Defective viruses. Medical search

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in mice infected with mouse leukemia viruses (MuLV). The syndrome shows striking similarities with human AIDS and is characterized by lymphadenopathy, profound immunosuppression, enhanced susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and B-cell lymphomas.

Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.

Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS, containing many well-defined strains, producing leukemia in mice. Disease is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.

The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.

The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.

The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. The H3N2 subtype was responsible for the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals.

A group of viruses in the PNEUMOVIRUS genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported.

The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.

The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.

Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.

Viruses that produce tumors.

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

The type species of RUBULAVIRUS that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection.

A species of RESPIROVIRUS also called hemadsorption virus 2 (HA2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children.

Viruses which produce a mottled appearance of the leaves of plants.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.

A species of ALPHAVIRUS isolated in central, eastern, and southern Africa.

Group of alpharetroviruses (ALPHARETROVIRUS) producing sarcomata and other tumors in chickens and other fowl and also in pigeons, ducks, and RATS.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.

The binding of virus particles to receptors on the host cell surface. For enveloped viruses, the virion ligand is usually a surface glycoprotein as is the cellular receptor. For non-enveloped viruses, the virus CAPSID serves as the ligand.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS apparently infecting over 90% of children but not clearly associated with any clinical illness in childhood. The virus remains latent in the body throughout life and can be reactivated under certain circumstances.

Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.

Viruses whose taxonomic relationships have not been established.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS, originally isolated from the brain of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The patient's initials J.C. gave the virus its name. Infection is not accompanied by any apparent illness but serious demyelinating disease can appear later, probably following reactivation of latent virus.

The type species of ALPHARETROVIRUS producing latent or manifest lymphoid leukosis in fowl.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A family of RNA viruses causing INFLUENZA and other diseases. There are five recognized genera: INFLUENZAVIRUS A; INFLUENZAVIRUS B; INFLUENZAVIRUS C; ISAVIRUS; and THOGOTOVIRUS.

The type species of ORBIVIRUS causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals.

Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

The type species of RESPIROVIRUS in the subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE. It is the murine version of HUMAN PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1, distinguished by host range.

A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) arising during the propagation of S37 mouse sarcoma, and causing lymphoid leukemia in mice. It also infects rats and newborn hamsters. It is apparently transmitted to embryos in utero and to newborns through mother's milk.

Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA; (LYSOGENY); to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.

The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

The type species of the FLAVIVIRUS genus. Principal vector transmission to humans is by AEDES spp. mosquitoes.

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. The type species is HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN.

The type species of TOBAMOVIRUS which causes mosaic disease of tobacco. Transmission occurs by mechanical inoculation.

Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.

The type species of LEPORIPOXVIRUS causing infectious myxomatosis, a severe generalized disease, in rabbits. Tumors are not always present.

Inactivation of viruses by non-immune related techniques. They include extremes of pH, HEAT treatment, ultraviolet radiation, IONIZING RADIATION; DESICCATION; ANTISEPTICS; DISINFECTANTS; organic solvents, and DETERGENTS.

A novel Vpr peptide interactor fused to integrase (IN) restores integration activity to IN-defective HIV-1 virions. (1/1328)

A novel approach to complement human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) integrase (IN)-defective virions has been identified. The approach involves fusion of a 23-amino-acid stretch to the N-terminus of wild-type IN and coexpression of this chimera with the IN-defective proviral template in virus producing cells. The 23-amino-acid peptide represents a Vpr "interactor," referred to as the the WxxF or WF domain, which apparently leads to docking of the domain along with the fusion partner onto HIV-1 Vpr, thus permitting virion incorporation of the chimeric protein when expressed, in trans, with other viral products. Transfection of the WF-IN expression plasmid along with HIV-1 viral clones that produce Vpr, but bear an IN mutation, results in the release of a proportion of viral particles that are competent for integration. The extent of complementation was assessed using the MAGI cell assay, where integration of viral DNA results in the eventual appearance of easily visible multinucleated blue syncytia. The efficiency of dWF-IN (double copy of WF domain) complementation is not improved markedly by incorporation of a HIV-1 protease cleavage site (PR) between the dWF domain and IN (dWF-PR-IN), unlike that observed with Vpr fusions to IN. Furthermore, the ability of Vpr-PR-IN and dWF-PR-IN to complement IN-defective proviral clones, both of which bear an intervening protease cleavage site, appear comparable. Western blotting analyses using virions isolated through sucrose cushions demonstrate clearly the incorporation of the dWF-IN fusion protein into Vpr containing HIV-1 particles but not in Vpr-deficient virions. Additional Western blotting analyses indicate that all Vpr-IN and dWF-IN chimeras, with or without a PR site, are packaged into virions. The efficiency of virion incorporation of Vpr-IN and dWF-IN chimeras appears approximately comparable by Western blotting analysis. The ability of dWF-IN to complement IN-defective proviruses with efficiency similar to that of Vpr-PR-IN and dWF-PR-IN indicates that dWF-IN retains the full complement of functions necessary for integration of proviral DNA and is likely due to the benign nature of this small domain at the amino-terminus of IN. (+info)

Enhancer-like properties of an RNA element that modulates Tombusvirus RNA accumulation. (2/1328)

Prototypical defective interfering (DI) RNAs of the plus-strand RNA virus tomato bushy stunt virus contain four noncontiguous segments (regions I-IV) derived from the viral genome. Region I corresponds to 5'-noncoding sequence, regions II and III are derived from internal positions, and region IV represents a 3'-terminal segment. We analyzed the internally located region III in a prototypical DI RNA to understand better its role in DI RNA accumulation. Our results indicate that (1) region III is not essential for DI RNA accumulation, but molecules that lack it accumulate at significantly reduced levels ( approximately 10-fold lower), (2) region III is able to function at different positions and in opposite orientations, (3) a single copy of region III is favored over multiple copies, (4) the stimulatory effect observed on DI RNA accumulation is not due to region III-mediated RNA stabilization, (5) DI RNAs lacking region III permit the efficient accumulation of head-to-tail dimers and are less effective at suppressing helper RNA accumulation, and (6) negative-strand accumulation is also significantly depressed for DI RNAs lacking region III. Collectively, these results support a role for region III as an enhancer-like element that facilitates DI RNA replication. A scanning-type mutagenesis strategy was used to define portions of region III important for its stimulatory effect on DI RNA accumulation. Interestingly, the results revealed several differences in the requirements for activity when region III was in the forward versus the reverse orientation. In the context of the viral genome, region III was found to be essential for biological activity. This latter finding defines a critical role for this element in the reproductive cycle of the virus. (+info)

New defective RNAs from citrus tristeza virus: evidence for a replicase-driven template switching mechanism in their generation. (3/1328)

Defective RNAs (D-RNAs) ranging in size from 1968 to 2759 nt were detected in four citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates by hybridization of electroblotted dsRNAs with two probes specific for the 5'- and 3'-terminal genomic regions. The RNAs that hybridized with both probes were eluted, cloned and sequenced. Comparison with the sequences of the corresponding genomic regions of the helper virus showed, in all cases, over 99% nucleotide identity and direct repeats of 4-5 nt flanking or in the vicinity of the junction sites. The presence of the repeats from two separate genome locations suggests a replicase-driven template switching mechanism for the generation of these CTV D-RNAs. Two of the CTV isolates that differed greatly in their pathogenicity contained an identical D-RNA, suggesting that it is unlikely that this D-RNA is involved in symptom modulation, which may be caused by another factor. (+info)

The quaternary structure of the sheaths of defective phages similar to PBS X. (4/1328)

The contractile sheaths of five defective, PBS X-like bacteriophages from Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis were investigated by electron microscopy, dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Electron microscope images of the extended and contracted sheaths were of similar appearance, although their lengths were different. The surface lattices of both the extended and the contracted sheaths were determined by optical diffraction. This showed that the quaternary structure of the sheaths of all five defective phages originated from identical surface lattices, which could be approximately expressed by the selection rules L = -2n' + 3m and L = 9N' + 17M for the extended and contracted sheaths respectively, in which 6n' = n with n = 0 or an integer multiple of 6. These results indicated that the packing of the protein subunits in these sheaths differed from those of other bacteriophages, for example T4 and millimicron [Amos and Klug, J. Mol. Biol. 99, 51--73 (1975); Admiraal and Mellema, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 56, 48--64 (1976)]. The molecular weight of the main sheath protein of the defective phages, as determined by dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis, was approximately 50000. This value differed from that for T4, but was similar to that of millimicron [Admiraal and Mellema, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 56, 48--64 (1976); King and Laemmli, J. Mol. Biol, 75, 315--337 (1973)]. The results of immunodiffusion experiments, however, pointed to a chemical difference between the sheath proteins of the defective phages and millimicron, in addition to T4. (+info)

Experimental gene therapy against subcutaneously implanted glioma with a herpes simplex virus-defective vector expressing interferon-gamma. (5/1328)

We investigated the feasibility of local treatment or tumor vaccination with a herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1-defective vector. The vector was engineered to express murine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) for experimental gene therapy against mouse glioma Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). The murine IFN-gamma gene was driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter. The helper virus (tsk) was thermosensitive; consequently, this vector could only proliferate at 31 degrees C. A high level of murine IFN-gamma expression was confirmed in vitro and in vivo by immunohistochemistry using anti-mouse IFN-gamma monoclonal antibody. This engineered vector (dvHSV/MulFN-gamma) inhibited the proliferation of mouse glioma RSV cells in vitro, and an intratumoral (i.t.) local injection of the vector caused i.t. necrosis in vivo. The immunological effect of dvHSV/MulFN-gamma was also examined in a mouse glioma RSV cell implantation model. A subcutaneous (s.c.) implant of 1 x 10(6) mouse glioma RSV cells after treatment with dvHSV/MulFN-gamma was rejected. However, the implant after treatment with an engineered HSV-defective vector containing an antisense nucleotide sequence of the murine IFN-gamma gene was not rejected. In addition, in another group of mice in which RSV cells treated with dvHSV/MulFN-gamma were implanted into a femoral (s.c.) region and nontreated RSV cells were implanted into a contralateral femoral (s.c.) region, the implanted RSV cells were rejected. The rejection of the implanted mouse glioma RSV was blocked by anti-asialo GM1, which was known to inhibit natural killer cell activity. These results revealed that the HSV-defective vector could realize a high efficiency of transfection to glioma cells through short-time treatment, and that the IFN-gamma gene transferred to the cells had the effect of tumor vaccination, which was suggested be related to natural killer cells. In conclusion, dvHSV/MulFN-gamma may be useful for the gene therapy of malignant glioma through either i.t. local injection or a practical tumor vaccination with ex vivo gene transfer. (+info)

