Deltaretrovirus Antigens
Deltaretrovirus Antibodies
Deltaretrovirus Infections
Deltaretrovirus
Tempo and mode of human and simian T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV/STLV) evolution revealed by analyses of full-genome sequences. (1/342)
We investigated the tempo and mode of evolution of the primate T-lymphotropic viruses (PTLVs). Several different models of nucleotide substitution were tested on a general phylogenetic tree obtained using the 20 full-genome HTLV/STLV sequences available. The likelihood ratio test showed that the Tamura and Nei model with discrete gamma-distributed rates among sites is the best-fitting substitution model. The heterogeneity of nucleotide substitution rates along the PTLV genome was further investigated for different genes and at different codon positions (cdp's). Tests of rate constancy showed that different PTLV lineages evolve at different rates when first and second cdp's are considered, but the molecular-clock hypothesis holds for some PTLV lineages when the third cdp is used. Negative selection was evident throughout the genome. However, in the gp46 region, a small fragment subjected to positive selection was identified using a Monte Carlo simulation based on a likelihood method. Employing correlations of the virus divergence times with anthropologically documented migrations of their host, a possible timescale was estimated for each important node of the PTLV tree. The obtained results on these slow-evolving viruses could be used to fill gaps in the historical records of some of the host species. In particular, the HTLV-I/STLV-I history might suggest a simian migration from Asia to Africa not much earlier than 19,500-60,000 years ago. (+info)Likelihood analysis of phylogenetic networks using directed graphical models. (2/342)
A method for computing the likelihood of a set of sequences assuming a phylogenetic network as an evolutionary hypothesis is presented. The approach applies directed graphical models to sequence evolution on networks and is a natural generalization of earlier work by Felsenstein on evolutionary trees, including it as a special case. The likelihood computation involves several steps. First, the phylogenetic network is rooted to form a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Then, applying standard models for nucleotide/amino acid substitution, the DAG is converted into a Bayesian network from which the joint probability distribution involving all nodes of the network can be directly read. The joint probability is explicitly dependent on branch lengths and on recombination parameters (prior probability of a parent sequence). The likelihood of the data assuming no knowledge of hidden nodes is obtained by marginalization, i.e., by summing over all combinations of unknown states. As the number of terms increases exponentially with the number of hidden nodes, a Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure (Gibbs sampling) is used to accurately approximate the likelihood by summing over the most important states only. Investigating a human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) data set and optimizing both branch lengths and recombination parameters, we find that the likelihood of a corresponding phylogenetic network outperforms a set of competing evolutionary trees. In general, except for the case of a tree, the likelihood of a network will be dependent on the choice of the root, even if a reversible model of substitution is applied. Thus, the method also provides a way in which to root a phylogenetic network by choosing a node that produces a most likely network. (+info)Cutting edge: increased NK cell activity in HIV-1-exposed but uninfected Vietnamese intravascular drug users. (3/342)
We addressed the role of innate immunity in the protection against HIV-1 infection by studying NK cell function in 37 Vietnamese intravascular drug users (IDUs), who appeared to remain HIV-1 uninfected despite many years of high-risk exposure (exposed uninfected, EU), 10 IDUs who underwent seroconversion and 28 unexposed blood donors. Main results were: NK cell lytic activities against both the NK-susceptible K562 cell line and the NK-resistant Daudi cell line were significantly augmented in EU IDUs compared with either controls or seroconverters before or after seroconversion; NK cells producing the cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and the beta chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 were also increased in the EU IDUs, either after in vitro activation or without stimulation. The finding of an enhanced NK cell function in EU IDUs, especially compared with IDUs who became HIV-1 infected, supports the hypothesis that NK cells contribute to the protection against HIV-1 infection. (+info)Analysis of interleukin-27 (EBI3/p28) expression in Epstein-Barr virus- and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated lymphomas: heterogeneous expression of EBI3 subunit by tumoral cells. (4/342)
