Pituitary Hormones, Anterior: Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.Pituitary Gland, Anterior: The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.Pituitary Hormones: Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.Pituitary Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.Hypopituitarism: Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.Prolactin: A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.Pituitary Diseases: Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).Pituitary Function Tests: Examinations that evaluate functions of the pituitary gland.Growth Hormone: A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.Thyrotropin: A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Luteinizing Hormone: A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Human Growth Hormone: A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.Follicle Stimulating Hormone: A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.Pituitary Gland, Posterior: Neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis. It consists of the distal AXONS of neurons that produce VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN in the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS and the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS. These axons travel down through the MEDIAN EMINENCE, the hypothalamic infundibulum of the PITUITARY STALK, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone: A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, TRH (was called TRF) stimulates the release of TSH and PRL from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.Pituitary Hormones, Posterior: Hormones released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). They include a number of peptides which are formed in the NEURONS in the HYPOTHALAMUS, bound to NEUROPHYSINS, and stored in the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. Upon stimulation, these peptides are released into the hypophysial portal vessel blood.Gonadotropins, Pituitary: Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).Pituitary Apoplexy: The sudden loss of blood supply to the PITUITARY GLAND, leading to tissue NECROSIS and loss of function (PANHYPOPITUITARISM). The most common cause is hemorrhage or INFARCTION of a PITUITARY ADENOMA. It can also result from acute hemorrhage into SELLA TURCICA due to HEAD TRAUMA; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; or other acute effects of central nervous system hemorrhage. Clinical signs include severe HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; bilateral visual disturbances; UNCONSCIOUSNESS; and COMA.Hypophysectomy: Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).Prolactinoma: A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.Dwarfism, Pituitary: A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone: A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.Transcription Factor Pit-1: A POU domain factor that regulates expression of GROWTH HORMONE; PROLACTIN; and THYROTROPIN-BETA in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.Somatotrophs: Anterior pituitary cells which produce GROWTH HORMONE.Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit: The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological activity of FSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the FSHB gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility.Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones: Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.Pituitary Gland, Intermediate: The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. It shows considerable size variation among the species, small in humans, and large in amphibians and lower vertebrates. This lobe produces mainly MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES and other peptides from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: A multi-function neuropeptide that acts throughout the body by elevating intracellular cyclic AMP level via its interaction with PACAP RECEPTORS. Although first isolated from hypothalamic extracts and named for its action on the pituitary, it is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. PACAP is important in the control of endocrine and homeostatic processes, such as secretion of pituitary and gut hormones and food intake.Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System: A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.Receptors, LHRH: Receptors with a 6-kDa protein on the surfaces of cells that secrete LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, usually in the adenohypophysis. LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE binds to these receptors, is endocytosed with the receptor and, in the cell, triggers the release of LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE by the cell. These receptors are also found in rat gonads. INHIBINS prevent the binding of GnRH to its receptors.Thyroid Hormones: Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.Lactotrophs: Anterior pituitary cells that produce PROLACTIN.Corticotrophs: Anterior pituitary cells that produce ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE.Sella Turcica: A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.Gonadotrophs: Anterior pituitary cells that can produce both FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE.Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit: The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.Pituitary Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormones: Polypeptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus which inhibit the release of pituitary hormones. Used for PHRIH in general or for which there is no specific heading.Estradiol: The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.Salivary Glands: Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).Hyperprolactinemia: Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.Adrenal Glands: A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.Adenoma, Basophil: A small tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. It may give rise to excessive secretion of ACTH, resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME. (Dorland, 27th ed)Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion: A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma: A pituitary adenoma which secretes ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN, leading to CUSHING DISEASE.Ovariectomy: The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone: Cell surface receptors that bind the hypothalamic hormones regulating pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis and release, including the pituitary-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. The pituitary hormone-regulating hormones are also released by cells other than hypothalamic neurons, and their receptors also occur on non-pituitary cells, especially brain neurons, where their role is less well understood. Receptors for dopamine, which is a prolactin release-inhibiting hormone as well as a common neurotransmitter, are not included here.Median Eminence: Raised area at the infundibular region of the HYPOTHALAMUS at the floor of the BRAIN, ventral to the THIRD VENTRICLE and adjacent to the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS. It contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and the capillary network of hypophyseal portal system, thus serving as a neuroendocrine link between the brain and the PITUITARY GLAND.Mammary Glands, Animal: MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic: A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).Testosterone: A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit: The beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide with structure similar to the beta subunit of the placental chorionic gonadatropin (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN) except for the additional 31 amino acids at the C-terminal of CG-beta. Full biological activity of LH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the LHB gene causes HYPOGONADISM and infertility.Sheep: Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Septo-Optic Dysplasia: A condition resulting from congenital malformations involving the brain. The syndrome of septo-optic dysplasia combines hypoplasia or agenesis of the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM and the OPTIC NERVE. The extent of the abnormalities can vary. Septo-optic dysplasia is often associated with abnormalities of the hypothalamic and other diencephalic structures, and HYPOPITUITARISM.Central Nervous System Cysts: Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.LIM-Homeodomain Proteins: A subclass of LIM domain proteins that include an additional centrally-located homeodomain region that binds AT-rich sites on DNA. Many LIM-homeodomain proteins play a role as transcriptional regulators that direct cell fate.Gonadal Steroid Hormones: Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma: A pituitary tumor that secretes GROWTH HORMONE. In humans, excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE leads to ACROMEGALY.beta-Lipotropin: A 90-amino acid peptide derived from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is the C-terminal fragment of POMC with lipid-mobilizing activities, such as LIPOLYSIS and steroidogenesis. Depending on the species and the tissue sites, beta-LPH may be further processed to yield active peptides including GAMMA-LIPOTROPIN; BETA-MSH; and ENDORPHINS.Exocrine Glands: Glands of external secretion that release its secretions to the body's cavities, organs, or surface, through a duct.Castration: Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.Gonadotropins: Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.Submandibular Gland: One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)Adenoma, Chromophobe: A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.Thyrotropin, beta Subunit: The beta subunit of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotropin. It is a 112-amino acid glycopolypeptide of about 16 kD. Full biological activity of TSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit.Somatostatin: A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.Thyrotrophs: Anterior pituitary cells that produce THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE.Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).Receptors, Pituitary Hormone: Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous system.Hypothyroidism: A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.Corticosterone: An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Estrogens: Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.Receptors, Prolactin: Labile proteins on or in prolactin-sensitive cells that bind prolactin initiating the cells' physiological response to that hormone. Mammary casein synthesis is one of the responses. The receptors are also found in placenta, liver, testes, kidneys, ovaries, and other organs and bind and respond to certain other hormones and their analogs and antagonists. This receptor is related to the growth hormone receptor.Neuropeptides: Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Progesterone: The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.Sexual Maturation: Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.Ovary: The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.Craniopharyngioma: A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.Pituitary Irradiation: Radiation therapy used to treat the PITUITARY GLAND.Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.Neurosecretory Systems: A system of NEURONS that has the specialized function to produce and secrete HORMONES, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an ENDOCRINE SYSTEM or organ.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Endocrine System Diseases: Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.Diabetes Insipidus: A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.Hypothalamic Diseases: Neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and other diseases of the hypothalamus. Clinical manifestations include appetite disorders; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SLEEP DISORDERS; behavioral symptoms related to dysfunction of the LIMBIC SYSTEM; and neuroendocrine disorders.Sphenoid Sinus: One of the paired air spaces located in the body of the SPHENOID BONE behind the ETHMOID BONE in the middle of the skull. Sphenoid sinus communicates with the posterosuperior part of NASAL CAVITY on the same side.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Hypothalamic Hormones: Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones: Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.Adenoma, Acidophil: A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed)Chromogranins: A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. They play important roles in the aggregation, packaging, sorting, and processing of secretory protein prior to secretion. They are cleaved to release biologically active peptides. There are various types of granins, usually classified by their sources.Inhibins: Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectivelyCattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Receptors, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone: Cell surface receptors that bind thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Activated TRH receptors in the anterior pituitary stimulate the release of thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH); TRH receptors on neurons mediate neurotransmission by TRH.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Pituitary-Adrenal System: The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Adrenal Insufficiency: Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Parotid Gland: The largest of the three pairs of SALIVARY GLANDS. They lie on the sides of the FACE immediately below and in front of the EAR.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Estrus: The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.Dwarfism: A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.Thyroid Gland: A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.Insulin-Like Growth Factor I: A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).Testis: The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Parathyroid Hormone: A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Cushing Syndrome: A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.Hormone Antagonists: Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that share significant homology with GLUCAGON RECEPTORS. They bind PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes that influence the behavior of CELLS.Receptors, Neuropeptide: Cell surface receptors that bind specific neuropeptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Many neuropeptides are also hormones outside of the nervous system.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.Acromegaly: A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete HORMONES directly into the BLOOD CIRCULATION. These hormones influence the METABOLISM and other functions of cells in the body.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles.Dexamethasone: An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.Secretory Rate: The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the DERMIS. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct.Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the PROSENCEPHALON from which the THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; EPITHALAMUS; and SUBTHALAMUS are derived.Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type IMutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Chorionic Gonadotropin: A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.Sebaceous Glands: Small, sacculated organs found within the DERMIS. Each gland has a single duct that emerges from a cluster of oval alveoli. Each alveolus consists of a transparent BASEMENT MEMBRANE enclosing epithelial cells. The ducts from most sebaceous glands open into a HAIR FOLLICLE, but some open on the general surface of the SKIN. Sebaceous glands secrete SEBUM.Receptors, Thyroid Hormone: Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.