Virus promoters determine interference by defective RNAs: selective amplification of mini-RNA vectors and rescue from cDNA by a 3' copy-back ambisense rabies virus. (6/1328)

Typical defective interfering (DI) RNAs are more successful in the competition for viral polymerase than the parental (helper) virus, which is mostly due to an altered DI promoter composition. Rabies virus (RV) internal deletion RNAs which possess the authentic RV terminal promoters, and which therefore are transcriptionally active and can be used as vectors for foreign gene expression, are poorly propagated in RV-infected cells and do not interfere with RV replication. To allow DI-like amplification and high-level gene expression from such mini-RNA vectors, we have used an engineered 3' copy-back (ambisense) helper RV in which the strong replication promoter of the antigenome was replaced with the 50-fold-weaker genome promoter. In cells coinfected with ambisense helper virus and mini-RNAs encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and luciferase, mini-RNAs were amplified to high levels. This was correlated with interference with helper virus replication, finally resulting in a clear predominance of mini-RNAs over helper virus. However, efficient successive passaging of mini-RNAs and high-level reporter gene activity could be achieved without adding exogenous helper virus, revealing a rather moderate degree of interference not precluding substantial HV propagation. Compared to infections with recombinant RV vectors expressing CAT, the availability of abundant mini-RNA templates led to increased levels of CAT mRNA such that CAT activities were augmented up to 250-fold, while virus gene transcription was kept to a minimum. We have also exploited the finding that internal deletion model RNAs behave like DI RNAs and are selectively amplified in the presence of ambisense helper virus to demonstrate for the first time RV-supported rescue of cDNA after transfection of mini-RNA cDNAs in ambisense RV-infected cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase. (+info)

Genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells. (7/1328)

The alternating host cycle and persistent vector infection may constrain the evolution of arboviruses. To test this hypothesis, eastern equine encephalitis virus was passaged in BHK or mosquito cells, as well as in alternating (both) host cell passages. High and low multiplicities were used to examine the effect of defective interfering particles. Clonal BHK and persistent mosquito cell infections were also evaluated. Fitness was measured with one-step growth curves and competition assays, and mutations were evaluated by nucleotide sequencing and RNA fingerprinting. All passages and assays were done at 32 degrees C to eliminate temperature as a selection factor. Viruses passaged in either cell type alone exhibited fitness declines in the bypassed cells, while high-multiplicity and clonal passages caused fitness declines in both types of cells. Bypassed cell fitness losses were mosquito and vertebrate specific and were not restricted to individual cell lines. Fitness increases occurred in the cell line used for single-host-adaptation passages and in both cells for alternately passaged viruses. Surprisingly, single-host-cell passage increased fitness in that cell type no more than alternating passages. However, single-host-cell adaptation resulted in more mutations than alternating cell passages. Mosquito cell adaptation invariably resulted in replacement of the stop codon in nsP3 with arginine or cysteine. In one case, BHK cell adaptation resulted in a 238-nucleotide deletion in the 3' untranslated region. Many nonsynonymous substitutions were shared among more than one BHK or mosquito cell passage series, suggesting positive Darwinian selection. Our results suggest that alternating host transmission cycles constrain the evolutionary rates of arboviruses but not their fitness for either host alone. (+info)

Different doses of adenoviral vector expressing IL-12 enhance or depress the immune response to a coadministered antigen: the role of nitric oxide. (8/1328)

Joint immunization with two recombinant adenoviruses, one expressing hepatitis C virus (HCV) core and E1 proteins and another expressing IL-12 (RAdIL-12), strongly potentiates cellular immune response against HCV Ags in BALB/c mice when RAdIL-12 was used at doses of 1 x 105-1 x 107 plaque-forming units. However, cellular immunity against HCV Ags was abolished when higher doses (1 x 108 plaque-forming units) of RAdIL-12 were used. This immunosuppressive effect was associated with marked elevation of IFN-gamma and nitric oxide in the serum and increased cell apoptosis in the spleen. Administration of N-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, to mice that received high doses of RAdIL-12 was lethal, whereas no apparent systemic toxicity by L -NAME was observed in those immunized with lower doses of the adenovirus. Interestingly, in mice immunized with recombinant adenovirus expressing core and E1 proteins of HCV in combination with RAdIL-12 at low doses (1 x 107 plaque-forming units), L -NAME inhibited T cell proliferation and CTL activity in response to HCV Ags and also production of Abs against adenoviral proteins. In conclusion, gene transfer of IL-12 can increase or abolish cell immunity against an Ag depending of the dose of the vector expressing the cytokine. IL-12 stimulates the synthesis of NO which is needed for the immunostimulating effects of IL-12, but apoptosis of T cells and immunosuppression ensues when IFN-gamma and NO are generated at very high concentrations. (+info)

Page for Tombus virus defective interfering (DI) RNA region 3 at Rfam v t e (Cis-regulatory RNA elements, Tombusviridae, All ... Tombus virus defective interfering (DI) RNA region 3 is an important cis-regulatory region identified in the 3' UTR of ... Infectious bronchitis virus D-RNA Red clover necrotic mosaic virus translation enhancer elements Ray D, White KA (2003). "An ... Defective interfering RNAs are small sub-viral replicons which are non-coding deletion mutants of the virus that maintain cis- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombus_virus_defective_interfering_(DI)_RNA_region_3

Despite the inability to isolate them, von Magnus discovered defective interfering particles (DIPs) using the "influenza virus ... Huang, Alice S.; Baltimore, David (1977). "2. Defective Interfering Animal Viruses". In Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz; Wagner, Robert ... He warned however, that such viruses were stable and easily cultured and therefore the emergence of a new virus with a more ... "Incomplete Forms of Influenza Virus", in Kenneth M. Smith and Max A. Lauffer's Advances in Virus Research, Volume 2, Academic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preben_von_Magnus

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an example of a replication defective, helper dependent ssRNA virus because it requires Hepatitis B ... Gonçalves, Manuel AFV (2005). "Adeno-associated virus: From defective virus to effective vector". Virology Journal. 2: 43. doi: ... The term satellite virus has been given to a large group of viruses that all require the presence of another virus to replicate ... 1965). "Adenovirus-Associated Defective Virus Particles". Science. 149 (3685): 754-6. Bibcode:1965Sci...149..754A. doi:10.1126/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helper_dependent_virus

It is, therefore, a defective virus. Although hepatitis delta virus genome may replicate independently once inside a host cell ... A virus has either a DNA or an RNA genome and is called a DNA virus or an RNA virus, respectively. The vast majority of viruses ... Other viruses, such as rabies virus, can infect different species of mammals and are said to have a broad range. The viruses ... Quote: "Virus: virus (s.n. II), gen. sing. viri, nom. pl. vira, gen. pl. vīrorum (to be distinguished from virorum, of men)." ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus

In other words, defective and non-defective viruses replicate simultaneously, but when defective particles increase, the amount ... Defective interfering particles (DIPs), also known as defective interfering viruses, are spontaneously generated virus mutants ... 2012). "Cloned defective interfering influenza virus protects ferrets from pandemic 2009 influenza A virus and allows ... Pathak KB, Nagy PD (December 2009). "Defective Interfering RNAs: Foes of Viruses and Friends of Virologists". Viruses. 1 (3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle

Hovav, Anat (August 2005). "Capital market reaction to defective IT products". Computers and Security. 24 (5): 409-424. doi: ... A macro virus (or "document virus") is a virus that is written in a macro language and embedded into these documents so that ... The virus will eventually be activated by the "trigger" which states which event will execute the virus. Not all viruses have ... Some viruses, called polymorphic viruses, will employ a means of encryption inside an executable in which the virus is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus

"Generation of Replication-Defective Virus-Based Vaccines That Confer Full Protection in Sheep against Virulent Bluetongue Virus ... His research in the early 1970s was in the field of plant viruses, including tobacco rattle virus and tobacco necrosis virus, ... Minson's group called the resulting virus a "disabled infectious single cycle" (DISC) virus; similarly disabled viruses are ... Such replication-impaired viruses unite many of the advantages of both live and killed virus vaccines, and are much less likely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Minson

Gonçalves, M (2005). "Adeno-associated virus: from defective virus to effective vector". Virology Journal. 2 (1): 43-60. doi: ... They are only limited by the virus they must infect with, also known as the helper virus. These helper viruses are necessary ... Dependoparvovirus (formerly Dependovirus or Adeno-associated virus group) is a genus in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus ... 2009). "Directed evolution of adeno-associated virus to an infectious respiratory virus". Proceedings of the National Academy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependoparvovirus

"Characterization of temperature sensitive influenza virus mutants defective in neuraminidase". Virology. 61 (2): 397-410. doi: ... Liu C, Eichelberger MC, Compans RW, Air GM (February 1995). "Influenza type A virus neuraminidase does not play a role in viral ... The enzymatic mechanism of influenza virus sialidase has been studied by Taylor et al., shown in Figure 1. The enzyme catalysis ... There are two major proteins on the surface of influenza virus particles. One is the lectin haemagglutinin protein with three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraminidase

They called it "Hepatitis Delta Virus" (HDV). This new virus was found to be defective. HDV needed HBV to act as a helper ... Agents of this virus resemble that of plant viroids. It is still hard to tell how many stereotypes exist because HDV is under ... Flu viruses can be directly transmitted (via droplets from sneezing or coughing) from pigs to people, and vice versa. These ... Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause AIDS which is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness

... termini of RNA from vesicular stomatitis virus and its defective interfering particles". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... and rabies virus (RABV), members of the Rhabdoviridae family of viruses, and for Ebola virus and Marburg virus from the broader ... "The origins of defective interfering particles of the negative-strand RNA viruses". Cell. 26 (2): 145-154. doi:10.1016/0092- ... He identified the origins of defective interfering particles of negative-strand RNA viruses. Through combinatorial studies of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_D._Keene

