Cytosol
Protein Transport
Subcellular Fractions
Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Liver
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Cell Membrane
Biological Transport
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Amino Acid Sequence
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Intracellular Membranes
Carrier Proteins
Cell Fractionation
Membrane Proteins
Cell Compartmentation
Enzyme Activation
Vacuoles
Protein Binding
Cytoplasm
Isoenzymes
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
HeLa Cells
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Apoptosis
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Cytochromes c
Cytochrome c Group
Peroxisomes
Cells, Cultured
Chromatography, Gel
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Substrate Specificity
Protein Kinase C
An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.
Diphtheria Toxin
An ADP-ribosylating polypeptide produced by CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that causes the signs and symptoms of DIPHTHERIA. It can be broken into two unequal domains: the smaller, catalytic A domain is the lethal moiety and contains MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASES which transfers ADP RIBOSE to PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2 thereby inhibiting protein synthesis; and the larger B domain that is needed for entry into cells.
Rats, Inbred Strains
Cell-Free System
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
Adenosine Triphosphate
Caspases
A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.
Digitonin
Ricin
Blotting, Western
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Models, Biological
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Receptors, Steroid
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Phosphorylation
bcl-2-Associated X Protein
Endosomes
Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.
Lysosomes
A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Endocytosis
Receptors, Glucocorticoid
Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind glucocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of DNA. Glucocorticoids were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat metabolism. Cortisol is the most important example.
Organelles
Cricetinae
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Mitochondria, Liver
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Mutation
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Microscopy, Confocal
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Immunoblotting
Receptors, Estradiol
Transfection
Base Sequence
Molecular Chaperones
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors
Microsomes
Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Bacterial Toxins
Cysteine Endopeptidases
GTP-Binding Proteins
Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Enzyme Inhibitors
Caspase 3
Phagosomes
Cattle
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
Mitochondrial Membranes
The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
3-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (B-Specific)
A 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzes the reversible reduction of the active androgen, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE to 5 ALPHA-ANDROSTANE-3 ALPHA,17 BETA-DIOL. It also has activity towards other 3-alpha-hydroxysteroids and on 9-, 11- and 15- hydroxyprostaglandins. The enzyme is B-specific in reference to the orientation of reduced NAD or NADPH.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.
Cell Membrane Permeability
NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases
A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.
Brefeldin A
Triamcinolone Acetonide
Luminescent Proteins
Microsomes, Liver
CHO Cells
Glutathione Transferase
Molybdenum
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Guanosine Triphosphate
Mitochondrial Proteins
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
Multienzyme Complexes
Cloning, Molecular
Rabbits
Heat-Shock Proteins
Binding Sites
Membrane Transport Proteins
Chromatography, Affinity
COS Cells
CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)
Aldehyde Oxidase
An aldehyde oxidoreductase expressed predominantly in the LIVER; LUNGS; and KIDNEY. It catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic aldehydes and N-heterocyclic compounds to CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, and also oxidizes quinoline and pyridine derivatives. The enzyme utilizes molybdenum cofactor and FAD as cofactors.
Plastids
ADP-Ribosylation Factors
Caspase 9
A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 9 is activated during cell stress by mitochondria-derived proapoptotic factors and by CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1. It activates APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES.
Protein Kinases
Vesicular Transport Proteins
A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.
Biological Transport, Active
ADP Ribose Transferases
Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.
NADPH Oxidase
A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the univalent reduction of OXYGEN using NADPH as an electron donor to create SUPEROXIDE ANION. The enzyme is dependent on a variety of CYTOCHROMES. Defects in the production of superoxide ions by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase result in GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC.