Symptoms (Example) - MindMeister
HYPOPITUITARISM
Hormones Of The Anterior Pituitary And Its Disorders: A Case Study Of The Glycoprotein Hormones | HubPages
Anterior Hypopituitarism and Treatment Response in Hunter Syndrome: A Comparison of Two Patients
Hypopituitarism After Aneurismal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Boy being measured after growth hormone therapy - Stock Image M825/0074 - Science Photo Library
Glossary
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Human growth hormone - Proteopedia, life in 3D
Oxford Textbook of Medicine - Hardback - John Firth, Christopher Conlon, Timothy Cox - Oxford University Press
Thyroid Gland - Pediatric Endocrinology - Golisano Children's Hospital - University of Rochester Medical Center
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Prader-Willi Syndrome - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
The Influence of Alcohol Consumption in Conjunction with Sex Hormone Deficiency on Ca/P Ratio in Rats
SecretionHYPOPITUITARISMTumorsProlactinHuman growthHypothyroidismFollicle stimulaThyroxineShort statureOxytocinHypoplasiaHypothalamicStalk interruption syndromeDwarfismThyrotropin-releasiAntidiureticEctopic posteriorParathyroid glandsSymptomsAdrenocorticotropicGenesProducesNeurohypophysisHypothalamus and pituitaryMultiple pituitary hormone deficienciesAcromegalyVasopressinPolypeptide hormoneHypersecretionApoplexyTestosteroneMetabolismFunction of the pituitary glandPeptideSomatotropinTranscription FactorsSteroidAdenomasGeneticPosterior lobeSecondaryTestesLobe of the pituitaryInsufficiencyGHRH
Secretion41
- The effect of circulating thyroid hormones outweighs the effect of TRH in determining TSH secretion. (hubpages.com)
- Hypopituitarism is the decreased ( hypo ) secretion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain . (wikipedia.org)
- If there is decreased secretion of one specific pituitary hormone, the condition is known as selective hypopituitarism. (wikipedia.org)
- If there is decreased secretion of most or all pituitary hormones, the term panhypopituitarism ( pan meaning "all") is used. (wikipedia.org)
- It acts by controlling the secretion of the adrenal hormone, cortisol . (cushings-help.com)
- May cause hormone secretion by the affected gland. (cushings-help.com)
- The 26 N-terminal amino acids correspond to a signal peptide, which is essential for hormone secretion. (proteopedia.org)
- Specifically, the Lys16Pro variant is associated with decreased levels of GH due to suppressed secretion, resulting in growth hormone deficiency isolated type 1B (IGHD1B) (Millar D.S. 2003) . (proteopedia.org)
- Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism that involves the amount of circulating hormone, hypothalamus, and adenohypophysis. (rochester.edu)
- Effect of portal glucose sensing on incretin hormone secretion in a canine model. (bioportfolio.com)
- It is unknown whether activation of hepato-portal vein (PV) glucose sensors plays a role in incretin hormone amplification of oral glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). (bioportfolio.com)
- Growth hormone (GH) and Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) secretion are altered in acromegaly and type 2 Diabetes Mellitis (DM). (bioportfolio.com)
- The purpose of this study is to examine the short-term effects of two different doses of growth hormone on the brain's secretion of growth hormone and the body's glucose metabolism. (bioportfolio.com)
- In addition, the pyloric region of the stomach secretes gastrin, a hormone that increases the secretion of hydrochloric acid into the stomach. (factmonster.com)
- Classification of glands according to mode of secretion. (thefreedictionary.com)
- apocrine gland one whose discharged secretion contains part of the secreting cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Primary hypopituitarism is due to absent or diminished secretion of hormone(s) by the anterior pituitary gland. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Differential effects of opiate peptides and alkaloids on anterior pituitary hormone secretion. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Hypoparathyroidism, or insufficient secretion of parathyroid hormone, leads to increased nerve excitability. (cancer.gov)
- Secretion is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH), or somatostatin. (wikipedia.org)
- Its secretion is prompted by prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) and inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH). (wikipedia.org)
- Secretion is stimulated by the hormone TSH, secreted by the anterior pituitary. (wikipedia.org)
- We report the case of a child with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies and a truncated pituitary stalk on MR imaging who had recovery of normal secretion of pituitary hormones in early adulthood. (ajnr.org)
- When reevaluated 4 months later, all hormone levels were within normal limits, confirming recovery of endogenous hormone secretion. (ajnr.org)
- Disorders of thyroid hormone secretion are second only to diabetes mellitus as the most common endocrine disorders in the United States. (washington.edu)
- This is an example of how negative feedback regulation works to keep hormone secretion within the appropriate physiological range. (washington.edu)
- As the level of this hormone rises in the circulation, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland shut down secretion of the releasing hormone and the stimulating hormone, which in turn slows the secretion by the target gland. (emedicinehealth.com)
- In the pituitary gland, these releasing hormones signal secretion of stimulating hormones. (emedicinehealth.com)
- In most patients, the source of excessive growth hormone (GH) or human growth hormone secretion is a GH-producing adenoma of the anterior pituitary gland, usually macroadenoma (eosinophilic or mixed-cell). (positivearticles.com)
- Hyperpituitarism causes are hyperplasias and carcinomas of the adenohypophysis, secretion by non-pituitary tumours and certain hypothalamic disorders and carcinoid tumors. (positivearticles.com)
- inhibiting parathyroid hormone secretion. (angelfire.com)
- Most of the secretion of the thyroid hormones are regulated by another hormone known as the t hyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is secreted from the pituitary gland , particularly the anterior pituitary. (healthhype.com)
- Hypopituitarism is a partial or complete insufficiency of pituitary hormone secretion that may derive from pituitary or hypothalamic disease. (medscape.com)
- PRL secretion is distinct from that of the other anterior pituitary hormones, being inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine. (medscape.com)
- What hormone inhibits the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary? (healthtap.com)
- After the body as sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream, it is the T4 that goes back to the hypothalamus and pituitary to initiate the decrease of TRH and TSH secretion. (wikibooks.org)
- Other secretory mechanisms include holocrine (in which the gland cell membrane disintegrates to release its secretion), apocrine (in which the ends of the gland cells pinch off, carrying the secretion), and direct active transport of particular molecules across the gland cell membrane. (tabers.com)
- The secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is under the influence of the hypothalamus through its various hormonal and neuronal signals. (lecturio.com)
- Excess prolactin secretion with galactorrhea is a common hormonal abnormality associated with pituitary adenoma. (documentaryheaven.com)
- Oxytocin elicits contraction of the uterus and promotes milk secretion and ejection by the mammary glands. (documentaryheaven.com)
- Thyroid gland is responsible for the secretion of three hormones essential for proper regulation of metabolism. (neurosurgeryfreak.com)
HYPOPITUITARISM24
- In the setting of documented anterior hypopituitarism, while hormone replacement improved growth velocity, final height remained impaired. (hindawi.com)
- In this report we present two male patients with severe short stature and Hunter syndrome evaluated for hypopituitarism following discovery of abnormal pituitary anatomy on cranial MRI. (hindawi.com)
- Moreover, we demonstrate an improvement in growth velocity in the patient with hypopituitarism following the institution of hormone replacement and a lack of response in the patient with intact pituitary function. (hindawi.com)
- The signs and symptoms of hypopituitarism vary, depending on which hormones are undersecreted and on the underlying cause of the abnormality. (wikipedia.org)