Aaskov J, Buzacott K, Thu HM, Lowry K, Holmes EC (January 2006). "Long-term transmission of defective RNA viruses in humans and ... Additional examples of complementation among RNA viruses have been reported. Complementation is a means to maintain defective ... A founder virus can introduce a different phenotype for the ensuing evolution. Evolution of viruses in nature and as disease ... Attenuated RNA virus vaccines can revert to virulent forms. RNA viruses released in nature for pest control purposes can mutate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_quasispecies

"Ambivalent effects of defective DNA in beet curly top virus-infected transgenic sugarbeet plants". Virus Research. 158 (1-2): ... Wikispecies has information related to Beet curly top virus. ICTVdB-The Universal Virus Database: Beet curly top virus Family ... Beet curly top virus was first discovered in 1888 in the Western parts of the United States. The virus wasn't fully recognized ... Beet curly top virus (BCTV) is a pathogenic plant virus of the family Geminiviridae, containing a single-stranded DNA. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beet_curly_top_virus

However, the virus has a bug that causes it to delete only .EXE files. Because it is defective and easy to track, it has been ... The virus can be removed with an antivirus program, or by rebooting in Safe Mode and manually removing the infected files. " ... "Eliza Virus". VSUM. Retrieved 13 February 2013. "Eliza Description , F-Secure Labs". www.f-secure.com. Retrieved 2020-07-05. v ... It has been reported that it is defective, yet destroys the .EXE files it creates. The .COM files are not deleted. To avoid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_(computer_virus)

XMEN stands for "X-linked MAGT1 deficiency with increased susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and N-linked ... January 2020). "Defective glycosylation and multisystem abnormalities characterize the primary immunodeficiency XMEN disease". ... XMEN patients have splenomegaly, chronic Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection, and are developmentally normal. They have an ... Some patients also showed defective T cell proliferation in response to mitogen stimulation, variable immunoglobulin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMEN_disease

Alice Huang's research focused on defective interfering particles (DIPs) which can be utilized to combat viruses. DIPs are ... An RNA polymerase in the virion." This paper went on to show that "the virions of vesicular stomatitis virus contain an enzyme ... These DIPs will interfere in replication of the virus because they are reproduced at the expense of a standard viral particle. ... Baltimore unraveled that RNA viruses were different and used RNA polymerase to replicate its RNA genome, but they discovered an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_S._Huang

Natural selection and dynamical coexistence of defective and complementing virus segments. Journal of theoretical biology 157, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Bomze

"Detection and enumeration of transformation-defective strains of avian sarcoma virus with molecular hybridization". Virology. ... It belongs to a family of Src family kinases and is similar to the v-Src (viral Src) gene of Rous sarcoma virus. It includes an ... It is believed that at one point an ancestral virus mistakenly incorporated the c-Src gene of its cellular host. Eventually ... "Uninfected vertebrate cells contain a protein that is closely related to the product of the avian sarcoma virus transforming ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-oncogene_tyrosine-protein_kinase_Src

Much of his research focused on the molecular biology of the vesicular stomatitis virus. With student Alice S. Huang, Wagner ... characterized what are now known as defective interfering particles. Emerson, Suzanne U. (1 April 2002). "Obituary". Archives ... His research focused on the vesicular stomatitis virus. Wagner died of cancer in 2001. Wagner attended Columbia College as an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R._Wagner

Some components of GIs are lysogenic or defective phages; one of these widespread GIs encodes virus-derived mismatch repair and ... May 2021). "A Novel Broad Host Range Phage Infecting Alteromonas". Viruses. 13 (6): 987. doi:10.3390/v13060987. PMC 8228385. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alteromonas_macleodii

ISBN 978-0-07-174271-9. Carter, M. J.; Willcocks, M. M.; Ter Meulen, V. (1983). "Defective translation of measles virus matrix ... progressive brain inflammation caused by slow infection with certain defective strains of hypermutated measles virus. The ... SSPE is caused by the wild-type virus, not by vaccine strains. SSPE is characterized by a history of primary measles infection ... As a result, infectious particles like the M protein are not produced, and the virus is able to survive persistently without ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis

"Characterization of three nef-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains associated with long-term nonprogression. ... This process involves the virus transcribing its single-stranded RNA genome into double-stranded DNA that is incorporated into ... A3 usually stops dormant viruses in the human genome, called endogenous retroviruses, from reawakening and causing infections. ... Coghlan, Andy (2013-10-17). "Virus-sabotaging protein may help people defy HIV". New Scientist. Retrieved 2017-01-17. De ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_nonprogressor

After developing a test for the new virus by Jan. 10 "COVID-19 virus testing in NHS laboratories" (PDF). NHS England and NHS ... "Chinese firm to replace exported coronavirus test kits deemed defective by Spain". Reuters. 27 March 2020 - via www.reuters.com ... "China virus crisis deepens as whistleblower doctor dies". AFP.com. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2020. 日检测量达万份的"火眼"实验室 ... extract the virus's genetic material-in this case, RNA-using a set of chemicals that usually come in pre-assembled kits. 'The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_COVID-19_tests

CRISPR can be used to target the virus or the host to disrupt genes encoding the virus cell-surface receptor proteins. In ... By inserting a functional gene into an organism and targeting it to replace the defective one it could be possible to cure ... Antiviral applications for therapies targeting human viruses such as HIV, herpes, and hepatitis B virus are under research. ... The ideal gene therapy practice is that which replaces the defective gene with a normal allele at its natural location. This is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_editing

The choice of bacteria and of its virus, the bacteriophage, as models for the study of the fundamental mechanisms of life was ... One noteworthy study used amber mutants defective in the gene encoding the major head protein of bacteriophage T4. This ... Prody GA, Bakos JT, Buzayan JM, Schneider IR, Bruening G (March 1986). "Autolytic Processing of Dimeric Plant Virus Satellite ... Furthermore, understanding was gained on the processes by which viruses are assembled from protein and nucleic acid components ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology

"Parallel ClickSeq and Nanopore sequencing elucidates the rapid evolution of defective-interfering RNAs in Flock House virus". ... ClickSeq has predominantly been used to sequence viral RNA genomes such as Flock House virus, cricket paralysis virus, and Zika ... This allowed the authors to detect rare RNA recombination events that arise during the replication of Flock House virus. Poly(A ... "A Screen of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Zika Virus Infection". Cell Host & Microbe. 20 (2): 259-70. doi:10.1016/j.chom ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClickSeq

These are known as defective interfering (di) DNAs due to their capacity to interfere with virus infection. They reduce virus ... virus Ocimum mosaic virus Ocimum yellow vein virus Okra enation leaf curl virus Okra leaf curl Oman virus Okra mottle virus ... virus Rose leaf curl virus Sauropus leaf curl virus Senecio yellow mosaic virus Senna leaf curl virus Sida angular mosaic virus ... virus Bean bushy stunt virus Bean calico mosaic virus Bean chlorosis virus Bean dwarf mosaic virus Bean golden mosaic virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begomovirus

Phagemid Polyphage RNA viruses Transduction Viriome Virophage, viruses that infect other viruses Padilla-Sanchez V (2021). " ... Released virions are described as free, and, unless defective, are capable of infecting a new bacterium. Budding is associated ... August 2017). "Virus found in a boreal lake links ssDNA and dsDNA viruses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of ... a virus parasitic on bacteria." D'Hérelle called the virus a bacteriophage, a bacteria-eater (from the Greek phagein, meaning " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage

"Wild-type and transactivation-defective mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein bind human TATA-binding ... Ou SH, Garcia-Martínez LF, Paulssen EJ, Gaynor RB (1994). "Role of flanking E box motifs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ... "Mutations in the carboxy-terminal domain of TBP affect the synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 full-length and ... "Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat with a unique site of TFIID inhibits negative cofactor Dr1 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAF9

Kew MC (January 2011). "Hepatitis B virus x protein in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma ... In cells infected by HBx defective mutants, levels of cccDNA remain unchanged, while there is a decrease in pgRNA transcription ... "Hepatitis B virus HBx protein localized to the nucleus restores HBx-deficient virus replication in HepG2 cells and in vivo in ... In a transgenic mouse model expressing the HBx gene of hepatitis B virus (but not other HBV genes), most mice developed hepatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBx

Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in individuals exposed to aflatoxin, increases with co-infection of hepatitis B virus. ... "Aflatoxin genotoxicity is associated with a defective DNA damage response bypassing p53 activation". Liver International. 31 (4 ... those infected with hepatitis B virus were at a fourfold risk; and those with the aflatoxin bio-markers and infected with ... especially given co-infection with hepatitis B virus. These effects seem to be largely mediated by mutations at guanine in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin_B1

Zhao ZS, Granucci F, Yeh L, Schaffer PA, Cantor H. Molecular mimicry by herpes simplex virus-1: Autoimmune disease after viral ... CD8+ T regulatory cells express the Ly49 class I MHC receptor and are defective in autoimmune prone B6-Yaa mice. Proc Natl Acad ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Cantor

... mental defective' list." Wicker asked the United States Navy to deny the admission of a secular humanist to the Chaplain Corps ... "platforms that could trace the virus and help flatten the curve and stop the spread - and maintaining privacy protections for U ... "Being fully vaccinated greatly reduced my risk of developing severe complications from the virus. Getting the shot is safe, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wicker

"Complementation of coat protein-defective TMV mutants in transgenic tobacco plants expressing TMV coat protein , Jane K. ... untranslated region of Tobacco Mosaic Virus known as omega. Osbourn then moved into medical research through a British Heart ... "Evidence that nucleocapsid disassembly and a later step in virus replication are inhibited in transgenic tobacco protoplasts ... Research in Norwich which resulted in the publication of Evidence that nucleocapsid disassembly and a later step in virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Osbourn

... of vesicular stomatitis virus are conditionally defective particles that interfere with and are rescued by wild-type virus". ... His team studied the mechanisms of these infections, and also infections of vesicular stomatitis virus, sendai virus, and ... could be used to identify cell cultures infected with virus and also cultures with antibodies to virus. This pH could be easily ... or in the words of his colleague: ""Juli figured out how to grow the virus, how to inactivate it, and then he figured how to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Youngner

