Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.Hyperhomocysteinemia: Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (>13.9 µmol/l). Hyperhomocysteinemia can be familial or acquired. Development of the acquired hyperhomocysteinemia is mostly associated with vitamins B and/or folate deficiency (e.g., PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, vitamin malabsorption). Familial hyperhomocysteinemia often results in a more severe elevation of total homocysteine and excretion into the urine, resulting in HOMOCYSTINURIA. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporotic fractures and complications during pregnancy.Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.Folic Acid: A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia.Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2): A flavoprotein amine oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.171.HomocystineVitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.Vitamin B Complex: A group of water-soluble vitamins, some of which are COENZYMES.Cystathionine beta-Synthase: A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA and HOMOCYSTINURIA. EC 4.2.1.22.Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors: Enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of secondary amines, introducing a C=N double bond as the primary reaction. In some cases this is later hydrolyzed.Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of methionine by transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine. It requires a cobamide coenzyme. The enzyme can act on mono- or triglutamate derivatives. EC 2.1.1.13.Folic Acid Deficiency: A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)Betaine-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase: A ZINC metalloenzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from BETAINE to HOMOCYSTEINE to produce dimethylglycine and METHIONINE, respectively. This enzyme is a member of a family of ZINC-dependent METHYLTRANSFERASES that use THIOLS or selenols as methyl acceptors.Homocystinuria: Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)Pyridoxine: The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (FADH2): An FAD-dependent oxidoreductase found primarily in BACTERIA. It is specific for the reduction of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.1.1.68 and 1.1.99.15.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Vitamin B Deficiency: A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.Gypsies: Ethnic group originating in India and entering Europe in the 14th or 15th century.CystathionineS-Adenosylmethionine: Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed)Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.CreatinineVitamin B 6 Deficiency: A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 6 in the diet, characterized by dermatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, and stomatitis. Marked deficiency causes irritability, weakness, depression, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, and seizures. In infants and children typical manifestations are diarrhea, anemia, and seizures. Deficiency can be caused by certain medications, such as isoniazid.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Dietary Supplements: Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.Fasting: Abstaining from all food.Polymorphism, Genetic: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Slovakia: Created 1 January 1993 as a result of the division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.Hematinics: Agents which improve the quality of the blood, increasing the hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes. They are used in the treatment of anemias.HLA-B51 Antigen: A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*51 allele family.Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.Vascular Diseases: Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.Betaine: A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Kidney Failure, Chronic: The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.Renal Dialysis: Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.Healthy Volunteers: Persons with no known significant health problems who are recruited to participate in research to test a new drug, device, or intervention as controls for a patient group. (from http://clinicalcenter.nih.gov/recruit/volunteers.html, accessed 2/14/2013)Cystatins: A homologous group of endogenous CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS. The cystatins inhibit most CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES such as PAPAIN, and other peptidases which have a sulfhydryl group at the active site.Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the demethylation of L-homocysteine to L-METHIONINE.Food, Fortified: Any food that has been supplemented with essential nutrients either in quantities that are greater than those present normally, or which are not present in the food normally. Fortified food includes also food to which various nutrients have been added to compensate for those removed by refinement or processing. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).Reduced Folate Carrier Protein: A ubiquitously expressed folic acid transporter that functions via an antiporter mechanism which is coupled to the transport of organic phosphates.Behcet Syndrome: Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.Stroke: A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)Double-Blind Method: A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.Homozygote: An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.Vitamins: Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body.Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.Lipids: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.C-Reactive Protein: A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Glycine N-Methyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the METHYLATION of GLYCINE using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE to form SARCOSINE with the concomitant production of S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE.Coronary Disease: An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.Tetrahydrofolates: Compounds based on 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate.Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Predictive Value of Tests: In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Peripheral Vascular Diseases: Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.Cholesterol, HDL: Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.Gene Frequency: The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.Adenosylhomocysteinase: An enzyme which catalyzes the catabolism of S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE to ADENOSINE and HOMOCYSTEINE. It may play a role in regulating the concentration of intracellular adenosylhomocysteine.Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.Coronary Artery Disease: Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.Thrombosis: Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Transcobalamins: A group of carrier proteins which bind with VITAMIN B12 in the BLOOD and aid in its transport. Transcobalamin I migrates electrophoretically as a beta-globulin, while transcobalamins II and III migrate as alpha-globulins.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.TriglyceridesTunica Intima: The innermost layer of an artery or vein, made up of one layer of endothelial cells and supported by an internal elastic lamina.Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.Cystatin C: An extracellular cystatin subtype that is abundantly expressed in bodily fluids. It may play a role in the inhibition of interstitial CYSTEINE PROTEASES.Statistics, Nonparametric: A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)Body Mass Index: An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)Sarcosine: An amino acid intermediate in the metabolism of choline.Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Cognition Disorders: Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.Tunica Media: The middle layer of blood vessel walls, composed principally of thin, cylindrical, smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. It accounts for the bulk of the wall of most arteries. The smooth muscle cells are arranged in circular layers around the vessel, and the thickness of the coat varies with the size of the vessel.Cerebrovascular Disorders: A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.Cystathionine gamma-Lyase: A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the final step in the biosynthesis of cysteine it catalyzes the cleavage of cystathionine to yield cysteine, ammonia, and 2-ketobutyrate. EC 4.4.1.1.Administration, Oral: The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Myocardial Infarction: NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.Genetic Predisposition to Disease: A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.Drug Therapy, Combination: Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.Lipotropic Agents: Endogenous factors or drugs that increase the transport and metabolism of LIPIDS including the synthesis of LIPOPROTEINS by the LIVER and their uptake by extrahepatic tissues.Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor.Carotid Artery Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model.Proportional Hazards Models: Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.Risk Assessment: The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)Chi-Square Distribution: A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.JapanCysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Statistics as Topic: The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The term is also applied to the data themselves and to the summarization of the data.Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NAD+)Incidence: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.Prognosis: A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.Methyltransferases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyses three sequential METHYLATION reactions for conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE.Hematocrit: The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay: Fluoroimmunoassay where detection of the hapten-antibody reaction is based on measurement of the increased polarization of fluorescence-labeled hapten when it is combined with antibody. The assay is very useful for the measurement of small haptenic antigens such as drugs at low concentrations.Epidemiologic Methods: Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships.Sulfhydryl Compounds: Compounds containing the -SH radical.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.Ferredoxin-NADP Reductase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation and reduction of FERREDOXIN or ADRENODOXIN in the presence of NADP. EC 1.18.1.2 was formerly listed as EC 1.6.7.1 and EC 1.6.99.4.Hypertension: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.Neural Tube Defects: Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE and FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.Amino Acids, SulfurBlood Glucose: Glucose in blood.Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.Risk: The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course.Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.Severity of Illness Index: Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.Dipeptides: Peptides composed of two amino acid units.Methionine-tRNA Ligase: An enzyme that activates methionine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.10.Stroke Volume: The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.Guanidinoacetate N-Methyltransferase: This enzyme catalyzes the last step of CREATINE biosynthesis by catalyzing the METHYLATION of guanidinoacetate to CREATINE.Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NADP): An NADP-dependent oxidoreductase that catalyses the conversion of 5,10-methyleneterahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyl-tetrahydrofolate. In higher eukaryotes a trifunctional enzyme exists with additional METHENYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE CYCLOHYDROLASE and FORMATE-TETRAHYDROFOLATE LIGASE activity. The enzyme plays an important role in the synthesis of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the methyl donor for the VITAMIN B12-dependent remethylation of HOMOCYSTEINE to METHIONINE via METHIONINE SYNTHETASE.Glutathione: A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase: An enzyme found primarily in the LIVER that catalyzes the N-methylation of NICOTINAMIDE and other structurally related compounds.Lipoprotein(a): A lipoprotein that resembles the LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS but with an extra protein moiety, APOPROTEIN (A) also known as APOLIPOPROTEIN (A), linked to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100 on the LDL by one or two disulfide bonds. High plasma level of lipoprotein (a) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Coffee: A beverage made from ground COFFEA beans (SEEDS) infused in hot water. It generally contains CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE unless it is decaffeinated.Choline Deficiency: A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)Methionine Adenosyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. EC 2.5.1.6.Choline Dehydrogenase: An enzyme bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the oxidation of CHOLINE to BETAINE.Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.Lyases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.Thrombophilia: A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation.
Serine dehydratase... increased levels of homocysteine can lead to homocystinuria(see section Disease Relevance). In general, SDH levels decrease ... Homocystinuria is a disease characterized by high urine and plasma levels of homocysteine. L-Serine dehydratase condenses ... Similarly, increasing levels of glucagon, increase the activity of SDH because this hormone up-regulates the SDH enzyme. This ... Homocysteine, a compound that SDH combines with Serine to create cystathionine, also noncompetitively inhibits the action of ...
Deficiencies of vitamin B12 or folate cause increased levels of circulating homocysteine. Elevated homocysteine is a risk ... Transmethylation is decreased sometimes in parents of children with autism. Methylation Carmel R, Green R, Rosenblatt DS, ... An example of transmethylation is the recovery of methionine from homocysteine. In order to sustain sufficient reaction rates ... Watkins D (2003). "Update on cobalamin, folate, and homocysteine". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2003: 62-81. doi: ...
... stimulation of the skeleton through physical activity promotes positive bone remodelling and decreases levels of homocysteine, ... decrease in osteoblast activity, decrease in bone blood flow, and direct action of homocysteine on bone matrix. Homocysteine ... Homocysteine, a non-protein amino acid and analogue to the protein amino acid cystine, has been shown to have negative effects ... Higher homocysteine concentrations are likely a result of folate, vitamin B12 B6 deficiencies. In addition, it was found that ...
Although this treatment significantly decreases the serum levels of homocysteine, this treatment is not thought to improve ... In common forms of MTHFR deficiency, elevated plasma homocysteine levels have sometimes been treated with Vitamin B12 and low ... "Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: meta- ... deficiency is the most common genetic cause of elevated serum levels of homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia). It is caused by ...