- The diagnosis of hypopituitarism is made by blood tests , but often specific scans and other investigations are needed to find the underlying cause, such as tumors of the pituitary, and the ideal treatment. (wikipedia.org)
- The hormones of the pituitary have different actions in the body, and the symptoms of hypopituitarism therefore depend on which hormone is deficient. (wikipedia.org)
- for instance, if the hypopituitarism is due to a growth hormone-producing tumor, there may be symptoms of acromegaly (enlargement of the hands and feet, coarse facial features), and if the tumor extends to the optic nerve or optic chiasm , there may be visual field defects . (wikipedia.org)
- Several hormone deficiencies associated with hypopituitarism may lead to secondary diseases. (wikipedia.org)
- Hypopituitarism is defined as partial or complete deficiency in one or more of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland (ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, prolactin) or posterior pituitary (ADH, oxytocin). (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Patients who have hypopituitarism due to a pituitary tumor or parasellar mass lesion may have symptoms of headache and visual field defects. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Patients usually present with various degrees of hypopituitarism and/or symptoms of a pituitary mass lesion. (uio.no)
- The treatment of hypopituitarism mainly consists of hormone-replacement therapy with careful follow-up. (uio.no)
- Hypopituitarism is a deficiency in at least one pituitary hormone, including GH. (unboundmedicine.com)
- When the pituitary gland does not produce one or more of its hormones or not enough of them, it is called hypopituitarism. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Generalized hypopituitarism refers to endocrine deficiency syndromes due to partial or complete loss of anterior lobe pituitary function. (merckmanuals.com)
- In children with hypopituitarism from birth (congenital hypopituitarism), the anterior pituitary may be small and the posterior pituitary placed in an abnormal position. (pituitary.org.uk)
- In most children with hypopituitarism, growth is slow due to growth hormone deficiency. (pituitary.org.uk)
- The clinical presentation of hypopituitarism may vary, depending on patient age and on the specific hormone deficiencies, which may occur singly or in various combinations. (medscape.com)
- Mutations in these genes are causes of congenital hypopituitarism and have specific pituitary hormone deficiencies associated with the involved gene. (medscape.com)
- Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies, Genetic Forms, also known as multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies, genetic forms , is related to congenital hypopituitarism and hypothyroidism . (malacards.org)
- Congenital hypopituitarism is caused by mutations in pituitary transcription factors involved in the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. (cdc.gov)
- They might call it pituitary dwarfism, hypopituitarism or even idiopathic short stature. (magicfoundation.org)
- An overview of anterior hypopituitarism. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
- From Lewis S. Blevins, Jr. MD - I define hypopituitarism as the partial or complete deficiency of one or more anterior pituitary hormones. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
Tumors12
- This detects pituitary tumors and their size. (mindmeister.com)
- Headaches may also accompany pituitary tumors, as well as pituitary apoplexy (infarction or haemorrhage of a pituitary tumor) and lymphocytic hypophysitis ( autoimmune inflammation of the pituitary). (wikipedia.org)
- Surgical removal of the adrenal glands is a final measure for halting excess cortisol production This is used only when all other measures fail in individuals with pituitary tumors. (cushings-help.com)
- ADH deficiency is more commonly caused by lesions affecting the hypothalamus or pituitary stalk and may be caused by trauma (including surgical trauma), parasellar or suprasellar tumors (such as craniopharyngioma or metastases) or infiltrative diseases (e.g., sarcoidosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis). (clinicaladvisor.com)
- On the other hand, GHD amongst adults is supposedly linked with pituitary tumors and it usually has non-specific symptoms, like weight gain, reduced energy levels, disturbed sleep, and emotional sickness. (powershow.com)
- Since pituitary tumors (usually benign) are the most common cause of this condition, other areas controlled by the pituitary are often affected, such as Prolactin and thyroid hormones. (positivearticles.com)
- octreotide (partially shrinks pituitary tumors). (positivearticles.com)
- c entral diabetes insipidus arising as a result of head injuries or tumors that damage the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland and is effectively treated with ADH (desmopressin), and n ephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by the loss or increased resistance of V2 receptors (vasopressin receptors) in collecting ducts of the kidneys. (lecturio.com)
- Craniopharyngiomas are benign tumors which develop in the sellar/suprasellar region adjacent to the pituitary gland. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
- Pituitary adenomas are the most frequently encountered lesion of the sella and account or 10 percent of all intracranial tumors. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
- From Lewis S Blevins, Jr. MD - All too often, I see patients who come to the clinic with devastating recurrences of their pituitary tumors. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
- This is the third of a series on pituitary tumors. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
Prolactin10
- 3. Suspected: Prolactinoma A benign, noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland that produces a hormone, prolactin. (mindmeister.com)
- Somatotropin mammotropin group: Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL). (hubpages.com)
- Two nonallelic mouse mutations with severe dwarf phenotypes are characterized by a lack of growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormone. (nih.gov)
- The hormones of the anterior pituitary include thyrotropin , adrenocorticotropic hormone , the gonadotropic hormones , and growth hormone the posterior pituitary secretes antidiuretic hormone , prolactin, and oxytocin . (factmonster.com)
- Prolactin deficiency is rare and suggests near total destruction of the anterior pituitary gland, such as can be seen with pituitary apoplexy. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- In Sheehan syndrome, for example, the first symptom may be a failure to produce milk caused by a lack of the hormone prolactin. (medlineplus.gov)
- prolactin, and oxytocin oxytocin , hormone released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that facilitates uterine contractions and the milk-ejection reflex. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) plays important roles in identification of hormone proteoforms such as human growth hormone (hGH) proteoforms and human prolactin (hPRL) proteoforms. (intechopen.com)
- Notably, human growth hormone (hGH) and human prolactin (hPRL) are two key hormones in human body. (intechopen.com)
- Basal hormone estimations taken in the morning in fasting state revealed a low total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) with an inappropriate mild increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suggesting central hypothyroidism, low basal (8 AM) serum cortisol suggestive of hypoadrenalism with normal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and elevated prolactin (PRL) (table 1). (thefreelibrary.com)
Human growth32
- Human growth hormone (hGH) plays a vital role in growth and development. (proteopedia.org)
- Human growth hormone exists in two forms, pre-GH and mature GH. (proteopedia.org)
- There are four natural splice variants, or isoforms, of human growth hormone that have been identified. (proteopedia.org)
- Because of the possible inhibitory influence of human growth hormone (hGH) on the somatotropic function of the pituitary gland the GHRH-test should not be carried out sooner than 1 week after discontinuation of treatment with human growth hormone. (medicines.org.uk)
- Those are the initials of Human Growth Hormone , a hormone produced naturally by the anterior pituitary gland . (brightfuturesforfamilies.org)
- Growth hormone production within you is at its peak level during puberty but soon by the start of adolescence it begins declining and also this drop in human growth hormone production sets to the motion the process of getting older which affects and weakens very nearly all the body systems. (brightfuturesforfamilies.org)
