Deep Brain Stimulation
Subthalamic Nucleus
Globus Pallidus
Parkinson Disease
Hypokinesia
Electrodes, Implanted
Essential Tremor
Stereotaxic Techniques
Electric Stimulation Therapy
Antiparkinson Agents
Dystonia
Dyskinesias
Thalamus
Levodopa
Basal Ganglia
Tremor
Movement Disorders
Beta Rhythm
Internal Capsule
Subthalamus
Electrodes
Dystonic Disorders
Brain
Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Muscle Rigidity
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Models, Neurological
Brain Mapping
Parkinsonian Disorders
Speech Disorders
Self Stimulation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Tourette Syndrome
Treatment Outcome
Psychosurgery
Microelectrodes
Thalamic Diseases
Implantable Neurostimulators
Functional Laterality
Sensation Disorders
Neurons
Cluster Headache
Dopamine Agents
Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Amplifiers, Electronic
Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei
Nucleus Accumbens
Entopeduncular Nucleus
Brain Chemistry
Differential Threshold
Electroencephalography
Carbidopa
Pallidotomy
Neuropsychological Tests
Nerve Net
Neurosurgery
Dysarthria
Neurologic Examination
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Electromyography
Tics
Neuropsychiatry
Motor Cortex
Ventral Thalamic Nuclei
Myoclonus
Torticollis
Atlases as Topic
Therapeutic Misconception
Apomorphine
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Neural Inhibition
Gait Disorders, Neurologic
Brain Injuries
Action Potentials
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
Analysis of Variance
Thermometry
Medial Forebrain Bundle
Cerebral Cortex
Evoked Potentials
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
Brain Neoplasms
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Electrochemical Techniques
Severity of Illness Index
Computer Simulation
Movement
Biomedical Enhancement
Substantia Nigra
Neuronal Plasticity
Statistics, Nonparametric
Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation: an intracellular study in rat thalamus. (1/725)
High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the thalamus alleviates most kinds of tremor, yet its mechanism of action is unknown. Studies in subthalamic nucleus and other brain sites have emphasized non-synaptic factors. To explore the mechanism underlying thalamic DBS, we simulated DBS in vitro by applying high-frequency (125 Hz) electrical stimulation directly into the sensorimotor thalamus of adult rat brain slices. Intracellular recordings revealed two distinct types of membrane responses, both of which were initiated with a depolarization and rapid spike firing. However, type 1 responses repolarized quickly and returned to quiescent baseline during simulated DBS whereas type 2 responses maintained the level of membrane depolarization, with or without spike firing. Individual thalamic neurones exhibited either type 1 or type 2 response but not both. In all neurones tested, simulated DBS-evoked membrane depolarization was reversibly eliminated by tetrodotoxin, glutamate receptor antagonists, and the Ca(2+) channel antagonist Cd(2+). Simulated DBS also increased the excitability of thalamic cells in the presence of glutamate receptor blockade, although this non-synaptic effect induced no spontaneous firing such as that found in subthalamic nucleus neurones. Our data suggest that high-frequency stimulation when applied in the ventral thalamus can rapidly disrupt local synaptic function and neuronal firing thereby leading to a 'functional deafferentation' and/or 'functional inactivation'. These mechanisms, driven primarily by synaptic activation, help to explain the paradox that lesions, muscimol and DBS in thalamus all effectively stop tremor. (+info)Electron microscopy of tissue adherent to explanted electrodes in dystonia and Parkinson's disease. (2/725)
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used to treat a variety of severe medically intractable movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, tremor and dystonia. There have been few studies examining the effect of chronic DBS on the brains of Parkinson's disease patients. Most of these post mortem studies concluded that chronic DBS caused mild gliosis around the lead track and did not damage brain tissue. There have been no similar histopathological studies on brains from dystonic patients who have undergone DBS. In this study, our objective was to discover whether tissue would be attached to DBS electrodes removed from patients for routine clinical reasons. We hoped that by examining explanted DBS electrodes using scanning (SEM) and/or transmission (TEM) electron microscopy we might visualize any attached tissue and thus understand the electrode-human brain tissue interaction more accurately. Initially, SEM was performed on one control DBS electrode that had not been implanted. Then 21 (one subthalamic nucleus and 20 globus pallidus internus) explanted DBS electrodes were prepared, after fixation in 3% glutaraldehyde, for SEM (n = 9) or TEM (n = 10), or both (n = 2), according to departmental protocol. The electrodes were sourced from two patients with Parkinson's disease, one with myoclonic dystonia, two with cervical dystonia and five with primary generalized dystonia, and had been in situ for 11 and 31 months (Parkinson's disease), 16 months (myoclonic dystonia), 14 and 24 months (cervical dystonia) and 3-24 months (primary generalized dystonia). Our results showed that a foreign body multinucleate giant cell-type reaction was present in all TEM samples and in SEM samples, prewashed to remove surface blood and fibrin, regardless of the diagnosis. Some of the giant cells were >100 microm in diameter and might have originated from either fusion of parenchymal microglia, resident perivascular macrophage precursors and/or monocytes/macrophages invading from the blood stream. The presence of mononuclear macrophages containing lysosomes and sometimes having conspicuous filopodia was detected by TEM. Both types of cell contained highly electron-dense inclusions, which probably represent phagocytosed material. Similar material, the exact nature of which is unknown, was also seen in the vicinity of these cells. This reaction was present irrespective of the duration of implantation and may be a response to the polyurethane component of the electrodes' surface coat. These findings may be relevant to our understanding of the time course of the clinical response to DBS in Parkinson's disease and various forms of dystonia, as well as contributing to the design characteristics of future DBS electrodes. (+info)Dorsal posterior parietal rTMS affects voluntary orienting of visuospatial attention. (3/725)
Patients with lesions in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are relatively unimpaired in voluntarily directing visual attention to different spatial locations, while many neuroimaging studies in healthy subjects suggest dorsal PPC involvement in this function. We used an offline repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocol to study this issue further. Ten healthy participants performed a cue-target paradigm. Cues prompted covert orienting of spatial attention under voluntary control to either a left or right visual field position. Targets were flashed subsequently at the cued or uncued location, or bilaterally. Following rTMS over right dorsal PPC, (i) the benefit for target detection at cued versus uncued positions was preserved irrespective of cueing direction (left- or rightward), but (ii) leftward cueing was associated with a global impairment in target detection, at all target locations. This reveals that leftward orienting was still possible after right dorsal PPC stimulation, albeit at an increased overall cost for target detection. In addition, rTMS (iii) impaired left, but (iv) enhanced right target detection after rightward cueing. The finding of a global drop in target detection during leftward orienting with a spared, relative detection benefit at the cued (left) location (i-ii) suggests that right dorsal PPC plays a subsidiary rather than pivotal role in voluntary spatial orienting. This finding reconciles seemingly conflicting results from patients and neuroimaging studies. The finding of attentional inhibition and enhancement occurring contra- and ipsilaterally to the stimulation site (iii-iv) supports the view that spatial attention bias can be selectively modulated through rTMS, which has proven useful to transiently reduce visual hemispatial neglect. (+info)Microstimulation of the superior colliculus focuses attention without moving the eyes. (4/725)
The superior colliculus (SC) is part of a network of brain areas that directs saccadic eye movements, overtly shifting both gaze and attention from position to position, in space. Here, we seek direct evidence that the SC also contributes to the control of covert spatial attention, a process that focuses attention on a region of space different from the point of gaze. While requiring monkeys to keep their gaze fixed, we tested whether microstimulation of a specific location in the SC spatial map would enhance visual performance at the corresponding region of space, a diagnostic measure of covert attention. We find that microstimulation improves performance in a spatially selective manner: thresholds decrease at the location in visual space represented by the stimulated SC site, but not at a control location in the opposite hemifield. Our data provide direct evidence that the SC contributes to the control of covert spatial attention. (+info)Different patterns of medication change after subthalamic or pallidal stimulation for Parkinson's disease: target related effect or selection bias? (5/725)
