Cytotoxicity immunologic. Medical search

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.

The demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.

Substances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. These are distinguished from CYTOSTATIC AGENTS in degree of effect. Some of them are used as CYTOTOXIC ANTIBIOTICS. The mechanism of action of many of these are as ALKYLATING AGENTS or MITOSIS MODULATORS.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

A 46-kD stimulatory receptor found on resting and activated NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It has specificity for VIRAL HEMAGGLUTININS that are expressed on infected cells.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in vitro. Though often expressed to denote in vitro antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A calcium-dependent pore-forming protein synthesized in cytolytic LYMPHOCYTES and sequestered in secretory granules. Upon immunological reaction between a cytolytic lymphocyte and a target cell, perforin is released at the plasma membrane and polymerizes into transmembrane tubules (forming pores) which lead to death of a target cell.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A 30 kDa stimulatory receptor found on resting and activated NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A 44-kD stimulatory receptor found on activated NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It has specificity for VIRAL HEMAGGLUTININS that are expressed on infected cells.

Quaternary salts derived from tetrazoles. They are used in tests to distinguish between reducing sugars and simple aldehydes, for detection of dehydrogenase in tissues, cells, and bacteria, for determination of corticosteroids, and in color photography. (From Mall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed, p455)

Proteins secreted from an organism which form membrane-spanning pores in target cells to destroy them. This is in contrast to PORINS and MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that function within the synthesizing organism and COMPLEMENT immune proteins. These pore forming cytotoxic proteins are a form of primitive cellular defense which are also found in human LYMPHOCYTES.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

An ERYTHROLEUKEMIA cell line derived from a CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA patient in BLAST CRISIS.

Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.

Cytolytic lymphocytes with the unique capacity of killing natural killer (NK)-resistant fresh tumor cells. They are INTERLEUKIN-2-activated NK cells that have no MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX restriction or need for antigen stimulation. LAK cells are used for ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY in cancer patients.

Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Unstable isotopes of chromium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cr atoms with atomic weights of 46-49, 51, 55, and 56 are radioactive chromium isotopes.

A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

A family of serine endopeptidases found in the SECRETORY GRANULES of LEUKOCYTES such as CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. When secreted into the intercellular space granzymes act to eliminate transformed and virus-infected host cells.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect.

A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for LYMPHOID CELLS but express surface receptors for FC FRAGMENTS and COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)

An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.

A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.

A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7)

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.

Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).

An array of tests used to determine the toxicity of a substance to living systems. These include tests on clinical drugs, foods, and environmental pollutants.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

Nanometer-sized particles that are nanoscale in three dimensions. They include nanocrystaline materials; NANOCAPSULES; METAL NANOPARTICLES; DENDRIMERS, and QUANTUM DOTS. The uses of nanoparticles include DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS and cancer targeting and imaging.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was originally discovered on cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage, including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It plays an important role in immune homeostasis and cell-mediated toxicity by binding to the FAS RECEPTOR and triggering APOPTOSIS.

A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

Relating to the size of solids.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.

Receptors that are specifically found on the surface of NATURAL KILLER CELLS. They play an important role in regulating the cellular component of INNATE IMMUNITY.

A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of tumor stem cells by assaying their activity. It is used primarily for the in vitro testing of antineoplastic agents.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

An activating NK cell lectin-like receptor subfamily that regulates immune responses to INFECTION and NEOPLASMS. Members of this subfamily generally occur as homodimers.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.

A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The 140 kDa isoform of NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) containing a transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. It is expressed by all lymphocytes mediating non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity and is present on some neural tissues and tumors.

An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.

An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.

Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of HYBRIDOMA cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.

Splitting the DNA into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic DNA CLEAVAGE at multiple sites. It includes the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which along with chromatin condensation, are considered to be the hallmarks of APOPTOSIS.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A human liver tumor cell line used to study a variety of liver-specific metabolic functions.

Strongly cationic polymer that binds to certain proteins; used as a marker in immunology, to precipitate and purify enzymes and lipids. Synonyms: aziridine polymer; Epamine; Epomine; ethylenimine polymer; Montrek; PEI; Polymin(e).

A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.

An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.

Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.

A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

Experimentally induced neoplasms of CONNECTIVE TISSUE in animals to provide a model for studying human SARCOMA.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.

Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.

Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.

An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.

Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-RIBOSE groups from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) onto protein targets, thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units i.e., POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.

This line KB is now known to be a subline of the ubiquitous KERATIN-forming tumor cell line HeLa. It was originally thought to be derived from an epidermal carcinoma of the mouth, but was subsequently found, based on isoenzyme analysis, HeLa marker chromosomes, and DNA fingerprinting, to have been established via contamination by HELA CELLS. The cells are positive for keratin by immunoperoxidase staining. KB cells have been reported to contain human papillomavirus18 (HPV-18) sequences.

Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)

Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

A subclass of natural killer cell receptors that perform an important role in the recognition of tumor cells by NK CELLS.

A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)

The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II. Included in this category are a variety of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS which target the eukaryotic form of topoisomerase II and ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS which target the prokaryotic form of topoisomerase II.

Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.

Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE I.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of only the toxic A subunit, which is a polypeptide of around 30 kDa.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.

Twenty-carbon compounds derived from MEVALONIC ACID or deoxyxylulose phosphate.

Nanoparticles produced from metals whose uses include biosensors, optics, and catalysts. In biomedical applications the particles frequently involve the noble metals, especially gold and silver.

A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.

Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells such as the GOBLET CELLS.

Leukemia induced experimentally in animals by exposure to leukemogenic agents, such as VIRUSES; RADIATION; or by TRANSPLANTATION of leukemic tissues.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Drugs used to potentiate the effectiveness of radiation therapy in destroying unwanted cells.

The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.

Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.

Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.

A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.

Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation.

Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.

Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment.

Saturated azacyclopropane compounds. They include compounds with substitutions on CARBON or NITROGEN atoms.

A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

Nanometer-sized, hollow, spherically-shaped objects that can be utilized to encapsulate small amounts of pharmaceuticals, enzymes, or other catalysts (Glossary of Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology, 4th ed).

The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.

The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents.

Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides.

An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

A 170-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance (see DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE).

Crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (COMPLEMENT fixation, binding to the cell membrane via FC RECEPTORS, and placental transport). This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)

A cinnamate derivative of the shikamate pathway found in CLOVE OIL and other PLANTS.

Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

Stable chromium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element chromium, but differ in atomic weight. Cr-50, 53, and 54 are stable chromium isotopes.

Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.