Mice defective in a gene (Pms2) that ordinarily corrects base mispairs in DNA have about a 100-fold elevated mutation frequency ... "Oxidative DNA damage repair and parp 1 and parp 2 expression in Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B lymphocyte cells from young ... On the other hand, mice defective in one particular DNA repair pathway show clear premature aging, but do not have elevated ... Iyama T, Wilson DM (2016). "Elements That Regulate the DNA Damage Response of Proteins Defective in Cockayne Syndrome". J. Mol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging

The immune system consists of specialized cells that work together to fight off bacteria, fungi and viruses. These cells ... involves intravenous infusion of stem cells to those who have either a damaged bone marrow or defective immune system. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_dysgenesis

Leupin O, Bontron S, Strubin M (2003). "Hepatitis B virus X protein and simian virus 5 V protein exhibit similar UV-DDB1 ... Hwang BJ, Liao JC, Chu G (1996). "Isolation of a cDNA encoding a UV-damaged DNA binding factor defective in xeroderma ... Bontron S, Lin-Marq N, Strubin M (2002). "Hepatitis B virus X protein associated with UV-DDB1 induces cell death in the nucleus ... Bergametti F, Sitterlin D, Transy C (July 2002). "Turnover of hepatitis B virus X protein is regulated by damaged DNA-binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDB1

It has the tenth-highest count of deaths related to the virus, and fourteenth-highest count per capita. As of September 2, 2021 ... As the hospital rushed to meet supply demands for PPE, they experienced price gouging and received defective equipment from ... On February 29 and March 7, about 20 people contracted the virus at funerals in the same funeral home in Albany. The state ... Bluestein, Greg (March 26, 2020). "AJC IN-DEPTH: Kemp urges Georgians to heed virus warnings but balks at drastic steps". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)

GSH is capable of preventing infection from the influenza virus. Patients with mutations in the GSS gene develop glutathione ... and defective function of the central nervous system. Deficiencies in GSS can cause a spectrum of deleterious symptoms in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_synthetase

After she was nearly killed in a hit and run however, she attempted to use the Virus Memory and transform into the Virus Dopant ... Due to her defective, irremovable Gaia Memory, she is forced to hide in Fuuto's sewer tunnels until Kamen Rider W destroys her ... "TV Asahi's page on the Virus Dopant". Retrieved 2009-11-22. "TV Asahi's page on the Violence Dopant". Retrieved 2009-12-05. "TV ... Under normal circumstances, the Virus Dopant becomes the vector of a deadly plague that can infect entire cities. However, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters

Overall, experts admit that Apple products are less likely to be breached by a hacker or infected by a virus/malware, though ... Apple refused to honor its warranty and replace a defective battery on a machine that had a small amount of unrelated cosmetic ... As David Harley, security expert from anti-virus vendor ESET said, "Any computer user who believes a system is so safe that ... Despite the existence of a small number of known viruses and malware designed for Apple products, a 2006 report by McAfee found ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practices_of_Apple_Inc.

Homologs of TERC can also be found in the Gallid herpes viruses. The core domain of TERC contains the RNA template from which ... Mitchell JR, Wood E, Collins K (December 1999). "A telomerase component is defective in the human disease dyskeratosis ... Kheimar A, Trimpert J, Groenke N, Kaufer BB (March 2019). "Overexpression of cellular telomerase RNA enhances virus-induced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase_RNA_component

On the other hand, viruses must block or redirect host cell processes including immunity to effectively replicate, yet many ... Without this regulation, immune activation against pathogens may be defective, resulting in chronic disease or death. ... Aviel S, Winberg G, Massucci M, Ciechanover A (August 2000). "Degradation of the epstein-barr virus latent membrane protein 1 ( ... Ikeda M, Ikeda A, Longnecker R (August 2002). "Lysine-independent ubiquitylation of Epstein-Barr virus LMP2A". Virology. 300 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Lewis received a research grant from the NSF and published Lattice-Defective Copper Oxides as a ... "Developing Materials to Incorporate into Coatings to Kill the COVID-19 Virus on Surfaces for Public Spaces". northeastern.edu. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_H._Lewis

Viral microRNAs play an important role in the regulation of gene expression of viral and/or host genes to benefit the virus. ... A new strategy for tumor treatment is to inhibit tumor cell proliferation by repairing the defective miRNA pathway in tumors. ... Found in plants, animals and some viruses, miRNAs are involved in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene ... Hence, miRNAs play a key role in host-virus interactions and pathogenesis of viral diseases. The expression of transcription ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA

Isolated fetal cortical neurons from NEDD4-2 knockout mice show defective regulation of voltage-gated sodium currents, and in ... "Proteins related to the Nedd4 family of ubiquitin protein ligases interact with the L domain of Rous sarcoma virus and are ... "Latent membrane protein 2A of Epstein-Barr virus binds WW domain E3 protein-ubiquitin ligases that ubiquitinate B-cell tyrosine ... "NEDD4L overexpression rescues the release and infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 constructs lacking PTAP and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEDD4L

Fauci said it could be a "perfect set-up for the spread of the virus", and that "masks can help, but it's masks plus physical ... some of which later turned out to be defective), hundreds of tons of medical-grade face masks were shipped by air freight to ... It Treated 79 Virus Patients". The New York Times. "As Coronavirus Cases Surge, NPR Examines Hospital Capacity". NPR. News, ... Kantor, Jodi (July 17, 2020). "No Bleach and Dirty Rags: How Some Janitors Are Asked to Keep You Virus Free". The New York ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic

In return, Katrina, under the pseudonym "Nasty Girl" e-mailed Sabrina a computer virus which turned Sabrina into a bimbo. ... Being seen in a thought cloud in Hilda's mind and driving a car when Hilda created a defective potion zapping her and Zelda ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sabrina_the_Teenage_Witch_(1996_TV_series)_characters

Resistant strains of the European corn borer have developed in areas with defective or absent refuge management. In November ... In 2007, South African researchers announced the production of transgenic maize resistant to maize streak virus (MSV), although ... November 2007). "Maize streak virus-resistant transgenic maize: a first for Africa". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 5 (6): 759-67 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_maize

Mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair or in homologous recombinational repair (HRR). ... Roulston A, Marcellus RC, Branton PE (1999). "Viruses and apoptosis". Annual Review of Microbiology. 53: 577-628. doi:10.1146/ ... viruses which infect bacteria); however, more complex organisms with more complex genomes have correspondingly more complex ... which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2015 for the treatment in women of BRCA-defective ovarian cancer. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

Viscerotropic leishmaniasis Wheat warehouse itch Virus-related cutaneous conditions are caused by two main groups of viruses- ... Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (broad beta disease, remnant removal disease) Familial ... Alphavirus infection Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood (unilateral laterothoracic exanthem) B virus infection ... viruses, or parasites. Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions often have distinct morphologic characteristics that may be an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

Ohyama K, Endo T, Ohkuma S, Yamakawa T (May 1993). "Isolation and influenza virus receptor activity of glycophorins B, C and D ... Huang CH, Reid ME, Blumenfeld OO (1993). "Exon skipping caused by DNA recombination that introduces a defective donor splice ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYPB

Simian sarcoma (SSV): a defective GALV recombinant, derived from a single isolate of fibrosarcoma in a Woolly Monkey that was ... J, McKee; N, Clark; F, Shapter; G, Simmons (April 2017). "A New Look at the Origins of Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus". Virus Genes ... "Gibbon ape leukemia virus-Hall's Island: new strain of gibbon ape leukemia virus". Journal of Virology. 29 (1): 395-400. doi: ... Viruses. 11 (6): 503. doi:10.3390/v11060503. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 6630418. PMID 31159230. "Feline Leukemia Virus". Cornell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon_ape_leukemia_virus

Unlike Humans the Shi'ar do not dream, except for those born "defective" or "infected by dreams". Such Shi'ar include Warbird ... killing tens of thousands before the X-Men fought them on the Shi'ar throneworld and separated the transmode virus from its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi'ar

Chen HF, Lin CY, Chao KH, Wu MY, Yang YS, Ho HN (May 2002). "Defective production of interleukin-11 by decidua and chorionic ... Bartz H, Büning-Pfaue F, Türkel O, Schauer U (September 2002). "Respiratory syncytial virus induces prostaglandin E2, IL-10 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_11

Two types of recombinant porcine EV-Gs carrying papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP) gene of porcine torovirus, a virus in ... A novel defective recombinant porcine enterovirus G virus carrying a porcine torovirus papain-like cysteine protease gene and a ... Two types of recombinant porcine EV-Gs carrying papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP) gene of porcine torovirus, a virus in ... type 1 recombinant EV-G might have served as a helper virus by providing viral structural proteins for dissemination of the ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31344488/

Main article: Defective interfering particle. Defective interfering particles are defective viruses that have lost their ... Measles virus, mumps virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Rinderpest virus, canine distemper virus Enveloped Helical ss(−) V ... and foot-and-mouth virus), SARS virus, hepatitis C virus, yellow fever virus, and rubella virus. ... DNA virusesEdit. Further information: DNA virus. Viruses with a DNA genome, except for the DNA reverse transcribing viruses, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_species

Defective interfering influenza A virus protects in vivo against disease caused by a heterologous influenza B virus. J Gen ... mechanisms involved in virus-host and virus-virus interactions. Viruses. 2021;13:139. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... influenza A virus [IAV] and respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]) (3). The type of virus‒virus interaction (negative or positive) ... pdm09 virus) (1). Negative virus‒virus interaction can be homologous or heterologous depending on whether the 2 viruses belong ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/2/21-1727

Combination suicide/cytokine gene therapy as adjuvants to a defective herpes simplex virus-based cancer vaccine. / Toda, M.; ... Combination suicide/cytokine gene therapy as adjuvants to a defective herpes simplex virus-based cancer vaccine. Gene Therapy. ... Dive into the research topics of Combination suicide/cytokine gene therapy as adjuvants to a defective herpes simplex virus- ... title = "Combination suicide/cytokine gene therapy as adjuvants to a defective herpes simplex virus-based cancer vaccine", ...