Some studies have proposed that 3-OMD increases homocysteine levels, and this amino acid induces cardiovascular disease and ... It produces a decrease in symptoms of the disease. In fact, almost all patients that are treated with this drug show a ... Due to the high peripheral degradation rate of L-DOPA, high doses are required to improve the levels of this enzyme in blood ... Compounds capable of decreasing 3-O-methyldopa, like entacapone or tolcapone (COMT-inhibiting substances), when administered in ...
... a daily oral folic acid supplementation of 800μg resulted in an increase in folate levels and a decrease in homocysteine levels ... Folic acid supplementation is shown to lower blood homocysteine levels, while folic acid deficiency can lead to a condition of ... Thus, dietary intake of folate is a major determinant of homocysteine levels within the body. Folate deficiency most commonly ... Zinc is needed to maintain normal Vitamin A levels in blood plasma. It was found that VAD rats had lower plasma Retinol levels ...
Ghanizadeh, A (2013). "Increased Glutamate and Homocysteine and Decreased Glutamine Levels in Autism: A Review and Strategies ... Since diffusion and transport of free ammonia across the cell membrane will affect the pH level of the cell, the more ... Biopsies of sclerotic hippocampus tissue from human subjects suffering from epilepsy have shown decreased glutamate-glutamine ... NMR spectroscopy showed decreased glutamate neurotransmission activity and TCA cycling rate in patients suffering from ...
PEMT modulates levels of blood plasma homocysteine, which is either secreted or converted to methionine or cysteine. High ... This is largely a result of lower levels of VLDL lipids in the PEMT-deficient mice. Furthermore, the decreased lipid (PC) ... Robinson, Killian H. (2001). "Homocysteine and coronary artery disease". In Carmel, Ralph; Jacobsen, Ralph Carmel. Homocysteine ... Low substrate levels inhibit PEMT. The enzyme is further regulated by S-adenosylhomocysteine produced after each methylation. ...
For that reason, MGL has been studied to decrease the methionine levels in the blood serum and decrease the tumor growth and ... Additionally, it is crucial to maintain low homocysteine levels for the proper functioning of various pathways and for ... Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK (Nov 2002). "Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis". ... The isozymes differ in their ability to efficiently degrade methionine, homocysteine, and cysteine. E. histolytica MGL is ...
This could decrease the effect glutamate has on glutamate receptors and reduce cell response to a safer level, not reaching ... Using folic acid has been proposed as a possible treatment for Huntington's due to the inhibition it exhibits on homocysteine, ... An increase or decrease in the number of ionotropic glutamate receptors on a postsynaptic cell may lead to long-term ... In schizophrenia, the expression of the mRNA for the NR2A subunit of the NMDA glutamate receptor was found to be decreased in a ...
677TT (but not 677CC/CT) individuals with lower plasma folate levels are at risk for elevated plasma homocysteine levels. In ... which is used to decrease homocysteine). Low dietary intake of the vitamin folic acid can also cause mild hyperhomocysteinemia ... It does not result in thermolabile MTHFR and does not appear to affect homocysteine levels. It does, however, affect the ... and have extremely high levels of homocysteine in their plasma and urine as well as low to normal plasma methionine levels. A ...
... detected in subclinical CD and is accompanied by a decrease in serum ferritin levels. This can cause addition problems (see: ... Prolactin - deficiency (childhood). homocysteine - excess. Megaloblastic anemia (MA) is associated with GSE and is believed to ... The level of adult onset T1D plus ambiguous T1D/T2D is unknown. It is unclear how large a role Triticeae has in T1D, which also ... While GI disease is one of the major symptoms of GSE that are characterized by increased levels of IgA/IgG to food proteins, ...
... homocysteine levels) The diagnosis of pulmonary heart disease is not easy as both lung and heart disease can produce similar ... to decrease strain on the heart). Oxygen is often required to resolve the shortness of breath. Additionally, oxygen to the ...
Decreased pepsinogen I levels or a decreased pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II ratio may also be found, although these findings are ... An increase in both MMA and homocysteine can distinguish between B12 deficiency and folate deficiency because only homocysteine ... Serum vitamin B12 levels are used to detect its deficiency, but they do not distinguish its causes. Vitamin B12 levels can be ... Elevated gastrin levels can be found in around 80-90% of PA cases, but they may also be found in other forms of gastritis. ...
... percent of supposed correlations became significantly weaker in subsequent studies.Homocysteine is an amino acid whose levels ... One clinical trial showed that the drug could increase HDL and decrease LDL. Two days after Pfizer announced its plans for the ... However, a 2010 study showed that lowering homocysteine by nearly 30 percent had no effect on heart attack or stroke. "Priming ...
November 2002). "Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body ... a disease caused by abnormally high homocysteine levels at birth. TMG supplementation may cause diarrhea, stomach upset, or ... In theory, it would increase S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) by remethylating homocysteine. The same homocysteine-to-methionine ... TMG supplementation decreases the amount of adipose tissue in pigs; however, research in human subjects has shown no effect on ...
Chronic consumption of alcohol may result in increased plasma levels of the toxic amino acid homocysteine; which may explain ... A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that alcohol consumption in moderation decreases serum levels of fibrinogen, a ... 2001). "Moderate alcohol consumption in social drinkers raises plasma homocysteine levels: a contradiction to the 'French ... March 2005). "Evidence of increased homocysteine levels in alcoholism: the Franconian alcoholism research studies (FARS)". ...
High plasma levels of homocysteine inhibit DNA methyltransferases, which causes hypomethylation. Hypomethylation of DNA affects ... In atherosclerosis patients, there is an increase in methylation of the CpG islands in exon 2, which decreases MCT3 protein ... One proposed mechanism behind this global hypomethylation is elevated homocysteine levels causing hyperhomocysteinemia, a known ... High levels of homocysteine also result in hypermethylation of CpG islands in the promoter region of the estrogen receptor ...
... and two studies have found higher levels of plasma homocysteine in PEX patients, or elevated homocysteine concentrations in ... Studies of PEX patients have found a decrease in the concentrations of ascorbic acid, increase in concentrations of ... Scientists believe that elevated levels of plasma homocysteine are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, ... In Europe, differing levels of PEX were found; 5% in England, 6% in Norway, 4% in Germany, 1% in Greece, and 6% in France. One ...
Decreased pepsinogen I levels or a decreased pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II ratio may also be found, although these findings are ... An increase in both MMA and homocysteine distinguishes B12 deficiency from folate deficiency because homocysteine alone ... Serum vitamin B12 levels are used to detect its deficiency, but they do not distinguish its causes. Vitamin B12 levels can be ... Low levels of serum vitamin B12 may be caused by other factors than B12 deficiency, such as folate deficiency, pregnancy, oral ...
... resulting in elevated homocysteine levels due to compromised methylation to methionine. Elevated homocysteine levels are ... Decreased MeCbl alongside normal cobalamin uptake is suggestive of decreased intracellular methionine biosynthesis. Occurring ... Chronic homocysteine elevation increases s-adenosyl-L-homocysteine levels, consequently inhibiting methyltransferase activity ... resulting in appropriate intracellular levels of methionine and tetrahydrofolate, alongside non-toxic homocysteine levels. The ...
S-adenosyl Homocysteine, further loses its "S-adenosyl" attachment, to become homocysteine, and the cycle repeats yet again! ... Pancytopenia: decreased number of blood cells of all lineages (RBCs, leucocytes, platelets), due to decreased bone marrow ... In absence of vitamin B12, levels of Methylmalonyl CoA increase, and this is in fact a great way to distinguish folate ... Laboratory findings indicating increased MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume), decreased Hgb/Hct (indicating anemia), and decreased ...
Neuropeptide Y also known as NPY is a hormone that encourages eating and decreases metabolic rate. Blood levels of NPY are ... "Elevation of homocysteine levels is only partially reversed after therapy in females with eating disorders". Journal of neural ... hormones or neuropeptides and amino acids such as homocysteine, elevated levels of which are found in AN and BN as well as ... The increased levels of NPY in the blood of patients with eating disorders can in some ways explain the instances of extreme ...
... and is accompanied by a decrease in serum ferritin levels.[28] This can cause addition problems (see:symptoms of IDA and ... homocysteine - excess.[22]. Anemia[edit]. Megaloblastic anemia (MA) is associated with GSE and is believed to be the result of ... The level of adult onset T1D plus ambiguous T1D/T2D is unknown. It is unclear how large a role Triticeae has in T1D, which also ... While GI disease is one of the major symptoms of GSE that are characterized by increased levels of IgA/IgG to food proteins,[62 ...
The liver was the main organ affected in these animals and in it the levels of adenine nucleotides were decreased, while those ... which is cleaved by SAH hydrolase into Ado and homocysteine. The failure to efficiently remove these end products (Ado removed ... The overexpression of AdK in the brain, which leads to decreased Ado levels and loss of inhibition of neuronal excitability by ... AdK plays a central role in controlling the cellular levels of Ado, which via its interaction with adenosine receptors in ...
It has previously been suggested that the excessive androgen production in PCOS could be caused by a decreased serum level of ... The effect of serum and intrafollicular insulin resistance parameters and homocysteine levels of nonobese, nonhyperandrogenemic ... Fasting insulin level or GTT with insulin levels (also called IGTT). Elevated insulin levels have been helpful to predict ... Many women with normal levels may benefit from combination therapy. A hypoglycemic response in which the two-hour insulin level ...
NNMT (nicotinamide N-methyltransferase)... which could lead to a decrease of intracellular levels of nicotinamide, compound known as a radiosensitizer able to enhance the ... S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine is converted into homocysteine by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase. N1-methylnicotinamide is ... No significant correlation between NNMT and CEA serum levels were found. Therefore, the measurement of serum levels of both ... High levels of NNMT enzyme activity were detected in eight of ten papillary lines, and in three of six of the follicular cell ...