BACKGROUND: Bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is favoured over bilateral globus pallidus internus (Gpi) DBS for symptomatic treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) due to the possibility of reducing medication, despite lack of definitive comparative evidence. OBJECTIVE: To analyse outcomes after one year of bilateral Gpi or STN DBS, with consideration of influence of selection bias on the pattern of postsurgical medication change. METHODS: The first patients to undergo bilateral Gpi (n = 10) or STN (n = 10) DBS at our centre were studied. They were assessed presurgically and one year after surgery (CAPIT protocol). RESULTS: Before surgery the Gpi DBS group had more dyskinesias and received lower doses of medication. At one year, mean reduction in UPDRS off medication score was 35% and 39% in the Gpi and STN groups, respectively (non-significant difference). Dyskinesias reduced in proportion to presurgical severity. The levodopa equivalent dose was significantly reduced only in the STN group (24%). This study high-lights the absence of significant differences between the groups in clinical scales and medication dose at one year. In the multivariate analysis of predictive factors for off-state motor improvement, the presurgical levodopa equivalent dose showed a direct relation in the STN and an inverse relation in the Gpi group. CONCLUSION: Differences in the patterns of medication change after Gpi and STN DBS may be partly due to a patient selection bias. Both procedures may be equally useful for different subgroups of patients with advanced PD, Gpi DBS especially for patients with lower threshold for dyskinesia. (+info)Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in tremor dominant parkinsonian patients with previous thalamic surgery. (6/725)
Before the introduction of high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), many disabled tremor dominant parkinsonian patients underwent lesioning or chronic electrical stimulation of the thalamus. We studied the effects of STN stimulation in patients with previous ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) surgery whose motor state worsened. Fifteen parkinsonian patients were included in this study: nine with unilateral and two with bilateral VIM stimulation, three with unilateral thalamotomy, and one with both unilateral thalamotomy and contralateral VIM stimulation. The clinical evaluation consisted of a formal motor assessment using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and neuropsychological tests encompassing a 50 point frontal scale, the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The first surgical procedure was performed a mean (SD) of 8 (5) years after the onset of disease. STN implantation was carried out 10 (4) years later, and duration of follow up after beginning STN stimulation was 24 (20) months. The UPDRS motor score, tremor score, difficulties in performance of activities of daily living, and levodopa equivalent daily dose significantly decreased after STN stimulation. Neither axial symptoms nor neuropsychological status significantly worsened after the implantation of the STN electrodes. The parkinsonian motor state is greatly improved by bilateral STN stimulation even in patients with previous thalamic surgery, and STN stimulation is more effective than VIM stimulation in tremor dominant parkinsonian patients. (+info)Comparisons between pharmacologically and Edinger-Westphal-stimulated accommodation in rhesus monkeys. (7/725)
PURPOSE: Accommodation results in increased lens thickness and lens surface curvatures. Previous studies suggest that lens biometric accommodative changes are different with pharmacological and voluntary accommodation. In this study, refractive and biometric changes during Edinger-Westphal (EW) and pharmacologically stimulated accommodation in rhesus monkeys were compared. METHODS: Accommodation was stimulated by an indwelling permanent electrode in the EW nucleus of the midbrain in one eye each of four rhesus monkeys. Dynamic refractive changes were measured with infrared photorefraction, and lens biometric changes were measured with high-resolution, continuous A-scan ultrasonography for increasing stimulus current amplitudes, including supramaximal current amplitudes. Accommodation was then stimulated pharmacologically and biometry was measured continuously for 30 minutes. RESULTS: During EW-stimulated accommodation, lens surfaces move linearly with refraction, with an increase in lens thickness of 0.06 mm/D, an anterior movement of the anterior lens surface of 0.04 mm/D, and a posterior movement of the posterior lens surface of 0.02 mm/D. Peak velocity of accommodation (diopters per second) and lens thickness (in millimeters per second) increased with supramaximal stimulus currents, but without further increase in amplitude or total lens thickness. After carbachol stimulation, there was initially an anterior movement of the anterior lens surface and a posterior movement of the posterior lens surface; but by 30 minutes, there was an overall anterior shift of the lens. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular biometric changes differ with EW and pharmacological stimulation of accommodation. Pharmacological stimulation results in a greater increase in lens thickness, an overall forward movement of the lens and a greater change in dioptric power. (+info)Hypothalamic stimulation in chronic cluster headache: a pilot study of efficacy and mode of action. (8/725)
We enrolled six patients suffering from refractory chronic cluster headache in a pilot trial of neurostimulation of the ipsilateral ventroposterior hypothalamus using the stereotactic coordinates published previously. After the varying durations needed to determine optimal stimulation parameters and a mean follow-up of 14.5 months, the clinical outcome is excellent in three patients (two are pain-free; one has fewer than three attacks per month), but unsatisfactory in one patient, who only has had transient remissions. Mean voltage is 3.28 V, diplopia being the major factor limiting its increase. When the stimulator was switched off in one pain-free patient, attacks resumed after 3 months until it was turned on again. In one patient the implantation procedure had to be interrupted because of a panic attack with autonomic disturbances. Another patient died from an intracerebral haemorrhage that developed along the lead tract several hours after surgery; there were no other vascular changes on post-mortem examination. After 1 month, the hypothalamic stimulation induced resistance against the attack-triggering agent nitroglycerin and tended to increase pain thresholds at extracephalic, but not at cephalic, sites. It had no detectable effect on neurohypophyseal hormones or melatonin excretion. We conclude that hypothalamic stimulation has remarkable efficacy in most, but not all, patients with treatment-resistant chronic cluster headache. Its efficacy is not due to a simple analgesic effect or to hormonal changes. Intracerebral haemorrhage cannot be neglected in the risk evaluation of the procedure. Whether it might be more prevalent than in deep-brain stimulation for movement disorders remains to be determined. (+info)Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, affecting approximately 1% of the population over the age of 60. It is more common in men than women and has a higher incidence in Caucasians than in other ethnic groups.
The primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:
* Tremors or trembling, typically starting on one side of the body
* Rigidity or stiffness, causing difficulty with movement
* Bradykinesia or slowness of movement, including a decrease in spontaneous movements such as blinking or smiling
* Postural instability, leading to falls or difficulty with balance
As the disease progresses, symptoms can include:
* Difficulty with walking, gait changes, and freezing episodes
* Dry mouth, constipation, and other non-motor symptoms
* Cognitive changes, such as dementia, memory loss, and confusion
* Sleep disturbances, including REM sleep behavior disorder
* Depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms
The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The disease is associated with the degradation of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to a deficiency of dopamine in the brain. This deficiency disrupts the normal functioning of the basal ganglia, a group of structures involved in movement control, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the disease.
There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but various treatments are available to manage its symptoms. These include:
* Medications such as dopaminergic agents (e.g., levodopa) and dopamine agonists to replace lost dopamine and improve motor function
* Deep brain stimulation, a surgical procedure that involves implanting an electrode in the brain to deliver electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance
* Speech therapy to improve communication and swallowing difficulties
* Occupational therapy to improve daily functioning
It is important for individuals with Parkinson's disease to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and improves their quality of life. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with Parkinson's disease are able to manage their symptoms and maintain a good level of independence for several years after diagnosis.