Cercopithecus aethiops
The effect of chelating agents on iron mobilization in Chang cell cultures. (1/13467)
The investigation of chelating agents with potential therapeutic value in patients with transfusional iron overload has been facilitated by the use of Chang cell cultures. These cells have been incubated with [59Fe]transferrin for 22 hr, following which most of the intracellular radioiron is found in the cytosol, distributed between a ferritin and a nonferritin form. Iron release from the cells depends on transferrin saturation in the medium, but when transferrin is 100% saturated, which normally does not allow iron release, desferrioxamine, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, rhodotorulic acid, cholythydroxamic acid, and tropolone all promote the mobilization of ferritin iron and its release from cells. They are effective to an approximately equal degree. The incubation of [59Fe]transferrin with tropolone in vitro at a molar ratio of 1:500 results in the transfer of most of the labeled iron to the chelator, reflecting the exceptionally high binding constant of this compound. How far these phenomena relate to therapeutic potentially remains to be seen. (+info)Effect of hepatocarcinogens on the binding of glucocorticoid-receptor complex in rat liver nuclei. (2/13467)
The effects of a number of carcinogens and hepatotoxins on the binding kinetics of the interactions of glucocorticoidcytosol receptor complex with nuclear acceptor sites in rat liver were investigated. Both the apparent sites in rat liver were investigated. Both the apparent concentration of nuclear binding sites and the Kd were significantly diminished following treatment of rats with sublethal doses of the carcinogens aflatoxin B1, diethylnitrosamine, dimethylnitrosamine, thioacetamide, 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, and 3-methylcholanthrene. Treatment with actinomycin D resulted in a slight reduction in the apparent concentration of nuclear acceptor sites but had no effect on the nuclear binding Kd. The hepatotoxic but noncarcinogenic analgesic, acetaminophen, as well as the weakly toxic aflatoxin B1 cognate, aflatoxin B2, were without effect on the kinetics or binding capacity of glucocorticoid-nuclear acceptor site interaction. These experiments suggest that chemically induced alteration of functional glucocorticoid binding sites on chromatin may be involved in the biochemical effects produced in liver by carcinogens of several chemical types. This experimental model may provide a useful approach for further elucidation of early events in carcinogenesis. (+info)Cell polarization: chemotaxis gets CRACKing. (3/13467)
An early stage in the establishment of cell polarity during chemotaxis of Dictyostelium dicoideum has been identified by a recent study; the new results also show that the development of cell polarity does not rely upon cytoskeletal rearrangement, and may use a spatial sensing mechanism. (+info)Hsp60 is targeted to a cryptic mitochondrion-derived organelle ("crypton") in the microaerophilic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. (4/13467)
Entamoeba histolytica is a microaerophilic protozoan parasite in which neither mitochondria nor mitochondrion-derived organelles have been previously observed. Recently, a segment of an E. histolytica gene was identified that encoded a protein similar to the mitochondrial 60-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp60 or chaperonin 60), which refolds nuclear-encoded proteins after passage through organellar membranes. The possible function and localization of the amebic Hsp60 were explored here. Like Hsp60 of mitochondria, amebic Hsp60 RNA and protein were both strongly induced by incubating parasites at 42 degreesC. 5' and 3' rapid amplifications of cDNA ends were used to obtain the entire E. histolytica hsp60 coding region, which predicted a 536-amino-acid Hsp60. The E. histolytica hsp60 gene protected from heat shock Escherichia coli groEL mutants, demonstrating the chaperonin function of the amebic Hsp60. The E. histolytica Hsp60, which lacked characteristic carboxy-terminal Gly-Met repeats, had a 21-amino-acid amino-terminal, organelle-targeting presequence that was cleaved in vivo. This presequence was necessary to target Hsp60 to one (and occasionally two or three) short, cylindrical organelle(s). In contrast, amebic alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and ferredoxin, which are bacteria-like enzymes, were diffusely distributed throughout the cytosol. We suggest that the Hsp60-associated, mitochondrion-derived organelle identified here be named "crypton," as its structure was previously hidden and its function is still cryptic. (+info)The endosome fusion regulator early-endosomal autoantigen 1 (EEA1) is a dimer. (5/13467)