Interleukin (IL)-27 is a novel heterodimeric cytokine of the IL-12 family that is composed of two subunits, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and p28. EBI3 is expressed at high levels in EBV-transformed B-cell lines and is induced in vitro by the EBV oncogene LMP1 in a nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-dependent manner. We show here that EBI3 expression is up-regulated in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected cell lines and IL-2-dependent leukemic cells from adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) patients, compared to normal activated T cells. EBI3 expression was decreased in HTLV-1-transformed cells after treatment with the NF-kappaB inhibitor BAY11-7082 and was induced in Jurkat cells by expression of HTLV-1 wild-type Tax oncoprotein, but not by the Tax mutant M22, which is defective for NF-kappaB activation. In situ analysis of EBI3 and p28 expression in Hodgkin's lymphomas (HLs), in various EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) (including post-transplant LPDs and nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphomas), and in ATL showed that EBI3 was expressed by neoplastic cells in all cases of HL and of LMP1-positive EBV-associated LPD, at variable levels in ATL cases, but rarely in control T-cell lymphomas. In contrast, in all lymphomas tested, no or few tumoral cells expressed p28. Consistent with these data, no significant p28 or IL-27 expression was detected in HL-derived cell lines, or in EBV- or HTLV-1-transformed cell lines. This selective overexpression of EBI3 by transformed cells suggests that EBI3 may play a role, independently from its association to p28, in regulating anti-viral or anti-tumoral immune responses. (+info)Discovery of a new human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-3) in Central Africa. (5/342)
Human T-cell Leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) are pathogenic retroviruses that infect humans and cause severe hematological and neurological diseases. Both viruses have simian counterparts (STLV-1 and STLV-2). STLV-3 belongs to a third group of lymphotropic viruses which infect numerous African monkeys species. Among 240 Cameroonian plasma tested for the presence of HTLV-1 and/or HTLV-2 antibodies, 48 scored positive by immunofluorescence. Among those, 27 had indeterminate western-blot pattern. PCR amplification of pol and tax regions, using HTLV-1, -2 and STLV-3 highly conserved primers, demonstrated the presence of a new human retrovirus in one DNA sample. tax (180 bp) and pol (318 bp) phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the strong relationships between the novel human strain (Pyl43) and STLV-3 isolates from Cameroon. The virus, that we tentatively named HTLV-3, originated from a 62 years old Bakola Pygmy living in a remote settlement in the rain forest of Southern Cameroon. The plasma was reactive on MT2 cells but was negative on C19 cells. The HTLV 2.4 western-blot exhibited a strong reactivity to p19 and a faint one to MTA-1. On the INNO-LIA strip, it reacted faintly with the generic p19 (I/II), but strongly to the generic gp46 (I/II) and to the specific HTLV-2 gp46. The molecular relationships between Pyl43 and STLV-3 are thus not paralleled by the serological results, as most of the STLV-3 infected monkeys have an "HTLV-2 like" WB pattern. In the context of the multiple interspecies transmissions which occurred in the past, and led to the present-day distribution of the PTLV-1, it is thus very tempting to speculate that this newly discovered human retrovirus HTLV-3 might be widespread, at least in the African continent. (+info)Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters. (6/342)
The human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) types 1 and 2 originated independently and are related to distinct lineages of simian T-lymphotropic viruses (STLV-1 and STLV-2, respectively). These facts, along with the finding that HTLV-1 diversity appears to have resulted from multiple cross-species transmissions of STLV-1, suggest that contact between humans and infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) may result in HTLV emergence. We investigated the diversity of HTLV among central Africans reporting contact with NHP blood and body fluids through hunting, butchering, and keeping primate pets. We show that this population is infected with a wide variety of HTLVs, including two previously unknown retroviruses: HTLV-4 is a member of a phylogenetic lineage that is distinct from all known HTLVs and STLVs; HTLV-3 falls within the phylogenetic diversity of STLV-3, a group not previously seen in humans. We also document human infection with multiple STLV-1-like viruses. These results demonstrate greater HTLV diversity than previously recognized and suggest that NHP exposure contributes to HTLV emergence. Our discovery of unique and divergent HTLVs has implications for HTLV diagnosis, blood screening, and potential disease development in infected persons. The findings also indicate that cross-species transmission is not the rate-limiting step in pandemic retrovirus emergence and suggest that it may be possible to predict and prevent disease emergence by surveillance of populations exposed to animal reservoirs and interventions to decrease risk factors, such as primate hunting. (+info)Human T cell leukemia virus envelope binding and virus entry are mediated by distinct domains of the glucose transporter GLUT1. (7/342)