- The study was designed to evaluate whether recombinant-human growth hormone (r-hGH) treatment also benefits young subjects with GHD. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Growth hormone deficiency has been treated by human growth hormone for many years. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Efficacy and safety of recombinant human growth hormone in treating Chinese children with idiopathic short stature. (bioportfolio.com)
- This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in the treatment of idiopathic short stature (ISS). (bioportfolio.com)
- Assessing cost-effectiveness of human growth hormone (hGH) treatment to augment height is complicated by uncertainty about how best to measure its therapeutic effect. (bioportfolio.com)
- This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH) treatment in young girls with Turner Syndrome. (bioportfolio.com)
- The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. (bioportfolio.com)
- Human growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, is a peptide with 191 amino acids and 2 sulfhydryl bridges. (pitchengine.com)
- The effects of human growth hormone are mainly mediated by IGF-1 and IGF-2. (pitchengine.com)
- There are two forms of recombinant human growth hormone approved in the market: Somatropin and Somatrem. (pitchengine.com)
- The analysts forecast the Human Growth Hormone Market in the US to grow at a CAGR of 3.86 percent over the period 2014-2019. (pitchengine.com)
- This report covers the present scenario and the growth prospects of the Human Growth Hormone market in the US for the period 2015-2019. (pitchengine.com)
- To calculate the market size, the report considers revenue generated from the sales of the various human growth hormone drugs available in the US for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency. (pitchengine.com)
- The report, the Human Growth Hormone Market in the US 2015-2019, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. (pitchengine.com)
- The report covers the landscape of the Human Growth Hormone market in the US and its growth prospects in the coming years. (pitchengine.com)
- Growth hormone (GH)/ Human Growth hormone (hGH) is a type of peptide hormone produced by the body which is responsible for stimulating cell reproduction, growth and regeneration amongst humans. (powershow.com)
- The patient received recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) replacement therapy with a dramatic response. (ajnr.org)
- Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin (or as human growth hormone in its human form), is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. (reportsnreports.com)
- Presenting Hormone Helpers, Developed to Stimulate Your Body's Own Natural Human Growth Hormone! (oleda.com)
- At about the age of 30, critical Human Growth Hormone levels in our bodies begin a decline that ultimately leaves us with only ten percent of what it was at its peak. (oleda.com)
- The body's Human Growth Hormone is the largest protein, containing 191 amino acids, produced by the pituitary gland in the human brain. (oleda.com)
- Somatropin or Human Growth Hormone (hGH) is the recombinant version of somatotropin, a peptide hormone that is produced in the human body by the somatotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. (usvindia.com)
- Most bodybuilders and pharmaceutical companies state that human growth hormone (HGH) will give your stronger muscles. (hgh.to)
- Human growth hormone can help you avoid certain health problems that a middle-aged person may have. (hgh.to)
- Human growth hormone, or H.G.H., is commonly used by athletes and bodybuilders because of the vast benefits it can bring to the physique. (livestrong.com)
- I had an awful time understanding 'human growth hormone deficiency-HGH-GHD'-and all the other medical terms used. (magicfoundation.org)
Hypothyroidism25
- Growth Hormone Deficiency , Hypothyroidism , and Website Suggestions and Technical Help . (endocrineweb.com)
- Endocrine testing revealed growth hormone (GH) deficiency, secondary adrenal insufficiency, and tertiary hypothyroidism. (hindawi.com)
- The laboratory tests revealed growth hormone deficiency, secondary adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. (nel.edu)
- A poorly functioning pituitary gland may also cause a lack of thyroid hormone, leading to central hypothyroidism. (wikipedia.org)
- Central hypothyroidism can be diagnosed by a low or normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the presence of a low level of free T4. (wikipedia.org)
- What are the Clinical Manifestations of TSH Deficiency (Secondary Hypothyroidism)? (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Patients with TSH deficiency have symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- If other missing hormones are not replaced, symptoms of hypothyroidism and hypogonadism may develop, including infertility. (medlineplus.gov)
- In many parts of the world, the soils are naturally deficient in iodine, and iodine deficiency disorders and hypothyroidism will occur without iodine supplementation. (washington.edu)
- The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States is due to autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland that occurs in Hashimoto s thyroiditis . (washington.edu)
- Because the thyroid gland stores large amounts of thyroid hormone as thyroglobulin, a patient with Hashimoto s thyroiditis may initially develop goiter, (which occurs due to inflammation), rather than symptoms due to hypothyroidism. (washington.edu)
- Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder caused by a reduction or absent of thyroid hormones. (nursingcrib.com)
- Dysfunction in the thyroid gland itself causes primary hypothyroidism . (nursingcrib.com)
- Central hypothyroidism is due to malfunction of the pituitary gland, hypothalamus or both. (nursingcrib.com)
- Exclusive pituitary gland failure results to a pituitary or secondary hypothyroidism . (nursingcrib.com)
- Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (A lack of thyroid hormones either because of a defect in the pituitary or the thyroid itself is called hypothyroidism . (emedicinehealth.com)
- TSH deficiency leads to hypothyroidism , with such symptoms as facial puffiness, hoarse voice, bradycardia, and cold intolerance. (merckmanuals.com)
- Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is functionally inadequate. (renalandurologynews.com)
- When low thyroid hormone levels are the result of a failure of the hypothalamus to secrete TRH, which, in turn, stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce TSH, the resulting hypothyroidism is hypothalamic hypothyroidism, also known as tertiary hypothyroidism. (renalandurologynews.com)
- Hypothyroidism cause by diminished TSH from the anterior pituitary is another central hypothyroidism. (renalandurologynews.com)
- E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases (E00-E07) Disorders of thyroid gland (E00) Congenital iodine-deficiency syndrome (E01) Iodine-deficiency-related thyroid disorders and allied conditions (E02) Subclinical iodine-deficiency hypothyroidism (E03) Other hypothyroidism (E030) Congenital hypothyroidism with diffuse goitre (E031) Congenital hypothyroidism without goitre (E032) Hypothyroidism due to medicaments and other. (statemaster.com)
- Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. (adam.com)
- Primary hypothyroidism stems from an abnormality in the gland itself. (neurosurgeryfreak.com)
- Secondary hypothyroidism begins at the level of the pituitary gland and results from reduced levels of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). (neurosurgeryfreak.com)
- Central Hypothyroidism due to pituitary or hypothalamic disease: Central hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not function very. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
Follicle stimula15
- Glycoprotein hormones: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LS or ICSH) and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). (hubpages.com)
- The pituitary glycoprotein hormones are thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). (hubpages.com)
- The most common problem is insufficiency of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and/or luteinizing hormone (LH) leading to sex hormone abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
- Deficiency of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), together referred to as the gonadotropins , leads to different symptoms in men and women. (wikipedia.org)
- The gonadotropins - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) regulate the functions of the gonads in both sexes. (wikipedia.org)
- His serum testosterone and gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone levels) were low in keeping with his prepubertal state. (ajnr.org)