Decreased Rate of Coronary Restenosis After Lowering of Plasma Homocysteine Levels - American College of CardiologyDecreased Rate of Coronary Restenosis After Lowering of Plasma Homocysteine Levels - Decreased Rate of Coronary Restenosis ... YOU ARE HERE: Home , Latest in Cardiology , Decreased Rate of Coronary Restenosis After Lowering of Plasma Homocysteine Levels ... There is an association between homocysteine levels and restenosis after PTCA. This study evaluated the effect of lowering ... Treatment lowered homocysteine levels from 11.1 +/- 4.3μm/L to 7.2 +/- 2.4 μm/L. The rate of restenosis was significantly lower ...
Homocysteine and Cholesterol | Lifescript.comHomocysteine, an amino acid in the blood, is associated with an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Some experts predict ... Tips to Decrease Homocysteine Levels: *Eat foods rich in vitamin B-6, such as whole grains, bananas, nuts and seeds. ... In addition, researchers havent set a "safe" level of homocysteine.. The good news is that homocysteine levels can often be ... like your homocysteine level and C reactive protein.. Homocysteine, an amino acid in the blood, is associated with an increased ...
Homocysteine Test Levels, Symptoms, Function, Lowering LevelsHomocysteine levels may be assessed by a blood test. Lowering homocysteine can be achieved with vitamin supplements and folic ... Elevated homocysteine levels are associated with heart attack, stroke, and blood clots. ... In pregnancy, homocysteine levels tend to decrease. Elevated homocysteine levels may be associated with some fetal ... levels of homocysteine in the body increase. Elevated homocysteine levels have been associated with heart attack, stroke, blood ...
There are no signs or symptoms of elevated, normal or low levels; however, high levels have been associated with heart disease ... The blood test is used to detect high levels to help diagnose infants and young adults with a family history of the problem and ... normal levels in the blood vary between 4-15 micromoles/liter. ... In pregnancy, homocysteine levels tend to decrease. Elevated ... Doctors Notes on Homocysteine,Test, 6 Symptoms, Levels, and Function. Homocysteine is an amino acid; normal levels in the ...
High Levels of Homocysteine May be Associated with Increased Cognitive Decline According to Recent StudyThe levels of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 contained in Liquid Healths NeuroLogic may help to decrease levels of homocysteine in ... a medical condition characterized by high levels of homocysteine in the blood. The concentration of homocysteine in the blood ... High Levels of Homocysteine May be Associated with Increased Cognitive Decline According to Recent Study. ... A study published on August 5, 2013 found a link between homocysteine levels and cognitive impairment in older adults. Liquid ...
Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis | The BMJDecreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1593-1600. ... 8 9 indicating that high homocysteine levels cause cardiovascular disease.. Whether moderate increases in serum homocysteine ... On this basis a decrease in serum homocysteine of 3 μmol/l (achievable by daily intake of about 0.8 mg folic acid) should ... Randomised trial of folic acid supplementation on serum homocysteine levels. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 695-700. ...
Clinical usefulness of plasma homocysteine in vascular disease | The Medical Journal of AustraliaDecreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1593-1600. ... Measurement of plasma homocysteine. The most robust measure of tHcy level is a fasting tHcy test. Testing with methionine ... Homocysteine and vascular disease. Lancet 1999; 354: 407-413.. *2. DAngelo A, Selhub J. Homocysteine and thrombotic disease. ... 14. The Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke. A meta-analysis. JAMA ...
Hyperhomocysteinemia | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural MedicineThe consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements decreases homocysteine levels in diabetic patients.Jun 01, 2010. ... Significantly lower levels of vitamin B12 and vitamin D and higher levels of homocysteine were found in people with OCD.Dec 31 ... Serum homocysteine levels were higher and vitamin B12 levels were lower among individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus.Jul ... Folic acid supplementation increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, decreased plasma homocysteine levels and improved ...
The consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements decreases homocysteine levels in diabetic patients.Jun 01, 2010. ... Type 2 diabetic patients patients treated with statin drugs have decreased coq10 levels and may be associated with subclinical ... Fish oil decreases inflammation and reduces cardiac remodeling in rosiglitazone treated aging mice.Dec 28, 2010. ... Paradoxically, elevated HbA1c levels were associated with improved survival in patients with diabetes and advanced heart ...
Fish Oil, Vitamin B-12 May Offer Relief During That Time of the Month"Vitamin B-12 has been shown to lower homocysteine levels ... and homocysteine can cause inflammation as well," he says. "But ... "Omega-3 decreases inflammation, and omega-6 increases inflammation, so there has to be a balance there," Schaefer says. ... Researchers suspect that these two supplements work because they decrease inflammation.. *It is too soon to prescribe fish oil ... "A lot of people have found that omega-3 fatty acids decrease inflammation and clearly there is inflammation that goes on [ ...
Homocysteine levels after acute levodopa intake in patients with Parkinson's disease.... increases homocysteine plasma levels. This may support the onset of atherosclerosis-related disorders and neuropsychiatric ... There was a homocysteine increase in Group I (F = 5; P = 0.005) and a moderate decrease in Group II (F = 4.27; P = 0.01). A ... Levodopa (L-dopa) administered with a dopadecarboxylase inhibitor (DDI) increases homocysteine plasma levels. This may support ... Homocysteine / blood*. Humans. Levodopa / administration & dosage*, blood. Male. Middle Aged. Parkinson Disease / blood*, drug ...
In cases of iron deficiency, decreased serum iron levels and increased TIBC may be observed. Conversely, in cases of iron ... LB2HCY - Homocysteine (umol/L). Variable Name: LB2HCY. SAS Label: Homocysteine (umol/L). English Text: Homocysteine (umol/L). ... In cases of infection, inflammation, and malignancy, both serum iron levels and TIBC may be decreased (3). ... DTT reduces homocysteine bound to albumin and to other small molecules, homocysteine, and mixed disulfides, to free thiol. S- ...
Homocysteine | LabCorpHomocysteine levels are lower in women than in men. Womens concentrations increase after menopause, possibly due to decreased ... and phenytoin can all cause increased levels of homocysteine. Azaribine also raises homocysteine levels, though it was ... can also increase homocysteine levels. Oral contraceptives can also affect the metabolism of homocysteine. ... Homocysteine levels can increase with age, when a person smokes, and with the use of drugs such as carbamazepine, methotrexate ...
Decreased rate of coronary stenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1593-600. View abstract ... Decreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1593-600. View ... high triglyceride levels, lowering high homocysteine levels (which may contribute to heart disease), male infertility, diabetes ... For high blood levels of homocysteine: Vitamin B12 doses of 400-500 mcg in combination with 0.54-5 mg of folic acid and 16.5 mg ...
Decreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1593-600. ... Recent studies have shown that plasma PLP levels are significantly decreased in other pathological conditions, including ... The association of low vitamin B6 levels with the risk for DVT is also independent of the tHCY levels. Testing for Vitamin B6 ( ... Reactive Protein Independently of Plasma Homocysteine Levels. Circulation 2001; 103: 2788-2791. ...
Juice Plus+ Review: Do These Supplements Really Work?Some studies suggest that Juice Plus+ could decrease blood levels of homocysteine (. 1. , 5. , 6. ). ... This includes levels of a risk marker called homocysteine.. High levels of homocysteine are linked to an increased risk of ... Its important to note that multivitamins are also associated with lower levels of homocysteine (. 10. , 11. , 12. , 13. , 14. ... Finally, its also unclear if reducing homocysteine levels by taking vitamin supplements can reduce your risk of heart disease ...
AST or Cr levels but it decreased BUN and total bilirubin levels as compared with the vehicle and homocysteine groups: BUN (mg/ ... Plasma levels of liver and renal biochemistry in cirrhotic rats with vehicle (V), homocysteine (H), homocysteine plus folic ... Plasma levels of liver and renal biochemistry in cirrhotic rats with vehicle (V), homocysteine (H), homocysteine plus folic ... homocysteine (H, n=7) vs. homocysteine plus folic acid (H+F, n=5) vs. folic acid (F, n=8)]: 395.0±36.1 vs. 338.6±23.4 vs. 367.6 ...
Does Lowering Homocysteine Levels Decrease the Risk for Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis?. *How Can You Lower Homocysteine Levels ... Does Lowering Homocysteine Levels Decrease the Risk for Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis?. *How Can You Lower Homocysteine Levels ... Causes of Elevated Homocysteine Levels. Some people have elevated homocysteine levels (Table 1) caused by a deficiency of B ... How Can You Lower Homocysteine Levels?. Elevated homocysteine levels can be lowered. We know that folic acid, vitamin B6, and ...
PRIME PubMed | Effects of supplementation with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine levels and LDL oxidation in...PubMed journal article Effects of supplementation with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine levels and LDL ... Serum homocysteine levels decreased from 8.7 +/- 4.3 to 6.3 +/- 2.2 mumol/L (P , 0.001). In vitro LDL oxidation decreased from ... Serum homocysteine levels decreased from 8.7 +/- 4.3 to 6.3 +/- 2.2 mumol/L (P , 0.001). In vitro LDL oxidation decreased from ... and homocysteine levels were similar. No changes in serum lipid levels or body weight were observed. In conclusion, a short- ...
Dementia Risk Factors You Can & Can't ChangeHomocysteine Blood Levels: A type of amino acid in the body, elevated levels of homocysteine may increase your likelihood of a ... The Mayo Clinic reviews these pieces, and some of the steps a person can take in order to decrease their risk. ... High Estrogen Levels: For women, high estrogen levels indicate a greater risk of being diagnosed with dementia. ... Cholesterol: High levels of LDL, or "bad" cholesterol, have been linked with a significant increase in developing vascular ...
Alleviation of Plasma Homocysteine Level by Phytoestrogen -Zearalanol Might Be Related to the Reduction of Cystathionine ...In correlation with this, results also showed a decreased nitration level of cystathionine -synthase in liver. Together data ... Alleviation of Plasma Homocysteine Level by Phytoestrogen -Zearalanol Might Be Related to the Reduction of Cystathionine - ... synthase, the key enzyme in homocysteine metabolism, was significantly elevated and level of nitrative stress in liver was ... zearalanol can protect cardiovascular system from hyperhomocysteinemia and ameliorate the level of plasma total homocysteine; ...