Hypokinesis can be a symptom of several diseases and disorders, such as:
1. Parkinson's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, and coordination. Hypokinesis is one of the primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
2. Dystonia: A movement disorder that causes involuntary muscle contractions and spasms, leading to slow and abnormal movements.
3. Huntington's disease: An inherited neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, cognition, and psychiatric functions, causing hypokinesis and other motor disturbances.
4. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): A rare brain disorder that affects movement, balance, and eye movements, leading to hypokinesis and other symptoms.
5. Corticobasal degeneration: A rare neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, cognition, and behavior, causing hypokinesis and other symptoms.
6. Basal ganglia disease: A group of disorders that affect the basal ganglia, a part of the brain responsible for movement control, leading to hypokinesis and other symptoms.
7. Brain injury or stroke: Traumatic brain injury or stroke can cause hypokinesis due to damage to the brain regions responsible for movement control.
8. Spinal cord injury: Injury to the spinal cord can disrupt the transmission of signals from the brain to the muscles, leading to hypokinesis and other motor disturbances.
9. Muscular dystrophy: A group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle weakness and wasting, leading to hypokinesis and other symptoms.
10. Chronic fatigue syndrome: A condition characterized by persistent fatigue, brain fog, and a range of other symptoms, including hypokinesis.
It's important to note that hypokinesis can be a symptom of many different conditions, and it's not a diagnosis in itself. To determine the underlying cause of hypokinesis, a comprehensive medical evaluation is necessary. A healthcare professional will typically take a detailed medical history, perform a physical examination, and order diagnostic tests such as imaging studies or electromyography (EMG) to help identify the underlying cause of the condition.
The exact cause of essential tremor is not known, but it is believed to be related to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, particularly in the cerebellum and thalamus. The condition can be inherited, and certain genetic mutations have been identified as risk factors. ET can also be caused by other medical conditions, such as brain injury or certain medications.
The symptoms of essential tremor can vary in severity and may worsen over time. They can include:
* Tremors that are most noticeable when the affected limb is at rest or performing a specific task, such as holding a cup or utensil
* Shaking or trembling of the hands, arms, or legs
* Head tremors or shaking
* Voice tremors or shaking
* Difficulty with fine motor skills, such as writing or drawing
* Difficulty with walking or balance
* Fatigue or weakness in the affected limbs
There is no cure for essential tremor, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:
* Medications, such as beta blockers or anticonvulsants, to reduce shaking and tremors
* Deep brain stimulation, a surgical procedure that involves implanting an electrode in the brain to deliver electrical impulses to specific areas
* Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding caffeine and alcohol, which can worsen tremors
* Physical therapy to improve fine motor skills and coordination
* Counseling or psychotherapy to help cope with the emotional impact of the condition.
In summary, essential tremor is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tremors or shaking movements of various parts of the body. It can be inherited or caused by other medical conditions, and there is no cure, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms.
Some common forms of dystonia include:
1. Generalized dystonia: This is the most common form of dystonia, affecting the entire body.
2. Focal dystonia: This type affects only one part of the body, such as the hand or foot.
3. Task-specific dystonia: This type is caused by a specific activity or task, such as writing or playing a musical instrument.
4. Torticollis: This is a type of dystonia that affects the neck and causes it to twist or tilts to one side.
5. Blepharospasm: This is a type of dystonia that affects the eyelids, causing them to spasm or twitch.
6. Oromandibular dystonia: This type affects the muscles of the face and jaw, causing unusual movements of the mouth and tongue.
7. Meige syndrome: This is a rare form of dystonia that affects both the eyes and the eyelids, causing them to twitch or spasm.
The symptoms of dystonia can vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder. They may include:
* Involuntary muscle contractions or spasms
* Twisting or repetitive movements of the affected body part
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Difficulty with movement or coordination
* Fatigue or weakness
* Cramps or spasms
Dystonia can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
* Genetic mutations: Many forms of dystonia are inherited, and they can be caused by mutations in specific genes.
* Brain injury: Dystonia can be caused by a head injury or other trauma to the brain.
* Infections: Certain infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, can cause dystonia.
* Stroke or other vascular conditions: A stroke or other conditions that affect blood flow to the brain can cause dystonia.
* Neurodegenerative diseases: Dystonia can be a symptom of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, or progressive supranuclear palsy.
There is no cure for dystonia, but there are several treatment options available to help manage the symptoms. These may include:
* Medications: Injectable drugs such as botulinum toxin (Botox) or oral medications such as anticholinergic agents can help relax the muscles and reduce spasms.
* Physical therapy: Physical therapy exercises can help improve movement and coordination, and reduce muscle stiffness.
* Speech therapy: For people with dystonia affecting the face or tongue, speech therapy may be helpful in improving communication and addressing swallowing difficulties.
* Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve symptoms. This can involve cutting or destroying certain muscles or nerves that are causing the dystonia.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which an electrode is implanted in the brain to deliver electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain, this can help reduce symptoms in some people with dystonia.
It's important to note that each person with dystonia is unique and may respond differently to different treatments. A healthcare professional will work with the individual to develop a personalized treatment plan that takes into account their specific needs and symptoms.
There are several different types of dyskinesias, including:
1. Tremors: involuntary shaking movements that can affect any part of the body.
2. Choreas: jerky, irregular movements that can affect the limbs, face, or trunk.
3. Athetosis: slow, writhing movements that can affect the hands, feet, or face.
4. Dystonia: sustained, twisting movements that can affect any part of the body.
5. Ballism: large, sweeping movements that can affect the arms or legs.
Dyskinesias can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as they can be caused by a wide range of factors and can vary in severity and type. Treatment options may include medications, physical therapy, and surgery, and the specific approach will depend on the underlying cause of the dyskinesias.
In addition to the medical definition of dyskinesias, the term is also sometimes used more broadly to describe any kind of involuntary movement or twitching, such as those that can occur in response to stress or anxiety. However, in a medical context, the term is typically used to refer specifically to the involuntary movements associated with neurological disorders or other underlying conditions.
1. Essential tremor: This is the most common type of tremor, and it is characterized by a rhythmic shaking of the hands, arms, legs, or head. It can be inherited and can worsen over time.
2. Parkinson's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, including tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with walking.
3. Dystonia: A movement disorder that causes involuntary muscle contractions and spasms, which can result in tremors.
4. Huntington's disease: A rare genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to involuntary movements, including tremors.
5. Medication-induced tremors: Certain medications, such as those used to treat psychosis, can cause tremors as a side effect.
6. Alcohol or drug withdrawal: Stopping the use of certain substances can cause tremors as part of the withdrawal process.
7. Metabolic disorders: Conditions such as hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormone) can cause tremors.
8. Trauma: A head injury or other trauma can sometimes cause tremors.
Tremors can be diagnosed through a physical examination and medical history, as well as through imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment for tremors depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery. In some cases, tremors can be managed with techniques such as physical therapy, relaxation exercises, or deep brain stimulation.
Some common types of movement disorders include:
1. Parkinson's disease: A degenerative disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability.
2. Dystonia: A movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that cause abnormal postures or movements.
3. Huntington's disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms.
4. Tourette syndrome: A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations (tics).
5. Restless leg syndrome: A condition characterized by an uncomfortable sensation in the legs, often described as a creeping or crawling feeling, which is relieved by movement.
6. Chorea: A movement disorder characterized by rapid, jerky movements that can be triggered by emotional stress or other factors.