The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Crystal structure of an MHC class I presented glycopeptide that generates carbohydrate-specific CTL. (1/8548)

T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of nonpeptidic and modified peptide antigens has been recently uncovered but is still poorly understood. Immunization with an H-2Kb-restricted glycopeptide RGY8-6H-Gal2 generates a population of cytotoxic T cells that express both alpha/beta TCR, specific for glycopeptide, and gamma/delta TCR, specific for the disaccharide, even on glycolipids. The crystal structure of Kb/RGY8-6H-Gal2 now demonstrates that the peptide and H-2Kb structures are unaffected by the peptide glycosylation, but the central region of the putative TCR binding site is dominated by the extensive exposure of the tethered carbohydrate. These features of the Kb/RGY8-6H-Gal2 structure are consistent with the individual ligand binding preferences identified for the alpha/beta and gamma/delta TCRs and thus explain the generation of a carbohydrate-specific T cell response. (+info)

Crystal structures of two H-2Db/glycopeptide complexes suggest a molecular basis for CTL cross-reactivity. (2/8548)

Two synthetic O-GlcNAc-bearing peptides that elicit H-2Db-restricted glycopeptide-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) have been shown to display nonreciprocal patterns of cross-reactivity. Here, we present the crystal structures of the H-2Db glycopeptide complexes to 2.85 A resolution or better. In both cases, the glycan is solvent exposed and available for direct recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR). We have modeled the complex formed between the MHC-glycopeptide complexes and their respective TCRs, showing that a single saccharide residue can be accommodated in the standard TCR-MHC geometry. The models also reveal a possible molecular basis for the observed cross-reactivity patterns of the CTL clones, which appear to be influenced by the length of the CDR3 loop and the nature of the immunizing ligand. (+info)

Control of metastasis by Asn-linked, beta1-6 branched oligosaccharides in mouse mammary cancer cells. (3/8548)

Studies in cell lines and malignant human tissues have shown that increased cell-surface Asn-linked beta1-6(GlcNAcbeta1-6Man) branching is associated with increased tumorigenic and metastatic properties. In this study, three mouse mammary cancer cell lines were transfected with an expression vector containing the mouse cDNA for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GlcNAcT-V EC 2.4.1.155), the glycosyltransferase responsible for initiating beta1-6 branching on Asn-linked carbohydrates. The cell lines were screened for increased cytotoxicity to L-PHA, a lectin specific for beta1-6 branching structures. Cell lines exhibiting increased L-PHA cytotoxicity expressed increased levels of beta1-6 branching structures. Northern blots detected the presence of GlcNAcT-V transcribed from the expression vector in the L-PHA sensitive cell lines. After injection into the tail veins of mice, transfected cell lines with increased beta1-6 branching on the cell surface formed elevated levels of lung tumors relative to control transfected cell lines (P < 0.002). Western blots of membrane proteins from GlcNAcT-V transfected and control cells probed with the lectins DSA and WGA did not show an increase in polyN-acetyllactosamine and sialic acid content in the transfected cell lines. These results demonstrate that a specific increase in beta1-6 branching due to an elevation in GlcNAcT-V expression increases metastatic potential. (+info)

Giardia induces proliferation and interferon gamma production by intestinal lymphocytes. (4/8548)

BACKGROUND: Murine intraepithelial lymphocytes kill Giardia lambia; responses of human intestinal lymphocytes to this parasite are unknown. AIMS: To examine giardia induced proliferation, interferon gamma production, migration, and cytotoxicity by lymphocytes from the human intestine and peripheral blood. METHODS: Giardia were added to intraepithelial lymphocytes, lamina propria lymphocytes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes, obtained from jejunal mucosa and blood of otherwise healthy patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Proliferation was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation; frequency of proliferation precursors, by limiting dilution analysis; interferon gamma production, by ELISA; cytotoxicity, by 51Cr release of radiolabelled giardia and by release of serine esterases by effector lymphocytes that mediate cytotoxicity. RESULTS: The CD4+ T lymphocytes from intestine and blood proliferated in response to giardia. The stimulus by the parasite was mitogenic rather than antigenic due to the fact that the peak response was on day 3 rather than day 6, and the large number of precursors was in the range of that for mitogens. CD4+ T lymphocytes from both sites produced interferon gamma in response to giardia. Lymphocytes did not migrate towards or kill the parasite. CONCLUSIONS: Giardia induced the same degree of proliferation and interferon gamma production by CD4+ T lymphocytes in intestine and blood, but did not trigger cytotoxicity or migration. (+info)

Enhanced tumor growth and invasiveness in vivo by a carboxyl-terminal fragment of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor generated by matrix metalloproteinases: a possible modulatory role in natural killer cytotoxicity. (5/8548)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are believed to contribute to the complex process of cancer progression. They also exhibit an alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (alphaPI)-degrading activity generating a carboxyl-terminal fragment of approximately 5 kd (alphaPI-C). This study reports that overexpression of alphaPI-C in S2-020, a cloned subline derived from the human pancreas adenocarcinoma cell line SUIT-2, potentiates the growth capability of the cells in nude mice. After stable transfection of a vector containing a chimeric cDNA encoding a signal peptide sequence of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 followed by cDNA for alphaPI-C into S2-020 cells, three clones that stably secrete alphaPI-C were obtained. The ectopic expression of alphaPI-C did not alter in vitro cellular growth. However, subcutaneous injection of the alphaPI-C-secreting clones resulted in tumors that were 1.5 to 3-fold larger than those of control clones with an increased tendency to invasiveness and lymph node metastasis. These effects could be a result of modulation of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated control of tumor growth in nude mice, as the growth advantage of alphaPI-C-secreting clones was not observed in NK-depleted mice, and alphaPI-C-secreting clones showed decreased NK sensitivity in vitro. In addition, production of alphaPI and generation of the cleaved form of alphaPI by MMP were observed in various human tumor cell lines and in a highly metastatic subline of SUIT-2 in vitro. These results provide experimental evidence that the alphaPI-degrading activity of MMPs may play a role in tumor progression not only via the inactivation of alphaPI but also via the generation of alphaPI-C. (+info)

Suppression of angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and metastasis by human prostate cancer cells engineered to produce interferon-beta. (6/8548)