Potential New Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Homocysteine, Lipoprotein(a), Triglycerides, Oxidative...Clinical trials are under way to assess the potential benefit of decreasing homocysteine levels. The role of lipoprotein(a) ... Preliminary evidence suggests that reducing fibrinogen levels in patients with high baseline levels and coronary disease may be ... Either cholesterol or apolipoprotein levels can be used to determine risk for CVD; triglycerides are not useful Annals of ... role of hypertriglyceridemia in cardiovascular disease and a possible clinical benefit from decreasing triglyceride levels. ...
Folic Acid Won't Reduce Heart Disease Risk | Live ScienceIn the group taking folic acid supplements, homocysteine levels decreased by 25 percent. However that group did not see any ... Folic acid is known to affect blood levels of a protein building-block called homocysteine. Most people get homocysteine from ... The new study showed, although taking folic acid supplements lowered homocysteine levels, it did not reduce a persons risk of ... or by pregnant women to decrease the risk of birth defects, according to the National Institutes of Health. ...
Diet, serum homocysteine levels and ischaemic heart disease in a Mediterranean population | British Journal of Nutrition |...... serum homocysteine levels and ischaemic heart disease in a Mediterranean population - Volume 91 Issue 6 - George E. Vrentzos, ... Silaste, ML, Rantala, M, Alfthan, G, Aro, A & Kesaniemi, YA (2003) Plasma homocysteine concentration is decreased by dietary ... Nygard, O, Nordrehaug, JE, Refsum, H, Ueland, PM, Farstad, M & Vollset, SE (1997) Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in ... Diet, serum homocysteine levels and ischaemic heart disease in a Mediterranean population. * George E. Vrentzos (a1), John A. ...
MetabolismLower homocysteine levelsSupplementationMethionineAmino acid homocysteineCardiovascular diseaseHyperhomocysteinemiaTHcyHighNormal homocysteine levelsEffect of lowering homReduce homocysteine levelsConcentration of homocysteineVitaminsVascular diseaseDeficiencyElevation of homocysteineRole of homocysteineRelationship between elevated homocysteine levelsArteriesElevated Homocysteine Blood LevelsProteinSignificantly decreasedSupplementsMethylmalonic AcidBaselineIntakeSerum levelsCobalaminBlood homocysteine levelsBetaine-homocysteine methHomocystinuriaCorrelationEndothelialDementiaAtherosclerosisUrineIschaemic heart dAssociation between homocysteineKnown as homocysteineBuildup of homocysteineConcentrations of homocysteineGeneticVitamin folic acidCognitive impairmentEnzymeTriglyceride levelsMutation in the MTHFR gene
- Homocysteine levels increase in the body when the metabolism to cysteine of methionine to cysteine is impaired. (emedicinehealth.com)
- In infants who have the genetic condition homocystinuria, the inherited abnormalities affect the body's metabolism of homocysteine to cysteine. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Homocystinuria (meaning elevated homocysteine in the urine) is a rare, inherited disease in which affected persons have abnormally high levels of homocysteine due to abnormal metabolism of the amino acid methionine. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Testing with methionine loading may be more sensitive for detecting mild disturbances in homocysteine metabolism, but its clinical usefulness is uncertain, and a large dose of methionine may very rarely cause a potentially lethal metabolic/toxic encephalopathy. (mja.com.au)
- The objective of this trial was to investigate the relations between L-dopa and homocysteine after acute L-dopa/DDI administration in PD patients with different L-dopa metabolism. (biomedsearch.com)
- Thus, in conclusion, L-dopa metabolism is an important component for homocysteine elevation after one time L-dopa/DDI administration in PD patients. (biomedsearch.com)
- The test is most commonly used to diagnose abnormal homocysteine metabolism in people who have a high risk for cardiovascular disease but who have normal baseline homocysteine levels. (ahajournals.org)
- The effect of oral S-adenosylmethionine on homocysteine metabolism in humans is unknown. (aspetjournals.org)
- Rather they indicate a positive effect on 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, a key cofactor in homocysteine metabolism, which should be considered in homocysteine lowering strategies for the prevention of vascular disease. (aspetjournals.org)
- These findings, in patients without a known inborn error of methionine metabolism, have established increased plasma homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia) as an independent risk factor for vascular events. (aspetjournals.org)
- Additionally, an interruption of the coordinate regulatory function of AdoMet in homocysteine metabolism, has recently been proposed ( Selhub and Miller, 1992 ). (aspetjournals.org)
- Further metabolism yields homocysteine that is either catabolized via transsulfuration or recycled via remethylation to methionine. (aspetjournals.org)
- At the biochemical level, folate is incorporated into coenzymes that are essential in facilitating a variety of reactions in nucleic acid and amino acids metabolism. (rxpgnews.com)
- 136 A.J. Olszewski and K.S. McCully: Homocysteine metabolism and the oxidative modification of proteins and lipids. (diabetesnet.com)
- Additionally, l -dopa is associated with adverse metabolic effects in relation to methylation and homocysteine metabolism. (jneurosci.org)
- Genetic or nutritional deficiencies in homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism lead to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and cause endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of atherosclerosis. (springer.com)
- Homocysteine (Hcy) is an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism that involves the conversion of methionine to cysteine (Mudd et al. (springer.com)
- It also plays an important role in homocysteine metabolism. (mskcc.org)
- An emerging pattern of atherosclerosis was detected in these patients and it was concluded that genetic defects in homocysteine metabolism and associated homocysteinuria was responsible for these vascular lesions ( Guilliams, 2004 ). (intechopen.com)
- and to describe ways to monitor and lower homocysteine levels to possibly improve health. (ahajournals.org)
- However, in some cases doctors recommend taking B vitamins to lower homocysteine levels. (umm.edu)
- However, elevated levels of vitamin B12 can help lower homocysteine levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- To prevent heart disease or lower homocysteine levels, patients should consume 3.0 mg per day of vitamin B6. (naturalremedies.org)
- Also, taking riboflavin along with folic acid and pyridoxine seems to lower homocysteine levels by 26% in people with high homocysteine levels caused by drugs that are used to prevent seizures. (medlineplus.gov)
- The concentration of homocysteine in the blood may decrease after appropriate supplementation with the deficient vitamins. (prweb.com)
- The University of Western Australia and Royal Perth Hospital study suggests 'Homocysteine lowering B-vitamin supplementation may offer a potential therapeutic target to try and mitigate the often-disabling impact of cognitive deficits found in this population. (prweb.com)
- Vitamin B supplementation was effective in reducing serum homocysteine levels. (greenmedinfo.com)
- It is also known that folic acid supplementation reverses the effects of homocysteine. (elsevier.es)
- Effects of supplementation with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine levels and LDL oxidation in coronary patients. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The present study was done to assess the effect of a supplementation of folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine levels and in vitro LDL oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Serum lipids, vitamin and homocysteine levels, and in vitro LDL oxidation were measured before and after the supplementation period. (unboundmedicine.com)
- In conclusion, a short-term supplementation with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins can reduce serum homocysteine levels and in vitro LDL oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Therefore, strategies for controlling the level of homocysteine by supplementation with folic acid or vitamin B 12 may be potential treatment strategies to ameliorate neurodegeneration. (molvis.org)
- Homocysteine is a potentially modifiable risk factor because levels can be lowered by about 20 percent with vitamin B supplementation. (aafp.org)
- The authors randomized 299 men 75 years or older with hypertension to receive daily placebo or vitamin B supplementation at doses known to reduce homocysteine levels (25 mg of B 6 , 2 mg of B 9 [folic acid], and 400 mcg of B 12 ). (aafp.org)
- Two earlier open studies have suggested that supplementation with 6g of betaine daily may reduce fasting homocysteine levels by 8-9% (1,2). (veganforum.com)
- Before supplementation fasting and PML homocysteine levels did not differ between*groups. (veganforum.com)
- After 6 weeks of betaine supplementation the 6h increment of PML homocysteine was 49% lower in the betaine than in the placebo group (p=0.04). (veganforum.com)
- Folic acid supplementation did not affect PML homocysteine levels significantly (3). (veganforum.com)
- Taken together, these studies indicate that dietary supplementation of folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 may decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease. (alzforum.org)
- After folic acid supplementation, homocysteine levels decreased significantly. (lesliebeck.com)
- The combination of sunlight and abnormally high tissue levels of riboflavin from excess supplementation is a potentially dangerous combination that should be avoided, and this can only be done by using a supplement that doesn't contain excessively large amounts of riboflavin far in excess of our bodies requirement. (smart-publications.com)
- In this study, those with the lowest baseline homocysteine did not benefit from supplementation - so this suggests that B vitamins are not a panacea for MCI. (theness.com)
- Folic acid is provided in most multi-vitamins and supplementation is often encouraged in those with high homocysteine levels, low dietary intake, of maternal age, or with certain malabsorption issues. (healthcentral.com)
- Folic acid supplementation is considered safe at appropriate levels. (healthcentral.com)
- Due to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, homocysteine was changed significantly in both treatment and control groups up to -3.10mumol/L and 0.10mumol/L respectively, and HbA(1)c decreased by 0.75% in the treatment group and increased by 0.26% in the control group. (omega-research.com)
- However, findings are mixed on whether long-term supplementation with this combination improves fracture risk or medical conditions even when it lowers homocysteine levels. (mskcc.org)
- Foods containing methionine are transformed into homocysteine in the bloodstream. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Homocysteine can also be recycled back into methionine using vitamin B12-related enzymes. (emedicinehealth.com)
- If homocysteine cannot be converted into cysteine or returned to the methionine form, levels of homocysteine in the body increase. (emedicinehealth.com)
- 1 The metabolic pathway that converts methionine to homocysteine ( Box 1 ) is essential for the proper functioning of many biomolecules, including DNA, proteins, phospholipids and neurotransmitters. (mja.com.au)
- Homocysteine is a chemical in the blood that is produced when an amino acid (a building block of protein) called methionine is broken down in the body. (ahajournals.org)
- This test measures homocysteine levels before and after the intake of 100 mg/kg of methionine (dissolved in orange juice). (ahajournals.org)
- Homocysteine is a by-product of transmethylation reactions and is detoxified by methionine synthetase, which depends on vitamin B 12 and folate as coenzymes for proper function. (molvis.org)