7. Ballism: Excessive, large, and often circular movements of the limbs, often seen in conditions such as Huntington's disease or drug-induced movements.
8. Athetosis: A slow, writhing movement that can be seen in conditions such as cerebral palsy or tardive dyskinesia.
9. Myoclonus: Sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches that can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic disorders, infections, and certain medications.
10. Hyperkinesis: An excessive amount of movement, often seen in conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or hyperthyroidism.
Movement disorders can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, and treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and its underlying cause. Some movement disorders may be managed with medication, while others may require surgery or other interventions.
There are several different types of dystonia, including:
1. Generalized dystonia: This type of dystonia affects the entire body and is often present at birth. It can cause a variety of symptoms, including muscle spasms, tremors, and abnormal postures.
2. Focal dystonia: This type of dystonia affects a specific part of the body, such as the hand or foot. It can cause abnormal postures or movements in that area.
3. Task-specific dystonia: This type of dystonia is caused by specific activities or tasks, such as writing or playing a musical instrument.
4. Torticollis: This is a type of dystonia that affects the neck muscles and causes twisting or tilting of the head.
5. Blepharospasm: This is a type of dystonia that affects the eyelid muscles and can cause spasms or twitching of the eyes.
Dystonic disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, infections, and injuries. There is no cure for dystonia, but there are several treatment options available, including medications, botulinum toxin injections, and surgery. Physical therapy and occupational therapy can also be helpful in managing the symptoms of dystonia.
Overall, dystonic disorders are a group of movement disorders that can cause abnormal postures and movements. They can affect anyone at any age and can be caused by a variety of factors. While there is no cure for dystonia, there are several treatment options available to help manage the symptoms.
There are several possible causes of muscle rigidity, including:
1. Injury: Muscle rigidity can be a result of direct trauma to the muscle, such as a strain or sprain.
2. Infection: Certain infections, such as Lyme disease or endocarditis, can cause muscle rigidity as a symptom.
3. Neurological disorders: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and stroke can all cause muscle rigidity due to damage to the nervous system.
4. Medication side effects: Certain medications, such as steroids and certain antidepressants, can cause muscle rigidity as a side effect.
5. Metabolic disorders: Conditions such as hypocalcemia (low calcium levels) and hyperthyroidism can cause muscle rigidity.
6. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis can cause muscle rigidity due to inflammation of the muscles.
Symptoms of muscle rigidity may include:
* Stiffness or inflexibility in the affected muscles
* Pain or tenderness in the affected area
* Limited range of motion in the affected joints
* Muscle spasms or cramps
* Fatigue or weakness
Treatment for muscle rigidity will depend on the underlying cause. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to relax the muscles and improve mobility. Physical therapy and exercise may also be helpful in improving range of motion and strength. In other cases, treatment may involve addressing the underlying condition or disorder that is causing the muscle rigidity.
The exact cause of OCD is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Symptoms of OCD can range from mild to severe and may include:
* Recurrent and intrusive thoughts or fears (obsessions)
* Repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) such as checking, counting, or cleaning
* Feeling the need to perform compulsions in order to reduce anxiety or prevent something bad from happening
* Feeling a sense of relief after performing compulsions
* Time-consuming nature of obsessions and compulsions that interfere with daily activities and social interactions
OCD can be treated with a combination of medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT helps individuals identify and challenge their obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, while SSRIs help reduce the anxiety associated with OCD.
It's important to note that while individuals with OCD may recognize that their thoughts or behaviors are irrational, they are often unable to stop them without professional treatment. With appropriate treatment, however, many individuals with OCD are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.
The most common Parkinsonian disorder is Parkinson's disease, which affects approximately 1% of the population over the age of 60. Other Parkinsonian disorders include:
1. Dystonia: A movement disorder that causes involuntary muscle contractions and spasms.
2. Huntington's disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to movement, cognitive, and psychiatric problems.
3. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): A rare degenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, and eye movements.
4. Multiple system atrophy (MSA): A rare degenerative disorder that affects the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement and coordination.
5. Corticobasal degeneration: A rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, cognition, and behavior.
Parkinsonian disorders can be difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions such as essential tremor or dystonia. However, certain features can help distinguish one condition from another. For example, Parkinson's disease is characterized by a characteristic resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity, while dystonia is characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that can cause abnormal postures or movements.
There is no cure for Parkinsonian disorders, but various medications and therapies can help manage the symptoms. These may include dopaminergic drugs to replace lost dopamine, muscle relaxants to reduce rigidity, and physical therapy to improve movement and coordination. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to regulate abnormal brain activity or to implant a deep brain stimulator to deliver electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain.
Overall, Parkinsonian disorders can have a significant impact on quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, many people are able to manage their symptoms and maintain their independence.
1. Articulation Disorders: Difficulty articulating sounds or words due to poor pronunciation, misplaced sounds, or distortion of sounds.
2. Stuttering: A disorder characterized by the repetition or prolongation of sounds, syllables, or words, as well as the interruption or blocking of speech.
3. Voice Disorders: Abnormalities in voice quality, pitch, or volume due to overuse, misuse, or structural changes in the vocal cords.
4. Language Disorders: Difficulty with understanding, using, or interpreting spoken language, including grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure.
5. Apraxia of Speech: A neurological disorder that affects the ability to plan and execute voluntary movements of the articulatory organs for speech production.
6. Dysarthria: A condition characterized by slurred or distorted speech due to weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the articulatory muscles.
7. Cerebral Palsy: A group of disorders that affect movement, balance, and posture, often including speech and language difficulties.
8. Aphasia: A condition that results from brain damage and affects an individual's ability to understand, speak, read, and write language.
9. Dyslexia: A learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to read and spell words correctly.
10. Hearing Loss: Loss of hearing in one or both ears can impact speech development and language acquisition.
Speech disorders can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) through a comprehensive evaluation, including speech and language samples, medical history, and behavioral observations. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder and may include therapy exercises, technology assistance, and counseling. With appropriate support and intervention, individuals with speech disorders can improve their communication skills and lead fulfilling lives.
The exact cause of Tourette syndrome is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Research suggests that there may be a problem with the brain's motor and neurotransmitter systems, which can affect the normal functioning of the nervous system.
The diagnosis of Tourette syndrome typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and behavioral observations. There are no specific tests to diagnose TS, but imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) may be used to rule out other conditions.
Treatment for Tourette syndrome usually involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapy. Medications such as dopamine blockers and antipsychotics can help reduce the severity of tics, while behavioral therapies such as habit reversal training and exposure and response prevention can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. In some cases, deep brain stimulation may be recommended to reduce the severity of symptoms that are resistant to other treatments.
There is no cure for Tourette syndrome, but early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. With appropriate support and understanding from family, friends, and healthcare providers, individuals with TS can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.
Thalamic diseases can result from various causes, including genetic mutations, infections, trauma, and stroke. Some common thalamic diseases include:
1. Thalamic stroke or infarction: This occurs when there is a lack of blood supply to the thalamus, leading to cell death and loss of thalamic function.
2. Thalamic tumors: These are abnormal growths that can develop in the thalamus, either benign or malignant.
3. Thalamic lesions: These are areas of damage or degeneration in the thalamus, which can result from trauma, stroke, or other conditions such as multiple sclerosis.
4. Thalamic migraine: This is a type of migraine that is associated with activation of the thalamus and can cause severe headaches, visual disturbances, and other symptoms.
5. Thalamic pain disorders: These are conditions characterized by chronic pain that is thought to be related to dysfunction in the thalamus.