We determined whether the IFN-beta gene can be used to suppress angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis of human prostate cancer cells growing in the prostate of nude mice. Highly metastatic PC-3M human prostate cancer cells were engineered to constitutively produce murine IFN-beta subsequent to infection with a retroviral vector containing murine IFN-beta cDNA. Parental (PC-3M-P), control vector-transduced (PC-3M-Neo), and IFN-beta-transduced (PC-3M-IFN-beta) cells were injected into the prostate (orthotopic) or subcutis (ectopic) of nude mice. PC-3M-P and PC-3M-Neo cells produced rapidly growing tumors and regional lymph node metastases, whereas PC-3M-IFN-beta cells did not. PC-3M-IFN-beta cells also suppressed the tumorigenicity of bystander nontransduced prostate cancer cells. PC-3M-IFN-beta cells produced small tumors (3-5 mm in diameter) in nude mice treated with anti-asialo GM1 antibodies and in severe combined immunodeficient/Beige mice. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that PC-3M-IFN-beta tumors were homogeneously infiltrated by macrophages, whereas control tumors contained fewer macrophages at their periphery. Most tumor cells in the control tumors were stained positive by an antibody to proliferative cell nuclear antigen; very few were positively stained by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling. In sharp contrast, PC-3M-IFN-beta tumors contained fewer proliferative cell nuclear antigen-positive cells and many terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling-positive cells. Staining with antibody against CD31 showed that control tumors contained more blood vessels than PC-3M-IFN-beta tumors. PC-3M-IFN-beta cells were more sensitive to lysis mediated by natural killer cells in vitro or to cytostasis mediated by macrophages than control transduced cells. Conditioned medium from PC-3M-IFN-beta cells augmented splenic cell-mediated cytolysis to control tumor cells, which could be neutralized by antibody against IFN-beta. Collectively, the data suggest that the suppression of tumorigenicity and metastasis of PC-3M-IFN-beta cells is due to inhibition of angiogenesis and activation of host effector cells. (+info)

Rapid death of adoptively transferred T cells in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (7/8548)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) probably play the major role in controlling HIV replication. However, the value of adoptive transfer of HIV-specific CTL expanded in vitro to HIV+ patients has been limited: this contrasts with the success of CTL therapy in treating or preventing Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus disease after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We investigated the fate of expanded HIV-specific CTL clones in vivo following adoptive transfer to a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two autologous CTL clones specific for HIV Gag and Pol were expanded to large numbers (>10(9)) in vitro and infused into an HIV-infected patient whose viral load was rising despite antiretroviral therapy. The fate of one clone was monitored by staining peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with T-cell receptor-specific tetrameric major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes. Although the CTL transfer was well tolerated, there were no significant changes in CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts and virus load. By tracking an infused clone using soluble MHC-peptide complexes, we show that cells bearing the Gag-specific T-cell receptors were rapidly eliminated within hours of infusion through apoptosis. Thus, the failure of adoptively transferred HIV-specific CTL to reduce virus load in AIDS may be due to rapid apoptosis of the infused cells, triggered by a number of potential mechanisms. Further trials of adoptive transfer of CTL should take into account the susceptibility of infused cells to in vivo apoptosis. (+info)

Contribution of natural killer cells to inhibition of angiogenesis by interleukin-12. (8/8548)

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) inhibits angiogenesis in vivo by inducing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and other downstream mediators. Here, we report that neutralization of natural killer (NK) cell function with antibodies to either asialo GM1 or NK 1.1 reversed IL-12 inhibition of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis in athymic mice. By immunohistochemistry, those sites where bFGF-induced neovascularization was inhibited by IL-12 displayed accumulation of NK cells and the presence of IP-10-positive cells. Based on expression of the cytolytic mediators perforin and granzyme B, the NK cells were locally activated. Experimental Burkitt lymphomas treated locally with IL-12 displayed tumor tissue necrosis, vascular damage, and NK-cell infiltration surrounding small vessels. After activation in vitro with IL-12, NK cells from nude mice became strongly cytotoxic for primary cultures of syngeneic aortic endothelial cells. Cytotoxicity was neutralized by antibodies to IFN-gamma. These results document that NK cells are required mediators of angiogenesis inhibition by IL-12, and provide evidence that NK-cell cytotoxicity of endothelial cells is a potential mechanism by which IL-12 can suppress neovascularization. (+info)

2010 Primer on Allergic and Immunologic Diseases. 125 (2, Supplement 2): S41-S52. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.046. ISSN 0091- ... Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is an effector function of IgG and IgM antibodies. When they are bound to surface ... Contrast with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) Schroeder, Harry W.; Cavacini, Lisa (2010). "Structure and ... Zhou 2008 Complement dependent cytotoxicity activity of therapeutic antibody fragments is acquired by immunogenic glycan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement-dependent_cytotoxicity

Infertility after anti-sperm antibody binding can be caused by autoagglutination, sperm cytotoxicity, blockage of sperm-ovum ... They are protected by other means like immunologic tolerance and immunomodulation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_immunology

... forms reactive metabolites that cause either direct cytotoxicity or immunologic response. The nonantibiotic sulfonamides lack ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)

... immunologic capping MeSH G04.335.880.400 - ion channel gating MeSH G04.335.880.560 - map kinase signaling system MeSH G04.335. ... antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity MeSH G04.610.270.500 - macrophage activation MeSH G04.610.484.100 - clonal anergy MeSH ... immunologic capping MeSH G04.610.143.754 - passive cutaneous anaphylaxis MeSH G04.610.143.780 - rh isoimmunization MeSH G04.610 ... immunologic surveillance MeSH G04.610.555.545 - lymphocyte activation MeSH G04.610.555.545.150 - cross-priming MeSH G04.610. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(G04)

... cytotoxicity tests, immunologic MeSH E01.450.495.160.155 - complement hemolytic activity assay MeSH E01.450.495.225 - ... immunologic MeSH E01.450.495.620 - pregnancy tests, immunologic MeSH E01.450.495.735 - serologic tests MeSH E01.450.495.735.050 ... immunologic MeSH E01.450.865.100 - biopsy MeSH E01.450.865.100.100 - biopsy, needle MeSH E01.450.865.100.100.500 - biopsy, fine ... immunologic MeSH E01.370.378.625 - preimplantation diagnosis MeSH E01.370.378.630 - prenatal diagnosis MeSH E01.370.378.630.050 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(E01)

MAbs facilitate destruction of tumor cells by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). In ... Drugs used for immunotherapy can act either passively by enhancing the immunologic response to MET-expressing tumor cells, or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Met

Along with its splice variant NKG2B, these molecules are inhibitory and lead to a decrease in cytotoxicity. NKG2C and NKG2E ( ... Gunturi A, Berg RE, Forman J (2004). "The role of CD94/NKG2 in innate and adaptive immunity". Immunologic Research. 30 (1): 29- ... Many tumors avoid the cytotoxicity by excreting soluble NKG2D ligands or secreting TGF-β, leading to the downregulation of the ... leading to cytotoxicity. Ligands of CD94/NKG2 heterodimeric molecules are nonclassical MHC class I molecules - Qa1b molecules ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKG2

In trials these have been a type of T-cell capable of cytotoxicity. Inserting the DNA into the effector cell can be ... This effect has been attributed to making an immunologic space within which the cells populate. The process as a whole result ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia

The four known IgG subclasses are involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.Antibodies are a key component of the ... murine molecules were engineered to remove immunogenic content and to increase immunologic efficiency. This was initially ... Major problems associated with murine antibodies included reduced stimulation of cytotoxicity and the formation of complexes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody_therapy

Reilly, C. A., Pritchard, D. J., Biskis, B. O., & Finkel, M. P. (1972). Immunologic evidence suggesting a viral etiology of ... USA). Pritchard, D. J., Reilly, C. A., Finkel, M. P., & Ivins, John C. (1974). Cytotoxicity of human osteosarcoma sera to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Posner_Finkel