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/combination-suicidecytokine-gene-therapy-as-adjuvants-to-a-defect

Avian tumor virus RNA: a comparison of three sarcoma viruses and their transformation-defective derivatives by oligonucleotide ... Specific RNA sequences of rous sarcoma virus (RSV) recovered from tumors induced by transformation-defective RSV deletion ... Specific RNA sequences of rous sarcoma virus (RSV) recovered from tumors induced by transformation-defective RSV deletion ... Induction of some transformation-related properties by a transformation-defective mutant of avian sarcoma virus ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40234689

Simian virus 40 late transcripts lacking excisable intervening sequences are defective in both stability in the nucleus and ... Simian virus 40 late transcripts lacking excisable intervening sequences are defective in both stability in the nucleus and ... T1 - Simian virus 40 late transcripts lacking excisable intervening sequences are defective in both stability in the nucleus ... Simian virus 40 late transcripts lacking excisable intervening sequences are defective in both stability in the nucleus and ...

https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/simian-virus-40-late-transcripts-lacking-excisable-intervening-se

Influenza A Virus Infection Induces Viral and Cellular Defective Ribosomal Products Encoded by Alternative Reading Frames.. ... 1 register of NS1 mRNA in the influenza A virus (IAV). NS1-ARF21-8 elicits a robust, highly functional CD8+ T cell response in ... which potentially has important implications for virus-induced autoimmunity. ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/saudepublica/resource/pt/mdl-31092636

Inhibition of Nipah Virus by Defective Interfering Particlesexternal icon. J Infect Dis. 2020 Feb 28:jiz564. ... Griffithsin Inhibits Nipah Virus Entry and Fusion and Can Protect Syrian Golden Hamsters From Lethal Nipah Virus Challenge ... The presence of Nipah virus in respiratory secretions and urine of patients during an outbreak of Nipah virus encephalitis in ... Circulation of Nipah virus in Pteropus giganteus bats in northeast region of India, 2015external icon. Indian J Med Res. 2018 ...

https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/resources/index.html

The Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) is a RNA defective virus; and an infection with HDV only occurs in the presence of acute or ... Co-infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) in persons with acute or chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to ... Hepatitis viruses constitute a major public health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and ... New immunization strategies have been developed to eliminate the spread of HBV and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the United States ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2017-2018/HEPBD_J.htm

We will assist you in removing Uyit ransomware virus. Also well shows how *.uyit files can be restored. ... That contains masking behind defective web links, sites, and torrents. It practices free tools as a way to hide itself. And ... Uyit is assorted by our virus analyst team as the DJVU virus genus. Another variants of this family here: About STOP/Djvu ... Exclusive remedy to release your records from the virus keep is deciphering. The virus intended you to give buyout funds if ...

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A replication-defective murine sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, MURINE) capable of transforming mouse lymphoid cells and ... "Kirsten murine sarcoma virus" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Chromosome assignments of four mouse cellular homologs of sarcoma and leukemia virus oncogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Kirsten murine sarcoma virus" by people in Harvard Catalyst ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Kirsten%20murine%20sarcoma%20virus

Barrier Against Virus Spread Board, Desk Divider (36 X 23.6 X0.24) at Doba dropshipping website for resale with no moq and ... We dont accept non-defective remorse returns.. *If the item was delivered damaged or defective, you do not need to return them ... Acrylic Removable Sneeze Guard, Clear Freestanding Protective Shield, Barrier Against Virus Spread Board, Desk Divider (36 x ...

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Epstein-Barr virus induces normal B cell responses but defective suppressor T cell responses in patients with systemic lupus ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/332244-22260/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-rheumatologics-other-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle

This feature of cancer cells has been used to advantage to develop oncolytic DNA viruses. DNA viruses employ many different ... because the low concentration of dNTPs found in non-cycling cells can inhibit virus replication. By disrupting the virus- ... because the low concentration of dNTPs found in non-cycling cells can inhibit virus replication. By disrupting the virus- ... We limit our review to the large DNA viruses that naturally encode homologs of the cellular enzymes that catalyze dNTP ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2017.00229/full

Greater exposure to software viruses, corrupt disks, or otherwise defective software. · Inadequate or no documentation. · No ... these various options isolate the Windows environment from the Mac environment so viruses cant jump from one side to the other ...

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8. viruses. 9. defective wires. 10. slow DNS server. I recommend reading the info here https://www.firesticktricks.com/why-is- ... Also I can recommend to check your OS on viruses. It is quite simple with modern antivirus applications. If you dont have any ...

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A comparison of biochemical and biological properties of standard and defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ... A comparative study of attenuated influenza viruses Beare, A. S.; Maassab, H. F.; Tyrrell, D. A. J.; Slepuškin, A. N.; Hall, ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/260543/browse?rpp=20&sort_by=1&type=title&offset=40&etal=-1&order=ASC

... a DNA virus, was first isolated in the 1950s in adenoid tissue-derived cell cultures, hence the name. These primary cell ... Additionally, specific genes can be inserted into the virus that then can repair defective metabolic, enzymatic, or synthetic ... A virus image from the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, in The Big Picture Book of Viruses, available at http:// ... A virus image from the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, in The Big Picture Book of Viruses, available at http:// ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211738

Corona Virus Update: Operations are uninterrupted. Our attorneys are available to both existing & potential clients. Contact us ... Childrens Product Recall , Defective Product Lawyer. Posted on March 19, 2010 in Defective Product Litigation,Our Blog ...

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Extracts aged and defective blood cells and platelets, debris, foreign matter, bacteria, viruses, toxins. ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-2466807

They described the clinical characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infectious mononucleosis. ... Okuno Y, Murata T, Sato Y, Muramatsu H. Defective Epstein-Barr virus in chronic active infection and haematological malignancy ... encoded search term (Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono)) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious ... Epstein-Barr virus as a paradigm in nasopharyngeal cancer: from lab to clinic. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2014. 149-53. [QxMD ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-workup

Drug Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from ... The result is immature, defective HIV that does not infect new cells. ... 2. HIV releases RNA, the genetic code of the virus, into the cell. For the virus to replicate, its RNA must be converted to DNA ... If herpes simplex infections Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections Herpes simplex virus infection causes recurring episodes of ...

https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/infections/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection/drug-treatment-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection

The latest survey of donor blood looked at the proportion of people who had antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that ... The latest survey of donor blood looked at the proportion of people who had antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that ... These could be directly linked to defective antiviral immunity.. So for a very small number of people, it appears their genes ... So, many NOVIDs will have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, generated antibodies to the virus, but did not experience or notice ...

https://au.news.yahoo.com/why-havent-had-covid-yet-190119724.html

Hepatitis B Virus: A Comprehensive Strategy for Eliminating Transmission in the United States Through Universal Childhood ... EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS INFECTION. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective virus that causes ... Guidelines for prevention of transmission of human immunodefi- ciency virus and hepatitis B virus to health-care and public- ... Prevention of maternal-infant hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization: role of serum hepatitis B virus DNA. Hepatology ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0033405/m0033405.asp

... defective hardware. Nope. The document is devoid of "mysteries" that cannot be explained with current science. They didnt list ... Please read If viruses dont exist, then how can we see them? which is my final post on the subject of whether the virus exists ... There is not a single piece of evidence that I am aware of that is inconsistent with the virus theory. Saying that viruses ... So their claims about the virus not existing is less likely to fit the observations than the claims about the virus does exist ...

https://stevekirsch.substack.com/p/sam-baileys-very-disingenuous-settling

The HIV/AIDS virus destroys a type of T-cell, leading to the syndrome characterized by a defective immune system. ... a virus, or another pathogen. (Compare B-cell.) ...

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/t-cell

This virus originated in China and they have hidden so much about the virus and its impact. Had either they not had wet ... not sending defective defective test kits would help (like 80%). ... It sent defective tests to Spain and Italy. No one believes its ... Henceforth, all mentions of the source of COVID-19 shall be expected to refer to it as the Chicago Virus, which has caused ... Jin, but this is a fantasy; Chinas initial cover-up of the virus from December - January was the product of a political system ...

https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/covid19-global-leadership-opportunity-for-china-by-keyu-jin-2020-04?barrier=accesspaylog

CD4+ (helper) T cells co-ordinate the immune response (they are what becomes defective in an HIV infection). CD8+ (cytotoxic) T ... cells and natural killer cells are able to kill cells of the body that are infected by a virus. T cells are crucial to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononuclear_cell

"Viruses" means any viruses, time-bombs, back doors, trojan horses and any other form of malevolent or defective code or similar ... Websites or the server that operates it are free of Viruses or other harmful components and that you will conduct such virus ...

https://www.aitsl.edu.au/general/terms-and-conditions

However, unlike HIV, the ancient viruses remain in a silenced state or are defective. ... That gives us hope as we learn more and more about the reservoir and about the virus that we will be able to keep a cure ... The inspiration for the "block and lock" part of their strategy comes from ancient viruses that have integrated themselves into ... "With the block and lock approach, we basically want to push HIV into becoming like a harmless, ancient virus." ...

https://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2021/08/23/nih-awards-53m-for-hiv-cure-research-for-adults-children

Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms . (wikipedia.org)
Viruses are classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology , nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms , and the type of disease they cause. (wikipedia.org)
A properly functioning immune system attacks foreign organisms, such as viruses and bacteria, to protect the body. (kantorlaw.net)