6. Thalamic sleep disorders: These are conditions that affect the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, such as narcolepsy or insomnia.
7. Thalamic cognitive disorders: These are conditions that affect cognitive function, such as memory loss, attention deficits, and language difficulties.
Thalamic diseases can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as the thalamus is a complex structure that is involved in many brain functions. However, advances in neuroimaging and other diagnostic tools have improved our ability to identify and understand these conditions. Treatment options for thalamic diseases vary depending on the specific condition and can range from medications and lifestyle changes to surgery and other interventions.
There are several types of sensation disorders, including:
1. Peripheral neuropathy: This is a condition where the nerves in the hands and feet are damaged, leading to numbness, tingling, and pain.
2. Central sensory loss: This is a condition where there is damage to the brain or spinal cord, leading to loss of sensation in certain parts of the body.
3. Dysesthesia: This is a condition where an individual experiences abnormal sensations, such as burning, stabbing, or crawling sensations, in their body.
4. Hypoalgesia: This is a condition where an individual experiences decreased sensitivity to pain.
5. Hyperalgesia: This is a condition where an individual experiences increased sensitivity to pain.
Sensation disorders can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as nerve conduction studies or electromyography. Treatment options for sensation disorders depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery.
Some common causes of sensation disorders include:
1. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage nerves, leading to numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet.
2. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to loss of sensation, vision, and muscle weakness.
3. Spinal cord injury: Trauma to the spine can damage the nerves, leading to loss of sensation and function below the level of injury.
4. Stroke: A stroke can damage the nerves, leading to loss of sensation and function on one side of the body.
5. Vitamin deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins such as B12 or vitamin D can cause numbness and tingling in the hands and feet.
6. Chronic inflammation: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can cause chronic inflammation, leading to nerve damage and sensation disorders.
7. Tumors: Tumors can compress or damage nerves, leading to sensation disorders.
8. Infections: Certain infections such as Lyme disease or shingles can cause sensation disorders.
9. Trauma: Physical trauma, such as a fall or a car accident, can cause nerve damage and lead to sensation disorders.
Some common symptoms of sensation disorders include:
1. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
2. Pain or burning sensations
3. Difficulty perceiving temperature or touch
4. Weakness or paralysis of certain muscle groups
5. Loss of reflexes
6. Difficulty coordinating movements
7. Dizziness or loss of balance
8. Tremors or spasms
9. Muscle atrophy or wasting away of certain muscles
Treatment for sensation disorders depends on the underlying cause and can include:
1. Medications to control pain, inflammation, or infection
2. Physical therapy to improve strength and coordination
3. Occupational therapy to improve daily functioning
4. Lifestyle changes such as exercise, diet, and stress management
5. Surgery to repair nerve damage or relieve compression
6. Injections of medication or other substances to stimulate nerve regeneration
7. Electrical stimulation therapy to improve nerve function
8. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to reduce pain and inflammation
9. Alternative therapies such as acupuncture or massage to promote healing and relaxation.
Cluster headaches are thought to be caused by abnormalities in the brain's hypothalamus and trigeminal nerve, which are responsible for regulating pain and other functions. The exact cause of cluster headaches is not fully understood, but they are believed to be related to changes in the body's circadian rhythms, hormonal fluctuations, and other factors.
There are several types of cluster headaches, including:
1. Episodic cluster headache: This is the most common type of cluster headache, characterized by cycles of headaches that last for several weeks or months, followed by a period of remission.
2. Chronic cluster headache: This type of headache occurs more frequently and has longer cycles than episodic cluster headache.
3. Hemiplegic migraine: This is a rare type of cluster headache that is characterized by weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, in addition to the headache.
4. SUNCT (Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache with Conjunctival injection and Teeth grinding): This is a rare and severe type of cluster headache that is characterized by short-lasting, extremely painful headaches, along with tearing and redness of the eye, and other symptoms.
There are several treatments for cluster headaches, including:
1. Triptans: These medications are commonly used to treat migraines, but they can also be effective for cluster headaches.
2. Ergotamines: These medications are also commonly used to treat migraines, and can be effective for cluster headaches as well.
3. Oxygen therapy: Inhaling oxygen through a mask can help to quickly relieve the pain of a cluster headache.
4. Corticosteroids: These medications can help to reduce inflammation and swelling in the brain, which can help to relieve the pain of a cluster headache.
5. Nerve blocks: These procedures involve injecting a local anesthetic or steroid into the nerves that are thought to be involved in the headache.
6. Sphenopalatine ganglion block: This is a nerve block procedure that involves blocking the sphenopalatine ganglion, a collection of nerve cells located in the face.
7. Radiofrequency ablation: This is a minimally invasive procedure that involves using heat to destroy the nerves that are thought to be involved in the headache.
8. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat a cluster headache. This can involve removing a tumor or other abnormality that is thought to be causing the headaches.
It's important to note that these treatments may not work for everyone and may have side effects. It's also important to work with a healthcare professional to find the best treatment plan for your specific condition.
Dysarthria can affect both children and adults, and the symptoms can vary in severity depending on the underlying cause of the condition. Some common symptoms of dysarthria include:
* Slurred or slow speech
* Difficulty articulating words
* Poor enunciation
* Stuttering or hesitation while speaking
* Difficulty with word-finding and language processing
* Limited range of speech sounds
* Difficulty with loudness and volume control
Dysarthria can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP), who will typically conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's speech and language abilities. This may include a series of tests to assess the individual's articulation, fluency, voice quality, and other aspects of their speech.
There are several types of dysarthria, including:
* Hypokinetic dysarthria: characterized by reduced muscle tone and slow movement of the articulatory organs, resulting in slurred or slow speech.
* Hyperkinetic dysarthria: characterized by increased muscle tone and rapid movement of the articulatory organs, resulting in fast but imprecise speech.
* Mixed dysarthria: a combination of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic features.
* Dystonic dysarthria: characterized by involuntary movements and postures of the tongue and lips, resulting in distorted speech.
Treatment for dysarthria typically involves speech therapy with an SLP, who will work with the individual to improve their speech clarity, fluency, and overall communication skills. Treatment may include exercises to strengthen the muscles used in speech production, as well as strategies to improve articulation, pronunciation, and language processing. In some cases, technology such as speech-generating devices may be used to support communication.
In addition to speech therapy, treatment for dysarthria may also involve other healthcare professionals, such as neurologists, physical therapists, or occupational therapists, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.
Overall, dysarthria is a speech disorder that can significantly impact an individual's ability to communicate effectively. However, with the right treatment and support from healthcare professionals and SLPs, many people with dysarthria are able to improve their communication skills and lead fulfilling lives.
Types of tics:
1. Motor tics: These are physical movements that can affect any part of the body, such as the face, arms, or legs. Examples include blinking, facial grimacing, head jerking, arm flapping, and foot tapping.
2. Vocal tics: These are sounds that are made with the voice, such as grunting, sniffing, throat clearing, or repeating words or phrases.
3. Simple motor tics: These are brief, limited movements that only involve one part of the body, such as blinking or facial twitching.
4. Complex motor tics: These are more elaborate movements that involve multiple parts of the body and can be coordinated, such as arm flapping or leg flexion.
5. Tics with copropraxia: These are tics that are accompanied by a sensory experience, such as touching or rubbing the face.
6. Echolalia: Repeating words or phrases that are heard, often in response to a question or statement.
7. Palilalia: Repeating one's own words or sounds.
8. Self-soothing behaviors: These are actions used to calm oneself down, such as rocking, pacing, or thumb sucking.
9. Stereotypies: Repetitive movements or postures that serve no purpose and can be seen in people with developmental disorders.