The degree of cytotoxicity is expressed as percentage PRA (panel reactive antibody). It is a tool that can be employed to ... Mechanisms of immunologic enhancement. Transplant Proc. 1970; 2(1):68-75. Kerman RH, Kimball PM, Van Buren CT, Lewis RM, DeVera ... who found that Transplant recipients who were positively tested for DSA using a complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch ... and Terasaki in 1969 demonstrated the efficacy of complement-dependent lymphocytotoxic cross-match in defining immunologic risk ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor-specific_antibody

The chronic activation of monocytes can lead to multiple metabolic, hematologic and immunologic abnormalities in patients with ... and increased tumour cell cytotoxicity. The role of M-CSF is not only restricted to the monocyte/macrophage cell lineage. By ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor

This process is known as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). FcγRIII on NK cells can also associate with ... Sun PD (2003). "Structure and function of natural-killer-cell receptors". Immunologic Research. 27 (2-3): 539-48. doi:10.1385/ ... Another process involving Fc receptors is called antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). During ADCC, FcγRIII ... Immunologic Research. 29 (1-3): 219-30. doi:10.1385/IR:29:1-3:219. PMID 15181284. S2CID 85351071. Sulica A, Chambers WH, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fc_receptor

Impaired NK-cell cytotoxicity is the hallmark of HLH. All genetic defects for familial HLH are related to granule-dependent ... immunologic abnormalities, and lymphohistiocytosis. Most cases have been diagnosed between 4 months and 7 years of age, with a ... occurs after strong immunologic activation, such as that which can occur with systemic infection, immunodeficiency, or ... cytotoxicity. This inability to remove infected and antigen-presenting cells and terminate the immune response leads to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemophagocytic_lymphohistiocytosis

Immunoglobulin light chain Immunoglobulin M Immunoglobulin Y Immunohaematology Immunoisolate Immunologic activation Immunologic ... CXCL16 CXCL17 CXCL2 CXCL3 CXCL5 CXCL6 CXCL7 CXCL9 CXCR4 CXCR6 CXCR7 Cytokine Cytokine redundancy Cytokine storm Cytotoxicity ... Anti-cholesterol Anti-gliadin antibodies Antibody Antibody opsonization Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity Antibody- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_immunology_articles

This is an immunologic term and is not to be confused with the psychiatric term of being hypersensitive which implies to an ... Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The pathophysiology of type II hypersensitivity reactions can be broadly classified ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity

A path for definitive treatment for XLPDR is at present unclear, but it is tempting to speculate whether the immunologic ... discovered that POLA1 deficiency is associated with decreased direct cytotoxicity of NK cells due to disturbances in vesicular ... Meanwhile, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) remains unchanged in XLPDR NK cells. The most common manifestations of ... and impaired direct cytotoxicity of NK cells are the most common symptoms. In females the disease is characterized by skin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_reticulate_pigmentary_disorder

Sánchez-Fueyo A, Strom TB (2011), Immunologic basis of graft rejection and tolerance following transplantation of liver or ... Increased natural cytotoxicity receptor expression and relevant IL-10 production in NK cells from chronically infected viremic ... 84(10):1215-9 - according to Sánchez-Fueyo A, Strom TB (2011), Immunologic basis of graft rejection and tolerance following ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloimmunity

Specifically, the expression of granzyme B (a source of cytotoxicity) in Tc depends on the presence of BLIMP-1 and interleukin- ... Immunologic Research. 63 (1-3): 113-120. doi:10.1007/s12026-015-8694-5. PMC 4651792. PMID 26376898. Turner, C. Alexander; Mack ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRDM1

Increase of the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs". Biochemical Pharmacology. 37 (24): 4727-33. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(88)90344-9 ... June 2019). "High-frequency irreversible electroporation is an effective tumor ablation strategy that induces immunologic cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreversible_electroporation

... and CR3-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity occurs when antibodies bind to the cancer cell ... T cells and immune system cytokines and have been investigated in clinical trials as immunologic adjuvants. Many tumors express ... Complement can lead to cell death by activation of the membrane attack complex, known as complement-dependent cytotoxicity; ... The antibody's mode of action is primarily through the induction of ADCC and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Other mechanisms ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy

... rested and then re-armed to exhibit the same levels and kinetics of cytotoxicity as pre-armed OmniCAR-T cells. Sequential ... Virax had been previously unsuccessful in developing a viral delivery of immunologic genes for the treatment of HIV. Paul ... EGFRviii where it was demonstrated OmniCAR cells can be redirected to a different antigen target with high target cytotoxicity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescient_Therapeutics

The mechanism of action includes B-cell lysis by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement-dependent ... Immunologic Concepts in Transfusion Medicine, Elsevier: 251-348, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-67509-3.00016-0, ISBN 978-0-323-67509-3 ... There are three ways of action: antagonistic and agonistic reaction, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and antibody- ... The mechanism of actions include: antagonistic and agonistic reaction, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and antibody- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_antibody_therapy

Rus H, Cudrici C, Niculescu F (2005). "The role of the complement system in innate immunity". Immunologic Research. 33 (2): 103 ... The "knobs-into-holes" shape facilitates antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. Single chain variable fragments (scFv) ... Immunologic Research. 36 (1-3): 27-32. doi:10.1385/IR:36:1:27. PMID 17337763. S2CID 27041937. Pier GB, Lyczak JB, Wetzler LM ( ... of natural killer cells by antibodies initiates a cytotoxic mechanism known as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

1996). "Immunologic NO synthase: elevation in severe AIDS dementia and induction by HIV-1 gp41". Science. 274 (5294): 1917-21. ... causes increased sensitivity to cytotoxicity and early embryonic lethality". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of ... They defined the role for NO generated from neuronal NO synthase or immunologic NO synthase leads in models of HIV dementia and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valina_L._Dawson

Eisenson DL, Hisadome Y, Yamada K (2022). "Progress in Xenotransplantation: Immunologic Barriers, Advances in Gene Editing, and ... both by direct complement attack and through initiation of Complement-dependent cytotoxicity, which synergises with specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_control_protein

... immunologic, chromosomal, and molecular genetic analysis of a novel cell line derived from Hodgkin's disease". Blood. 68 (1): ... "Bryostatin 1 down-regulates mdr1 and potentiates vincristine cytotoxicity in diffuse large cell lymphoma xenografts". Clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL-100_panel

... the epitope can be recognized by immunologic structures like T-cell receptors (TCRs). The molecular region which binds to the ... causing damage via mechanisms such as direct cytotoxicity from CD8 cells. Acute humoral rejection and chronic disfunction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex

Deretic, V; Kimura, T; Timmins, G; Moseley, P; Chauhan, S; Mandell, M (Jan 2015). "Immunologic manifestations of autophagy". J ... "Elevated furin levels in human cystic fibrosis cells result in hypersusceptibility to exotoxin A-induced cytotoxicity". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojo_Deretic

Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA, Santrach PJ, Moore SB (January 1995). "Immunologic features and HLA associations in chronic viral ... whereas class I mediated cytotoxicity is not. MICA and MICB are intestinally expressed. There are many genes that lie on either ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA_A1-B8-DR3-DQ2

The Dawsons showed that NO derived from neuronal NO synthase and immunologic NO synthase leads to degeneration of dopamine ... 2004). "Failure to degrade poly(ADP-ribose) causes increased sensitivity to cytotoxicity and early embryonic lethality". Proc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_M._Dawson

They also suggested that the presence of neutralizing antibody or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating antibodies ... March 2005). "Correlation between immunologic responses to a recombinant glycoprotein 120 vaccine and incidence of HIV-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement

... because it acts as DAMPs after its release to extracellular space of cells in the context of immunologic not-silent cell death ... enhances Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity of murine T helper 1 cells". Cellular Immunology. 173 (2): 230-5. doi:10.1006/cimm. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-1_family

... depending on the immunologic reactivity of their polysaccharide capsule. The plural term group B streptococci (referring to the ... of Streptococcus urinary tract infection depends on bacterial strain and β-hemolysin/cytolysin that mediates cytotoxicity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae

Immunologic-cytotoxicity as a noun means The ,a,mechanism,/a, whereby the immune system renders ,a,foreign,/a, or ,a,abnormal,/ ...

https://www.yourdictionary.com/immunologic-cytotoxicity

Single-colour flow cytometric assay to determine NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and viability against non-adherent human tumor ... Spontaneous human lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor target cells. IX. The quantitation of natural killer cell ... Post-operative depression of antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity following minor surgery and anaesthesia. Academic ...

https://experts.mcmaster.ca/display/vocab-mesh-cytotoxicity-tests-immunologic

Cytotoxicity, Immunologic * Female * HeLa Cells * Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / immunology * Humans * Immunity, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9809559/

Categories: Cytotoxicity, Immunologic Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Cytotoxicity,+Immunologic&parentid=13718&catid=7637

Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic E5.478.245 E5.478.594.160. Death, Sudden, Cardiac C14.280.67.441. Decidua A16.759.289 A16.710. ... Monitoring, Immunologic E5.478.700 E5.478.594.550. Monobactams D2.886.675.966.500.500 D2.886.108.500. D4.75.80.875.99.221.500. ... Immunologic Tests E5.478.594. Immunophenotyping E5.478.600 E1.450.495.447. E5.478.594.450. Immunoradiometric Assay E5.478. ... Pregnancy Tests, Immunologic E5.478.594.662. Preoptic Area A8.186.211.730.385.357.342.450 A8.186.211.730.317.357.342.450. Pro- ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/41745

In an attempt to develop a model for the immunologic relationship between a sensitized mother and fetus, we mixed Be Wo cells ... Cytotoxicity was measured by determining residual radioactivity of [3H]thymidine-labeled target cells after exposure to ... RESISTANCE OF CULTURED CHORIOCARCINOMA CELLS TO CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY BY MITOGEN-ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES. ... RESISTANCE OF CULTURED CHORIOCARCINOMA CELLS TO CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY BY MITOGEN-ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES. ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/109319/scanned-page/435

cytotoxicity, immunologic. What is already known on this topic. *. Neutrophils kill antibody-opsonized tumor cells by taking up ... Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. ADCC was measured in triplicates using the well-established 51Cr release assay.4 ... Results We found that tumor cells can evade neutrophil antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Ca2+-dependent cell ... Here, we demonstrate that tumor cells can escape neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity by calcium (Ca2+)-dependent and exocyst ...

https://jitc.bmj.com/content/10/6/e004820

... including increasing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity as well as complement-dependent cytotoxicity, increasing ... However, trastuzumab also exerts a variety of immunologic effects, ... Lenalidomide enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of solid tumor cells in vitro: influence of host immune and ... Strategies to extend this immunologic response are important, since preclinical studies have illustrated the potential for ...

https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/metastatic-her2-positive-breast-cancer-tailoring-treatment-un-til-we-get-it-right

Kohl S. Role of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in neonatal infection with herpes simplex virus. Rev Infect Dis. 1991 ... Specific immunologic factors responsible for immunity to herpes simplex virus are not completely understood. Both antibody and ... 24] Additionally, titers of antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity inversely correlate with severity ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/964866-overview

Farmers lung is one of the most important environmental agricultural diseases in the U.S. However, the immunologic process and ... NIOSH-Grant; Immunology; Cytopathology; Fluorescence; Cytotoxicity; Etiology; Histopathology. Contact. Internal Medicine ... No histologic or immunologic evidence of vasculitis could be found. The clinical findings suggested further investigation of ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=agricultur%2A+or+farm%2A&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=671&RecNo=6701&View=f&

... a process for fabrication of a graphene-based biomaterial incorporating MSC-EV and examined their cytotoxicity and immunologic ... We observed variable effects on cytotoxicity of GO-EV and sGO-EV in liver cancer cell lines, though minimal cytotoxicity was ... For example, variable effects of cytotoxicity have been observed with GO in different study settings. Cytotoxicity can be ... The cytotoxicity of GFNs in vitro has been verified in various cells to change the cell viability and morphology, destroy the ...

https://www.geoengineeringwatch.org/graphene-skies/?replytocom=1860913

KW - Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology. KW - Fluorescent Dyes. KW - Immunotherapy, Adoptive. KW - Lymphocytes, Tumor- ... keywords = "Adenovirus Infections, Human/pathology, Affinity Labels, Animals, Carbocyanines, Clone Cells, Cytotoxicity, ... Immunologic/immunology, Fluorescent Dyes, Immunotherapy, Adoptive, Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology, Mice, Mice, ...

https://research.vumc.nl/en/publications/in-vivo-detection-of-fluorescent-tumor-specific-cytotoxic-t-cell-

Keywords : glass ionomer cements; cytotoxicity tests; immunologic; cell culture techniques. · abstract in Portuguese · text in ...

http://revodonto.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0004-52762014000200016&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

Immunologic Cytotoxicity. Immunologic Tumoricidal Activities. Immunologic Tumoricidal Activity. Tumoricidal Activities, ... Immunologic Tumoricidal Activities Entry term(s). Immunologic Tumoricidal Activity Tumoricidal Activities, Immunologic ... Cytotoxicity, Immunologic - Preferred Concept UI. M0005630. Scope note. The phenomenon of target cell destruction by ... do not confuse with CYTOTOXICITY TESTS, IMMUNOLOGIC. Allowable Qualifiers:. DE drug effects. ES ethics. GE genetics. IM ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=3623