The glucose transporter GLUT1, a member of the multimembrane-spanning facilitative nutrient transporter family, serves as a receptor for human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) infection. Here, we show that the 7 amino acids of the extracellular loop 6 of GLUT1 (ECL6) placed in the context of the related GLUT3 transporter were sufficient for HTLV envelope binding. Glutamate residue 426 in ECL6 was identified as critical for binding. However, binding to ECL6 was not sufficient for HTLV envelope-driven infection. Infection required two additional determinants located in ECL1 and ECL5, which otherwise did not influence HTLV envelope binding. Moreover the single N-glycosylation chain located in ECL1 was not required for HTLV infection. Therefore, binding involves a discrete determinant in the carboxyl terminal ECL6, whereas post-binding events engage extracellular sequences in the amino and carboxyl terminus of GLUT1. (+info)12th International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV and Related Retroviruses. (8/342)
The 12th International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV and Related Retroviruses, was held at the Half Moon Hotel in Montego Bay, Jamaica, from June 22nd to June 25th 2005. The scientific conference, sponsored by the International Retrovirology Association, is held biennially at rotating international venues around the world. The meeting brings together basic scientists, epidemiologists and clinical researchers to discuss findings to prevent HTLV infection or develop new therapies against HTLV-mediated diseases. The Association fosters the education and training of young scientists to bring new approaches to the complex problems of HTLV research, such as translational research to bring findings from the laboratory into clinical trials that benefit HTLV-infected patients. The breadth and quality of research presentations and workshops at the 12th International Conference indicate that these goals are being accomplished. As HTLV research enters its third decade a new generation of scientists face many challenges. However, HTLV scientists and clinicians displayed exciting new approaches and discoveries during plenary talks and poster sessions. The conference encouraged research in HTLV infections and disease, fostered collaborations, and stimulated new partnerships between clinicians and scientists to encourage clinical trials and novel therapeutic interventions. (+info)Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. These viruses are characterized by the presence of the unique region (U) in their genome, which encodes several accessory proteins, including Tax, Rex, p12, p30, and p13.
Deltaretrovirus antigens refer to the proteins expressed by these viruses that can stimulate an immune response in infected individuals. The two main antigens of deltaretroviruses are:
1. Environmental Response Factor (ERF): Also known as p12 or p13, this protein is involved in viral replication and infectivity. It has been shown to induce the production of antibodies in infected individuals.
2. Transactivator X (Tax): This protein is a potent transcriptional activator that regulates viral gene expression and host cell signaling pathways. Tax is a major target of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and has been implicated in the development of HTLV-associated diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).
Detection of deltaretrovirus antigens in clinical samples can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of HTLV and BLV infections. However, the interpretation of these assays should be done with caution, as the presence of antibodies or CTLs against these antigens does not necessarily indicate active infection or disease.
Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. Antibodies against deltaretroviruses are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these viruses.
Antibodies are formed when the immune system recognizes a foreign substance, such as a virus, as harmful. The immune system then produces specific proteins called antibodies to bind to and help neutralize or remove the foreign substance from the body. Detection of deltaretrovirus antibodies in an individual's blood can indicate a current or past infection with one of these viruses.
It is important to note that the presence of deltaretrovirus antibodies does not necessarily mean that the person has symptoms or will develop disease related to the virus. Some people with deltaretrovirus antibodies may never develop symptoms, while others may develop serious illnesses such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1) or neurological disorders (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis).
If you suspect that you may have been exposed to a deltaretrovirus, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.
Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that can cause chronic infections in humans and animals. The two main deltaretroviruses that infect humans are the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 2 (HTLV-2).
HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, and contaminated blood products. It can cause several diseases, including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and a neurological disorder called HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP).
HTLV-2 is primarily transmitted through intravenous drug use and sexual contact. While it has been associated with some diseases, such as neurological disorders and rare cases of leukemia, the link between HTLV-2 and disease is not as clear as it is for HTLV-1.
Deltaretrovirus infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies to the viruses or through genetic testing to detect the virus itself. There is currently no cure for deltaretrovirus infections, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) may help manage the infection and reduce the risk of transmission.
It's important to note that deltaretrovirus infections are relatively rare, and most people who are infected do not develop symptoms or disease. However, if you believe you may have been exposed to these viruses, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.
Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. These viruses are characterized by their ability to cause persistent infections and can lead to the development of various diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).
The genome of deltaretroviruses contains two copies of single-stranded RNA, which are reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA during the replication process. The viral DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome, leading to a lifelong infection.
Deltaretroviruses primarily infect CD4+ T cells and other immune cells, and transmission typically occurs through bodily fluids such as breast milk, blood, and sexual contact. Prevention measures include avoiding high-risk behaviors, screening blood products, and implementing strict infection control practices in healthcare settings.
Deltaretrovirus
Primate T-lymphotropic virus
Retrovirus
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
Miniopterus
African long-fingered bat
List of MeSH codes (D12.776)
List of virus genera
List of MeSH codes (D12.776.124)
List of MeSH codes (B04)
Infectious causes of cancer
List of MeSH codes (C02)
List of MeSH codes (D23)
KIX domain
Deltaretrovirus - Wikipedia
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Retroviridae5
- Deltaretrovirus is a genus of the Retroviridae family. (wikipedia.org)
- All HTLV strains belong to the Retroviridae family in the genus Deltaretrovirus. (medscape.com)
- Abstract Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) belongs to the genus, Deltaretrovirus of the family, Retroviridae and it is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. (edu.vn)
- HTLV-1 is a member of the Retroviridae family, the Orthoretrovirinae subfamily and the Deltaretrovirus genus, which includes bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and T-lymphotropic viruses infecting primates (PTLV). (biomedcentral.com)
- Epidemiological and molecular profile of blood donors infected with HTLV-1/2 in the state of Pará, northern Brazil Abstract Background: The Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is a retrovirus of the genus Deltaretrovirus, which belongs to the family Retroviridae. (htlv.net)
Genus2
- Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a single-stranded RNA retrovirus belonging to the genus Deltaretrovirus. (biopremier.com)
- In cattle, known retroviruses are bovine leukemia virus (BLV) of the genus Deltaretrovirus , bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) of the genus Lentivirus , and bovine foamy virus (BFV) of the genus Bovispumavirus [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Retroviruses2
- In addition, eight endogenous retroviruses identified as Deltaretrovirus are known as of 2019. (wikipedia.org)
- Several retroviruses, including members of the genera Lentivirus , Gammaretrovirus , and Deltaretrovirus have been shown to cause disease in the CNS. (biomedcentral.com)
Viruses1
- Most species and strains of HTLV viruses (now under Deltaretrovirus) have been reorganized and specific coxsackieviruses are now referred to as specific enteroviruses. (nih.gov)
HTLV2
- The virus sequence, corresponding to Eptesicus fuscus deltaretrovirus (EfDRV), comprised a nearly complete coding region comprised of canonical 5'- gag - pro - pol - env -3' genes with 37% to 51% identity to human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), an infectious retrovirus that causes T-cell lymphoma. (nih.gov)
- Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a deltaretrovirus and the most oncogenic pathogen. (figshare.com)
Bats2
- Here, viral metagenomic sequencing of samples from bats submitted for rabies virus testing, largely due to human exposure, identified a novel, highly divergent exogenous Deltaretrovirus from a big brown bat ( Eptesicus fuscus ) in South Dakota. (nih.gov)
- Farkašová H., Hron T., Pačes J., Hulva P., Benda P ., Gifford R. & Elleder D., 2017: Discovery of an endogenous Deltaretrovirus in the genome of long-fingered bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae). (nm.cz)