- Normally, two gonadotrophic hormones (GTH) produced by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland (luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)) stimulate the testes to produce testosterone and spermatozoa (sperm cells) respectively. (scielo.org.za)
- Assume you are employed in a start-up bio-pharma company and you are tasked with establishing the procedures and processes for producing follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) as a biotherapeutic for human use. (24houranswers.com)
- Follicle stimulating hormone is one of the gonadotrophins produced and secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (24houranswers.com)
- 2013). Previously, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) preparations for infertility treatment were derived from the urine of postmenopausal women (Group, 1998). (24houranswers.com)
- 1996). In this paper, we will discuss the biotechnology involved in the process of producing recombinant follicle stimulating hormone from a recombinant cell line producing r-hFSH via its characterization and the analysis of the final product. (24houranswers.com)
- Lack of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in children leads to delayed puberty . (merckmanuals.com)
- Diagnostic blood tests include free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), fasting insulin, fasting glucose, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and lipid levels. (ndnr.com)
- Gnrh stimulates follicle stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone which stimulates the ovary to produce estrogen and Progesterone which stimulates ovulation which causes increased Progesterone which causes secretory endometrium which prepares the endometrium to allow implantation of a fertilized egg. (healthtap.com)
- The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test measures the level of FSH in blood. (adam.com)
Thyroxine11
- Internally, the gland consists of follicles, which produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine hormones. (rochester.edu)
- About 95% of the active thyroid hormone is thyroxine, and most of the remaining 5% is triiodothyronine. (rochester.edu)
- TSH), hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The hormone thyroxine forms by combining the amino acid tyrosine with iodine. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The major hormone released by the thyroid gland is called thyroxine (T4). (nursingcrib.com)
- Normally, the thyroid gland releases 5-12 mcg/dl or 65-154 nmol/L of thyroxine (T4) in a daily basis. (nursingcrib.com)
- There are two major hormones secreted by the thyroid gland - thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). (healthhype.com)
- Eventually each thyroglobilin molecule contains tens of thyroxine molecule and a few triiodothyronine molecules and stored in the follicles of the thyroid gland. (healthhype.com)
- Most of the thyroid hormone released from the thyroid gland is thyroxine (T4). (healthhype.com)
- For example, hypothalamic TRH stimulates TSH release, which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland, resulting in increased serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). (medscape.com)
- The thyroid gland produces two related hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which play a critical role in thermogenic and metabolic homeostasis. (renalandurologynews.com)
Short stature9
- In normal development, growth hormone and somatomedins are responsible for many of the manifestations of normal growth and GHD is manifested by a marked short stature. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Growth Hormone Treatment for Short Stature in the USA, Germany and France: 15 Years of Surveillance in the Genetics and Neuroendocrinology of Short-Stature International Study (GeNeSIS). (bioportfolio.com)
- Incidence and Outcomes of Pituitary Microadenomas in Children with Short Stature/Growth Hormone Deficiency. (bioportfolio.com)
- Patients with short stature (SS)/growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and precocious puberty (PP) undergo brain MRI to evaluate for structural brain abnormalities or pituitary lesions, and pituitary microa. (bioportfolio.com)
- Effect of Growth Hormone Therapy on Height Velocity in Korean Children with Idiopathic Short Stature: A Phase III Randomised Controlled Trial. (bioportfolio.com)
- Etiology of short stature in Indian children and an assessment of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in children with idiopathic short stature. (bioportfolio.com)
- An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by short stature, defective GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR, and failure to generate INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I by GROWTH HORMONE. (bioportfolio.com)
- These anterior pituitary hormonal deficiencies can present as hypoglycaemia, neonatal jaundice, short stature, cryptorchidism, delayed puberty and micropenis. (bmj.com)
- Some of the signs of growth hormone deficiency are adiposity, short stature, and hypoglycemia. (pitchengine.com)
Oxytocin3
- It produces antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin. (encyclopedia.com)
- In contrast to the anterior pituitary hormones, the posterior pituitary hormones (ie, ADH, oxytocin) are synthesized by cell bodies in the hypothalamus and transported along the neurohypophyseal tract of the pituitary stalk. (medscape.com)
- Two posterior hormones are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. (neurosurgeryfreak.com)
Hypoplasia6
- Brain magnetic resonance imaging examination revealed hypoplastic anterior pituitary, ectopic posterior lobe, and left optic nerve hypoplasia. (nih.gov)
- Abnormalities evident via neuroradiography can include agenesis (absence) or hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, absence or incomplete development of the septum pellucidum, malformations of the pituitary gland, schizencephaly, cortical heterotopia, white matter hypoplasia, pachygyria, and holoprosencephaly. (wikipedia.org)
- Association of ectopic posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary hypoplasia with absence of the left internal carotid. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare clinical entity characterised by an absent or thin pituitary stalk, hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary gland, and ectopic location of the posterior pituitary on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed hypoplasia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and an ectopic posterior pituitary lobe. (elsevier.com)
- The pituitary gland is typically without morphological changes, although anterior pituitary gland hypoplasia has been reported. (cdc.gov)
Hypothalamic14
- The test distinguishes between pituitary and hypothalamic disorders but is not suitable as a screening test for growth hormone deficiencies. (medicines.org.uk)
- The hypothalamic neuroendocrine messenger that directs the anterior lobe of the pituitary to produce GH is called growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). (hgfound.org)
- Hypothalamic GHD is the failure of the hypothalamus to produce and/or transmit the neuroendocrine messaging hormone, GHRH, which directs a properly functioning pituitary to produce GH. (hgfound.org)
- If low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) result from a defective hypothalamus the condition is referred as hypothalamic or tertiary hypothalamus . (nursingcrib.com)
- Hypofunctioning of the thyroid glands leaves the TSH unused and the APG continually releasing it due to hypothalamic stimulation. (nursingcrib.com)
- A contrast pituitary MRI scan showed an ill-defined, small volume, soft tissue enhancement in the hypothalamic region, in keeping with neurosarcoid. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Repeat imaging of the hypothalamic/pituitary region is due in April 2018, to assess for regression of neurosarcoidosis and determine whether further steroid therapy is required as monotherapy or combined with second-line immunosuppressant agents. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Conclusions and points for discussion: Hypothalamic/pituitary sarcoidosis is a rare manifestation of sarcoidosis and usually presents with symptoms of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism or diabetes insipidus. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Endocrine symptoms may precede other multi-systemic symptoms and therefore sarcoidosis should be considered when investigating patients for hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction, so that appropriate treatment can be commenced early. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- A negative feedback loop occurs such that the hormones produced in the target glands feed back to inhibit the release of their respective regulatory pituitary and hypothalamic factors. (medscape.com)