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity --immunology. en_US. dc.subject.mesh. Cytotoxicity, Immunologic. en_US. ... Antibody complement mediated cytotoxicity revealed a similar pattern as natural killer cell activity.. en_US. ... Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity estimated by 51Cr labelled sheep red blood cells anti SRBC system demonstrated a ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/61683?mode=full

EFFECT ON IMMUNOLOGIC SYSTEMS Natural Killer cell (NK) and Macrophage activation The receptor specificity of arabinogalactan is ... Arabinogalactan-mediated enhancement of NK cytotoxicity was not initiated directly but was found to be governed by the cytokine ... Mechanism of stimulation of human natural killer cytotoxicity by arabinogalactan from Larix occidentalis. Cancer Immunol ... NK-cytotoxicity-enhancing oligo-saccharide from Viscum album, since the action of both components was not synergistic but ...

https://dadamo.com/txt/index.pl?3004

IMMUNOLOGIC. Lymphopenia, depression of reticuloendothelial system leukocytosis. Decreased immune function, increased ... Reduced killer T-cell cytotoxicity. COAGULATION EFFECTS. Increased platelet adhesiveness, diminished fibrinolysis. Increased ...

https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=365§ionid=43074923

Oxman M, Levin M, Johnson G, Zhang J, Caulfield M. The effect of age on clinical and immunologic responses to a herpes zoster ... Varicella zoster virus-specific cytotoxicity following secondary immunization with live or killed vaccine. Viral Immunol 1996;9 ... Clinical, histologic, and immunologic correlations. Cancer 1972;29:461--5.. * Arvin AM. Varicella-zoster virus: pathogenesis, ... Gershon A, LaRussa P, Steinberg S, Lo SH, Mervish N, Meier P. The protective effect of immunologic boosting against zoster: an ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmWr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5705a1.htm

Immunologic (T-cell, B cell, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity) studies revealed no underlying immunodeficiency. Exome ...

https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/7/22-0600_article

https://decs2014.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2008.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2012.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2011.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2008.htm

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2008.htm

that immunologic reactivity to anthrax antigens, if any, and Germaine Hanquet would very likely demonstrate exposure to B. anthracis . (cdc.gov)
To determine immunologic reactivity to Bacillus anthrax antigens, we conducted serologic testing of workers in a The Study factory that performed scouring of wool and goat hair. (cdc.gov)

In patients with AML, the use of IL-2 following completion of post-remission intensification appears able to enhance non-specific cytotoxicity against autologous AML cells without excessive systemic toxicity and thus far few relapses have been observed following immunotherapy. (grantome.com)

In previous studies, we have examined immunologic approaches to induce or enhance anti-tumor immunity and have focused on immune modulation with exogenous lymphokines such as IL-2. (grantome.com)

This requires an understanding of basic immunology, the mechanism of action and side effects of immunosuppressive medications, and a thorough immunologic risk assessment. (renalandurologynews.com)

In an attempt to develop a model for the immunologic relationship between a sensitized mother and fetus, we mixed Be Wo cells with mitogen-activated cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro. (jci.org)
Cytotoxicity was measured by determining residual radioactivity of [3H]thymidine-labeled target cells after exposure to activated lymphocytes. (jci.org)
The initial definition by direct cytotoxicity assay was confirmed by absorption of reactions against target T lymphocytes, thus avoiding problems due to contaminating Ia antibodies, and by blocking the reactions by pretreatment with a chicken anti-human beta2 microglobulin serum. (ox.ac.uk)

Spontaneous human lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor target cells. (mcmaster.ca)
Here, we demonstrate that tumor cells can escape neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity by calcium (Ca 2+ )-dependent and exocyst complex-dependent plasma membrane repair. (bmj.com)
Results We found that tumor cells can evade neutrophil antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Ca 2+ -dependent cell membrane repair, a process induced upon neutrophil trogocytosis. (bmj.com)
Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity estimated by 51Cr labelled sheep red blood cells anti SRBC system demonstrated a peak activity on 5th day. (who.int)
Cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as cultures of preseparated peripheral non-adherent cells and monocytes showed enhancement of natural killer cytotoxicity against K562 tumor cells when pretreated with larch arabinogalactan for 48-72 h. (dadamo.com)
Acidic arabinogalactan, a highly purified polysaccharide from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea, with a molecular weight of 75,000, was effective in activating macrophages to cytotoxicity against tumor cells and microorganisms (Leishmania enriettii). (dadamo.com)
This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of intracanal medications on L929 fibroblast cells at different periods of observation. (ufu.br)
Using NK cells from patients with mutations in myosin IIA, we found that the nonhelical tailpiece is required for NK-cell cytotoxicity and for the phosphorylation of granule-associated myosin IIA. (ashpublications.org)
NKp46, NKp44 and NKp30, are critically involved in NK cytotoxicity against different targets, including a wide range of tumor cells derived from various origins. (ox.ac.uk)
Using JT9 for immunization, one monoclonal antibody termed anti-NKTa was selected that blocked the cytotoxicity of the clone towards K562 cells. (ox.ac.uk)
The blocking capacity of anti-NKTa was evaluated in cytotoxicity assays using a panel of target cells. (ox.ac.uk)
The influence of anti-T3 was tested in parallel and it was found that both anti-NKTa and anti-T3 blocked the cytotoxicity of the cloned cells against all targets. (ox.ac.uk)
However, in contrast to conventional CTL clones, the expression of cytotoxicity by JT9 and JT10 was not dependent upon recognition of class I or class II major histocompatibility complex gene products on the target cells. (ox.ac.uk)
CD8 T cells bind to class I MHC molecules and generally mediate cytotoxicity. (renalandurologynews.com)
Experimental studies reported by D'Adamo and others, show that larch arabinogalactan can stimulate natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, specifically against tumor cells, increase macrophages and T-cells, and increase the release of interferon, and tumor necrosis factor - furthermore, inhibiting the metastasis of tumor cells to the liver (D'Adamo, 1996 - J. Naturopathic Medicine ). (botanicalmedicine.org)
NK cells are specialized effectors of the innate immune system that destroy their targets by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, have prominent antitumor effects, and are potent killers of virally infected cells. (medscape.com)

Post-operative depression of antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity following minor surgery and anaesthesia. (mcmaster.ca)
Antibody complement mediated cytotoxicity revealed a similar pattern as natural killer cell activity. (who.int)

In addition, the cytotoxicity of these T8+ NK active clones could not be blocked by anti-T8 antibodies. (ox.ac.uk)

Generally, larch arabinogalactan pretreatment induced an increased release of interferon gamma (IFN gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and IL-6 but only IFN gamma was involved in enhancement of NK cytotoxicity (1). (dadamo.com)

Arabinogalactan-mediated enhancement of NK cytotoxicity was not initiated directly but was found to be governed by the cytokine network. (dadamo.com)

