Deinococcus
Gram-Positive Cocci
Gamma Rays
Radiation Tolerance
Micrococcus
Radioactive Waste
Water Pollution, Radioactive
Ficus
Rec A Recombinases
Desert Climate
Molecular Sequence Data
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
DNA, Ribosomal
Thermus
Radiation, Ionizing
Ultraviolet Rays
Microbial Viability
DNA Repair
Air Microbiology
Encyclopedias as Topic
Carotenoids
Bacteria
PrPC Proteins
Disruption analysis of DR1420 and/or DR1758 in the extremely radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. (1/306)
The extremely radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans encodes two genes that are homologous to those involved in bacterial lysine biosynthesis. In lysine biosynthesis, these genes are involved in the aminoadipate pathway and the diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway. DR1420 is homologous to lysZ, which is essential for bacterial lysine biosynthesis via the aminoadipate pathway, and DR1758 is homologous to lysA, which is essential for lysine biosynthesis via the DAP pathway. In this study, DR1420 and/or DR1758 were disrupted. Each disruptant of DR1420 and DR1758, and of DR1420 or DR1758 grew in a minimal medium, as did the wild-type. These results show that D. radiodurans performs lysine biosynthesis in a unique way. (+info)Meiothermus taiwanensis sp. nov., a novel filamentous, thermophilic species isolated in Taiwan. (2/306)
Two novel filamentous bacterial isolates, strains WR-30T and WR-220, with an optimum growth temperature of approximately 55-60 degrees C were isolated from Wu-rai hot springs in the northern part of Taiwan. These isolates were aerobic, thermophilic, non-sporulating, red-pigmented and heterotrophic and formed extremely long, filamentous trichomes from cells of different lengths. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA, DNA-DNA hybridization, morphological and biochemical features and fatty acid composition revealed that the isolates represent a novel species of the genus Meiothermus. The name Meiothermus taiwanensis sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species. The type strain of M. taiwanensis is strain WR-30T (= ATCC BAA-399T = CCRC 17170T = DSM 14542T); strain WR-220 (= ATCC BAA400 = CCRC 17171 = DSM 14543) is a reference strain. (+info)Nudix hydrolases that degrade dinucleoside and diphosphoinositol polyphosphates also have 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) pyrophosphatase activity that generates the glycolytic activator ribose 1,5-bisphosphate. (3/306)
A total of 17 Nudix hydrolases were tested for their ability to hydrolyze 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). All 11 enzymes that were active toward dinucleoside polyphosphates with 4 or more phosphate groups as substrates were also able to hydrolyze PRPP, whereas the 6 that could not and that have coenzyme A, NDP-sugars, or pyridine nucleotides as preferred substrates did not degrade PRPP. The products of hydrolysis were ribose 1,5-bisphosphate and P(i). Active PRPP pyrophosphatases included the diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase (DIPP) subfamily of Nudix hydrolases, which also degrade the non-nucleotide diphosphoinositol polyphosphates. K(m) and k(cat) values for PRPP hydrolysis for the Deinococcus radiodurans DR2356 (di)nucleoside polyphosphate hydrolase, the human diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, and human DIPP-1 (diadenosine hexaphosphate and diphosphoinositol polyphosphate hydrolase) were 1 mm and 1.5 s(-1), 0.13 mm and 0.057 s(-1), and 0.38 mm and 1.0 s(-1), respectively. Active site mutants of the Caenorhabditis elegans diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase had no activity, confirming that the same active site is responsible for nucleotide and PRPP hydrolysis. Comparison of the specificity constants for nucleotide, diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, and PRPP hydrolysis suggests that PRPP is a significant substrate for the D. radiodurans DR2356 enzyme and for the DIPP subfamily. In the latter case, generation of the glycolytic activator ribose 1,5-bisphosphate may be a new function for these enzymes. (+info)Closely related CC- and A-adding enzymes collaborate to construct and repair the 3'-terminal CCA of tRNA in Synechocystis sp. and Deinococcus radiodurans. (4/306)
The 3'-terminal CCA sequence of tRNA is faithfully constructed and repaired by the CCA-adding enzyme (ATP(CTP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase) using CTP and ATP as substrates but no nucleic acid template. Until recently, all CCA-adding enzymes from all three kingdoms appeared to be composed of a single kind of polypeptide with dual specificity for adding both CTP and ATP; however, we recently found that in Aquifex aeolicus, which lies near the deepest root of the eubacterial 16 S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree, CCA addition represents a collaboration between closely related CC-adding and A-adding enzymes (Tomita, K. and Weiner, A. M. (2001) Science 294, 1334-1336). Here we show that in Synechocystis sp. and Deinococcus radiodurans, as in A. aeolicus, CCA is added by homologous CC- and A-adding enzymes. We also find that the eubacterial CCA-, CC-, and A-adding enzymes, as well as the related eubacterial poly(A) polymerases, each fall into phylogenetically distinct groups derived from a common ancestor. Intriguingly, the Thermatoga maritima CCA-adding enzyme groups with the A-adding enzymes, suggesting that these distinct tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activities can intraconvert over evolutionary time. (+info)Asymmetric directional mutation pressures in bacteria. (5/306)