Infection by a first virus could enhance or reduce infection and replication of a second virus, resulting in positive (additive or synergistic) or negative (antagonistic) interaction. (cdc.gov)
At the host level, the course of infection of 1 virus might be influenced by prior or concurrent infection by another virus. (cdc.gov)
Positive virus‒virus interaction corresponds to a co-infection that might result in an increased disease severity and pathogenesis (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] and influenza A[H1N1]pdm09 virus) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Homologous virus‒virus interaction implies that cross-reactive immunity against a first virus prevents infection with a second virus (e.g., among different influenza subtypes or lineages) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Heterologous viral interference relies on induction of a nonspecific innate immune response by a first virus that reduces or prevents infection and replication of a second virus (e.g., influenza A virus [IAV] and respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
The type of virus‒virus interaction (negative or positive) is probably dependent on the respiratory viruses involved, the timing of each infection, and the interplay between the response of the host to each virus. (cdc.gov)
Induction of ISGs by a first virus might limit infection and replication of a second virus, especially if they show a differential ability to induce an IFN response or different degrees of susceptibility to immune mediators. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A Virus Infection Induces Viral and Cellular Defective Ribosomal Products Encoded by Alternative Reading Frames. (bvsalud.org)
We further show that IAV infection enhances a model cellular ARF translation, which potentially has important implications for virus -induced autoimmunity . (bvsalud.org)
Transmission of human infection with Nipah virus. (cdc.gov)
Clinical presentation of Nipah virus infection in Bangladesh. (cdc.gov)
Co-infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) in persons with acute or chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
Recommendations have also been developed for the prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (cdc.gov)
Because of the high rate of asymptomatic infection with these viruses, information about the prevalence of these diseases is needed to monitor prevention efforts. (cdc.gov)
NHANES testing for markers of infection with hepatitis viruses will be used to determine secular trends in infection rates across most age and racial/ethnic groups, and will provide a national picture of the epidemiologic determinants of these infections. (cdc.gov)
In a natural infection, viruses are most likely to encounter host cells in G0 or G1, since that is most common state of cells in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection induces specific antibodies to EBV and various unrelated non-EBV heterophile antibodies. (medscape.com)
[ 32 ] Although anti-VCA IgM is highly suggestive of acute EBV infection, other herpes viruses (eg, cytomegalovirus) can induce IgM antibodies to cell lines that express EBV antigens. (medscape.com)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a viral infection that progressively destroys certain white blood cells and can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (msdmanuals.com)
Some people claiming they've never had COVID-19 might be surprised to learn they have virus-targeting antibodies in their blood that could only have been generated by infection. (yahoo.com)
So, many NOVIDs will have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, generated antibodies to the virus, but did not experience or notice any COVID-19 symptoms at the time, did not test and have remained unaware of their infection status (and whether they were unknowingly transmitting the virus). (yahoo.com)
How your immune system responds to a particular infection is affected by many factors including your genes, gender, age, diet, sleep patterns, stress levels, history of other infections and illnesses, medications, vaccination status, and level of virus exposure. (yahoo.com)
CD4 + (helper) T cells co-ordinate the immune response (they are what becomes defective in an HIV infection ). (wikipedia.org)
in particular, the function of Tregs, which are responsible for initial response to infection [ 20 ], is important in these virus infections which play a pivotal role in immune regulation and are integral to the control of allergic responses [ 21 ]. (termedia.pl)
The acute and chronic consequences of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are major health problems in the United States. (cdc.gov)
The purpose of our research was to evaluate FcγRIIb expression in serum and liver biopsy specimens from hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients and to explore the association of FcγRIIb with chronic HBV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has always been a major public health challenge worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
California could have thousands of more test kits and multiple new laboratories up and running to detect the virus associated with the COVID-19 infection as soon as next week, Gov. Gavin Newson said during a Thursday press conference. (paloaltoonline.com)
For example, NGS of a small RNA library revealed co-infection of CMV, LSV, and a novel virus referred to as Lily yellow mosaic virus (LYMV) in the genus Potyvirus [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mathematical models of influenza A virus infection: Elucidating the impact of host cell factors and defective interfering particles on virus growth. (mpg.de)
Hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors can cure hepatitis C infection, and are more effective than other hepatitis C treatments. (medicinenet.com)
Emond RT , Evans B , Bowen ET , Lloyd G . A case of Ebola virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Formenty P , Hatz C , Le Guenno B , Stoll A , Rogenmoser P , Widmer A . Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Côte d'Ivoire: clinical and biologic presentation. (cdc.gov)
Residual cell-intrinsic innate immunity in cancer cells hampers infection with oncolytic viruses. (bvsalud.org)
In tumor cells, the virus can successfully replicate after infection, resulting in the production of more virus progeny, and ultimately induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). (medicaltrend.org)
While mutant viruses lacking the Us9 gene have no obvious growth or plaque size defects in tissue culture, these mutants are defective for anterograde directional spread in a subset of retinal ganglion neurons that make up visual circuitry after infection of the rat eye. (vetres.org)

T-cells attack other body cells that are infected by some bacteria , a virus , or another pathogen . (dictionary.com)
Infections by pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, are typically perceived as harmful, such as in cases of herpes (varicella) zoster [ 1 ] and herpes simplex virus infections [ 2 ]. (termedia.pl)
Only 11 of 2,304 bathing sites in the Federal Republic of Germany were found to be defective due to the discovery of so much harmful bacteria in the water - a year ago there were eight. (bioprepwatch.com)
Reusable tools and equipment should be cleaned and then sterilized to remove viruses and bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Cross-contamination (spreading bacteria and viruses from one surface to another) can occur if surfaces are not disinfected frequently and between clients. (cdc.gov)

If the item was delivered damaged or defective, you do not need to return them. (doba.com)

The terminal oligonucleotides of avian tumor virus RNAs are genetically linked. (wikidata.org)
We identified defective RNAs from LSV, TVX, and PlAMV localized in the triple gene block region. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results shed light on an array of lily virome-associated topics, including virus identification, the dominant virus, virus accumulation in different plant tissues, virus genome assembly, virus mutation, identification of defective RNAs, and phylogenetic relationships of identified viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Modeling the intracellular replication of influenza A virus in the presence of defective interfering RNAs. (mpg.de)

Multiple respiratory viruses can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract and lead to virus‒virus interactions. (cdc.gov)
Several respiratory viruses can circulate during the same period and can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract, leading to virus‒virus interactions. (cdc.gov)
The result is immature, defective HIV that does not infect new cells. (msdmanuals.com)
To be able to infect other cells, the budded virus must mature. (msdmanuals.com)
The herpes (HZV) or varicella zoster virus (VZV) [ 3 ], which is a member of the α-herpesviridae subfamily, comprising a polyhedral capsid surrounded by a membranous envelope structure ( Figure 1 ) [ 3 ], and is one of eight herpes viruses known to infect humans. (termedia.pl)
Viruses are released from the cells and spread throughout the body where they infect other cells. (medicinenet.com)
Protease inhibitors block the activity of protease (cleavage of protein precursors needed for viral structure synthesis) and this results in the formation of defective viruses that are unable to infect the body's cells. (medicinenet.com)
The released offspring of the virus further infect uninfected tumor cells and continue to spread the virus. (medicaltrend.org)

A replication-defective murine sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, MURINE) capable of transforming mouse lymphoid cells and producing erythroid leukemia after superinfection with murine leukemia viruses (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE). (harvard.edu)

Hepatitis viruses constitute a major public health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. (cdc.gov)
Thus, our sample size was determined according to the Schwartz formula: n = (z) 2 p(1 − p)/d 2 with n = sample size, z = 95% confidence level, z = 1.96, p = HDV prevalence in Brazzaville (11.12%) taking into account the study on Seroprevalence and Molecular Biodiversity of Hepatitis B and Delta Virus Infections in the Republic of Congo [12], d = 0.05 margin of error allowed. (scirp.org)
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are antiviral drugs used for treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. (medicinenet.com)
Protease inhibitors are used to treat HIV or hepatitis C virus infections. (medicinenet.com)
Trying to keep your back again-up graphic updated usually means you don't need to concern yourself with any troubles due to software glitches, virus bacterial infections, hardware failures or corruption. (forum-kundenewinung.com)

DNA viruses employ many different mechanisms to increase dNTP levels in infected cells, because the low concentration of dNTPs found in non-cycling cells can inhibit virus replication. (frontiersin.org)
One pathway exploited in the development of oncolytic DNA viruses is that controlling the level of nucleotides available for DNA replication. (frontiersin.org)
The low level of dNTPs present at that time is a significant barrier to virus replication. (frontiersin.org)
Other small viruses, including human parvovirus ( 4 , 5 ) and human papilloma viruses ( 6 ), encode proteins that can cause already dividing cells to arrest at stages of the cell cycle more favorable for virus replication (i.e. (frontiersin.org)
Numerous research groups including our own have engineered viral genomes to alter expression of viral proteins involved in dNTP synthesis in order to target virus replication specifically to tumors. (frontiersin.org)
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective virus that requires the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for replication. (scirp.org)
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a small, defective RNA virus that requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) to complete its replication cycle within host cells [2], and infects only HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive individuals [3]. (scirp.org)
Model-based analysis of influenza A virus replication in genetically modified cell lines elucidates virus-host cell interactions. (mpg.de)
Mathematical modeling of virus-host cell interactions during influenza A virus replication supports cell line development for vaccine production. (mpg.de)
Introduction of vIRD into VACV, which encodes a truncated and defective vIRD, enhanced viral replication in mice. (duke.edu)
Active Ebola Virus Replication and Heterogeneous Evolutionary Rates in EVD Survivors. (cdc.gov)
Rapamycin can stimulate HSV1 replication in cancer cells, but active-site dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and 2) inhibitors (asTORi) were shown to suppress the virus in normal cells. (bvsalud.org)
E1 deleted adenoviruses are considered to be replication-defective and are used as shuttle vectors in gene therapy or vaccination for gene therapy and vaccine immunization. (medicaltrend.org)
Tumor or tissue-specific promoters can control E1A-mediated virus replication so that it can only be expressed in tumor cells, but is low or not expressed in normal cells. (medicaltrend.org)
From patent application filed April 19, 2002, the NIAID built an infectious replication-defective coronavirus targeted for the human lung epithelium. (denisbider.com)

Inhibition of Nipah Virus by Defective Interfering Particles. (cdc.gov)

In 2019, the ICTV published a proposal to adopt a more formalized system of binomial nomenclature for virus species names, to be voted on in 2020. (wikipedia.org)

This correlates with a reduced production of infectious virus in cultured duck cells. (nottingham.ac.uk)

This review covers the pathways involved in dNTP production, how they are dysregulated in cancer cells, and the various approaches that have been used to exploit this biology to improve the tumor specificity of oncolytic viruses. (frontiersin.org)
Lastly, we consider how this knowledge might guide future development of oncolytic viruses. (frontiersin.org)
Oncolytic viruses are those that preferentially replicate in, and kill, cancer cells. (frontiersin.org)
We report the translatomes of resistant murine "4T1" breast cancer cells infected with three of the most clinically advanced oncolytic viruses: herpes simplex virus 1, reovirus, and vaccinia virus. (bvsalud.org)