After each experimental period, a cytotoxicity test was performed using methyltetrazolium (MTT) and a spectrophotometer at an optical density of 570 nm to analyze cell viability. (ufu.br)

1.1 To determine the immunologic effects of prolonged low dose IL-2 infusion and bolus IL-2 infusion when administered to patients with AML in first CR. (grantome.com)
1.2 To define the immunologic effects of IL-2 administration following autologous BMT for B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (grantome.com)

This defines a novel mechanism for myosin II function, in which myosin IIA can act as a single-molecule actin motor, claiming granules as cargo through tail-dependent phosphorylation for the execution of a pre-final step in human NK-cell cytotoxicity. (ashpublications.org)

Find similar words to immunologic-cytotoxicity using the buttons below. (yourdictionary.com)

Immunologic (T-cell, B cell, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity) studies revealed no underlying immunodeficiency. (cdc.gov)

Farm er's lung is one of the most important environmental agricultur al diseases in the U.S. However, the immunologic process and its relationship to the pathophysiology of the class of diseases characterized by hypersensitivity pneumonitis are not clear. (cdc.gov)

No histologic or immunologic evidence of vasculitis could be found. (cdc.gov)

Intestinal lymphangiectasia and bilateral pleural effusions: effect of dietary therapy and surgical intervention on immunologic and pulmonary parameters. (uchicago.edu)

that immunologic reactivity to anthrax antigens, if any, and Germaine Hanquet would very likely demonstrate exposure to B. anthracis . (cdc.gov)
To determine immunologic reactivity to Bacillus anthrax antigens, we conducted serologic testing of workers in a The Study factory that performed scouring of wool and goat hair. (cdc.gov)
To further exploit the immunologic killing properties of antibodies we pioneered the clinical development of bispecific antibodies (BsAb) targeting tumor antigens and FcgRIII (CD16) (3). (google.com)

In normal NK cells, WASp was expressed and localized to the activating immunologic synapse (IS) with filamentous actin (F-actin). (nih.gov)
This study aims to investigate the role of NK cells in CRF by comparing NK cell-induced cytotoxicity in fatigued patients and healthy individuals. (nih.gov)
14. Targeting of natural killer-like T immunologic effector cells against leukemia and lymphoma cells by reverse antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. (nih.gov)
Evidence that intravenously administered alpha-galactosyl carbohydrates reduce baboon serum cytotoxicity to pig kidney cells (PK15) and transplanted pig hearts. (ouhsc.edu)
However, the unique immunologic properties of bone marrow (BM) impart essential properties that could possibly make them an even better source of T-cells for adoptive therapy approaches than their PBL counterparts. (frontiersin.org)
The receptor is a transmembrane glycoprotein present on the surface of myeloid lineage cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils, where it mediates immunologic responses to pathogens. (nih.gov)
Our Cellular Immunology Service includes but is not limited to: Immunophenotyping and functional analysis of immune cells is a key expertise of IBR Inc. We perform assays with whole blood, PBMCs and isolated immune cell subsets to analyze intracellular and surface marker expression and immune cell function: apoptosis, phagocytosis and cytotoxicity, immune cell proliferation and cytokine quantification (multiplex BD™ Cytometric Bead Array, CBA). (split123.com)
Conversely, providing Langerin/OVA exclusively to LCs failed to prime cytotoxicity, despite initial antigen cross-presentation to CD8(+) T cells. (cnrs.fr)
Langerin/OVA combined with imiquimod could not prime CD8(+) T cells and resulted in poor cytotoxicity in subsequent responses. (cnrs.fr)
A variety of activating receptors are expressed on NK cells, exemplified by NKG2D, CD16, natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), and activating KIRs. (biomedcentral.com)
Activated NK cells are capable of eliminating tumor cells through direct cell cytotoxicity and/or production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
Using our proprietary E+E technology to generate antigen-specific T cells represents a uniquely differentiated approach to expanding polyclonal T cells that are highly antigen-specific, highly polyfunctional and with a phenotypic composition optimized for anti-tumor cytotoxicity, proliferative capacity and long-term immunologic memory. (raphacap.com)
by documenting infiltration of clonal LGL cells in marrow spleen and liver.5 The French-American-British (FAB) Cooperative Group recognized LGL leukemia or T-cell lymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL) as one of four categories of chronic T lymphoid leukemias.6 Later in 1990 the Morphologic Immunologic Cytogenic (MIC) Cooperative Study group renamed T-CLL as LGL leukemia. (healthanddietblog.info)
LCL possess also offered as EBV antigen offering cells in many immunologic testing and strategies [23, 24] including the advancement of individual monoclonal antibodies [25, 26]. (ppar-signaling.com)
Among these systems, the cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells and cytotoxic Compact disc8+ T cells (CTL) is in charge of killing contaminated cells. (z-fa-fmk.net)
Additionally, NK cells be capable of mediate antibody-dependent mobile cytotoxicity (ADCC) through the receptor Compact disc16 by binding to antibodies opsonizing contaminated cells, resulting in apoptosis [3]. (z-fa-fmk.net)
LCL have also served as EBV antigen showing cells in several immunologic Tacrolimus monohydrate methods and checks [23, 24] Tacrolimus monohydrate including the development of human being monoclonal antibodies [25, 26]. (onta2019.com)
Manganese Chloride Enhances Murine Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity: Effects on Natural Killer Cells. (epa.gov)
Overexpression of TRPM2 on NK cells may function as a compensatory mechanism to alert a dysregulation in Ca 2+ homeostasis to enhance NK cell function in ME/CFS, such as NK cell cytotoxicity. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, using an in vitro mechanistic model of human renal fibrosis, they found that hypoxia-damaged proximal tubular epithelial cells are potent drivers of MAIT cell activation and cytotoxicity within the inflammatory and fibrotic microenvironment. (asnjournals.org)
Keywords: Human, Pregnancy, EVT, Perforin, HCMV Decidual NK cells The finding of high numbers of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) in human being decidua, later on identified as decidual Natural Killer cells (dNK), led to the hypothesis that fetal placental cells actively inhibit maternal dNK and prevent immunologic rejection (King et al. (elmoustkbal.com)
The function of the inflammation may be extremely complex: beside the very obvious immunologic reaction against the cancer cells, the participants of an inflammatory and reparative process are truly necessary for cancer progression. (termedia.pl)

Following IL-2 stimulation, NK cell cytotoxicity was measured following 8-Br-ADPR and N 6 -Bnz-cAMP drug treatments by flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)

These epitopes are broadly reactive with early sera from HIV infected individuals, but do not illicit protective antibodies, or immunologic cytotoxicity, and thus can readily be excluded from current and future HIV-1 vaccine candidates. (nih.gov)
Discovering protective CD8 T cell epitopes--no single immunologic property predicts it! (vanderbilt.edu)