EEA1, an early-endosomal protein originally identified as an autoantigen, is essential for endocytic membrane fusion. It interacts with early endosomes via binding to the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and the active form of the small GTPase Rab5. Most of the EEA1 sequence contains heptad repeats characteristic of proteins involved in coiled-coil protein-protein interactions. Here we have investigated the ability of EEA1 to self-interact. Crosslinking of cytosolic and recombinant EEA1 resulted in the disappearance of the 180-kDa monomer in SDS/PAGE and the strong appearance of a approximately 350-kDa crosslinked product. Glycerol gradient centrifugation experiments indicated that native EEA1 had the same hydrodynamic properties as the approximately 350-kDa crosslinked complex. Two-hybrid analysis indicated that N- and C-terminal fragments of EEA1 can interact with themselves, but not with each other, suggesting that EEA1 forms parallel coiled-coil dimers. The ability of the C-terminus of EEA1 to dimerize correlates with its ability to bind to Rab5 and early endosomes, whereas its binding to PtdIns3P is independent of dimerization. These data enable us to propose a model for the quaternary structure of EEA1. (+info)The Golgi apparatus plays a significant role in the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis in the vps33Delta vacuolar biogenesis mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (6/13467)
The vacuole is the major site of intracellular Ca2+ storage in yeast and functions to maintain cytosolic Ca2+ levels within a narrow physiological range. In this study, we examined how cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is maintained in a vps33Delta vacuolar biogenesis mutant. We found that growth of the vps33Delta strain was sensitive to high or low extracellular Ca2+. This strain could not properly regulate cytosolic Ca2+ levels and was able to retain only a small fraction of its total cellular Ca2+ in a nonexchangeable intracellular pool. Surprisingly, the vps33Delta strain contained more total cellular Ca2+ than the wild type strain. Because most cellular Ca2+ is normally found within the vacuole, this suggested that other intracellular compartments compensated for the reduced capacity to store Ca2+ within the vacuole of this strain. To test this hypothesis, we examined the contribution of the Golgi-localized Ca2+ ATPase Pmr1p in the maintenance of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. We found that a vps33Delta/pmr1Delta strain was hypersensitive to high extracellular Ca2+. In addition, certain combinations of mutations effecting both vacuolar and Golgi Ca2+ transport resulted in synthetic lethality. These results indicate that the Golgi apparatus plays a significant role in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis when vacuolar biogenesis is compromised. (+info)delta-Aminolevulinate synthetases in the liver cytosol fraction and mitochondria of mice treated with allylisopropylacetamide and 3,5-dicarbethoxyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine. (7/13467)
Hepatic delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthetase was induced in mice by the administration of allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) and 3,5-dicarbethoxy-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). In both cases, a significant amount of ALA synthetase accumulated in the liver cytosol fraction as well as in the mitochondria. The apparent molecular weight of the cytosol ALA synthetase was estimated to be 320,000 by gel filtration, but when the cytosol ALA synthetase was subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation, it showed a molecular weight of 110,000. In the mitochondria, there were two different sizes of ALA synthetase with molecular weights of 150,000 and 110,000, respectively; the larger enzyme was predominant in DDC-treated mice, whereas in AIA-treated mice and normal mice the enzyme existed mostly in the smaller form. When hemin was injected into mice pretreated with DDC, the molecular size of the mitochondrial ALA synthetase changed from 150,000 to 110,000. The half-life of ALA synthetase in the liver cytosol fraction was about 30 min in both the AIA-treated and DDC-treated mice. The half-life of the mitochondrial ALA synthetase in AIA-treated mice and normal mice was about 60 min, but in DDC-treated mice the half-life was as long as 150 min. The data suggest that the cytosol ALA synthetase of mouse liver is a protein complex with properties very similar to those of the cytosol ALA synthetase of rat liver, which has been shown to be composed of the enzyme active protein and two catalytically inactive binding proteins, and that ALA synthetase may be transferred from the liver cytosol fraction to the mitochondria with a size of about 150,000 daltons, followed by its conversion to enzyme with a molecular weight of 110,000 within the mitochondria. The process of intramitochondrial enzyme degradation seems to be affected in DDC-treated animals. (+info)Role of hypoxia-induced Bax translocation and cytochrome c release in reoxygenation injury. (8/13467)