- T4 and T3 are normally synthesized and released in response to a combined hypothalamic pituitary signal mediated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus. (renalandurologynews.com)
- What is characteristic of the hormones produced in the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary system? (cueflash.com)
- The pituitary gland is composed of the adenohypophysis, which is comprised of an anterior and intermediate lobe, and the neurohypophysis, which consists of projections of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons (1). (scielo.br)
- The hGH, also known as somatotropin, is produced in the acidophilic somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland and is a 191 amino acid single chain polypeptide, which is released into the blood circulation and takes part in the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-skeletal muscle axis system to regulate growth and development in human body [ 1 , 2 ]. (intechopen.com)
Stalk interruption syndrome5
- A case of pituitary stalk interruption syndrome with intermittent seizures as the first presentation. (nel.edu)
- Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a congenital disease with isolated growth hormone deficiency (GHD) or multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD). (nel.edu)
- Li J, Jia H, Chakraborty A, Gao Z. A case of pituitary stalk interruption syndrome with intermittent seizures as the first presentation. (nel.edu)
- MRI of the pituitary gland ( figure 1 ) showed an atrophic pituitary gland, absent pituitary stalk and an ectopic posterior pituitary consistent with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS). (bmj.com)
- Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome was first described in children with growth failure and pituitary hormone deficiencies after the advent of MR imaging. (ajnr.org)
Dwarfism10
- Childhood deficiency of growth hormone results in dwarfism, whereas excess production causes gigantism. (sciencephoto.com)
- Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency. (bioportfolio.com)
- Laron syndrome is not a form of primary pituitary dwarfism (GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY DWARFISM) but the result of mutation of the human GHR gene on chromosome 5. (bioportfolio.com)
- hyposecretion in children causes pituitary dwarfism . (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, pituitary dwarfism is decreased bodily growth due to hormonal problems. (encyclopedia.com)
- Pituitary dwarfism is caused by problems arising in the pituitary gland . (encyclopedia.com)
- Most forms of dwarfism are a result of decreased production of hormones from the anterior half of the pituitary gland. (encyclopedia.com)
- Another type of dwarfism occurs when only the growth hormone is decreased. (encyclopedia.com)
- Pituitary dwarfism has been shown to run in families. (encyclopedia.com)
- The primary symptom of pituitary dwarfism is lack of height. (encyclopedia.com)
Thyrotropin-releasi4
- J. Ellerhorst and colleagues at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Texas had a paper appear in Clinical Cancer Research titled, "Expression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone by human melanoma and nevi. (ndnr.com)
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is, as we know, a hormone produced by the hypothalamus in response to a perceived deficiency in thyroid hormone in the blood. (ndnr.com)
- How does thyrotropin releasing hormone travel from the hypothalamus to wherever it needs to be? (healthtap.com)
- Tertiary type is caused by reduction in the amount of TRH of thyrotropin releasing hormone by the hypothalamus. (neurosurgeryfreak.com)
Antidiuretic3
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb and conserve water, resulting in small volumes of highly concentrated urine and decreased plasma osmolarity. (wikipedia.org)
- Is antidiuretic hormone released by the adrenal glands? (healthtap.com)
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) plays an important role in volume regulation, sodium homeostasis, regulation of serum osmolality, and possibly also learning and memory modulation. (lecturio.com)
Ectopic posterior6
- Patient 1, a 10-year-old boy with Hunter syndrome, was evaluated for poor growth and an ectopic posterior pituitary gland. (hindawi.com)
- A) T1 sagittal image showing an atrophic pituitary gland and a 5 mm hyperintense focus in the retrochiasmatic region, which represents the ectopic posterior pituitary gland (red arrow). (bmj.com)
- MRI is diagnostic showing an absent pituitary gland and an ectopic posterior pituitary. (bmj.com)
- 1 , 2 It is characterized by an absent, truncated, or thinned pituitary stalk, an ectopic posterior pituitary gland, and a hypoplastic or normal anterior pituitary gland. (ajnr.org)
- A hyperintense signal intensity at the median eminence represented an ectopic posterior pituitary ( Fig 1 ). (ajnr.org)
- Ectopic posterior pituitary hyperintense signal intensity ( thin arrow ) is located at the median eminence. (ajnr.org)
Parathyroid glands4
- This hormone opposes the action of the parathyroid glands by reducing the calcium level in the blood. (rochester.edu)
- Thyroid - Thyroid Parathyroid Glands Thyroid Gland The. (coursehero.com)
- Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland is a very vascular organ that is located in the neck. (coursehero.com)
- A benign tumour of the parathyroid glands, which are located in the neck and help to regulate calcium metabolism. (lifeworkpotential.com)
Symptoms24
- Symptoms are often related to the deficiencies of the target gland hormones. (pituitary.org)
- If you are a nurse or medical professional, register for PNA CEU Membership and earn CEU credits to learn about the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for patients with pituitary disorders. (pituitary.org)
- Apart from these symptoms, the metabolic abnormalities associated with GH ( Growth Hormone ) that warrant effective GH lowering therapy. (cushings-help.com)
- The most common endocrine manifestation of classical LCH is associated with the posterior pituitary, with clinical symptoms of diabetes insipidus. (nel.edu)
- The symptoms of a testosterone deficiency may be physical and psychological in nature. (ada.com)
- A decreased libido and general fatigue are the most common symptoms of a testosterone deficiency. (ada.com)
- Since pituitary hormone deficiencies may be partial and can develop slowly, patients may display few of the expected symptoms or signs. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- The diagnoses should be considered when women present peripartum with non-specific symptoms related to varying deficiencies of anterior pituitary hormones, and/or headache and/or visual disturbances. (uio.no)
- Pituitary apoplexy usually has a short period of symptoms (acute), which can be life threatening. (medlineplus.gov)
- Acute apoplexy may require surgery to relieve pressure on the pituitary and improve vision symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
- Call your provider if you have any symptoms of chronic pituitary insufficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
- The symptoms of hyperthyroidism in Graves disease are related to the effects of thyroid hormone on metabolism and cardiac function. (washington.edu)
- Because thyroid hormone increases the responsiveness to epinephrine and norepinephrine, excess thyroid hormone can cause symptoms that occur due to increased sympathetic activation, such as nervousness, sweating and increased heart rate. (washington.edu)
- Symptoms and signs relate to the underlying disorder and to the specific pituitary hormones that are deficient or absent. (merckmanuals.com)
- What are some of the symptoms adults with a condition of the pituitary gland experience? (pituitary.org.uk)
- The following list shows many of the symptoms associated with pituitary conditions. (pituitary.org.uk)
- It covers different pituitary conditions and patients will not display all of these symptoms, only the ones relevant to their particular condition. (pituitary.org.uk)
- You should see your GP if you have any of these symptoms but, remember, having some of these symptoms does not necessarily mean you have a pituitary condition. (pituitary.org.uk)
- What are some of the symptoms of a pituitary condition in children? (pituitary.org.uk)
- Except for signs and symptoms of pituitary hormone deficiency, the patient had no dysmorphic features, and hearing impairment, primary mental or neurological defects were also absent. (elsevier.com)