BACKGROUND: When there are no strand-specific biases in mutation and selection rates (that is, in the substitution rates) between the two strands of DNA, the average nucleotide composition is theoretically expected to be A = T and G = C within each strand. Deviations from these equalities are therefore evidence for an asymmetry in selection and/or mutation between the two strands. By focusing on weakly selected regions that could be oriented with respect to replication in 43 out of 51 completely sequenced bacterial chromosomes, we have been able to detect asymmetric directional mutation pressures. RESULTS: Most of the 43 chromosomes were found to be relatively enriched in G over C and T over A, and slightly depleted in G+C, in their weakly selected positions (intergenic regions and third codon positions) in the leading strand compared with the lagging strand. Deviations from A = T and G = C were highly correlated between third codon positions and intergenic regions, with a lower degree of deviation in intergenic regions, and were not correlated with overall genomic G+C content. CONCLUSIONS: During the course of bacterial chromosome evolution, the effects of asymmetric directional mutation pressures are commonly observed in weakly selected positions. The degree of deviation from equality is highly variable among species, and within species is higher in third codon positions than in intergenic regions. The orientation of these effects is almost universal and is compatible in most cases with the hypothesis of an excess of cytosine deamination in the single-stranded state during DNA replication. However, the variation in G+C content between species is influenced by factors other than asymmetric mutation pressure. (+info)Involvement of two putative alternative sigma factors in stress response of the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. (6/306)
Two genes bearing similarity to alternative sigma factors were identified in the Deinococcus radiodurans genome sequence and designated sig1 and sig2. These genes were cloned and inactivated, and both were found to be important for survival during heat and ethanol stress, although the sig1 mutants displayed a more severe phenotype than the sig2 mutants. Reporter gene fusions to the groESL and dnaKJ operons transformed into these mutant backgrounds indicated that sig1 is required for the heat shock induction of groESL and dnaKJ, whereas sig2 mutants show a more moderate defect in dnaKJ induction and are not impaired for groESL induction. Essentiality tests suggested that neither sig1 nor sig2 is essential under all conditions. Sequence comparisons demonstrated that the sig1 gene product is classed distinctly with extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors, whereas Sig2 appears to be a more divergent sigma factor ortholog. These results suggest that sig1 encodes the major ECF-derived heat shock sigma factor in D. radiodurans and that it plays a central role in the positive regulation of heat shock genes. sig2, in contrast, appears to play a more minor role in heat shock protection and may serve to modulate the expression of some heat protective genes. (+info)The IrrE protein of Deinococcus radiodurans R1 is a novel regulator of recA expression. (7/306)
IRS24 is a DNA damage-sensitive strain of Deinococcus radiodurans strain 302 carrying a mutation in an uncharacterized locus designated irrE. Five overlapping cosmids capable of restoring ionizing radiation resistance to IRS24 were isolated from a genomic library. The ends of each cloned insert were sequenced, and these sequences were used to localize irrE to a 970-bp region on chromosome I of D. radiodurans R1. The irrE gene corresponds to coding sequence DR0167 in the R1 genome. The irrE gene encodes a 35,000-Da protein that has no similarity to any previously characterized peptide. The irrE locus of R1 was also inactivated by transposon mutagenesis, and this strain was sensitive to ionizing radiation, UV light, and mitomycin C. Preliminary findings indicate that IrrE is a novel regulatory protein that stimulates transcription of the recA gene following exposure to ionizing radiation. (+info)Protein splicing of the Deinococcus radiodurans strain R1 Snf2 intein. (8/306)
Adjacent intein fragments fused to a Snf2/Rad54 helicase-related protein and Snf2/Rad54 helicase were reported for Deinococcus radiodurans R1, leading to the speculation that a frameshift was required for splicing or that trans splicing occurred. However, a type strain (ATCC 13939, RF18410) yielded a single protein that splices by the Ala1 protein splicing pathway, with splicing dependent on adjacent residues. (+info)'Deinococcus' is a genus of bacteria that are characterized by their extreme resistance to various environmental stresses, such as radiation, desiccation, and oxidative damage. The most well-known species in this genus is Deinococcus radiodurans, which is often referred to as "conan the bacterium" because of its exceptional ability to survive high doses of ionizing radiation that would be lethal to most other organisms.