We investigated mechanisms of cell death during hypoxia/reoxygenation of cultured kidney cells. During glucose-free hypoxia, cell ATP levels declined steeply resulting in the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria. Concurrently, there was cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Cells that leaked cytochrome c underwent apoptosis after reoxygenation. ATP depletion induced by a mitochondrial uncoupler resulted in similar alterations even in the presence of oxygen. Moreover, inclusion of glucose during hypoxia prevented protein translocations and reoxygenation injury by maintaining intracellular ATP. Thus, ATP depletion, rather than hypoxia per se, was the cause of protein translocations. Overexpression of Bcl-2 prevented cytochrome c release and reoxygenation injury without ameliorating ATP depletion or Bax translocation. On the other hand, caspase inhibitors did not prevent protein translocations, but inhibited apoptosis during reoxygenation. Nevertheless, they could not confer long-term viability, since mitochondria had been damaged. Omission of glucose during reoxygenation resulted in continued failure of ATP production, and cell death with necrotic morphology. In contrast, cells expressing Bcl-2 had functional mitochondria and remained viable during reoxygenation even without glucose. Therefore, Bax translocation during hypoxia is a molecular trigger for cell death during reoxygenation. If ATP is available during reoxygenation, apoptosis develops; otherwise, death occurs by necrosis. By preserving mitochondrial integrity, BCL-2 prevents both forms of cell death and ensures cell viability. (+info)
Cytosol
The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its ... The concentrations of the other ions in cytosol are quite different from those in extracellular fluid and the cytosol also ... of the volume of the cytosol. However, measuring precisely how much protein is dissolved in cytosol in intact cells is ... and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol. The term "cytosol" ...
Cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase
Cytosol+alanyl+aminopeptidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (Articles ... Cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.14, arylamidase, aminopolypeptidase, thiol-activated aminopeptidase, human liver ... aminopeptidase, puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase, soluble alanyl aminopeptidase, cytosol aminopeptidase III, alanine ...
Cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase
Cytosol+non-specific+dipeptidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (Genes ... "Entrez Gene: CNDP2 carnosine dipeptidase 2". Bauer K (1998). "Cytosol non-specific dipeptidase". In Barrett AJ, Rawlings ND, ...
Protoplasm
In 1965, Lardy introduced the term "cytosol", later redefined to refer to the liquid inside cells. By the time Huxley wrote, a ... cytosol (Lardy, 1965). The word "protoplasm" comes from the Greek protos for first, and plasma for thing formed, and was ...
Trimethyltrienolone
323-. ISBN 978-0-323-14666-1. Baulieu EE, Jung I (February 1970). "A prostatic cytosol receptor". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun ...
Malate dehydrogenase
Once in the cytosol, the malate is oxidized back to oxaloacetate by cytosolic malate dehydrogenase. Finally, ... Lodola A, Shore JD, Parker DM, Holbrook J (December 1978). "Malate dehydrogenase of the cytosol. A kinetic investigation of the ...
Glycolipid transfer protein
Metz RJ, Radin NS (May 1980). "Glucosylceramide uptake protein from spleen cytosol". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 255 ( ...
Palmitoyl-CoA
These reactions occur in the cytosol. Synthesis Palmitic acid Coenzyme A Coenzyme A CoA Brady, R.N.; DiMari, S.J.; Snell, E.E ... The activation of fatty acids occurs in the cytosol and beta-oxidation occurs in the mitochondria. However, long chain fatty ...
Rigor mortis
Calcium enters the cytosol after death. Calcium is released into the cytosol due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic ... Once calcium is introduced into the cytosol, it binds to the troponin of thin filaments, which causes the troponin-tropomyosin ... Also, the breakdown of the sarcolemma causes additional calcium to enter the cytosol. The calcium activates the formation of ...
Juvenile hormone
This enzyme has 8 helical domains anchoring it in the Golgi membrane of the ER; the catalytic domain is in the cytosol. It is ... All steps occur in the cytosol. The starting material is citrate, which is exported by the mitochondrion when metabolic fuels ... although there appear to be no studies on export of citrate or other metabolites from the mitochondrion into the cytosol, or ...