The more probable mechanism of negative viral interactions relies on the induction of a transient innate immunity by the interfering virus. (cdc.gov)
These proteins may be prematurely degraded by MMP-9 in the lung, leading to defective immunity and reduced viral clearance. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, we show that INPP5E contributes to antiviral immunity by altering virus attachment. (bvsalud.org)

Have suffered bodily injury caused by a product distributed by Héma-Québec, which is defective or contaminated by known or unknown pathogens. (quebec.ca)
Contact with another person's blood may expose workers to bloodborne pathogens such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)

Molecular cloning of the temperature-sensitive 371 Kirsten murine sarcoma virus and expression in Escherichia coli of the mutant and wild-type viral Kirsten ras p21 proteins. (harvard.edu)
Mathias Müller participated in the pioneering studies that led to the identification of the biological roles of Jaks and Stats by genetic complementation of cytokine signalling defective mutant cell lines. (jak-stat.at)

We have used syngeneic, established bilateral subcutaneous tumor models to examine the antitumor activity of herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors, including the induction of an immune response against non-inoculated distant tumors. (elsevier.com)
These studies lay the foundation for further therapeutic development that involves restoring damaged or defective immune responses toward a variety of viruses that cause chronic disease, or even different types of tumors. (eurekalert.org)
Now, researchers in Brazil have found that injecting Zika virus into mice with brain tumors destroys the cancer without causing neurological damage. (zenger.news)
The mosquito-borne Zika virus, known mainly for causing severe birth defects when contracted by pregnant women, may be able to treat brain tumors, according to a recent study. (zenger.news)
The study, published in the journal Viruses , confirms that virotherapy may be effective in treating tumors of the central nervous system. (zenger.news)
Both viral action pathways are very important, enabling the virus to act on a larger number of tumors than we initially foresaw," said Mayana Zatz of Brazil's Institute of Biosciences and Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center (HUG-CELL). (zenger.news)
In a 2018 study on mice , scientists established that Zika virus can destroy central nervous system tumors. (zenger.news)
In the first test, the virus was injected directly into the mouse's brains, thereby reducing the tumors' growth. (zenger.news)

The mechanisms involved in viral interference have been evaluated in differentiated airway epithelial cells and in animal models susceptible to the respiratory viruses of interest. (cdc.gov)
Structural components of viruses are sensed by pattern recognition receptors in epithelial and immune cells ( Figure ) ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Immortalization of murine connective tissue-type mast cells at multiple stages of their differentiation by coculture of splenocytes with fibroblasts that produce Kirsten sarcoma virus. (harvard.edu)
This feature of cancer cells has been used to advantage to develop oncolytic DNA viruses. (frontiersin.org)
By disrupting the virus-encoded gene(s) that normally promote dNTP biosynthesis, one can assemble oncolytic versions of these agents that replicate selectively in cancer cells. (frontiersin.org)
Most wild-type viruses are naturally oncolytic in that they generally grow best in transformed and dividing cells, but this level of specificity is rarely stringent enough for therapeutic use in cancer patients. (frontiersin.org)
To improve tumor specificity, researchers have modified a wide range of viruses to take advantage of dysregulated control pathways and altered signaling cascades characteristic of cancer cells. (frontiersin.org)
These drugs prevent HIV entry into its target cells or inhibit the three enzymes (reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease) that the virus uses to replicate. (msdmanuals.com)
Of interest is the role of adenoviruses as viral vectors in vaccination and in gene therapy.For example, in viral vector vaccines against SARS-CoV2, the vector virus is used to deliver RNA encoding SARS-CoV2 spike protein into target cells. (medscape.com)
CD8 + (cytotoxic) T cells and natural killer cells are able to kill cells of the body that are infected by a virus. (wikipedia.org)
These cells, while able to destroy HIV-infected cells, do not exist in enough quantities to clear the virus from the body. (eurekalert.org)
3. Marked variation in host innate immune response when cells are infected with different virus strains and subtypes. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Researchers at the University of São Paulo, Brazil, injected Zika virus into live mice and cerebral organoids, brain-like organs created in vitro from stem cells. (zenger.news)
A significant reduction in the PFA of the UV-irradiated virus (about three fold) on TC cells compared to fibroblasts from the healthy subjects was seen, suggesting a DNA-repair deficiency in the primary fibroblasts of the TC patients. (who.int)
After releasing the progeny virus, it infects surrounding tumor cells and destroys the tumor through the cascade amplification effect, thereby obtaining better results. (medicaltrend.org)
The deletion of adenovirus E1A CR2 prevents the combination of E1A and pRB, and the virus cannot release E2F in normal cells, nor can it replicate. (medicaltrend.org)
The molecular mechanisms that enable the virus to invade and spread in the nervous systems of so many different animals are not known, but it is well known that the virion envelope proteins gE and gI are required in almost every case studied for efficient cell-to-cell spread both in non-neuronal and neuronal cells. (vetres.org)
The lab addresses the role of STAT5 in Bcr/Abl- induced leukaemia and the role of MHC-class I antigens and NK/NKT cells in immuno-surveillance of experimental leukaemias induced by the Abelson virus. (jak-stat.at)
Carbonneil C, Donkova-Petrini V, Aouba A, Weiss L. Defective dendritic cell function in HIV-infected patients receiving effective highly active antiretroviral therapy: neutralization of IL-10 production and depletion of CD4+CD25+ T cells restore high levels of HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses induced by dendritic cells generated in the presence of IFN-alpha. (inserm.fr)

Toda, M , Martuza, RL & Rabkin, SD 2001, ' Combination suicide/cytokine gene therapy as adjuvants to a defective herpes simplex virus-based cancer vaccine ', Gene Therapy , vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 332-339. (elsevier.com)
Cell survival was studied by a colony forming assay and DNA repair defects with a host cell reactivation (HCR) assay using UV-irradiated Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). (who.int)
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV1) is amongst the most clinically advanced oncolytic virus platforms. (bvsalud.org)

Mature murine B lymphocytes immortalized by Kirsten sarcoma virus. (harvard.edu)
The study used laboratory mice bred to lack a normal thymus gland, creating a defective immune system deficient in lymphocytes. (zenger.news)

A number of experimental approaches were used in attempts to improve the efficacy of DNA vaccines for FIV including the use of cytokine adjuvants, codon optimisation and prime-boost vaccination with DNA and killed virus vaccines. (nottingham.ac.uk)

His research interests centre largely around viruses and their interaction with hosts, with a particular focus on avian influenza viruses. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Investigation of mechanisms of host resistance to influenza viruses. (nottingham.ac.uk)

Hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver, can be caused by various viruses such as hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Some of these are transmitted through food, while others are transmitted exclusively through blood and contaminated blood products [1]. (scirp.org)
A class of viral inducer of degradation of the necroptosis adaptor RIPK3 regulates virus-induced inflammation. (duke.edu)
Hence, vIRD-RIPK3 drives pathogen-host evolution and regulates virus-induced inflammation and pathogenesis. (duke.edu)
Previously, chronic ethanol consumption was shown to prolong inflammation and delay viral clearance in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected mice. (cdc.gov)

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. (bvsalud.org)
Preliminary Evaluation of the Effect of Investigational Ebola Virus Disease Treatments on Viral Genome Sequences. (cdc.gov)

Additionally, specific genes can be inserted into the virus that then can repair defective metabolic, enzymatic, or synthetic pathways in the host. (medscape.com)

Once the sanitary restrictions are lifted, circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses is expected to resume and will offer the opportunity to study their interactions, notably with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. (cdc.gov)
As an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer and a CDC public health officer in Uganda, Ethiopia, and the United States, she dealt with Ebola virus, raccoon and skunk rabies, monkeypox, Q fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and the global polio eradication campaign. (cdc.gov)

For the virus to replicate, its RNA must be converted to DNA. (msdmanuals.com)
Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. (bvsalud.org)
Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES , are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus. (bvsalud.org)

RNA species obtained from clonal lines of avian sarcoma and from avian leukosis virus. (wikidata.org)
Restitution of fibroblast-transforming ability in src deletion mutants of avian sarcoma virus during animal passage. (wikidata.org)

Kirsten murine sarcoma virus" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)

The vaccine strain against smallpox, vaccinia virus (VACV), is highly immunogenic yet causes relatively benign disease. (duke.edu)

As a result, the number of HIV or hepatitis C viruses in the body (the viral load) decreases. (medicinenet.com)
Any disinfectant that claims to be able to eliminate the tuberculosis germ can also kill HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C viruses. (cdc.gov)

Ebola/Lassa, potential exposure to these viruses. (cdc.gov)
Haematological, biochemical and coagulation changes in mice, guinea-pigs and monkeys infected with a mouse-adapted variant of Ebola Zaire virus. (cdc.gov)
Virus fitness differences observed between two naturally occurring isolates of Ebola virus Makona variant using a reverse genetics approach. (cdc.gov)
Ebola Virus Epidemiology, Transmission, and Evolution during Seven Months in Sierra Leone. (cdc.gov)

Although the phylogenetic analysis suggested that these two recombinant EV-Gs have independently evolved, type 1 recombinant EV-G might have served as a helper virus by providing viral structural proteins for dissemination of the type 2 recombinant EV-G. (nih.gov)
To enhance this limited antitumor immune response, we generated a defective HSV vector, dvIL12-tk encoding both interleukin-12 (IL-12) and HSV thymidine kinase (TK), with tsK as the helper virus. (elsevier.com)

Genomes of all six viruses were highly conserved in the lily cultivar "Sorbonne" based on mutation analysis. (biomedcentral.com)

The data from these experiments indicated that (i) the presence of excisable intervening sequences in SV40 late transcripts is necessary for efficient accumulation in the cytoplasm of any of the SV40 late RNA species and (ii) SV40 late transcripts lacking excisable intervening sequences are defective in both stability in the nucleus and transport to the cytoplasm but not in stability in the cytoplasm. (elsevier.com)

Before 1982, it was thought that viruses could not be made to fit Ernst Mayr 's reproductive concept of species, and so were not amenable to such treatment. (wikipedia.org)