- We investigated the effect of oral S-adenosylmethionine (400 mg) on plasma levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which is the active form of folate in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, the demethylated product of S-adenosylmethionine, homocysteine and methionine over 24 hr in 14 healthy subjects. (aspetjournals.org)
- 001), although homocysteine and methionine did not change over the time of measurement. (aspetjournals.org)
- Some of which are critical to healthy life, such as DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and converting homocysteine to methionine. (rxpgnews.com)
- Methionine is where homocysteine originates from. (healthynewage.com)
- A new placebo-controlled study by Steenge and co-workers at the centre for Food Sciences and Health Programme in Wageningen, the Netherlands, has now investigated the effect of these nutrients on plasma homocysteine, both fasting and after methionine loading, in healthy men and women with mild elevation of fasting homocysteine levels. (veganforum.com)
- The effect of both fasting and post-methionine-loading (PML) homocysteine levels was determined. (veganforum.com)
- An example of transmethylation is the recovery of methionine from homocysteine. (wikipedia.org)
- Homocysteine, formed from hepatic methionine, is metabolized through the pathways of demethylation and transsulfuration. (scielo.br)
- The correlation between the liver and homocysteine is becoming more important because of the recent findings that alterations of lipoproteins and methionine clearance are common in patients with hepatocellular and canalicular chronic liver disease. (scielo.br)
- One of these is called methionine, which in turn is broken down into homocysteine. (saveourbones.com)
- Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for thrombosis, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) polymorphisms, folate, and B12 levels could contribute to plasma homocysteine (Hcy) variation. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Folic acid, along with Vitamin B6 and B12, helps to turn homocysteine into another amino acid, methionine, therefore decreasing overall blood levels and reducing the risks. (healthcentral.com)
- Choline performs a chemical transformation, converting the harmful homocysteine into the helpful chemical methionine. (news-medical.net)
- Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein amino acid resulting from the demethylation of the essential amino acid methionine. (intechopen.com)
- Scientists have known that high levels of the amino acid homocysteine have been linked to heart disease. (lifescript.com)
- The serum concentration of the amino acid homocysteine is positively associated with the risk of ischaemic heart disease, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and stroke. (bmj.com)
- Vitamins B12, B6, and B9 work together to control blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine. (umm.edu)
- Many studies suggest that people with high levels of the amino acid homocysteine are almost two times more likely to develop coronary artery disease and 2.5 times more likely to have a stroke than those with normal levels. (umm.edu)
- There is also evidence in astronauts of increased levels of the amino acid homocysteine, a known marker for cardiovascular disease. (thenextweb.com)
- One B vitamin in particular, folate, decreases levels of the amino acid homocysteine, which can damage blood vessel walls. (chopra.com)
- The genetic studies and the prospective studies do not share the same potential sources of error, but both yield similar highly significant results-strong evidence that the association between homocysteine and cardiovascular disease is causal. (bmj.com)
- The biochemical change that is common to all three disorders is a high serum homocysteine concentration (no other substance is consistently high or low), 8 9 indicating that high homocysteine levels cause cardiovascular disease. (bmj.com)
- Several mechanisms have been proposed for how homocysteine leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but direct links haven not been confirmed. (labcorp.com)
- However, the exact role that homocysteine plays in the progression of cardiovascular disease has not been established, so the utility of the screening test continues to be questioned. (labcorp.com)
- Homocysteine testing may be ordered as part of assessing a person's risk of cardiovascular disease, depending on the individual's age and other risk factors. (labcorp.com)
- Increasing evidence supports an independent role of hypertriglyceridemia in cardiovascular disease and a possible clinical benefit from decreasing triglyceride levels. (annals.org)
- These higher levels in the blood total can increase the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. (wikibooks.org)
- The latter is particularly important because excess homocysteine is linked to chronic health problems, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. (rxpgnews.com)
- Changes in cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk biomarkers were measured at the end of the 2-week period and compared to levels taken at the beginning of the trial prior to CHORI-bar consumption. (highlighthealth.com)
- Increased HDL and decreased homocysteine are associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline. (highlighthealth.com)
- High levels of homocysteine have been associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease - lowering its levels might not improve outcomes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Elevated homocysteine is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is linked to the metabolic syndrome (insulin insensitivity). (wikipedia.org)
- A presentation at the recent Medicine in the New Millennium International Medical Conference in Auckland, New Zealand, has again linked low levels of folic acid in the blood to a range of cardiovascular disease conditions. (scoop.co.nz)
- Norway¡¦s Dr Ottar Nygard, an authority on clinical and epidemiological aspects of homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, says taking folic acid supplements could have major benefits. (scoop.co.nz)
- Since the initial connection was made 25 years ago, the results from more than 100 studies have provided consistent and convincing evidence that elevated tHcy levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. (scoop.co.nz)
- Another study among 40-year-old men shows that men from countries with a high cardiovascular disease mortality also have the highest tHcy levels,¡¨ he said. (scoop.co.nz)
- Homocysteine is an amino acid normally found in blood, but elevated levels have been linked to cardiovascular disease and stroke. (smart-publications.com)
- Combination therapy with vitamins B 6 , B 9 and B 12 is a therapeutic intervention to decrease levels of plasma homocysteine and the risk of cardiovascular disease. (medscape.com)
- High concentrations of plasma total homocysteine are known to be associated with the risk of developing diabetes-related cardiovascular disease, nephropathy and proliferative retinopathy. (medscape.com)
- Cosupplementation of pyridoxine (vitamin B 6 ), folic acid (vitamin B 9 ) and vitamin B 12 has been used to decrease levels of plasma homocysteine and the risk of cardiovascular disease. (medscape.com)
- Another trial, the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE-2) study, [ 2 ] involved 5,522 patients with vascular disease or diabetes mellitus and found no effect of high-dose B 6 , B 9 and B 12 cosupplementation on death from cardiovascular disease, whereas the risk of stroke was decreased and the risk of unstable angina requiring hospitalization was increased. (medscape.com)
- A causal relationship between homocysteine and cardiovascular disease is felt to be highly likely and hyperHcy is now an established modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. (intechopen.com)
- Having elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia) is associated with atherosclerosis and blood clots . (emedicinehealth.com)
- According to the Natural Standard website, 'deficiencies in folic acid (folate), vitamin B6, vitamin B12, or betaine may lead to hyperhomocysteinemia, a medical condition characterized by high levels of homocysteine in the blood. (prweb.com)
- Elevated homocysteine levels (also called hyperhomocysteinemia) may cause irritation of the blood vessels. (ahajournals.org)
- Due to improvement on endothelial function, decrease of elevated homocysteine levels and excellent tolerability, AbMIP was demonstrated to be a beneficial option for dietary treatment of endothelial dysfunction and hyperhomocysteinemia in early stages of CVD. (nih.gov)
- It may also be used in people with schizophrenia who have hyperhomocysteinemia (high levels of homocysteine in the blood). (emedtv.com)
- This can help reduce high homocysteine blood levels (known medically as hyperhomocysteinemia). (emedtv.com)
- Homocysteine-reducing strategies improve symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. (emedtv.com)
- The study found that 'elevated tHcy (total plasma homocysteine) was associated with weaker performance in tests of immediate and delayed memory and global cognitive performance when compared to those with normal tHcy independent of the presence of major depression or the severity of depressive symptoms. (prweb.com)
- Raised plasma homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations are caused by genetic mutations, vitamin deficiencies, renal and other diseases, numerous drugs, and increasing age. (mja.com.au)
- 3 Total plasma (or total serum) homocysteine (tHcy) refers to the combined pool of free, bound, reduced and oxidised forms of homocysteine in the blood. (mja.com.au)
- The most robust measure of tHcy level is a fasting tHcy test. (mja.com.au)
- Compared with optimally prepared plasma, tHcy levels obtained with citrated plasma are 5%-15% lower, and in serum are 5%-15% higher. (mja.com.au)
- High tHcy and low vitamin B6 plasma levels are associated with an increased risk for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) independent of other established risk factors for DVT. (cdc.gov)
- The association of low vitamin B6 levels with the risk for DVT is also independent of the tHCY levels. (cdc.gov)
- tHcy = homocysteine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Abnormal levels of total homocysteine (tHcy) in the blood allows cholesterol to build up. (scoop.co.nz)
- According to Dr Nygard, elevated tHcy levels are prevalent in Western societies. (scoop.co.nz)
- In this large population, plasma levels of total homocysteine (tHcy) are associated with several physiologic and lifestyle factors and common diseases. (nih.gov)
- physical activity, moderate alcohol consumption, and a good folate or vitamin B-12 status are associated with lower tHcy levels. (nih.gov)
- Subjects with raised tHcy levels have increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality, and are more likely to suffer from depression and from cognitive deficit (elderly). (nih.gov)
- Among women, raised tHcy levels are associated with decreased bone mineral density and increased risk of osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
- Women with raised tHcy levels also have an increased risk of having suffered from pregnancy complications and an adverse pregnancy outcome. (nih.gov)
- Overall, the findings from HHS indicate that a raised tHcy level is associated with multiple clinical conditions, whereas a low tHcy level is associated with better physical and mental health. (nih.gov)
- A polymorphisms, adjusted for age, serum (5)-folate and S-cobalamin levels, on total plasma homocysteine concentrations (tHcy). (diva-portal.org)
- The MTHFR 1298C-allele was found to be associated with higher tHcy levels but similarly, only in males (P=0.025). (diva-portal.org)
- The MTHFR 1793A-allele was associated with decreased tHcy concentrations in the younger males (P=0.042). (diva-portal.org)
- A haplotype-based approach was marginally superior in explaining the genetic interaction of the MTHFR polymorphisms on tHcy plasma levels (R-2 0.352 vs. 0.342 for a simple genotype-based approach). (diva-portal.org)