Lipid metabolism
In the cytosol of epithelial cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined back into triglycerides. In the cytosol of ... Triglyceride biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol. The precursor for fatty acids is acetyl-CoA and it occurs in the cytosol of ... In the cytosol of the cell (for example a muscle cell), the glycerol will be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is ... 70% of cholesterol biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol of liver cells.[citation needed] Lipid metabolism disorders (including ...
Norbormide
... this fraction contains cytosol and microsomes." The S9 fraction consists of two components: the microsomes component which ...
Arylesterase
Kim DH, Yang YS, Jakoby WB (1990). "Nonserine esterases from rat liver cytosol". Protein Expr. Purif. 1 (1): 19-27. doi:10.1016 ...
BOMT
Heyns, W.; G., Verhoeven; De Moor, P. (1976). "Androgen binding in rat uterus cytosol. Study of the specificity". Journal of ...
S9 fraction
... this fraction contains cytosol and microsomes." The microsomes component of the S9 fraction contain cytochrome P450 isoforms ( ...
DIMP (antiandrogen)
Heyns, W.; G., Verhoeven; De Moor, P. (1976). "Androgen binding in rat uterus cytosol. Study of the specificity". Journal of ...
Antiandrogen
Heyns W, Verhoeven G, De Moor P (May 1976). "Androgen binding in rat uterus cytosol. Study of the specificity". Journal of ...
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1)
This protein is located in the cytosol. NQO1 enzyme expression can be induced by dioxin and inhibited by dicoumarol. This gene ... quinone oxidoreductase and conjugation by acetyltransferases and sulfotransferases in human hepatic cytosols". Cancer Research ...
Acetylsalicylate deacetylase
Kim DH, Yang YS, Jakoby WB (1990). "Aspirin hydrolyzing esterases from rat liver cytosol". Biochem. Pharmacol. 40 (3): 481-7. ...
Deoxyguanosine kinase
Distinct molecular forms in mitochondria and cytosol". J. Biol. Chem. 254 (7): 2180-3. PMID 218928. Portal: Biology v t e (EC ...
Endoplasm
The contents of the cytosol change based on the needs of the cell. Not to be confused with the cytoplasm, the cytosol is only ... The cytosol makes up the semifluid portion of the endoplasm, in which materials are suspended. It is a concentrated aqueous gel ... Cytosol contains predominantly water, but also has a complex mixture of large hydrophilic molecules, smaller molecules and ... The endoplasm's granules are suspended in cytosol. The term granule refers to a small particle within the endoplasm, typically ...
Fatty acid degradation
The liberated carnitine returns to the cytosol. It is important to note that carnitine acyltransferase I undergoes allosteric ... impermeable to fatty acids and a specialized carnitine carrier system operates to transport activated fatty acids from cytosol ...
Phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase
Roach PD, Palmer FB (1981). "Human erythrocyte cytosol phosphatidyl-inositol-bisphosphate phosphatase". Biochim. Biophys. Acta ...
Oxaloacetic acid
Once in the cytosol, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate again using NAD+. Then oxaloacetate remains in the cytosol, where the ... In the cytosol there are fumarate molecules. Fumarate can be transformed into malate by the actions of the enzyme fumarase. ...
Jean Gruenberg
"Endosome-to-cytosol transport of viral nucleocapsids". Nature Cell Biology. 7 (7): 653-664. doi:10.1038/ncb1269. ISSN 1465-7392 ... "The ESCRT-I subunit TSG101 controls endosome-to-cytosol release of viral RNA". Traffic. 9 (12): 2279-2290. doi:10.1111/j.1600- ...
G beta-gamma complex
Synthesis of the subunits occurs in the cytosol. Folding of the β-subunit is thought to be aided by the chaperone CCT ( ...
Tripeptide aminopeptidase
Sachs L, Marks N (September 1982). "A highly specific aminotripeptidase of rat brain cytosol. Substrate specificity and effects ... Doumeng C, Maroux S (March 1979). "Aminotripeptidase, a cytosol enzyme from rabbit intestinal mucosa". The Biochemical Journal ...
Sacoglossa
de Vries, Jan; Christa, Gregor; Gould, Sven B. (2014). "Plastid survival in the cytosol of animal cells". Trends in Plant ...