However, as new technologies for measuring the characteristics and strength of these donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) have emerged since the early 2000s, immunologic risk stratification has been possible in highly sensitized recipients [ 7 ] along with advances in desensitization treatment. (krcp-ksn.org)
The Fc-part of therapeutic Antibodies may elicit immunologic effector functions like Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC), Antibody Dependent Cellular Phagocytosis and Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC). (split123.com)

He has a long history of research in identifying molecular determinants of sensitivity to antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and resistance to immune attack, with a growing focus on pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). (google.com)
1. Enhancing Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) as an Anti-Tumor Mechanism. (google.com)
They can also mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) via the membrane receptor CD16, or apoptotic pathways mediated by Fas ligand (FasL) or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The NK cell cytotoxicity is regulated in large part by the expression of NK cell receptors that are able to bind major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I glycoproteins. (ox.ac.uk)
A dNK paradox C Large levels of cytotoxic granules but low cytotoxicity dNK form a distinct NK cell populace that has many variations in gene manifestation, cytokine secretion and manifestation of cell surface receptors compared to pNK. (elmoustkbal.com)

It interacts with IgA-opsonized targets and triggers several immunologic defense processes, including phagocytosis, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and stimulation of the release of inflammatory mediators. (nih.gov)

Resveratrol also inhibited the TNF-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and abrogated TNF-induced cytotoxicity and caspase activation. (unboundmedicine.com)
Orderly implantation and formation of a functional placenta (lifeline of the baby) requires that TH-1 and TH2 activity be in equilibrium There are two categories of immunologic implantation dysfunction (IID) linked to NK cell activation (NKa). (sherfertilitysolutions.com)
Rather, it is the degree of NK cell activation (cytotoxicity) that matters. (sherfertilitysolutions.com)
There are several methods by which NK cell activation (cytotoxicity) can be assessed in the laboratory. (sherfertilitysolutions.com)

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ouhsc.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity" by people in this website by year, and whether "Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ouhsc.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity" by people in Profiles. (ouhsc.edu)
Kaul TN, Welliver RC, Ogra PL. Development of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the respiratory tract after natural infection with respiratory syncytial virus. (ouhsc.edu)
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in cervical lavage fluids of human immunodeficiency virus type 1--infected women. (rush.edu)

The focus of this evaluate is definitely to address the rules of cytotoxicity of dNK and CD8+ dT, which is essential for maternal-fetal immune tolerance as well as recent evidence that both IGFBP1 cell types can provide immunity to infections in the maternal-fetal interface. (elmoustkbal.com)

Non-type I hypersensitivity responses to sulfonamide antibiotics are largely attributable to reactive metabolites that may cause either direct cytotoxicity or immunologic response. (nih.gov)
Factors like Infection and inflammatory conditions, endocrine disruptors, heat stress, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species may have impact on the BTB integrity and may finally lead to immunologic infertility. (iscience.in)

Cellular and humoral mechanisms of cytotoxicity: structural and functional analogies. (meta.org)

To evaluate highly sensitized recipients and to implement appropriate treatment regimens, it is crucial to first understand the various tests for immunologic risk stratification. (krcp-ksn.org)

There is an ever growing realization, recognition, and acceptance of the fact that uterine immunologic dysfunction can lead to immunologic implantation dysfunction (IID) with "unexplained" infertility, IVF failure , and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). (sherfertilitysolutions.com)
Considering its importance, it is not surprising that the failure of a properly functioning immunologic interaction during implantation has been implicated as a cause of recurrent miscarriage, late pregnancy fetal loss, IVF failure and infertility. (sherfertilitysolutions.com)

The immunologic determinant of type I, immediate hypersensitivity responses to sulfonamide antibiotics is the N1 heterocyclic ring. (nih.gov)

Farm er's lung is one of the most important environmental agricultur al diseases in the U.S. However, the immunologic process and its relationship to the pathophysiology of the class of diseases characterized by hypersensitivity pneumonitis are not clear. (cdc.gov)

Through this limited competition Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), the National Cancer Institute (NCI) invites applications to continue support for the Cancer Immune Monitoring and Analysis Centers - Cancer Immunologic Data Center (CIMAC-CIDC) Network. (nih.gov)

Immunologic (T-cell, B cell, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity) studies revealed no underlying immunodeficiency. (cdc.gov)
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is hallmarked by a significant reduction in natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, a mechanism tightly regulated by calcium (Ca 2+ ). (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy32

Organisms10

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs125

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes45

Technology, Industry, Agriculture8

Information Science2

Crystal structure of an MHC class I presented glycopeptide that generates carbohydrate-specific CTL. (1/8548)

Crystal structures of two H-2Db/glycopeptide complexes suggest a molecular basis for CTL cross-reactivity. (2/8548)

Control of metastasis by Asn-linked, beta1-6 branched oligosaccharides in mouse mammary cancer cells. (3/8548)

Giardia induces proliferation and interferon gamma production by intestinal lymphocytes. (4/8548)

Enhanced tumor growth and invasiveness in vivo by a carboxyl-terminal fragment of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor generated by matrix metalloproteinases: a possible modulatory role in natural killer cytotoxicity. (5/8548)

Suppression of angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and metastasis by human prostate cancer cells engineered to produce interferon-beta. (6/8548)

Rapid death of adoptively transferred T cells in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (7/8548)

Contribution of natural killer cells to inhibition of angiogenesis by interleukin-12. (8/8548)

Cytotoxicity, Immunologic

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity

Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic

Cell Survival

Killer Cells, Natural

Cell Line, Tumor

Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor

Cytotoxins

Antineoplastic Agents

Cell Line

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Apoptosis

Drug Synergism

Cell Death

Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1

Cells, Cultured

Inhibitory Concentration 50

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Perforin

Lymphocytes

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3

Flow Cytometry

Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2

Tetrazolium Salts

Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins

T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic

K562 Cells

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic

Leukemia L1210

Plant Extracts

Doxorubicin

Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic

Cell Proliferation

Lymphocyte Activation

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Neoplasms, Experimental

Immunity, Cellular

Chromium Radioisotopes

Glutathione

Granzymes

Cricetinae

L-Lactate Dehydrogenase

Reactive Oxygen Species

DNA Damage

Immunotoxins

HL-60 Cells

Cisplatin

Drug Resistance, Neoplasm

Cell Division

Ricin

Interleukin-2

Buthionine Sulfoximine

Molecular Structure

T-Lymphocytes

Time Factors

Cricetulus

Thiazoles

Receptors, IgG

Toxicity Tests

Macrophages

Drug Resistance

Nanoparticles

Structure-Activity Relationship

Drug Carriers

Membrane Glycoproteins

Interferon-gamma

Bacterial Toxins

Neoplasms

Spleen

Complement System Proteins

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Receptors, Immunologic

Cell Cycle

Fas Ligand Protein

Caspase 3

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Particle Size

Transfection