It is important to note that tics can wax and wane over time and may change in frequency, intensity, and type. They can also be triggered by stress, anxiety, or certain environmental factors.
Myoclonus can be classified into several types based on its duration, frequency, and distribution. Some common types of myoclonus include:
1. Generalized myoclonus: This type affects the entire body and is often seen in conditions such as epilepsy, encephalitis, and multiple sclerosis.
2. Localized myoclonus: This type affects a specific area of the body, such as the arm or leg.
3. Progressive myoclonus: This type worsens over time and is often seen in conditions such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
4. Periodic myoclonus: This type is characterized by recurring episodes of muscle contractions and releases, often triggered by specific stimuli such as noise or stress.
5. Task-specific myoclonus: This type is seen in individuals who perform repetitive tasks, such as typing or using a computer mouse.
Myoclonus can cause a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, fatigue, and difficulty with coordination and balance. In some cases, myoclonus can also lead to falls or injuries. Treatment for myoclonus depends on the underlying cause and may include medications such as anticonvulsants, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications.
Myoclonus is a relatively rare condition, but it can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. It can affect their ability to perform daily activities, participate in social events, and maintain their independence. If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with myoclonus, it is important to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan and manage the condition effectively.
Early diagnosis and treatment of torticollis are crucial to prevent long-term complications and improve quality of life. In children, torticollis can be treated with positioning and exercises, while adults may require more intensive physical therapy and pain management.
Some common causes of secondary Parkinson disease include:
1. Medication side effects: Certain medications, such as dopamine antagonists, can cause parkinsonian symptoms as a side effect.
2. Head trauma: A head injury can cause damage to the brain that leads to parkinsonian symptoms.
3. Infections: Certain infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, can cause inflammation of the brain that leads to parkinsonian symptoms.
4. Other neurological conditions: Conditions such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) can cause parkinsonian symptoms similar to those of primary Parkinson disease.
5. Stroke: A stroke can damage the brain and lead to parkinsonian symptoms.
6. Brain tumors: Tumors in the brain, such as a glioblastoma, can cause parkinsonian symptoms.
7. Neurodegenerative diseases: Conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia can cause parkinsonian symptoms.
Secondary Parkinson disease is often treated with medications that are similar to those used for primary Parkinson disease, such as dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to treat symptoms such as tremors or rigidity. It is important to note that secondary Parkinson disease can have a different progression and response to treatment compared to primary Parkinson disease.
The symptoms of gait disorders, neurologic can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:
* Difficulty walking or standing
* Ataxia (loss of coordination)
* Spasticity (stiffness) or rigidity (inflexibility)
* Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
* Scanning (looking for support while walking)
* Pauses or freezing during gait
* Loss of balance or poor equilibrium
* Increased risk of falling
Gait disorders, neurologic can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, as they may limit their ability to perform daily activities and increase their risk of falling. Treatment for these disorders typically involves a combination of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and medications to manage symptoms such as spasticity and bradykinesia. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to address underlying causes of the gait disorder.
There are several different types of brain injuries that can occur, including:
1. Concussions: A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury that occurs when the brain is jolted or shaken, often due to a blow to the head.
2. Contusions: A contusion is a bruise on the brain that can occur when the brain is struck by an object, such as during a car accident.
3. Coup-contrecoup injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is injured as a result of the force of the body striking another object, such as during a fall.
4. Penetrating injuries: A penetrating injury occurs when an object pierces the brain, such as during a gunshot wound or stab injury.
5. Blast injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is exposed to a sudden and explosive force, such as during a bombing.
The symptoms of brain injuries can vary depending on the severity of the injury and the location of the damage in the brain. Some common symptoms include:
* Headaches
* Dizziness or loss of balance
* Confusion or disorientation
* Memory loss or difficulty with concentration
* Slurred speech or difficulty with communication
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or double vision
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Personality changes
* Difficulty with coordination and balance
In some cases, brain injuries can be treated with medication, physical therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation. However, in more severe cases, the damage may be permanent and long-lasting. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyed. It can also be accompanied by physical symptoms such as changes in appetite or sleep patterns, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.
Treatment-resistant depressive disorder refers to a condition where an individual experiences significant distress and impairment despite receiving appropriate treatment for depression. This can include medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. In such cases, the treatment may not be effective in alleviating symptoms, and new approaches may need to be explored to help the individual recover.
There are several factors that can contribute to treatment-resistant depressive disorder, including:
1. Inadequate or inappropriate treatment: If the treatment is not properly tailored to the individual's specific needs, it may not be effective.
2. Co-occurring mental health conditions: Individuals with co-occurring mental health conditions such as anxiety, bipolar disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may require more specialized treatment.
3. Substance abuse: Substance abuse can exacerbate depressive symptoms and make treatment less effective.
4. Social and environmental factors: Social isolation, stress, and other environmental factors can contribute to treatment resistance.
5. Neurobiological factors: Individual differences in brain chemistry and functioning may affect the response to treatment.
Treatment for treatment-resistant depressive disorder often involves a combination of medications and psychotherapy, as well as lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and stress management techniques. In some cases, alternative therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may be considered. It is important to work with a mental health professional to determine the best course of treatment for each individual case.
Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells in the brain, including glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), neurons, and vascular tissues. The symptoms of brain neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and type, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and changes in personality or cognitive function.
There are several different types of brain neoplasms, including:
1. Meningiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
2. Gliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glial cells in the brain. The most common type of glioma is a glioblastoma, which is aggressive and hard to treat.
3. Pineal parenchymal tumors: These are rare tumors that arise in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the epithelial cells of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
5. Medulloblastomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the cerebellum, specifically in the medulla oblongata. They are most common in children.
6. Acoustic neurinomas: These are benign tumors that arise on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Oligodendrogliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the fatty substance called myelin that insulates nerve fibers.
8. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can arise in the brain and spinal cord. The most common type of lymphoma in the CNS is primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, which is usually a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
9. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the brain from another part of the body. The most common types of metastatic tumors in the CNS are breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma.
These are just a few examples of the many types of brain and spinal cord tumors that can occur. Each type of tumor has its own unique characteristics, such as its location, size, growth rate, and biological behavior. These factors can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.