- The lack of thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland as a consequence of failure of the hypothalamus to initiate TSH production in the anterior pituitary presents with the same signs and symptoms as are seen with other hypothyroid conditions (i.e., fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, depression, and dry skin). (renalandurologynews.com)
- Most of these unpleasant symptoms of HGH deficiency are reversible, especially if you use hormonal therapy. (hgh.to)
- In addition to these symptoms, certain problems associated with heart disease or high cholesterol are true signs of HGH deficiency. (hgh.to)
- Podcast - In this second podcast on GH deficiency, Dr Blevins explains the clinical symptoms and signs of this disorder. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
Adrenocorticotropic2
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone. (cushings-help.com)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone , polypeptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. (thefreedictionary.com)
Genes8
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) lists the subtypes and associated genes for Combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, genetic forms in a table called Phenotypic Series. (nih.gov)
- HESX1/Hesx1 is a member of the paired-like class of homeobox genes and is essential for pituitary and forebrain development. (nih.gov)
- 1 2 PSIS is believed to be either due to mutations in the genes involved in pituitary embryogenesis (PROP1, LHX3, HEXSX1, PROKR2 and GPR161) or perinatal asphyxia. (bmj.com)
- The protein regulates expression of several genes involved in pituitary development and hormone expression. (cancerindex.org)
- Mutations in this genes result in combined pituitary hormone deficiency. (cancerindex.org)
- The pathway from embryogenesis to the full differentiation of specific functional cell types within the pituitary is controlled by numerous genes that encode transcription factors. (medscape.com)
- Direct DNA sequencing of all coding exons of the pituitary transcription factor 1 (PIT1) and prophet of PIT1 (PROP1) genes failed to detect disease-causing mutations, suggesting that these genes were not involved in the development f CPHD in our patient. (elsevier.com)
- Mutations in the genes encoding these factors are responsible for structural defects of the pituitary gland and hormonal deficiencies. (scielo.br)
Produces15
- The pituitary, produces FSH, and LH and chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is produced by the placenta. (hubpages.com)
- During the pre-ovulatory phase, a high level of estrogen produces a positive feeback on the hypothalamus and pituitary and this results in excessive production of LH. (hubpages.com)
- The gland also produces insulin and glucagon. (pituitary.org)
- and produces several hormones, including insulin. (pituitary.org)
- Hgh is manufactured in the anterior element of the pituitary gland, a small pea-sized organ just underneath the brain, which produces several different hormones. (brightfuturesforfamilies.org)
- The body produces several kinds of growth hormone. (hgfound.org)
- The pituitary produces many of the hormones that control essential body processes. (medlineplus.gov)
- It is often considered the most important part of the endocrine system because it produces hormones that control many functions of other endocrine glands. (emedicinehealth.com)
- The posterior pituitary gland only produces two hormones. (encyclopedia.com)
- The anterior pituitary, an ectodermal structure that derives from the pharynx as the Rathke pouch, produces most of the gland's hormones. (medscape.com)
- The liver produces proteins that bind lipid soluble hormones for transport in the plasma. (cueflash.com)
- Too little Growth Hormone produces dwarfs, too much, giants. (oleda.com)
- Reason: the pituitary gland produces Growth Hormone mainly at night during deep sleep. (oleda.com)
- Synthetic HGH is identical with the growth hormone that our body produces. (hgh.to)
- it makes pancreatic juices, which contain enzymes that aid in digestion, and it produces several hormones, including insulin. (lifeworkpotential.com)
Neurohypophysis2
- The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis ) is made up of modified glial cells (termed pituicytes) and axonal processes of neurons which extend from nerve cell bodies located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus . (lecturio.com)
- Posterior Pituitary The posterior pituitary, or neurohypophysis, is composed of terminal nerve endings that extend from the ventral hypothalamus. (documentaryheaven.com)
Hypothalamus and pituitary1
- The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are neuroendocrine organs . (wikipedia.org)
Multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies1
- Patients with a thinned or truncated pituitary stalk predominantly have isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD), whereas those with an absent stalk generally have multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD). (ajnr.org)
Acromegaly2
- Acromegaly / Gigantism is a very rare (annual incidence: 3/1.000.000) and serious chronic condition related to a permanent hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland, generally of tumoral origin. (cushings-help.com)
- The growth hormone (GH) nadir during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is the gold standard diagnostic test for acromegaly. (bioportfolio.com)
Vasopressin2
- Vasopressin deficiency is rare in primary pituitary disorders but is common with lesions of the pituitary stalk and hypothalamus. (merckmanuals.com)
- ADH ( vasopressin ) is released by the posterior pituitary. (healthtap.com)
Polypeptide hormone3
- Growth hormone is a 191 amino acid polypeptide hormone (MW 22,000) normally synthesised and secreted by the somatotrophic cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- GH, also called somatotropin , is a polypeptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction. (unboundmedicine.com)
- IGF-1: (also known as Serum IGF-1 or Somatomedin C) is a polypeptide hormone. (1chondra.com)
Hypersecretion3
- This is because hyperthyroidism caused by pituitary hypersecretion of TSH is very rare. (washington.edu)
- Hypersecretion of pituitary hormones secondary to macroadenomas can interfere with other pituitary hormone functions, resulting in target organ hormone deficiencies. (positivearticles.com)
- Hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones results in Cushing syndrome. (tabers.com)
Apoplexy4
- Pituitary apoplexy is a rare, but serious condition of the pituitary gland. (medlineplus.gov)
- Pituitary apoplexy can be caused by bleeding into the pituitary or by blocked blood flow to the pituitary. (medlineplus.gov)
- Pituitary apoplexy in these situations is very rare. (medlineplus.gov)
- Acute pituitary apoplexy can be life threatening. (medlineplus.gov)
Testosterone13
- Testosterone is a predominantly male sex hormone, belonging to a group of androgens (steroids) that are central to sexual and reproductive development. (ada.com)
- In both sexes, a small amount of testosterone is also produced in the adrenal glands. (ada.com)
- Testosterone therapy, a treatment method involving an artificial form of the hormone, may be necessary for those experiencing low levels of testosterone. (ada.com)
- Low testosterone, or a testosterone deficiency, can occur prenatally, during puberty and develop in adult males and sometimes females, too. (ada.com)
- Those with a testosterone deficiency may also struggle to develop normal muscle mass and have lesser endurance capabilities. (ada.com)
- A testosterone deficiency can also develop as a result of aging, as well as being associated with conditions including obesity, type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure . (ada.com)
- Females can also experience testosterone deficiency. (ada.com)
- Anabolic steroids are synthetic drugs that mimic the effects of testosterone, the male sex hormone. (ideafit.com)
- Technically, only physicians can prescribe anabolic steroids-for medical conditions like growth deficiencies, muscle-wasting diseases and a natural lack of certain hormones such as testosterone. (ideafit.com)
- The low testosterone and gonadotropin levels and lack of response to LHRH stimulation were considered evidence of gonadotropin deficiency. (ajnr.org)
- 1,2 The physiognomy is typical of eunuchs castrated early in life, and is caused by a deficiency of androsterone (testosterone), normally produced predominantly in the testes. (scielo.org.za)
- The small amount of testosterone produced in the adrenal glands is not sufficient to prevent the feminine growth pattern in adolescence. (scielo.org.za)