Deinococcus bacteria have a unique cell wall structure and contain multiple copies of their chromosome, which may contribute to their resistance to DNA damage. They are typically found in environments with high levels of radiation or oxidative stress, such as radioactive waste sites, dry deserts, and the gut of animals. While some species of Deinococcus have been shown to have potential applications in bioremediation and other industrial processes, others are considered opportunistic pathogens that can cause infections in humans with weakened immune systems.
"Gram-Positive Cocci" is a term used in microbiology, which refers to a specific type of bacteria that appear round (cocci) in shape and stain purple when subjected to the Gram staining method. The Gram staining technique is a fundamental laboratory method used to differentiate bacterial species based on their cell wall composition.
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining process, resulting in a purple color. Some common examples of Gram-Positive Cocci include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. These bacteria can cause various infections, ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to severe systemic illnesses. It is essential to identify the type and nature of bacterial pathogens accurately for appropriate antimicrobial therapy and effective patient management.
Gamma rays are a type of ionizing radiation that is released from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay. They are high-energy photons, with wavelengths shorter than 0.01 nanometers and frequencies greater than 3 x 10^19 Hz. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, similar to X-rays, but with higher energy levels and the ability to penetrate matter more deeply. They can cause damage to living tissue and are used in medical imaging and cancer treatment.
Radiation tolerance, in the context of medicine and particularly radiation oncology, refers to the ability of tissues or organs to withstand and recover from exposure to ionizing radiation without experiencing significant damage or loss of function. It is often used to describe the maximum dose of radiation that can be safely delivered to a specific area of the body during radiotherapy treatments.
Radiation tolerance varies depending on the type and location of the tissue or organ. For example, some tissues such as the brain, spinal cord, and lungs have lower radiation tolerance than others like the skin or bone. Factors that can affect radiation tolerance include the total dose of radiation, the fractionation schedule (the number and size of radiation doses), the volume of tissue treated, and the individual patient's overall health and genetic factors.
Assessing radiation tolerance is critical in designing safe and effective radiotherapy plans for cancer patients, as excessive radiation exposure can lead to serious side effects such as radiation-induced injury, fibrosis, or even secondary malignancies.
"Micrococcus" is a genus of Gram-positive, catalase-positive, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found in pairs or tetrads. They are typically spherical in shape and range from 0.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter. Micrococci are ubiquitous in nature and can be found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals, as well as in soil, water, and air.
Micrococci are generally considered to be harmless commensals, but they have been associated with a variety of infections in immunocompromised individuals, including bacteremia, endocarditis, and pneumonia. They can also cause contamination of medical equipment and supplies, leading to nosocomial infections.
It's worth noting that the taxonomy of this genus has undergone significant revisions in recent years, and many species previously classified as Micrococcus have been reassigned to other genera. As a result, the medical significance of this genus is somewhat limited.
Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.
Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:
1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
Radioactive waste is defined in the medical context as any material that contains radioactive nuclides in sufficient concentrations or for such durations that it is considered a threat to human health and the environment. It includes materials ranging from used hospital supplies, equipment, and substances contaminated with radionuclides, to liquids and gases released during the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel.