- T genotype and S-cobalamin on tHcy levels was demonstrated in both genders. (diva-portal.org)
- The increase in tHcy was more pronounced with decreasing S-cobalamin quintiles in 677TT homozygotes (P=0.005 for males and P=0.015 for females) than with decreasing S-folate quintiles (P for trend not significant). (diva-portal.org)
- Four weeks of oral NAC treatment significantly decreased plasma tHcy concentrations, irrespective of lipid or smoking status, and lowered systolic blood pressure in both normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic men, with significant diastolic blood pressure reductions in the HYL group only. (qualitycounts.com)
- That's because your blood cholesterol provides your total cholesterol, including high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) but not some other important numbers, like your homocysteine level and C reactive protein. (lifescript.com)
- Most laboratories report normal homocysteine levels in the blood between 4 and 15 micromoles/liter (µmol/L). Any measurement above 15 is considered high. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Neonatal strokes may also be seen with high homocysteine levels. (emedicinehealth.com)
- The blood test is used to detect high levels to help diagnose infants and young adults with a family history of the problem and in individuals with medical conditions like stroke or heart attacks with no other risk factors, eye lens dislocations, mental retardation or Marfan syndrome (genetic connective tissue disorder). (emedicinehealth.com)
- Causes of homocysteine levels (high levels) are influenced by genetics and diet . (emedicinehealth.com)
- High levels of homocysteine increase the risk of blood clot formation in vessels and may lead to heart attack and stroke. (labcorp.com)
- Homocysteine may be ordered as part of a screen for people at high risk for heart attack or stroke. (labcorp.com)
- High levels of homocysteine are linked to an increased risk of heart disease. (healthline.com)
- High levels of LDL, or "bad" cholesterol, have been linked with a significant increase in developing vascular dementia . (dementia.org)
- For women, high estrogen levels indicate a greater risk of being diagnosed with dementia. (dementia.org)
- In this condition, a defective enzyme causes an accumulation of homocysteine in the blood, resulting in very high levels. (ahajournals.org)
- High homocysteine levels are also seen in people with kidney disease, low levels of thyroid hormones, psoriasis, and with certain medications (such as antiepileptic drugs and methotrexate). (ahajournals.org)
- A 2008 study in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology also found that folic acid supplements help reduce the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women, a condition marked by high blood pressure and high levels of protein in the urine. (livescience.com)
- Preliminary evidence suggests that reducing fibrinogen levels in patients with high baseline levels and coronary disease may be beneficial. (annals.org)
- Endothelial function under fasting conditions, blood pressure, postprandial endothelial function after consumption of a high fat meal, homocysteine, asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) and Hba1c were determined. (nih.gov)
- Saturated fat is the leading cause of high cholesterol levels in most adults. (wikibooks.org)
- Observational studies have consistently linked high plasma homocysteine levels with cognitive impairment. (aafp.org)
- The management of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (a high TSH in the presence of normal free T4 and T3 levels) remains controversial. (aafp.org)
- There was a small study conducted in 1990 on Alzheimer's patients, which reported high concentrations of homocysteine in their blood. (healthynewage.com)
- Both cases suffered from tremendously rare genetic mutations that steered to unusually high levels of homocysteine in their bodies. (healthynewage.com)
- Therefore, the value of the impact of B vitamins was confined to those with high homocysteine, showing a relative deficiency in one of those three vitamins. (healthynewage.com)
- High levels of homocysteine are associated with heart disease. (umm.edu)
- However, researchers do not know whether high homocysteine levels actually cause heart disease. (umm.edu)
- Many lifestyle factors, such as smoking and high alcohol intake, increase homocysteine levels by different mechanisms, as do some diseases and treatment with several drugs. (veganforum.com)
- High blood homocysteine levels are also linked to negative effects on the brain, such as stroke . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Some of these heart attack-prone families were discovered to have an enzyme deficiency that created high blood levels of homocysteine. (diabetesnet.com)
- 136 One study found that homocysteine levels were four times as high in the LDL of men who had high cholesterol levels compared to those who did not. (diabetesnet.com)
- Homocysteine is found at high levels in most people with diabetes who have kidney disease, 139 and in 20 to 40 percent of the general population who have heart disease. (diabetesnet.com)
- 144 High levels of homocysteine also lower copper levels in the blood. (diabetesnet.com)
- With this in mind, researchers experimented with relatively high levels of B-12 both orally and sublingually, (under the tongue), and they found they could overcome both the absorption and utilization problems. (health-science.com)
- Abnormal body composition contributes to high LDL (bad) cholesterol levels. (zarias.com)
- It can also help reduce high homocysteine levels in people with schizophrenia. (emedtv.com)
- High levels of homocysteine can damage blood vessel walls and promote the build-up of cholesterol, leading to blocked arteries. (lesliebeck.com)
- It can cause radiation poisoning, death at high levels of exposure and fatal cancers later in life. (thenextweb.com)
- Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, is an essential vitamin, but almost all "broad spectrum, high potency multiples" contain levels that are far too high! (smart-publications.com)
- The proportion of women with low apoA1 levels decreased with age, but the proportion with low high-density lipoprotein levels remained stable across age groups. (cdc.gov)
- High homocysteine levels have been associated with increased risk of stroke , and increased risk of dementia . (theness.com)
- 139 ). Based on experience with intravenous arginine, it is possible that the use of high-dose oral arginine might alter potassium levels in the body, especially in people with severe liver disease ( 132 ). (livingnaturally.com)
- Plasma homocysteine levels were measured by High performance liquid chromatography. (ahajournals.org)
- High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein looks at blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). (smartdraw.com)
- High CRP blood levels can be a sign of inflammation. (smartdraw.com)
- It's actually synthesized in your body, and high levels of it are associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis, bone fractures, heart problems, depression, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. (saveourbones.com)
- Because homocysteine results from the breakdown of protein, a high-protein diet sets the stage for excessive homocysteine levels in the blood. (saveourbones.com)
- Coupled with a lack of B vitamins, high protein consumption can lead to dangerously high homocysteine levels. (saveourbones.com)
- At high levels, homocysteine weakens bones, resulting in fractures. (saveourbones.com)
- Low folic acid levels are correlative to high homocysteine levels, and this amino acid can actually hinder normal brain function by inappropriate stimulation of nerve cell receptors. (saveourbones.com)
- Now, however, with the knowledge of homocysteine and its relationship to these nutrients, research is pointing to high homocysteine levels as a prime culprit behind these devastating brain disorders. (saveourbones.com)
- There are no alkalizing foods that are high in Omega-3 fish oils, but there are plenty of fish dishes that, when properly prepared with alkalizing sides and toppings , can be a bone-healthy way of reducing homocysteine in your body. (saveourbones.com)
- Studies suggest that if you have low levels of the B vitamin folic acid and high levels of a protein called homocysteine, you are more likely to be depressed. (everydayhealth.com)
- Taking vitamin B6 by mouth, usually with folic acid, is effective for treating high homocysteine levels in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- Introducing beetroot into one's diet can protect against high blood pressure , Alzheimer's , high levels of cholesterol and dementia . (copperwiki.org)
- High levels of homocysteine in blood increases the risk of heart diseases. (copperwiki.org)
- Beet greens and to a lesser extent, the roots contain high levels of oxalate. (copperwiki.org)
- Clams and beef liver have very high cobalamin levels. (encyclopedia.com)
- High homocysteine levels have been linked with increased risk of developing heart disease and strokes. (healthcentral.com)
- High levels of folic acid intake may mask a B12 deficiency. (mskcc.org)
- A number of recent studies have demonstrated the prevalence of raised Hcy levels in AAA to be as high as 50% and one study has demonstrated a link between Hcy levels and the rate of expansion of AAA ( Halazun et al, 2007 ). (intechopen.com)
- Furthermore, the odds of brain atrophy are up to 10 times higher in HHcy patients than in those with normal homocysteine levels,'' - See L-methylfolate , methylcobalamin , and N-acetyl-cysteine at Amazon.com. (qualitycounts.com)
- This study evaluated the effect of lowering homocysteine on the rate of restenosis following PTCA with or without stents. (acc.org)
- When combined with folate and B6, vitamin B12 can reduce homocysteine levels, which may offer benefit for cardiovascular disorders, although results from studies are mixed. (mskcc.org)
- The objective of this study was to determine the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the concentration of homocysteine and MDA in diabetic patients. (omega-research.com)
- When you increase your intake of three B vitamins, B6 and B12, and folate, and reduce your intake of animal protein, your homocysteine levels should be lower. (lifescript.com)
- While alcoholics tend to be malnourished and lacking in B vitamins , alcohol itself may independently cause homocysteine levels in the blood to rise. (emedicinehealth.com)
- For example, vitamins B 6 and B 12 help regulate homocysteine levels while stress and caffeine may raise its level. (emedicinehealth.com)
- 4 , 5 Most operate by altering the function or blood concentrations of B vitamins (folic acid, vitamin B 12 , vitamin B 6 ) involved as cofactors in the homocysteine metabolic pathway, interfering with renal function, or influencing enzyme activities. (mja.com.au)
- Since vitamins B6, B12, and folate are necessary to metabolize homocysteine, increased levels of the amino acid may be a sign of deficiency in those vitamins. (labcorp.com)
- Some people have elevated homocysteine levels ( Table 1 ) caused by a deficiency of B vitamins and folate in their diets. (ahajournals.org)
- Since our body can detoxify homocysteine, using three vitamins: folate, vitamin B12, as well as vitamin B6. (healthynewage.com)
- Then again, a double-blind randomized controlled study concluded that homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins can slow the rate of speed that the brain was deteriorating in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. (healthynewage.com)
- In addition to vitamins, other food components also influence remethylation of homocysteine and thereby homocysteine*levels. (veganforum.com)
- However, homocysteine levels also rise when B vitamins are low, as they often are in diabetes. (diabetesnet.com)
- A multivitamin supplement containing B vitamins (especially vitamin B6, B12, and folic acid) will keep homocysteine levels lower and may reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke. (diabetesnet.com)