- For sperm formation, FSH (follicule-stimulating hormone ) is the key one but conjunction with healthy testicular tissue and LH as well as testosterone . (healthtap.com)
Metabolism7
- The anterior pituitary gland contributes to growth, metabolism, and sexual development. (wikipedia.org)
- hormone, secretory substance carried from one gland or organ of the body via the bloodstream to more or less specific tissues, where it exerts some influence upon the metabolism of the target tissue. (factmonster.com)
- In addition, there is a decreased calorie requirement in people with PWS due to low muscle, decreased metabolism and decreased physical activity if not treated with growth hormone replacement. (rarediseases.org)
- These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Only a little amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. (healthtap.com)
- Hormones are extremely powerful in that minute concentrations will have very intense effects on processes of metabolism. (wikibooks.org)
- HRT in adults with HGH deficiency will help improve fat and protein metabolism, gain mass and muscle strength. (hgh.to)
Function of the pituitary gland1
- Dysfunction of the hypothalamus results in loss of regulation over behavior and function of the pituitary gland (master gland). (wikipedia.org)
Peptide2
- Growth hormone is a peptide produced by the pituitary gland. (hgh.to)
- From Lewis Blevins, MD Introduction Growth Hormone is a peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
Somatotropin1
- and growth hormone growth hormone or somatotropin , glycoprotein hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that is necessary for normal skeletal growth in humans (see protein). (thefreedictionary.com)
Transcription Factors3
- PIT1 is a pituitary-specific transcription factor responsible for pituitary development and hormone expression in mammals and is a member of the POU family of transcription factors that regulate mammalian development. (wikipedia.org)
- Regulation of the development of the mammalian anterior pituitary gland by transcription factors. (medscape.com)
- Following, inductive signals between the developing diencephalon and the oral ectoderm, early transcription factors guide the formation of rudimentary Rathke's Pouch (rRP) and then subsequent gene regulatory pathways control the determination, proliferation, and differentiation events that establish the specialized hormone-secreting cells. (medscape.com)
Steroid8
- She was suspected for lymphocytic inflammation of pituitary and she was administered steroid trea tment. (nel.edu)
- The adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testes in fact produce at least small amounts of all of the steroid hormones. (factmonster.com)
- Insects have a unique hormonal system that includes ecdysone, a steroid that influences molting and metamorphosis, and juvenile hormone, needed for early development. (factmonster.com)
- He was started on steroid, thyroid and growth hormone replacement. (bmj.com)
- Once the steroid hormone is bound to DNA, it stimulates mRNA synthesis and subsequently activates the synthesis of proteins used for muscle growth (Tokish, Kocher & Hawkins 2004). (ideafit.com)
- Steroid-type hormones will generally target the receptors which are located inside a cell. (wikibooks.org)
- On the contrary, steroid hormones takes a bit longer because proteins have to be synthesized. (wikibooks.org)
- The cortex synthesizes three groups of steroid hormones from cholesterol. (tabers.com)
Adenomas5
- Somatotropinomas, but not nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, maintain a functional apoptotic RET/Pit1/ARF/p53 pathway that is blocked by excess GDNF. (cancerindex.org)
- Our purpose was to ascertain whether human ACROs maintain the RET/Pit1/p14ARF/p53/apoptosis pathway, relative to nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs). (cancerindex.org)
- Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas are rare in children, accounting for only 3-6% of all adenomas in 2 large series, while they comprise 30% of adenomas in adults. (positivearticles.com)
- A highly informative podcast on growth hormone-secreting adenomas by Dr. Lewis Blevins. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
- Tackling unmet needs: new compounds in development for non-functioning pituitary adenomas. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
Genetic6
- PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, genetic forms. (nih.gov)
- Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic multisystem disorder characterized during infancy by lethargy, diminished muscle tone (hypotonia), a week suck and feeding difficulties with poor weight gain and growth and other hormone deficiency. (rarediseases.org)
- Amongst children, GHD could be associated with congenital conditions, like marred pituitary development and other genetic abnormalities. (powershow.com)
- An important gene associated with Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies, Genetic Forms is PROP1 (PROP Paired-Like Homeobox 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Mesodermal Commitment Pathway and Hedgehog signaling events mediated by Gli proteins . (malacards.org)
- A rare genetic endocrine growth disease resulting from growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) deficiency. (cdc.gov)
- The root cause can be genetic mutations such as growth hormone receptor gene, Prop-1gene, Pit-1 gene, hypothalamus, or other pituitary problems from injury etc. (magicfoundation.org)
Posterior lobe3
- The anterior lobe is on the left, and the posterior lobe on the right, both in red. (wikipedia.org)
- The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. (emedicinehealth.com)
- During development, the oral ectoderm invaginates to form the primordial rudimentary pituitary, also known as Rathke's pouch, which proliferates toward the third ventricle, where it merges with the posterior lobe (2). (scielo.br)
Secondary2
- This is secondary to dopamine being unable to reach the pituitary and inhibit the lactotrophs as there is no pituitary stalk. (bmj.com)
- Inflammation of the hypophysis may be secondary to an autoimmune process or tissue invasion from other inflammatory conditions, resulting in pituitary dysfunction and homogeneous enhancement on radiographic imaging. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
Testes4
- Pituitary hormones control the function of the adrenal gland, thyroid gland and the gonads (testes and ovaries). (wikipedia.org)
- Similar mechanisms of negative feedback also occurs in adrenal gland and the ovaries and testes. (wikibooks.org)
- In men, these glands (gonads) are the testes. (adam.com)
- 2) Tthe most important male sex hormone (androgen) produced by the Leydig cells of the testes in response to luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted by the pituitary. (lymphedemapeople.com)
Lobe of the pituitary2
- GH is produced by growth hormone cells, known as somatotropes, which are located in the anterior lobe of the pituitary located in the brain. (hgfound.org)
- A tumour of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (lifeworkpotential.com)
Insufficiency2
- Adult patients will often complain of headache, visual deficits resulting from mass effect on the optic nerves or chiasm, or signs of pituitary insufficiency. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
- Compression of surrounding structures may lead to visual compromise or pituitary insufficiency. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
GHRH6
- GHRH is applied to determine the somatotropic function of the anterior pituitary gland in cases of suspected growth hormone deficiency. (medicines.org.uk)
- GHRH Test: After withdrawal of approximately 2ml of venous blood from the fasted patient, the increase of basal growth hormone levels in plasma or serum after a single intravenous injection of the product is measured. (medicines.org.uk)
- Therefore, additional blood samples may be taken 15, 45, 60 and 90 minutes after GHRH injection for better assessment of growth hormone release. (medicines.org.uk)
- GH is produced by somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland, which is stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and inhibited by somatostatin from the hypothalamus. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Growth hormone is produced in the anterior pituitary gland when growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), is released by the hypothalamus. (encyclopedia.com)
- The synthesis and release of hGHs are affected by multiple complex feedback mechanisms, and the major regulators are growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) synthesized in the hypothalamus, somatostatin derived from various tissues of the body, and ghrelin produced in the gastrointestinal tract. (intechopen.com)