Deep brain stimulation
Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
Brain stimulation reward
Microelectrode array
Electrical brain stimulation
CT scan
Image-guided surgery
Tourette syndrome
Torsion dystonia
Positron emission tomography
Computed tomography of the head
Magnetogenetics
Polina Anikeeva
Management of Tourette syndrome
Alim Louis Benabid
Chorea-acanthocytosis
Ipilimumab
Krembil Research Institute
Cyborg
Gottlieb Burckhardt
Lobotomy
S. Matthew Liao
Wayne Goodman
WordTheatre
Phantom pain
Electroconvulsive therapy
Brain-computer interface
Rod Daniel
Neuroenhancement
Addictive behavior
Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation
Psychological stress and sleep
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris
Computational audiology
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Mayo Hospital
Pleasure
Earthworm
Infrared sensing in vampire bats
Physiological effects in space
Brain
Peripheral neuropathy
Herbert Marcuse
Hydroxyzine
Transcranial pulsed ultrasound
Occipital lobe
Human penis
Vaccine hesitancy
Mango (software)
Engram (neuropsychology)
MRI Robot
Nora Volkow
Mechanoreceptor
Brenda Bloodgood
List of Ig Nobel Prize winners
Shortness of breath
Spinal cord injury
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Parkinson's8
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a widely accepted method for the treatment of Parkinson's disease symptoms and concerns three major targets-namely, the nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM), the internal part of the globus pallidus (GPi), and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). (bmj.com)
- Introduction and objectives Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a recognized treatment for drug -refractory Parkinson's disease (PD). (bvsalud.org)
- The electrodes are placed deep in the brain to treat movement problems like Parkinson's disease and more recently to try to help people with what is known as treatment-resistant depression. (hokela.pics)
- And it's been working for a while now, but they've put it into parts of the brain that might support your movement if you have Parkinson's disease, for example. (hokela.pics)
- This section will help you understand the basics of Parkinson's Disease, how Parkinson's Disease affects the brain, its symptoms and ongoing research. (apdaparkinson.org)
- Neuro-ferritinopathy is suspected in patients with Excess iron may be detected in post-mortem studies adult-onset movement disorders, positive family of brains that have suffered Alzheimer's disease history and, in advanced cases, the cystic changes or Parkinson's disease possibly due to oxidative in relevant areas of the brain on MRI scans. (who.int)
- Genotype and phenotype in Parkinson's disease: lessons in heterogeneity from deep brain stimulation. (cdc.gov)
- GBA-Associated Parkinson's Disease: Progression in a Deep Brain Stimulation Cohort. (cdc.gov)
Target for deep brain stimu1
- OBJECTIVE To define the reason why two teams using the same procedure and the same target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) obtained different results on levodopa induced dyskinesias, whereas in both, parkinsonian tremor was improved or totally suppressed. (bmj.com)
Neurological2
- At this point, approximately 30,000 people worldwide are currently using deep brain stimulation to treat neurological or psychological conditions. (epilepsytalk.com)
- Deep brain stimulation is a procedure in which patients with certain neurological conditions such as Parkinson disease, critical tremor, epilepsy and dystonia, a movement disorder in which the muscles contract and spasm, can be helped. (hbgmedicalassistance.com)
Neurostimulation1
- From 1997 to 2013, the only neurostimulation modality approved in the United States was vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). (medscape.com)
Dystonia5
- In DBS, electrodes -- thin wires inserted in the brain during surgery -- can measure brain activity and send electric signals to treat dystonia symptoms. (michaeljfox.org)
- The purpose of this study is to record dystonia-associated brain activity through an electrode and use the recordings to set up the new directional DBS technology for the treatment of dystonia. (michaeljfox.org)
- We hypothesize that dystonia-associated brain activity measured through a DBS electrode will help predict locations in the brain where the electrode should be inserted to improve dystonia and other PD motor symptoms. (michaeljfox.org)
- We will note the type of brain activity associated with dystonia and other PD symptoms and examine whether this brain activity predicts the effectiveness of the DBS therapy. (michaeljfox.org)
- Deep-brain stimulation for segmental and focal primary dystonia. (medscape.com)
Electrode4
- It sends a small electric current to an electrode implanted in affected areas of the brain. (mainehealth.org)
- Results also can help experts better understand optimal positioning of the electrode in surgery, avoid unwanted side effects of brain stimulation and develop new neurosurgical treatments. (michaeljfox.org)
- A lead, composed of a thin wire with electrode contacts on it, is implanted surgically into the brain. (epilepsytalk.com)
- Deep brain stimulation is a form of neuromodulation in which electrodes are implanted in specific nodes in the brain and the electrode is continuously activated, which is thought to act as a pacemaker for the brain. (hokela.pics)
Surgery5
- The timing of this stage of surgery depends on where in the brain the stimulator will be placed. (medlineplus.gov)
- Talk with your doctor before the surgery about the pros and cons of deep brain stimulation. (mainehealth.org)
- According to the article, it's designed for the considerable number of patients suffering from medically refractory epilepsy who are not candidates for resective brain surgery. (epilepsytalk.com)
- What are the symptoms leading to doctor's recommending - DBS (Deep Brain Stimulation) Surgery? (hbgmedicalassistance.com)
- So this is like an electrical version of deep brain surgery, the lobotomy? (hokela.pics)
Thalamus3
- Clinical and computational findings indicate that DBS suppresses tremor by masking burst-driver inputs to the thalamus and that pauses in stimulation prevent such masking. (yale.edu)
- Although stimulation of other anatomic targets may provide tremor suppression, we propose that the most relevant neuronal targets for effective tremor suppression are the afferent cerebellar fibers that terminate in the thalamus. (yale.edu)
- Therapy for MOVEMENT DISORDERS , especially PARKINSON DISEASE , that applies electricity via stereotactic implantation of ELECTRODES in specific areas of the BRAIN such as the THALAMUS . (liu.edu)
Depression2
- But deep brain stimulation for depression initially showed promise but disappointment. (hokela.pics)
- Therefore, deep brain stimulation for depression was performed experimentally and several groups were able to show that it was an effective procedure and that patients who did not respond to any other available treatment could obtain lasting benefit and recovery from their depression, which they had been incredibly handicapped. (hokela.pics)
Tremor4
- ModelDB: Thalamic network model of deep brain stimulation in essential tremor (Birdno et al. (yale.edu)
- Thalamic network model of deep brain stimulation in essential tremor (Birdno et al. (yale.edu)
- 1 . Birdno MJ, Kuncel AM, Dorval AD, Turner DA, Gross RE, Grill WM (2012) Stimulus features underlying reduced tremor suppression with temporally patterned deep brain stimulation. (yale.edu)
- Correct, deep brain stimulation can target different aspects of the disease itself, and tremor is particularly responsive to stimulation. (hokela.pics)
Movement5
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) uses a device called a neurostimulator to deliver electrical signals to the areas of the brain that control movement, pain, mood, weight, obsessive-compulsive thoughts, and awakening from a coma. (medlineplus.gov)
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) treats several symptoms that affect patients with movement disorders. (mainehealth.org)
- Deep brain stimulation is helpful for patients whose movement disorders do not get better with medication. (mainehealth.org)
- And we know that in movement disorders, it modulates abnormal cell activity in the brain. (hokela.pics)
- We think that's because it essentially silences the activity in the brain that's causing that particular movement. (hokela.pics)
Symptoms1
- Electrical impulses may need to be sent through the lead to make sure it is connected to the area of the brain responsible for your symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
Epilepsy1
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been called "a promising therapy for epilepsy," as reported by the BBC. (epilepsytalk.com)
Tourette3
- Collective evidence has strongly suggested that deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising therapy for Tourette syndrome. (blogspot.com)
- The prospective International Deep Brain Stimulation Database and Registry included 185 patients with medically refractory Tourette syndrome who underwent DBS implantation from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016, at 31 institutions in 10 countries worldwide. (blogspot.com)
- Deep brain stimulation was associated with symptomatic improvement in patients with Tourette syndrome but also with important adverse events. (blogspot.com)
Therapy4