- Homocysteine is an amino acid that everyone produces, but normally we convert it to other harmless amino acids with the help of three B vitamins: folate (folic acid), B6 and B12. (lesliebeck.com)
- Homocysteine can accumulate in the blood when this conversion does not occur rapidly enough due to an inherited genetic defect or when there is a deficiency of the B vitamins. (lesliebeck.com)
- Reduce Homocysteine and Improve Mood and Energy with B Vitamins! (smart-publications.com)
- however, findings on blood levels of vitamins do not show a clear relation with OAG. (mdpi.com)
- They found that taking these B vitamins over a two year period was associated with a decreased rate of brain atrophy as determined by MRI scanning. (theness.com)
- This study looks at homocysteine - a chemical that increases in the blood if certain B vitamins, mainly folate and B12, are low. (theness.com)
- And the B vitamins necessary to tackle homocysteine levels are Foundation Supplements (more on this later). (saveourbones.com)
- Elevated homocysteine may also be related to a higher risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease (fatty deposits in peripheral arteries), and hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). (labcorp.com)
- Several studies were conducted to find correlations between retinal vascular disease and homocysteine. (molvis.org)
- Elevated plasma homocysteine concentration is an independent risk factor for vascular disease in humans. (aspetjournals.org)
- The cause of mild elevation of homocysteine in vascular disease has by no means been completely elucidated. (aspetjournals.org)
- Later researchers discovered that homocysteine can directly damage blood vessels and is strongly associated with heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular disease. (diabetesnet.com)
- It also needs to be considered that some MCI and dementia is cause by vascular disease and stroke, and so any correlation between homocysteine and dementia may be through that mechanism. (theness.com)
- A healthcare practitioner may order a homocysteine test to determine if a person has a vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. (labcorp.com)
- Vitamin B12 is taken by mouth to treat and prevent vitamin B12 deficiency, a condition in which vitamin B12 levels in the blood are too low. (webmd.com)
- In any vitamin B12 deficiency there is an increase in levels of methylmalonic acid , which is the main characteristic of B12 deficiency, which differentiates it from folic acid deficiency. (botanical-online.com)
- Deficiency of this vitamin can interfere with performance of the lymph node, so that the productions of white blood cells decrease. (vitanetonline.com)
- Deficiency of white blood cells may give rise to decrease of endurance. (vitanetonline.com)
- Animal and human studies have increasingly demonstrated associations between folate deficiency, serum homocysteine elevations, and a variety of cancers. (rxpgnews.com)
- Individuals with low vitamin D levels are at risk of developing health problems linked to vitamin D deficiency, such as osteomalacia. (netdoctor.co.uk)
- It should also be noted that recent studies suggest that folic acid deficiency and elevated homocysteine levels can render dopaminergic neurons vulnerable to dysfunction and death in experimental models of Parkinson disease (Duan et al. (alzforum.org)
- demonstrates that folic acid deficiency and increased homocysteine levels are toxic to neuronal cells. (alzforum.org)
- One important implication of this study is that, in the Alzheimer brain, folic acid deficiency and increased homocysteine levels may accelerate the accumulation of DNA damage that is promoted by Aβ. (alzforum.org)
- Conclusions An increased level of P-MMA did not predict a further increase with time and clinical manifestations related to vitamin B12 deficiency. (veganforum.com)
- 3 stars] Vitamin B6 deficiency can contribute to anemia, supplementing with this vitamin may restore levels and improve symptoms. (evitamins.com)
- Vitamin B6 is used for preventing and treating low levels of pyridoxine (pyridoxine deficiency) and the anemia that may result. (medlineplus.gov)
- People with a deficiency may also suffer from tongue and oral ulcerations, changes in the pigmentation of hair, skin or nails, and, as previously discussed, increases in homocysteine levels. (healthcentral.com)
- A B-12 deficiency can be difficult to diagnose because serum blood levels of B-12 may test normal. (prohealth.com)
- Some people take riboflavin by mouth to prevent low levels of riboflavin (riboflavin deficiency) in the body, for various types of cancer, and for migraine headaches. (medlineplus.gov)
- Although we know that elevated homocysteine levels are observed more often in people with thrombosis and atherosclerosis, it is unclear whether it is the homocysteine itself that leads to the damage or whether the elevation of homocysteine is a result of the damage. (ahajournals.org)
- Further studies are needed to clarify the role of homocysteine in atherosclerosis and thrombosis and to determine whether lowering the homocysteine level is effective in decreasing the risk for blood clots. (ahajournals.org)
- The exact role of homocysteine is not clear, however. (theness.com)
- In the current study we examine the role of homocysteine and its effect on vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis in PON1 knockout mice. (ahajournals.org)
- There may be a relationship between elevated homocysteine levels and broken bones, especially in the elderly. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Thus, we have established a cause-effect relationship between elevated homocysteine levels and neuronal degeneration. (alzforum.org)
- Elevated levels of homocysteine show an increased risk for (1) hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), which could eventually result in a heart attack and/or stroke, and (2) blood clots in the veins, referred to as venous thrombosis. (ahajournals.org)
- Studies of children with homocystinuria led to the discovery that elevated homocysteine levels are a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis and blood clots in the arteries and veins. (ahajournals.org)
- Homocysteine is a a non-protein amino acid that causes a number of issues, including endothelial damage and dysfunction ( endothelial cells line the circulatory system, from small capillaries to veins and arteries to the heart) and free radical formation. (highlighthealth.com)
- Heart Health™ TriActive™ targets three major areas, the arteries, cholesterol and homocysteine levels to promote the healthy performance of the body's cardiovascular system. (nutrametrix.com)
- Ultrasound revealed decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and plaque formation in abdominal aorta and carotid arteries. (ahajournals.org)
- What Are Normal, Low, and Elevated Homocysteine Blood Levels? (emedicinehealth.com)
- What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Elevated Homocysteine Blood Levels? (emedicinehealth.com)
- Betaine is indicated for the treatment of homocystinuria to decrease elevated homocysteine blood levels. (drugbank.ca)
- Anemia may also result from low levels of hemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen to the body. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Friso, S., Jacques, P.F., Wilson, P.W., F. Rosenberg, I.H. and Selhub, J. Low Circulating Vitamin B6 is Associated with Elevation of the Inflammation Marker C- Reactive Protein Independently of Plasma Homocysteine Levels. (cdc.gov)
- Folic acid is known to affect blood levels of a protein building-block called homocysteine. (livescience.com)
- This study aimed to obtain the complete cDNA coding sequences of aqp1 and aqp3 from the gills of Protopterus annectens , and to determine their branchial mRNA and protein expression levels during the induction, maintenance and arousal phases of aestivation. (frontiersin.org)
- During the induction phase, there were significant decreases in the transcript levels of aqp1 and aqp3 in the gills of P. annectens , but the branchial Aqp1 and Aqp3 protein abundance remained unchanged. (frontiersin.org)
- As changes in transcription might precede changes in translation, this could be regarded as an adaptive response to decrease the protein abundance of Aqp1 and Aqp3 in the subsequent maintenance phase of aestivation. (frontiersin.org)
- As expected, the branchial transcript levels and protein abundance of aqp1 /Aqp1 and aqp3 /Aqp3 were significantly down-regulated during the maintenance phase, probably attributable to the shutdown of branchial functions and the cessation of volume regulation of branchial epithelial cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Indeed, the protein abundance of Aqp1 recovered partially, with complete recovery of mRNA expression level and protein abundance of Aqp3, in the gills of P. annectens after 3 days of arousal. (frontiersin.org)
- There were significant reductions in interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine during the fast that, in the case of IL-6 and CRP, lasted for at least 20 days beyond the fasting period. (proteinpower.com)
- A strong correlation has also been shown between fish oil consumption and the ability to maintain healthy levels of C-reactive protein. (nutrametrix.com)
- Your body produces homocysteine when it metabolizes protein and breaks it down into individual amino acids. (saveourbones.com)
- As I write in the Osteoporosis Reversal Program , "Homocysteine is typically linked with increased risk of heart disease, and it may also negatively affect bones by hindering the formation of collagen, an important bone protein. (saveourbones.com)
- However, the changes in fasting blood sugar (FBS), malondialdehyde (MDA), C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were not significant. (omega-research.com)
- Recent studies have shown that plasma PLP levels are significantly decreased in other pathological conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis. (cdc.gov)
- The consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements decreases homocysteine levels in diabetic patients. (greenmedinfo.com)
- These data will be used to estimate deficiencies and toxicities of specific nutrients in the population and subgroups, to provide population reference data, and to estimate the contribution of diet, supplements, and other factors to serum levels of nutrients. (cdc.gov)
- The new study showed, although taking folic acid supplements lowered homocysteine levels, it did not reduce a person's risk of of heart disease, cancer or death over a five-year period. (livescience.com)
- In the group taking folic acid supplements, homocysteine levels decreased by 25 percent. (livescience.com)
- Supplements are usually taken by people deficient in the vitamin to increase red blood cell count and ward off anemia, or by pregnant women to decrease the risk of birth defects, according to the National Institutes of Health. (livescience.com)
- Where dietary folate intake is inadequate, folate supplements are recommended to reduce elevated Hcy levels. (cambridge.org)
- The fact that they showed quick and noteworthy homocysteine lowering without any medication or supplements suggests that multiple mechanisms may have been at work. (healthynewage.com)
- Supplements can also be taken to boost folate levels. (ahealthyme.com)
- Effects of Multivitamin Supplements on Cognitive Function, Serum Homocysteine Level, and Depression of Korean With Mild Cognitive Impairment in Care Facilities - J Nurs Scholarsh. (qualitycounts.com)
- The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for folic acid only includes folic acid from fortified foods and supplements as the body so easily absorbs these forms. (healthcentral.com)
- CONCLUSION: The consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (3g/day) for 2months decreases the levels of homocysteine in diabetic patients with no change in FBS, MDA and CRP levels. (omega-research.com)
- Plausible explanations for the adverse effects of these supplements and other therapeutic strategies to decrease plasma homocysteine in diabetic nephropathy are now required. (medscape.com)