Radioactive waste can be classified into two main categories:
1. Exempt waste: Waste that does not require long-term management as a radioactive waste due to its low activity and short half-life.
2. Radioactive waste: Waste that requires long-term management as a radioactive waste due to its higher activity or longer half-life, which can pose a threat to human health and the environment for many years.
Radioactive waste management is a critical aspect of nuclear medicine and radiation safety, with regulations in place to ensure proper handling, storage, transportation, and disposal of such materials.
Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.
Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.
Water pollution, radioactive, refers to the contamination of water bodies (such as lakes, rivers, groundwater, and oceans) with radioactive substances. These substances can include naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) or human-made radionuclides, which can be released into the environment through various activities such as mining, nuclear power generation, medical facilities, and waste disposal.
Radioactive water pollution can have severe consequences for both the environment and human health. Exposure to radioactive substances in water can increase the risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other adverse health effects. Additionally, radioactive contamination can harm aquatic life, disrupt ecosystems, and reduce the quality and safety of water resources for drinking, irrigation, and recreation.
Radioactive water pollution is typically addressed through a combination of regulatory controls, best management practices, and remediation efforts to prevent or minimize the release of radioactive substances into the environment and to mitigate their impacts on human health and the ecosystem.
"Ficus" is not a medical term. It is a genus of plants, including the fig tree, which is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Some species of Ficus are used in traditional medicine, but "Ficus" itself does not have a specific medical definition.
Recombination is a natural process that occurs in cells to exchange genetic information between two similar or identical strands of DNA. This process helps to maintain the stability and diversity of the genome. RecA (RecA protein) is a type of recombinase enzyme found in bacteria, including Escherichia coli, that plays a crucial role in this process.
RecA recombinases are proteins that facilitate the exchange of genetic information between two DNA molecules by promoting homologous pairing and strand exchange. Homologous pairing is the alignment of similar or identical sequences of nucleotides on two different DNA molecules, while strand exchange refers to the physical transfer of one strand of DNA from one molecule to another.
RecA recombinases work by forming a nucleoprotein filament on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and then searching for complementary sequences on double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Once a complementary sequence is found, the RecA protein facilitates the invasion of the ssDNA into the dsDNA, leading to strand exchange and the formation of a joint molecule. This joint molecule can then be used as a template for DNA replication or repair.
RecA recombinases have been extensively studied due to their importance in genetic recombination and DNA repair. They also have potential applications in biotechnology, such as in the development of genome engineering tools and methods for detecting and quantifying specific DNA sequences.
A desert climate, also known as a hot desert climate or a BWh climate in the Köppen climate classification system, is characterized by extremely low rainfall, typically less than 10 inches (250 mm) per year. This type of climate is found in the world's desert areas, such as the Sahara Desert in Africa, the Mojave Desert in North America, and the Simpson Desert in Australia.
In a desert climate, temperatures can vary greatly between day and night, as well as between summer and winter. During the day, temperatures can reach extremely high levels, often above 100°F (38°C), while at night, they can drop significantly, sometimes below freezing in the winter months.
Desert climates are caused by a combination of factors, including geographical location, topography, and large-scale weather patterns. They typically occur in regions that are located far from sources of moisture, such as bodies of water, and are situated in the interior of continents or on the leeward side of mountain ranges.
Living things in desert climates have adapted to the harsh conditions through various means, such as storing water, reducing evaporation, and limiting activity during the hottest parts of the day. Despite the challenging conditions, deserts support a diverse array of plant and animal life that has evolved to thrive in this unique environment.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Base composition in genetics refers to the relative proportion of the four nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, so the base composition is often expressed in terms of the ratio of adenine + thymine (A-T) to guanine + cytosine (G-C). This ratio can vary between species and even between different regions of the same genome. The base composition can provide important clues about the function, evolution, and structure of genetic material.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.
In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.
Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.
The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.
"Thermus" is not a medical term, but rather a genus of bacteria that are capable of growing in extreme temperatures. These bacteria are named after the Greek word "therme," which means heat. They are commonly found in hot springs and deep-sea hydrothermal vents, where the temperature can reach up to 70°C (158°F).