Calmodulin-lysine N-methyltransferase
Sitaramayya A, Wright LS, Siegel FL (1980). "Enzymatic methylation of calmodulin in rat brain cytosol". J. Biol. Chem. 255 (18 ...
C6orf62
The encoded protein is predicted to have a subcellular location within the cytosol. In the DNA, C6orf62 is 12,529 base pairs ... It is located subcellularly localized throughout the cytosol. C6orf62 is broadly expressed within the human body, however, its ...
Cytosol and serum ferritin in breast carcinoma - PubMed
Ferritin levels in both the sera and the tissue cytosols … ... Cytosol and serum ferritin in breast carcinoma G Güner 1 , G ... Cytosol and serum ferritin in breast carcinoma G Güner et al. Cancer Lett. 1992. . ... Ferritin levels in both the sera and the tissue cytosols were measured by an enzyme immunoassay method, while total proteins ... No significant difference has been determined for serum ferritin between any of the groups studied, while the tissue cytosol ...
BioChem: Examples.YeastGlycolysis.Cytosol.BPG - System Modeler Documentation
Tracing compartmentalized NADPH metabolism in the cytosol and mitochondria of mammalian cells - PubMed
Tracing compartmentalized NADPH metabolism in the cytosol and mitochondria of mammalian cells Caroline A Lewis 1 , Seth J ... Tracing compartmentalized NADPH metabolism in the cytosol and mitochondria of mammalian cells Caroline A Lewis et al. Mol Cell. ... B) Mutant IDH1-R132H is localized to the cytosol (mtIDH1-C) and mutant IDH2-R172K is localized to the mitochondria (mtIDH2-M) ... Figure 5. Characterizing serine/glycine metabolism in the cytosol/mitochondria A) Serine (left panel) and glycine (right panel ...
Reactome | UFD2 [cytosol]
E3 ligases in proteasomal degradation [cytosol] (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) * UFD2 [cytosol] (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ... E3 ligases in proteasomal degradation [cytosol] (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) * UFD2 [cytosol] (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ... E3:K48-polyubiquitinated substrate [cytosol] (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) * ...
Reactome | CRMP1 [cytosol]
Evaluation of Acetonitrile Precipitation as a Method for Separating Small from High Molecular Mass Proteins in Cytosol from MCF...
PINK1 import regulation; a fine system to convey mitochondrial stress to the cytosol | BMC Biology | Full Text
Sekine, S., Youle, R.J. PINK1 import regulation; a fine system to convey mitochondrial stress to the cytosol. BMC Biol 16, 2 ( ... Thus, in healthy mitochondria, PINK1 is cleaved by PARL soon after import and retro-translocated to the cytosol, where it is ... Cleaved PINK1 is retro-translocated into the cytosol and constitutively degraded by the proteasome via the N-end rule pathway. ... PINK1 import regulation; a fine system to convey mitochondrial stress to the cytosol. *Shiori Sekine1 & ...
A conserved family of proteins facilitates nascent lipid droplet budding from the ER into the cytosol | NIH Research Festival
cytosol - NIH Director's Blog
cytosol. 3D Animation Captures Viral Infection in Action Posted on August 1st, 2023. by Lawrence Tabak, D.D.S., Ph.D. ... cytosol, endosome, FASEB, global health, glycoprotein, imaging, infection, mosquito-borne illnesses, structural biology, ... ubiquitous bubble-like compartments that transport material from outside the cell into the cytosol, the fluid part of the ...
Status of YopM and YopN in the Yersinia Yop virulon: YopM of Y.enterocolitica is internalized inside the cytosol of PU5-1.8...
Caveolin-1 and -3 dissociations from caveolae to cytosol in the heart during aging and after myocardial infarction in rat. -...
Spatial heterogeneity of the cytosol revealed by machine learning-based 3D particle tracking. | Scholars@Duke
Spatial heterogeneity of the cytosol revealed by machine learning-based 3D particle tracking. ... Thus, the physical properties of the cytosol vary substantially in time and space and can be a source of heterogeneity within ... Spatial heterogeneity of the cytosol revealed by machine learning-based 3D particle tracking. Journal Article (Journal Article ... The spatial structure and physical properties of the cytosol are not well understood. Measurements of the material state of the ...