- Vegetarians should analyze what levels of methylmalonic acid present to determine possible subclinical B12 deficits. (botanical-online.com)
- Therefore, methylmalonic acid accumulates because Succinyl-CoA can not be formed, because of the decreased activity of the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which uses B12 as cofactor. (botanical-online.com)
- The B12 deficit produces increased levels of methylmalonic acid. (botanical-online.com)
- MMA (Methylmalonic Acid) tests are often mentioned when B12 (and homocysteine) is discussed. (veganforum.com)
- Thirty PD patients were divided into groups with superior (I) and less (II) L-dopa absorption after standardized intake of 125 mg L-dopa/benserazide with determination of L-dopa, 3-O-methyl-dopa (3-OMD) and homocysteine in plasma at baseline, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. (biomedsearch.com)
- Folate levels in the patients' blood also increased significantly from baseline while homocysteine levels decreased significantly. (rxpgnews.com)
- Further, in those patients with the highest baseline levels of homocysteine there was a 53% decrease in the rate of brain atrophy. (theness.com)
- Homocysteine levels after acute levodopa intake in patients with Parkinson's disease. (biomedsearch.com)
- Little is known about the acute effects of L-dopa/DDI intake on homocysteine generation. (biomedsearch.com)
- Moderating alcohol intake can decrease the chance of a dementia diagnosis. (dementia.org)
- SanGiovanni noticed that higher intake of polyunsaturated fats and fish was associated with a decrease likelihood of having age-related macular degeneration (SanGiovanni 2007). (wikibooks.org)
- Dietary intake alone may not provide sufficient folic acid to keep homocysteine levels low, however. (scoop.co.nz)
- Adequate folate intake decreases the level of homocysteine in the blood. (copperwiki.org)
- The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) develops Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), which are broken down into Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). (healthcentral.com)
- Ensuring adequate folic acid intake to counteract homocysteine levels is just one dietary move you can make to reduce heart disease risk. (healthcentral.com)
- Increasing intake of riboflavin from dietary and supplement sources, along with thiamine, folic acid, and vitamin B12, might decrease the risk of developing cervical cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
- The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of lipocalin 2, clusterin, sTNFR-1, interleukin-6, homocysteine, and uric acid in patients and controls groups. (hindawi.com)
- To study the correlation between serum levels of vitamin B 12 , folic acid, and homocysteine and the severity of diabetic retinopathy and the correlation with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). (molvis.org)
- The serum levels of vitamin B 12 and folic acid were measured using a standard protocol. (molvis.org)
- The mean serum levels of vitamin B 12 and folic acid were found to be within the normal reference range. (molvis.org)
- The increased serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy) may be associated with hepatic fat accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Thus the data support the view that increased serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy) may be associated with hepatic fat accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Li X, Yuan J, Han J, Hu W. Serum levels of Homocysteine, Vitamin B12 and Folate in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: an Updated Meta-Analysis. (medsci.org)
- Emerging data has suggested that changes of homocysteine (Hcy), Vitamin B12 and folate serum levels may be associated with MS. However, previous findings are not always consistent. (medsci.org)
- However, no significant difference of Hcy serum levels between secondary progressive MS patients or primary progressive MS patients and controls was noted in this study. (medsci.org)
- Higher serum levels of Hcy were noted in patients with MS when compared with control groups. (medsci.org)
- Of course, this isn't surprising since low serum levels of vitamin B-12 are fairly common in elderly patients. (prohealth.com)
- Other roles of cobalamin include working with pyridoxine (vitamin B 6 and folic acid to reduce harmful homocysteine levels, participating in the metabolization of food, and keeping the immune system operating smoothly. (encyclopedia.com)
- According to researchers from the King's College in London, England, the B vitamin folic acid significantly reduces blood homocysteine levels and systolic blood pressure in patients who have experienced a heart attack or stroke. (lesliebeck.com)
- Homocysteine can be remethylted, not only by the folate- and vitamin B12-dependent pathway, but also by a betaine-dependent pathway mediated by betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT). (veganforum.com)
- In infants who have a family history of homocystinuria, early screening for elevated levels may help prevent future illnesses related to this metabolic defect. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Genetics may play a role as evidenced by a rare, inherited disease (homocystinuria) where homocysteine is found elevated in the urine of infants leading to eye, bone and other abnormalities. (emedicinehealth.com)
- A rare inherited condition called homocystinuria can also greatly increase homocysteine in the blood and urine. (labcorp.com)
- Although homocystinuria is a rare disease (affecting about 1 in 200 000 people), many more people have mildly or moderately elevated homocysteine levels. (ahajournals.org)
- This study, for the first time, demonstrated a correlation between increased homocysteine with a decrease in RNFL thickness and increased severity of diabetic retinopathy. (molvis.org)
- that established a strong correlation between increased homocysteine plasma levels and the development of Alzheimer's. (alzforum.org)
- A negative correlation was observed between levels of vitamin B12 and Hcy concentration (p = 0.005). (biomedcentral.com)
- Studies from our lab have shown abnormal matrix remodeling due to elevated MMP-9 expression, decreased vascular connexins (37 & 40) and endothelial dysfunction during HHcy. (ahajournals.org)
- Homocysteine has been shown to cause endothelial dysfunction through mechanisms felt to be attributable to oxidative stress. (intechopen.com)
- Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia may be more frequently seen in patients with increased or elevated levels of the amino acid in the blood. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Changing some facets of your lifestyle may decrease your risk of developing dementia. (dementia.org)
- A type of amino acid in the body, elevated levels of homocysteine may increase your likelihood of a dementia diagnosis . (dementia.org)
- However, most randomized trials have not been able to demonstrate that lowering homocysteine levels improves cognitive function or dementia. (aafp.org)
- The authors suggest that an elevated plasma homocysteine level is not a risk factor for cognitive decline, but rather a marker reflecting an underlying common process for dementia and cognitive deterioration. (aafp.org)
- Today, homocysteine is seen as "a strong, independent risk factor for the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. (healthynewage.com)
- When we examine the effect of low levels of HGH, diseases such as dementia, cardiovascular problems, type 2 diabetes, and osteoporosis come to mind. (zarias.com)
- Homocysteine plasma level has been shown to be a major vascular risk factor and it is generally recognized that cardiovascular risk factors and stroke increase the risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. (alzforum.org)
- They found that plasma homocysteine was a risk factor for the development of dementia in general as well as dementia felt to be secondary to Alzheimer's disease. (alzforum.org)
- It has long been known that low B12 levels can cause dementia as well as other neurological damage. (theness.com)
- Low levels of homocysteine-regulating nutrients contribute to neurological disorders like dementia and Alzheimer's disease. (saveourbones.com)
- In fact, some researchers speculate that elevated blood homocysteine may be the result of, not a cause of, atherosclerosis. (lifescript.com)
- Elevated homocysteine levels affect the interior lining of blood vessels in the body, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis or narrowing of blood vessels. (emedicinehealth.com)
- We hypothesize that PON1 knockout mice develop HHcy that induces MMP-9 expression and causes decreased Akt/ eNOS expression leading to vascular remodeling in atherosclerosis. (ahajournals.org)
- This test determines the level of homocysteine in the blood and/or urine. (labcorp.com)
- If a baby's screening test is positive, then urine and blood homocysteine tests are often performed. (labcorp.com)
- Some doctors suggest that a test measuring methylmalonyl coenzyme A levels in the urine gives a more accurate reading of B-12's availability in the body. (prohealth.com)
- To assess whether the association of serum homocysteine concentration with ischaemic heart disease, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and stroke is causal and, if so, to quantify the effect of homocysteine reduction in preventing them. (bmj.com)
- There is an association between homocysteine levels and restenosis after PTCA. (acc.org)
- This substance is known as homocysteine. (vitanetonline.com)
- Folic acid keeps blood vessels healthy by, among other things, reducing potentially harmful levels of a substance known as homocysteine. (scoop.co.nz)
- A buildup of homocysteine also causes the loss of cysteine, an important antioxidant. (diabetesnet.com)
- Plasma concentrations of homocysteine vary widely, but intracellular concentrations of homocysteine are normally maintained within a relatively narrow range. (mja.com.au)
- to discuss the causes of elevated homocysteine levels, including common genetic variants in the MTHFR gene (see the "What Do I Need to Know About a Hereditary Predisposition? (ahajournals.org)
- The doctor then asked if homocysteine could reason for the brain damage even in people without genetic defects. (healthynewage.com)
- The combined effects of genetic predispositions such as human leukocyte antigen variants and environmental factors such as low Vitamin D levels, cigarette smoking, obesity and sun exposure on MS have been recognized recently [ 4 , 5 ]. (medsci.org)
- They may even begin to reverse aging on a genetic level. (doctoroz.com)
- 3 4 Resolving the question of causality is important because serum homocysteine can be lowered by the B vitamin folic acid, 5 6 raising the prospect of a simple and safe means of prevention. (bmj.com)
- A study published on August 5, 2013 found a link between homocysteine levels and cognitive impairment in older adults. (prweb.com)
- Multivariable logistic regression showed that a higher risk of cognitive impairment was associated with increased age and decreased education levels. (fluoridealert.org)
- Our study suggests that people with cognitive impairment in fluorosis areas have elevated serum Hcy levels, which was positively correlated with urinary fluoride concentrations. (fluoridealert.org)
- The serum homocysteine assay was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. (molvis.org)
- Clinical studies have shown omega-3 fatty acids to help maintain healthy triglyceride levels. (nutrametrix.com)
- Meta-analyses of the above three diseases using ( a ) 72 studies in which the prevalence of a mutation in the MTHFR gene (which increases homocysteine) was determined in cases (n=16 849) and controls, and ( b ) 20 prospective studies (3820 participants) of serum homocysteine and disease risk. (bmj.com)
- The folate levels demonstrated a statistically significant decrease (P = 0.0477) from the C677T mutation in the MTHFR gene (TT genotype) when compared to the other groups. (unboundmedicine.com)