Some species of Thermus have been found to produce enzymes that remain active at high temperatures, making them useful in various industrial applications such as molecular biology and DNA amplification techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, Thermus itself is not a medical term or concept.
Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that carries enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules, which means it can knock electrons out of their orbits and create ions. These charged particles can cause damage to living tissue and DNA, making ionizing radiation dangerous to human health. Examples of ionizing radiation include X-rays, gamma rays, and some forms of subatomic particles such as alpha and beta particles. The amount and duration of exposure to ionizing radiation are important factors in determining the potential health effects, which can range from mild skin irritation to an increased risk of cancer and other diseases.
According to the medical definition, ultraviolet (UV) rays are invisible radiations that fall in the range of the electromagnetic spectrum between 100-400 nanometers. UV rays are further divided into three categories: UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm), and UVC (100-280 nm).
UV rays have various sources, including the sun and artificial sources like tanning beds. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can cause damage to the skin, leading to premature aging, eye damage, and an increased risk of skin cancer. UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and are associated with skin aging, while UVB rays primarily affect the outer layer of the skin and are linked to sunburns and skin cancer. UVC rays are the most harmful but fortunately, they are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and do not reach the surface.
Healthcare professionals recommend limiting exposure to UV rays, wearing protective clothing, using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, and avoiding tanning beds to reduce the risk of UV-related health problems.
Microbial viability is the ability of a microorganism to grow, reproduce and maintain its essential life functions. It can be determined through various methods such as cell growth in culture media, staining techniques that detect metabolic activity, or direct observation of active movement. In contrast, non-viable microorganisms are those that have been killed or inactivated and cannot replicate or cause further harm. The measurement of microbial viability is important in various fields such as medicine, food safety, water quality, and environmental monitoring to assess the effectiveness of disinfection and sterilization procedures, and to determine the presence and concentration of harmful bacteria in different environments.
DNA repair is the process by which cells identify and correct damage to the DNA molecules that encode their genome. DNA can be damaged by a variety of internal and external factors, such as radiation, chemicals, and metabolic byproducts. If left unrepaired, this damage can lead to mutations, which may in turn lead to cancer and other diseases.
There are several different mechanisms for repairing DNA damage, including:
1. Base excision repair (BER): This process repairs damage to a single base in the DNA molecule. An enzyme called a glycosylase removes the damaged base, leaving a gap that is then filled in by other enzymes.
2. Nucleotide excision repair (NER): This process repairs more severe damage, such as bulky adducts or crosslinks between the two strands of the DNA molecule. An enzyme cuts out a section of the damaged DNA, and the gap is then filled in by other enzymes.
3. Mismatch repair (MMR): This process repairs errors that occur during DNA replication, such as mismatched bases or small insertions or deletions. Specialized enzymes recognize the error and remove a section of the newly synthesized strand, which is then replaced by new nucleotides.
4. Double-strand break repair (DSBR): This process repairs breaks in both strands of the DNA molecule. There are two main pathways for DSBR: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). NHEJ directly rejoins the broken ends, while HR uses a template from a sister chromatid to repair the break.
Overall, DNA repair is a crucial process that helps maintain genome stability and prevent the development of diseases caused by genetic mutations.
Air microbiology is the study of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that are present in the air. These microorganisms can be suspended in the air as particles or carried within droplets of liquid, such as those produced when a person coughs or sneezes.
Air microbiology is an important field of study because it helps us understand how these microorganisms are transmitted and how they may affect human health. For example, certain airborne bacteria and fungi can cause respiratory infections, while airborne viruses can cause diseases such as the common cold and influenza.
Air microbiology involves various techniques for collecting and analyzing air samples, including culturing microorganisms on growth media, using molecular biology methods to identify specific types of microorganisms, and measuring the concentration of microorganisms in the air. This information can be used to develop strategies for controlling the spread of airborne pathogens and protecting public health.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Carotenoids are a class of pigments that are naturally occurring in various plants and fruits. They are responsible for the vibrant colors of many vegetables and fruits, such as carrots, pumpkins, tomatoes, and leafy greens. There are over 600 different types of carotenoids, with beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin being some of the most well-known.
