Grayson ... Dendritic cells are important residents of the lung environment. They have been associated with asthma and other inflammatory ... Recent studies have begun to show the critical importance of the dendritic cell in this process. This paper focuses on these ... In addition to their antigen-presenting functions, dendritic cells have the ability to modulate the lung environment to promote ...
Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm | Leukemia and Lymphoma Society
... cell leukemia/lymphoma, is very often misdiagnosed and under-reported. ... Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), previously known as natural killer (NK) ... Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), previously known as natural killer (NK) cell leukemia/lymphoma, is ... Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is very often misdiagnosed and under-reported. Diagnosing a patient with ...
Dendritic cell - Wikipedia
Dendritic cells have also been found in turtles. A dendritic cell Play media A well-resolved dendritic cell drags a conidium ... three classical dendritic cell subsets and one plasmacytoid dendritic cell subset. At least some of these dendritic cell ... concurrent interaction of all three cell types, namely CD4+ T helper cells, CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells, seems to be ... The morphology of dendritic cells results in a very large surface-to-volume ratio. That is, the dendritic cell has a very large ...
Fine-tuning of dendritic cell biology by the TNF superfamily | Nature Reviews Immunology
... is their coordinated expression at the interface between antigen-specific T cells and antigen-presenting dendritic cells and, ... are the master regulators of T cell responses to foreign antigens. This Review discusses how the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) ... and their expression by cells of the immune system makes them appealing targets for immunomodulation. One common theme for TNF ... superfamily of molecules influences DC biology and the outcome for T cell immune responses. Members of the tumour necrosis ...
Dendritic Cell Therapy - Emerging Treatment for Cancer
Oncologist Sumana Prem Kumar discusses Dendritic Cell Therapy, the Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy to treat cancer, which is ... Dendritic Cell Vaccine. Dendritic Cell Vaccine or Dendritic Cell Therapy (DCT) is an antigen extracted from the cancerous tumor ... About Dendritic Cell therapy Dendritic cells are found in the blood stream and are a unique set of antigen-producing cells that ... The neutrophils cells were then directed to the dormant dendritic cells. The dormant cells now activated, attacked the cancer ...
Dendritic & Antigen Presenting Cell - QIAGEN
Dendritic and Antigen Presenting Cell RT2 Profiler PCR Array The Human Dendritic and Antigen Presenting Cell RT² Profiler PCR ... Dendritic and Antigen Presenting Cell RT2 Profiler PCR Array The Mouse Dendritic and Antigen Presenting Cell RT² Profiler PCR ... Dendritic and Antigen Presenting Cell RT2 Profiler PCR Array The Rat Dendritic and Antigen Presenting Cell RT² Profiler PCR ... However, the known roles of dendritic cell dysregulation in allergy and autoimmune diseases make these cells an important ...
Cross-presentation by dendritic cells
T cell responses. In vivo, cross-presentation is mainly carried out by specific dendritic cell (DC) subsets through an ... T cell responses. In vivo, cross-presentation is mainly carried out by specific dendritic cell (DC) subsets through an ... Cross-presentation by dendritic cells Nat Rev Immunol. 2012 Jul 13;12(8):557-69. doi: 10.1038/nri3254. ...
Dendritic Spikes and Their Inhibition in Alligator Purkinje Cells | Science
Dendritic Spikes and Their Inhibition in Alligator Purkinje Cells. By Rodolfo Llinás, Charles Nicholson, John A. Freeman, Dean ... Dendritic Spikes and Their Inhibition in Alligator Purkinje Cells. By Rodolfo Llinás, Charles Nicholson, John A. Freeman, Dean ... Dendritic Spikes and Their Inhibition in Alligator Purkinje Cells Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ... Alligator Purkinje cells generate action potentials in the peripheral dendritic tree, after synaptic depolarization via ...
Sensors | Free Full-Text | Dendritic Cells as Danger-Recognizing Biosensors
Since DCs possess the intrinsic capacity to polarize CD4+ helper cells, it is critical to understand the immunological roles of ... are antigen presenting cells that are characterized by a potent capacity to initiate immune responses. DCs comprise several ... DCs become mature and subsequently present antigens to CD4+ T cells. ... Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells that are characterized by a potent capacity to initiate immune responses. ...
Clinical Trials Using Therapeutic Autologous Dendritic Cells - National Cancer Institute
Find clinical trials studying therapeutic autologous dendritic cells. ... Vaccines made from a persons tumor cells and special blood cells (dendritic cells) may help the body build an effective immune ... Dendritic Cell Therapy after Cryosurgery in Combination with Pembrolizumab in Treating Patients with Stage III-IV Melanoma That ... Giving dendritic cell therapy after cryosurgery in combination with pembrolizumab may work better in treating patients with ...
Follicular dendritic cells - Wikipedia
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are cells of the immune system found in primary and secondary lymph follicles of the B cell ... and the skin of patients with pseudo B cells lymphoma. Follicular dendritic cells participate in HIV-1 infection development ... "Endocytosis and recycling of immune complexes by follicular dendritic cells enhances B cell binding and activation". Frontiers ... and differentiation into high-affinity plasma cells and memory B cells. Adhesion between FDCs and B cells is mediated by ICAM-1 ...
The molecular controls on dendritic cell development | WEHI
... are professional antigen-presenting cells, located throughout the body. They form the first line of defence against pathogens. ... Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells, located throughout the body. They form the first line of ... Developing a new drug that targets plasmacytoid dendritic cells for the treatment of lupus ... A new regulator of stemness to create dendritic cell factories for immunotherapy ...