- Maine Medical Center Neuroscience Institute in Portland has the only deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy in Maine. (mainehealth.org)
- The therapy uses a pacemaker-like device, implanted in the brain to deliver a small amount of electricity when it detects the onset of a seizure. (epilepsytalk.com)
- Deep brain stimulation is a form of targeted therapy. (hokela.pics)
- From individual neuron models to cutting-edge control approaches, the evolution of computer methods for deep brain simulation (DBS) can lead to personalized DBS therapy. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Neurosurgical1
- Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a form of brain stimulation that involves invasive neurosurgical intervention and implantation of electrodes under MRI guidance into specific brain regions. (psychdb.com)
Neurostimulator2
- Once connected, electric pulses travel from the neurostimulator, along the extension wire, to the lead, and into the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
- The brain-responsive neurostimulator (RNS system) was approved in 2013, and the approval of deep brain stimulation (DBS) was approved in May 2018. (medscape.com)
Lesions1
- METHODS Deep brain stimulation can replace lesions in the surgical treatment of abnormal movements. (bmj.com)
Pulses4
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical treatment through which small electrical pulses are delivered to the brain. (michaeljfox.org)
- Similar to the VNS, it's minimally invasive and consists of implanting tiny electrodes in the brain that release electrical pulses, reducing the frequency of partial seizures and secondarily generalized seizures. (epilepsytalk.com)
- Used in conjunction with anti-seizure medications, the VNS uses electrical pulses that are delivered to the vagus nerve in the neck and travel up into the brain. (epilepsytalk.com)
- This is a process used to stimulate the Brain where electrodes are implanted in the brain to produce small amounts of electrical pulses from stimulators which are implanted in the chest wall like pacemakers. (neurologist.com.sg)
Analyze1
- It has the ability to constantly analyze brain activity, then deliver the correct electrical stimulation. (epilepsytalk.com)
Neuromodulation1
- On these grounds, we establish potential brain areas that could prospectively inform additional or alternative neuromodulation targets for obsessive-compulsive disorder. (uni-koeln.de)
Seizure3
- One goal of this research is to combine the beneficial aspects of electrical stimulation with seizure detection technology, in an implantable responsive stimulator. (epilepsytalk.com)
- One recent study showed that deep brain stimulation demonstrated significant and sustained seizure reduction at five years! (epilepsytalk.com)
- The high-stimulation group in the E05 study had a 28% decrease in mean of seizure frequency, vs.15% decrease in the low-stimulation group. (medscape.com)
Precision1
- The "Leipzig DBS-Unit" enables the surgeon to perform deep brain stimulation with a precision of less than 1mm. (next3d.de)
20181
- Deep Brain Stimulation Market Report 2018-2025 has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. (medgadget.com)
Parameters4
- Similar to cardiac pacemakers and VNS, the IPG in DBS can be accessed using a handheld device, allowing the stimulation parameters to be monitored and/or programmed remotely. (psychdb.com)
- The optimal stimulation parameters for different brain regions remains unknown. (psychdb.com)
- Non-surgical adverse events include psychosis and hypomania caused by a change in the stimulation parameters in patients receiving DBS in the nucleus accumbens. (psychdb.com)
- Stimulation parameters are many. (medscape.com)
Tissue3
- DBS is painless and does not hurt healthy brain tissue. (mainehealth.org)
- The present study aimed to determine the influence of orofacial pain in superficial and deep tissue on anxiety levels in male Wistar rats. (bvsalud.org)
- Orofacial pain was induced by injecting 50 µ L of 1% formalin in the lip (superficial tissue) and in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) (deep tissue) of male Wistar rats. (bvsalud.org)
Invasive1
- It's considered relatively less invasive than going in and hurting where the field was before deep brain stimulation was used. (hokela.pics)
Clinical2
- Second, we derived optimal target-specific connectivity patterns to determine brain regions mutually predictive of clinical outcome for both targets and others predictive for either target alone. (uni-koeln.de)
- Clinical experience has since showed that the most common effects (hoarseness, cough, shortness of breath, paresthesias) appear during stimulation and tend to diminish over time. (medscape.com)
Patient2
- Using the directional DBS technology, we will record and evaluate brain activity while a patient is at rest and while moving arms and legs. (michaeljfox.org)
- A brain scan is performed for the patient to generate the map using the frame or plate. (hbgmedicalassistance.com)
Approaches2
- The trends and strategies section highlights the likely future developments in the Deep Brain Stimulation market and suggests approaches. (medgadget.com)
- Consultant Neurosurgeon at Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ms Catherine Moran, provided an update on the deep brain stimulation (DBS) national service as it approaches the one-year anniversary of performing surgeries. (medicalindependent.ie)
Basics1
- The report firstly introduced the Deep Brain Stimulation basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview, product specifications, manufacturing processes, cost structures, raw materials and so on. (medgadget.com)
Surgeon3
- Numbing medicine is applied to your scalp at the site where the surgeon will open the skin, then drill a small opening in the skull and places the lead into a specific area of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
- If both sides of your brain are being treated, the surgeon makes an opening on each side of the skull, and two leads are inserted. (medlineplus.gov)
- A surgeon positions a machine underneath a patient's skin with deep brain stimulation (DBS). (hbgmedicalassistance.com)
Patients3
- Only eight out of 32 patients from team B experienced a moderate (four) or clear (four) improvement of dyskinesias, whereas in the remaining 24 patients, dyskinesias were unchanged with stimulation. (bmj.com)
- The results support the hypothesis that patients experiencing an improvement of dyskinesias under DBS are actually stimulated in a structure which is more posterior, more internal, and deeper than the VIM, very close to the CM-Pf. (bmj.com)
- [ 3 ] which compared the efficacy and safety of VNS in patients who received high stimulation vs. low stimulation. (medscape.com)
Stimulus1
- They include where in the brain the stimulus should be delivered, and what type of stimulation would be most effective. (epilepsytalk.com)
Optimal1
- CONCLUSIONS: Pinpointing the network modulated by DBS for OCD from different target sites identified a set of brain regions to which DBS electrodes associated with optimal outcomes were functionally connected-regardless of target choice. (uni-koeln.de)
Electrical3
- This pacemaker-like generator, is placed under the skin in the chest region, and is programmed to deliver the electrical stimulation to the brain lead. (epilepsytalk.com)
- The Vagus Nerve Stimulator (VNS), is designed to prevent or interrupt seizures or electrical disturbances in the brain for people with hard to control seizures. (epilepsytalk.com)
- The unit delivers electrical impulses to a particular part of the brain. (hbgmedicalassistance.com)
Pacemaker1
- Some people liken the DBS system which is implanted in the brain to a pacemaker which is implanted in the heart. (mainehealth.org)
Side effects2
- Settings are adjusted to maximize benefit and minimize any side-effects related to the stimulation. (epilepsytalk.com)
- One of the advantages of deep brain stimulation is that it can be switched off - if side-effects appear - and the entire procedure is reversible. (epilepsytalk.com)
Abnormal1
- So we know that in certain parts of the brain there is this abnormal activity, so the hypothesis was to go in and target this abnormal activity and mainly have the improvement in motor dysfunction as a result. (hokela.pics)
Targets1
- BACKGROUND: Multiple deep brain stimulation (DBS) targets have been proposed for treating intractable obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD). (uni-koeln.de)
Chest1
- Two surgical procedures will be performed: one to put the lead into the brain, and the other to put the pulse generator into the chest. (hbgmedicalassistance.com)
Physical1
- This can be through physical activity, social interactions, mental stimulation, or ideally a combination of all three. (apdaparkinson.org)
Effects1
- Initial stimulation of carotid and aortic bodies and effects on the central nervous system adversely affect the function of the respiratory system, which contributes to the global histiotoxic hypoxia leading to death. (cdc.gov)
Doctor2
- The programming computer, then allows the doctor to adjust the stimulation intensity and rate, along with other settings from outside the body. (epilepsytalk.com)
- The doctor would need a way of helping him navigate specifically in the brain during procedure. (hbgmedicalassistance.com)
Results1
- Final target location depended also on the results of intraoperative stimulation. (bvsalud.org)
Lead1
- A connecting cable, tunneled under the scalp and neck, links the brain lead to the generator. (epilepsytalk.com)