Carotenoids have antioxidant properties, which means they can help protect the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals. Some carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, can be converted into vitamin A in the body, which is important for maintaining healthy vision, skin, and immune function. Other carotenoids, such as lycopene and lutein, have been studied for their potential role in preventing chronic diseases, including cancer and heart disease.
In addition to being found in plant-based foods, carotenoids can also be taken as dietary supplements. However, it is generally recommended to obtain nutrients from whole foods rather than supplements whenever possible, as food provides a variety of other beneficial compounds that work together to support health.
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.
Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.
PrPc proteins, also known as cellular prion proteins, are a type of protein found on the surface of many types of cells in the body, including neurons in the brain. The normal function of PrPc proteins is not entirely clear, but they are believed to play a role in various physiological processes such as protecting nerve cells from damage, regulating metal ion homeostasis, and participating in cell signaling pathways.
PrPc proteins are composed of 253 amino acids and have a molecular weight of approximately 35 kDa. They contain a highly conserved domain called the prion protein domain (PRD), which is rich in alpha-helices and contains a copper-binding site. The PRD is necessary for the normal function of PrPc proteins, but it is also the region that undergoes conformational changes to form the abnormal, disease-associated form of the protein called PrPSc.
PrPSc proteins are misfolded and aggregated forms of PrPc proteins that are associated with a group of neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or "mad cow disease"), scrapie in sheep, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans. The misfolded PrPSc proteins can cause other normal PrPc proteins to also misfold and aggregate, leading to the formation of amyloid fibrils that accumulate in the brain and cause neurodegeneration.
Deinococcus
Deinococcus geothermalis
Deinococcus deserti
Deinococcus saxicola
Deinococcus murrayi
Deinococcus ficus
Deinococcus apachensis
Deinococcus marmoris
Deinococcus frigens
Deinococcus aerius
Deinococcus radiodurans
Deinococcus indicus
Thermus
Deinococcota
Robert George Everitt Murray
Haloarcula marismortui
Radioresistance
Planetary habitability in the Solar System
DNA repair
Desiccation
Polyploidy
Ploidy
Optical mapping
Dynamic light scattering
Miroslav Radman
Radiosensitivity
List of emerging technologies
J. Craig Venter Institute
Genetic recombination
Oceanic trench
Deinococcus - Wikipedia
SCOP 1.69: Species: Deinococcus radiodurans
RCSB PDB - 4AD8: Crystal structure of a deletion mutant of Deinococcus radiodurans RecN
Top 10 Lists about deinococcus radiodurans Archives - Toptenz.net
Deinococcus radiodurans: Difference between revisions - microbewiki
SCOPe 2.08: Species: Deinococcus radiodurans [TaxId: 1299]
Deinococcus ruber sp. nov., a radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from soil | Microbiology Society
High-quality genome sequence of the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus ficus KS 0460
PaaR: Deinococcus-Thermus
PaaR: Deinococcus-Thermus
Tag: Deinococcus radiodurans | Mind Matters
Positive Tested Species Reactivity: Deinococcus-radiodurans, Recommended Applications: ELISA
Signature Totale Deinococcus Cream - Dermatotale All Right Reserved 2023
Calcium in PDB 7a0s: 50S Deinococcus Radiodurans Ribosome Bounded with Mycinamicin I
Isotype: -kappa-light-chain, MIgG2c, Positive Tested Species Reactivity: Deinococcus-radiodurans, Elasmobranch
Molecular studies on the radiation-resistant bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans and Deinobacter grandis
Microbial DNA standard from D. radiodurans, Sigma-Aldrich
Visualized: The Many Shapes of Bacteria
PDB 3GG7 | Chain CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF AN UNCHARACTERIZED METALLOPROTEIN FROM DEINOCOCCUS RADIODURANS | 3GG7 A | 3D Structure |...
Deinococcus deserti sp. nov., a gamma-radiation-tolerant bacterium isolated from the Sahara Desert - Aix-Marseille Université
electronic library - Simulation of the environmental climate conditions on martian surface and its effect on Deinococcus...
Effect of N|sup>+|/sup> beam exposure on the activities of Mn-SOD and catalase in Deinococcus...