Viral mutants lacking the highly conserved Us9 acidic motif required for endocytosis and trans -Golgi network targeting are defective for directional spread in the rat visual system. (vetres.org)

ThePhotoStick Omni review What This implies is That ought to anything go Mistaken with all your present set up like a faulty hard drive, corrupt windows file or Virus issues, everything is required to be completed is usually to enter the Windows Vista Top or Organization disc, plug within the backup machine and begin the PC. (forum-kundenewinung.com)

and the use of genetically engineered viruses to track viral reservoirs. (bio-itworld.com)

For example, a classic strategy is one employed by small DNA viruses such as SV40, which promotes the degradation of the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRb, and thus drives entry into S phase. (frontiersin.org)

Have contracted the disease from someone who has received a defective product distributed by Héma-Québec after September 27, 1998 in a Québec establishment. (quebec.ca)
If you believe you have purchased a defective Woof Wear product, do not continue to use it. (woofwear.com)
If you or a family member has been injured due to a defective medical product, it is important to have an experienced products liability attorney on your side. (jaeleelaw.com)
Fort Lee defective medical device ttorney Jae E. Lee has handled numerous defective medical product claims for clients throughout New Jersey. (jaeleelaw.com)
Defective packaging could result in the product degrading or being tainted to a point that it becomes dangerous. (jaeleelaw.com)
If a customer receives a product that is defective, Kinguin will investigate the situation and issue either a replacement or a refund code. (terapiaspeligrosas.com)
If your product is defective or doesn't work properly, let us know and we'll send you a replacement one. (aveuri.com)
Any shipping fees are non refundable unless the reason for the return is due to an error of BC Clark Jewelers or a defective product. (bcclark.com)

Borio L , Inglesby T , Peters CJ , Schmaljohn AL , Hughes JM , Jahrling PB , Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management. (cdc.gov)

In 1991, the more specific principle that a virus species is a polythetic class of viruses that constitutes a replicating lineage and occupies a particular ecological niche was adopted. (wikipedia.org)
In July 2013, the ICTV definition of species changed to state: "A species is a monophyletic group of viruses whose properties can be distinguished from those of other species by multiple criteria. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike the system of binomial nomenclature adopted in cellular species, there is currently no standardized form for virus species names. (wikipedia.org)
At present, the ICTV mandates that a species name must contain as few words as possible while remaining distinct, and must not only contain the word virus and the host name. (wikipedia.org)
[9] Species names often take the form of [Disease] virus , particularly for higher plants and animals. (wikipedia.org)
Of them, viruses infecting lily species cause serious damage to the quality and quantity of lily production. (biomedcentral.com)
Abstract - Aujeszky's Disease Virus (ADV) is an alphaherpesvirus with the remarkable ability to cause lethal encephalitis in a wide variety of animal species including the swine, its natural host. (vetres.org)

Contact our law firm today online or by telephone at 201 346-3800 to speak with an experienced New Jersey defective medical device lawyer. (jaeleelaw.com)

A catalogue of all the world's known viruses has been proposed and, in 2013, some preliminary efforts were underway. (wikipedia.org)
3. It's not a virus -- it's the world's smallest Linux distribution. (donationcoder.com)

The researchers also hope to expand the range of viruses against which this approach could be used. (eurekalert.org)

An association between MMP-9 and impaired T cell migration in ethanol-fed BALB/c mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus-2A. (cdc.gov)

Protease inhibitors prevent protease from activating certain proteins inside newly produced viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
At this stage, drugs called protease inhibitors can prevent the maturation of the HIV virus. (msdmanuals.com)
What are the side effects of hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease inhibitors? (medicinenet.com)

The formal taxonomic classification of viruses is the responsibility of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system, although the Baltimore classification system can be used to place viruses into one of seven groups based on their manner of mRNA synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses began to devise and implement rules for the naming and classification of viruses early in the 1970s, an effort that continues to the present. (wikipedia.org)
The ICTV is the only body charged by the International Union of Microbiological Societies with the task of developing, refining, and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy. (wikipedia.org)
A virus image from the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, in The Big Picture Book of Viruses, available at http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVDNAadeno.html. (medscape.com)

Any monophyletic group of MGEs that originates from a virion protein-encoding ancestor should be classified as a group of viruses. (wikipedia.org)
EBV Nuclear antigen (EBNA) - This is a protein expressed only when the virus begins to establish latency. (medscape.com)
6. A new virus is assembled from RNA and short pieces of protein. (msdmanuals.com)
Using a targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen, we identified a viral inhibitor found in cowpox virus (CPXV) and other orthopoxviruses that bound to the host SKP1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) machinery and the essential necroptosis kinase receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3). (duke.edu)
The CR2 region of the adenovirus E1A protein also interacts with pRB, E2F is released and the virus replicates. (medicaltrend.org)

2. HIV releases RNA, the genetic code of the virus, into the cell. (msdmanuals.com)
Differences in influenza virus receptors in chickens and ducks: implications for interspecies transmission Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine. (nottingham.ac.uk)

Uyit is assorted by our virus analyst team as the DJVU virus genus. (trojan-killer.net)
Lily symptomless virus (LSV) in the genus Carlavirus , Lily mottle virus (LMoV) in the genus Potyvirus , and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in the genus Cucumovirus [ 6 ]), more than 20 viruses infecting the lily have been reported [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A Longitudinal Study of the Prevalence of Nipah Virus in Pteropus lylei Bats in Thailand: Evidence for Seasonal Preference in Disease Transmission. (cdc.gov)

Spiropoulou CF. Nipah Virus Outbreaks: Still Small but Extremely Lethal external icon . (cdc.gov)
Date Palm Sap Linked to Nipah Virus Outbreak in Bangladesh, 2008. (cdc.gov)
Hendra and Nipah viruses. (cdc.gov)
Person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladeshi community. (cdc.gov)
Inference of Nipah virus evolution, 1999-2015. (cdc.gov)

Chromosome assignments of four mouse cellular homologs of sarcoma and leukemia virus oncogenes. (harvard.edu)

Viruses" means any viruses, time-bombs, back doors, trojan horses and any other form of malevolent or defective code or similar items and things. (edu.au)
Nor can the other GNU/Linux / Unix viruses / worms / trojan horses thus far known. (getgnulinux.org)

Hepatitis B Virus: Strategy for Eliminating Transmission thru Vacc. (cdc.gov)
This document provides the rationale for a comprehensive strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus in the United States. (cdc.gov)

A Miami-Dade County mosquito control inspector looks for places that might hold breeding mosquitos carrying the Zika virus on Sept. 2, 2016. (zenger.news)
New Lineage of Lassa Virus, Togo, 2016. (cdc.gov)

Little or no simian virus 40 (SV40) late mRNA accumulates in the cytoplasm when the primary transcript lacks an excisable intervening sequence. (elsevier.com)

Second, virus entry into a new host is dependent on a defective skin barrier or wound. (realjock.com)

An extremely hardy virus, adenovirus is ubiquitous in human and animal populations, survives long periods outside a host, and is endemic throughout the year. (medscape.com)
Phylogenetic analyses showed that virus genomes are highly correlated with geographical regions and host plants. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy4

Organisms41

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes15

Information Science3

A novel Vpr peptide interactor fused to integrase (IN) restores integration activity to IN-defective HIV-1 virions. (1/1328)

Enhancer-like properties of an RNA element that modulates Tombusvirus RNA accumulation. (2/1328)

New defective RNAs from citrus tristeza virus: evidence for a replicase-driven template switching mechanism in their generation. (3/1328)

The quaternary structure of the sheaths of defective phages similar to PBS X. (4/1328)

Experimental gene therapy against subcutaneously implanted glioma with a herpes simplex virus-defective vector expressing interferon-gamma. (5/1328)

Virus promoters determine interference by defective RNAs: selective amplification of mini-RNA vectors and rescue from cDNA by a 3' copy-back ambisense rabies virus. (6/1328)

Genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells. (7/1328)

Different doses of adenoviral vector expressing IL-12 enhance or depress the immune response to a coadministered antigen: the role of nitric oxide. (8/1328)

Defective Viruses

Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Helper Viruses

Virus Replication

Viral Interference

Leukemia Virus, Murine

Genes, Viral

DNA, Viral

RNA, Viral

Viral Proteins

Cell Line

Genome, Viral

RNA Viruses

Genetic Complementation Test

Vaccinia virus

Molecular Sequence Data

Receptors, Virus

Virus Cultivation

Virus Shedding

Virus Diseases

Simian virus 40

Base Sequence

Virus Assembly

Plant Viruses

DNA Viruses

Mutation

Sindbis Virus

Measles virus

Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype

Rabies virus

Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype

Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype

Hepatitis B virus

West Nile virus

Respiratory Syncytial Viruses

Virus Activation

Antigens, Viral

Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus

Virus Latency

Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus

Oncogenic Viruses

Vero Cells

Simian immunodeficiency virus

Cercopithecus aethiops

Mumps virus

Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human

Mosaic Viruses

Virion

Hepatitis A virus

Semliki forest virus

Avian Sarcoma Viruses

Antiviral Agents

Neutralization Tests

Viral Plaque Assay

Virus Attachment

BK Virus

Tumor Virus Infections

Viruses, Unclassified

JC Virus

Avian leukosis virus

Phylogeny

Orthomyxoviridae

Bluetongue virus

Orthomyxoviridae Infections

Gene Expression Regulation, Viral

Sendai virus

Moloney murine leukemia virus

Virus Integration

Capsid

Yellow fever virus

Simplexvirus

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections

Myxoma virus

Virus Inactivation

A novel Vpr peptide interactor fused to integrase (IN) restores integration activity to IN-defective HIV-1 virions. (1/1328)

Enhancer-like properties of an RNA element that modulates Tombusvirus RNA accumulation. (2/1328)

New defective RNAs from citrus tristeza virus: evidence for a replicase-driven template switching mechanism in their generation. (3/1328)

The quaternary structure of the sheaths of defective phages similar to PBS X. (4/1328)

Experimental gene therapy against subcutaneously implanted glioma with a herpes simplex virus-defective vector expressing interferon-gamma. (5/1328)