Microsomes, S9 Fractions and Cytosol | Technology Transfer
Cytosol Stains Archives
Category:GO:0005829 ! cytosol - GONUTS
name: cytosol. namespace: cellular_component. def: "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does ... xref: Wikipedia:Cytosol. is_a: GO:0110165 ! cellular anatomical entity. relationship: part_of: GO:0005737 ! cytoplasm. AmiGO , ... Pages in category "GO:0005829 ! cytosol". The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 3,189 total. ... Retrieved from "https://gowiki.tamu.edu/wiki/index.php?title=Category:GO:0005829_!_cytosol&oldid=6034265" ...
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate the induction of CD8+ T cells by plasmacytoid dendritic cells | Nature...
b, c The ROS production in the cytosol of the pDCs purified from C57BL/6, NOX1−/−, and NOX2−/− (b) or C57BL/6 and NOX1/2−/− (c ... Ag export to the cytosol by FRET. The protocol has been described in detail in Keller et al.48. Briefly, the purified pDCs were ... Activation of pDCs by the TLR7 ligand leads to a high endosomal pH and Ag protection and transport to the cytosol. a Purified ... a ROS production in the cytosol of C57BL/6 pDCs was measured by the quantification of the DCFDA fluorescence. The pDCs were ...
Cutaneous Porphyria Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations
Porphyria is a predominantly inherited metabolic disorder, resulting from a deficiency of an enzyme in the heme production pathway, and overproduction of toxic heme precursors. Eight different enzymes are involved in the pathway, and deficiencies of the second to eighth enzyme result in a family of disorders with various, and often overlappin...
IMSEAR at SEARO: Appearance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum and liver cytosol of cadmium-treated rats.
Agrawal A, Bhattacharya S. Appearance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum and liver cytosol of cadmium-treated rats. Indian ... Appearance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum and liver cytosol of cadmium-treated rats. ... in white rat was found to be associated with the appearance of CRP in liver cytosol after 8 hr and in serum after 18 hr of ...
1kq6.1 | SWISS-MODEL Template Library
Novel autoantigens in autoimmune hypophysitis
PNP purine nucleoside phosphorylase [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
NGL2 | Loqate
Figure 1 - Difficulties in Differentiating Coronaviruses from Subcellular Structures in Human Tissues by Electron Microscopy -...
Nucleotide Search and Database Examples
NIMH » Macrophage Infection by HIV: Implications for Pathogenesis and Cure: Day Two
So in summary, so HIV-1 RNA, in particular, in intron-containing RNA in the cytosol which is exported by this CRM1-dependent ... It is inside the platelet but away from the cytosol. And typically, platelet activation is linked with this uptake of HIV. If ... And KPD, once again is a CRM1 inhibitor that blocks nuclear export of intron-containing RNA into the cytosol, including the ... into the cytosol. So when it expressed this Rev mutant, which cannot do this job, so which is deficient for intron-containing ...
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the sulfation of 4-hydroxypropranolol enantiomers by monkey liver cytosol -...