Genes search | AnalogYeast
Deinococcus radiodurans' SRA-HNH domain containing protein Shp (Dr1533) is involved in faithful genome inheritance maintenance...
Structural insights into the main S-layer unit of Deinococcus radiodurans reveal a massive protein complex with porin-like...
Deinococcus radiodurans-derived membrane vesicles protect HaCaT cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress via modulation of...
Crystal structure of the transcriptional repressor DdrO: insight into the metalloprotease/repressor-controlled radiation...
Soil microbial responses to drought and exotic plants shift carbon metabolism | The ISME Journal
Introduction to Prokaryotic taxonomy
3 Pushing the Boundaries of Life | The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems | The National Academies Press
Radiodurans is an Extremophilic Bacterium1
- Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremophilic bacterium well known for its high level of resistance to ionizing radiation [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Deserti2
- Moreover, genes previously considered to be important to IR resistance are missing in D. ficus KS 0460, namely, for the Mn-transporter nramp , and proteins DdrF, DdrJ and DdrK, all of which are also missing in Deinococcus deserti . (escholarship.org)
- Deinococcus deserti sp. (hal.science)
Bacteria5
- Whereas other bacteria change their structure in the presence of radiation, such as by forming endospores, Deinococcus tolerate it without changing their cellular form and do not retreat into a hardened structure. (wikipedia.org)
- In August 2020, scientists reported that bacteria from Earth, particularly Deinococcus bacteria, were found to survive for three years in outer space, based on studies conducted on the International Space Station. (wikipedia.org)
- Members of Deinococcus can be distinguished from all other bacteria through molecular signatures known as conserved signature indels (CSIs) and proteins (CSPs). (wikipedia.org)
- The true definition of multi-purpose is served with our cream, which contains the extracts of the 'Deinococcus Bacteria', which can survive any type of radiation! (dermatotale.com)
- Meet Deinococcus radioduranst, the world's toughest bacteria. (bigthink.com)
Geothermalis DSM 113001
- Of all D. ficus KS 0460 proteins, 79% and 70% had homologues in Deinococcus radiodurans ATCC BAA-816 and Deinococcus geothermalis DSM 11300, respectively. (escholarship.org)
Species of the genus2
- 2010 Although all species of the genus Deinococcus are related by definition, they exhibit substantial differences across their genomes. (wikipedia.org)
- On the basis of their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, and phylogenetic distinction, strains JSH3-1 T (=KCTC 33790 T =JCM 31311 T ) and 9-2-2 (=KCTC 33789=JCM 31310) should be classified within a novel species of the genus Deinococcus , for which the name Deinococcus ruber sp. (microbiologyresearch.org)
ESCHERICHIA COLI1
- In addition, Earth life is possible outside the bounds of extreme conditions found on Earth (for example, the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans can tolerate levels of radiation not found naturally on present-day Earth, and Escherichia coli apparently can tolerate hydrostatic pressures greater than 10 times the pressures in the deepest ocean trenches 1 , 2 ). (nationalacademies.org)
Proteins4
- In a more recent work focused on DNA repair proteins an additional 22 CSIs were identified as specific to this genus, including a 30 amino acid insert in the UvrA1 protein that is suggested to play in a role in the resistance ability of Deinococcus species against radiation and oxidation damage. (wikipedia.org)
- The uvrA1 gene in Deinococcus was found to form a novel genetic linkage with the genes of the proteins dCSP-1 (a transmembrane protein found only in Deinococcus species), DsbA and DsbB. (wikipedia.org)
- The above cluster of genes forms a novel operon unique to Deinococcus species and the encoded proteins are predicted to function together to combat against DNA damage caused by reactive oxidative species from radiation. (wikipedia.org)
- The role of MutT motif proteins in environmental adaptation in Deinococcus radiodurans. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Oxidative stress4
- 3 Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremophilic microorganism that can survive harsh conditions such as cold, high temperature, acid, alkali, resistance to desiccation, oxidative stress, ionizing radiation and ultraviolet radiation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Deinococcus radiodurans is a robust bacterium that can withstand harsh environments that cause oxidative stress to macromolecules due to its cellular structure and physiological functions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Deinococcus radiodurans has evolved extremely effective radiation and oxidative stress protection systems, including passive and active defense mechanisms [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- MoaE Is Involved in Response to Oxidative Stress in Deinococcus radiodurans . (bvsalud.org)
Organism2
Genus3
- Deinococcus (from the Greek: δεινός, deinos, "dreadful, strange" and κόκκος, kókkos, "granule") is in the monotypic family Deinococcaceae, and one genus of three in the order Deinococcales of the bacterial phylum Deinococcota highly resistant to environmental hazards. (wikipedia.org)
- An earlier study on Deinococcus identified nine CSIs and 58 CSPs which were exclusively shared by members of this genus. (wikipedia.org)
- The two strains showed chemotaxonomic features typical of the genus Deinococcus , with the presence of menaquinone 8 as the respiratory quinone. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Radiation-resistant1
- Joo ES , Kim EB , Jeon SH , Srinivasan S . Complete genome sequence of Deinococcus soli N5 T , a gamma-radiation- resistant bacterium isolated from rice field in South Korea. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Genome sequence1
- We report the whole genome sequence of the extremely IR-resistant rod-shaped bacterium Deinococcus ficus KS 0460 and its phenotypic characterization. (escholarship.org)
Deinobacter1
- Deinococcus ficus KS 0460 has been studied since 1987, first under the name Deinobacter grandis , then Deinococcus grandis . (escholarship.org)
Resistance1
- The Structure of the Organic Hydroperoxide Resistance Protein from Deinococcus Radiodurans: Do Conformational Changes Facilitate Recycling of the Redox Disulfide? (cathdb.info)
Structural2
- An extensive high- and low-resolution structural analysis of Deinococcus radiodurans RecN using a combination of protein crystallography and small-angle X-ray scattering enabled us to assemble a quasi-atomic model of the entire RecN protein, representing the complete structure of a SMC-like protein. (rcsb.org)
- To elucidate the structural basis of ribosome-antibiotic interactions, we determined the high-resolution X-ray structures of the 50S ribosomal subunit of the eubacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, complexed with the clinically relevant antibiotics chloramphenicol, clindamycin and the three macrolides erythromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin. (proteopedia.org)
Protein1
- Some of the identified CSPs such as the DNA damage repair protein PprA and the single-stranded DNA-binding protein DdrB are thought to have functional roles in the DNA repair mechanism and radioresistance phenotype of Deinococcus. (wikipedia.org)
Characterization1
- Characterization and role of a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase from Deinococcus radiodurans. (nih.gov)
Survive1
- Deinococcus survive when their DNA is exposed to high doses of gamma and UV radiation. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanism1
- Yet, the biological role and mechanism of Deinococcus radiodurans -derived extracellular vesicles remain unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic1
- The genetic platforms of Deinococcus species remain the only systems in which massive ionizing radiation (IR)-induced genome damage can be investigated in vivo at exposures commensurate with cellular survival. (escholarship.org)
Responses1
- Specificity of root microbiomes in native-grown Nicotiana attenuata and plant responses to UVB increase Deinococcus colonization. (mpg.de)
Structure2
- Crystal structure of the RNA 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase from Deinococcus radiodurans. (nih.gov)
- Here we report the room temperature crystal structure of the chromophorebinding domains of the Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome at 2.1Å resolution.The structure was obtained by serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography from microcrystals at an X-ray free electron laser.We find overall good agreement compared to a crystal structure at 1.35Å resolution derived from conventional crystallography at cryogenic temperatures, which we also report here. (jyu.fi)
Response1
- Probing the sORF-Encoded Peptides of Deinococcus radiodurans in Response to Extreme Stress. (nih.gov)
Background1
- Background: Deinococcus radiodurans R1 (DR) survives conditions of extreme desiccation, irradiation and exposure to genotoxic chemicals, due to efficient DNA breaks repair, also through Mn2+protection of DNA repair enzymes. (uninsubria.it)
GROUP1
- Group of Deinococcus-Thermus and Thermotogae. (elte.hu)
Surface1
- In the extremophile bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, the outermost surface layer is tightly connected with the rest of the cell wall. (unica.it)