Mitochondria1
- Some are targeted to the cytosol and some to the mitochondria. (nih.gov)
Liver cytosol3
- IMSEAR at SEARO: Appearance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum and liver cytosol of cadmium-treated rats. (who.int)
- Cadmium injection (less than 3 mg/kg body weight) in white rat was found to be associated with the appearance of CRP in liver cytosol after 8 hr and in serum after 18 hr of injection. (who.int)
- In this study, we found that several polychlorobiphenylols (OH-PCBs) inhibited the sulfonation of 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-BaP) by human liver cytosol and some cDNA-expressed sulfotransferases. (nih.gov)
Proteasomal degradation1
- The conventional pathway for MHC class I antigen presentation includes proteasomal degradation in the cytosol of APC and transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-mediated delivery of peptides into the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum. (frontiersin.org)
Cytoplasm2
- At 10 seconds, the virus then enters an endosome, ubiquitous bubble-like compartments that transport material from outside the cell into the cytosol, the fluid part of the cytoplasm. (nih.gov)
- The cytosol or cytoplasm is the liquid found inside cells, and is composed with a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. (vitrovivo.com)
Mammalian cells2
Proteins2
- Ferritin levels in both the sera and the tissue cytosols were measured by an enzyme immunoassay method, while total proteins were assayed by Lowry's procedure and the ferritin concentrations given in ng ferritin/mg cytosol protein. (nih.gov)
- Evaluation of Acetonitrile Precipitation as a Method for Separating Small from High Molecular Mass Proteins in Cytosol from MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. (umd.edu)
Fractions1
- 0.15 microM, 3-OH-BaP inhibited its own sulfonation in cytosol fractions that were genotyped for SULT1A1 variants, as well as with expressed SULT1A1*1, SULT1A1*2, and SULT1E1, but not with SULT1A3 or SULT1B1. (nih.gov)
Peptides2
- After their capture by endocytosis or phagocytosis, Ags are transferred from the endocytic compartments to the cytosol where they are degraded by the proteasome into 8-9 amino acid peptides. (nature.com)
- The specific mechanisms are still debated but may involve export of endocytosed antigen into the cytosol for further degradation and loading of peptides on MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum or in endosomes ( 10 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Protein1
- No significant difference has been determined for serum ferritin between any of the groups studied, while the tissue cytosol ferritins were found to be 91.6 +/- 50.9, 565.0 +/- 48.3, 142.7 +/- 93.3, 683.3 +/- 212.9 and 655.5 +/- 100.4 ng/mg cytosol protein for the benign, malign (global), malign (stage I), malign (stage II) and malign (stage III) groups, respectively. (nih.gov)
Benign1
- The mean cytosol concentration of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was significantly higher in the breast cancer specimens than in the tissue of patients with benign breast diseases. (imrpress.com)
Cell2
- We detected zones where GEMs display especially low diffusivity at hyphal tips and near some nuclei, showing that the physical state of the cytosol varies spatially within a single cell. (duke.edu)
- The cytosol stains are useful probes to monitor cell morphology and location for cell proliferation and viability studies. (vitrovivo.com)
Cells5
- Thus, the physical properties of the cytosol vary substantially in time and space and can be a source of heterogeneity within individual cells and across populations. (duke.edu)
- As the sequential interaction of neoplastic cells with the endothelium of tumor neovascularisation is believed to be essential for tumor meta-stasizing processes, we analysed the concentration of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the cytosol of patients with human breast cancers and their corresponding sera. (imrpress.com)
- Following internalization into epithelial cells, the bacteria either remain within a membrane bound vacuole, the Salmonella -Containing Vacuole (SCV), or escape into the cytosol. (nih.gov)
- In epithelial cells, Salmonella can replicate within the membrane bound SCV or within the cytosol. (nih.gov)
- These studies have shown that replication in the cytosol occurs more rapidly than in the SCV, at least in epithelial cells. (nih.gov)
Sera1
- This could be found not only in the tumor cytosol but also in the correspon-ding sera of the patients. (imrpress.com)
Found1
- Using this pipeline to analyze spatial diffusivity patterns, we found that there is substantial variability in the properties of the cytosol. (duke.edu)
Article1
- Is the Subject Area "Cytosol" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
Material1
- Measurements of the material state of the cytosol are challenging due to its spatial and temporal heterogeneity. (duke.edu)
Fractions2
- In vitro half-life data were collected by performing in-house experiments in mouse (CD-1 male) and human (mixed gender) cytosol fractions. (nih.gov)
- 0.15 microM, 3-OH-BaP inhibited its own sulfonation in cytosol fractions that were genotyped for SULT1A1 variants, as well as with expressed SULT1A1*1, SULT1A1*2, and SULT1E1, but not with SULT1A3 or SULT1B1. (nih.gov)
Presence1
- Feb. 14, 2006 - The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has requested the recall of all brands and sizes of balanced salt solution (made by Cytosol Laboratories, Inc), due to the presence of elevated endotoxin levels in some lots. (medscape.com)