Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.
The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.
Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.
Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.
Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.
A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)
Microbodies which occur in animal and plant cells and in certain fungi and protozoa. They contain peroxidase, catalase, and allied enzymes. (From Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.
An ADP-ribosylating polypeptide produced by CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that causes the signs and symptoms of DIPHTHERIA. It can be broken into two unequal domains: the smaller, catalytic A domain is the lethal moiety and contains MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASES which transfers ADP RIBOSE to PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2 thereby inhibiting protein synthesis; and the larger B domain that is needed for entry into cells.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.
A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.
A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
Proteins found usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind steroid hormones and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. The steroid receptor-steroid hormone complex regulates the transcription of specific genes.
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
A member of the Bcl-2 protein family and homologous partner of C-BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN. It regulates the release of CYTOCHROME C and APOPTOSIS INDUCING FACTOR from the MITOCHONDRIA. Several isoforms of BCL2-associated X protein occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA for this protein.
Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.
A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.
Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind glucocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of DNA. Glucocorticoids were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat metabolism. Cortisol is the most important example.
Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.
Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estradiol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate DNA transcription.
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. Although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures.
Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
Protein factors that inhibit the dissociation of GDP from GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.
Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.
Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.
Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).
Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzes the reversible reduction of the active androgen, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE to 5 ALPHA-ANDROSTANE-3 ALPHA,17 BETA-DIOL. It also has activity towards other 3-alpha-hydroxysteroids and on 9-, 11- and 15- hydroxyprostaglandins. The enzyme is B-specific in reference to the orientation of reduced NAD or NADPH.
Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.
A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.
A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.
A fungal metabolite which is a macrocyclic lactone exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activity.
An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.
Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.
Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.
CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.
A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.
A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.
A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.
Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.
A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)
An aldehyde oxidoreductase expressed predominantly in the LIVER; LUNGS; and KIDNEY. It catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic aldehydes and N-heterocyclic compounds to CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, and also oxidizes quinoline and pyridine derivatives. The enzyme utilizes molybdenum cofactor and FAD as cofactors.
Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.
MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that were initially recognized as allosteric activators of the MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE of the CHOLERA TOXIN catalytic subunit. They are involved in vesicle trafficking and activation of PHOSPHOLIPASE D. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47
A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 9 is activated during cell stress by mitochondria-derived proapoptotic factors and by CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1. It activates APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES.
A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.
A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.
The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.
Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.
A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the univalent reduction of OXYGEN using NADPH as an electron donor to create SUPEROXIDE ANION. The enzyme is dependent on a variety of CYTOCHROMES. Defects in the production of superoxide ions by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase result in GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC.
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES found in both prokaryotes and in several compartments of eukaryotic cells. These proteins can interact with polypeptides during a variety of assembly processes in such a way as to prevent the formation of nonfunctional structures.

The effect of chelating agents on iron mobilization in Chang cell cultures. (1/13467)

The investigation of chelating agents with potential therapeutic value in patients with transfusional iron overload has been facilitated by the use of Chang cell cultures. These cells have been incubated with [59Fe]transferrin for 22 hr, following which most of the intracellular radioiron is found in the cytosol, distributed between a ferritin and a nonferritin form. Iron release from the cells depends on transferrin saturation in the medium, but when transferrin is 100% saturated, which normally does not allow iron release, desferrioxamine, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, rhodotorulic acid, cholythydroxamic acid, and tropolone all promote the mobilization of ferritin iron and its release from cells. They are effective to an approximately equal degree. The incubation of [59Fe]transferrin with tropolone in vitro at a molar ratio of 1:500 results in the transfer of most of the labeled iron to the chelator, reflecting the exceptionally high binding constant of this compound. How far these phenomena relate to therapeutic potentially remains to be seen.  (+info)

Effect of hepatocarcinogens on the binding of glucocorticoid-receptor complex in rat liver nuclei. (2/13467)

The effects of a number of carcinogens and hepatotoxins on the binding kinetics of the interactions of glucocorticoidcytosol receptor complex with nuclear acceptor sites in rat liver were investigated. Both the apparent sites in rat liver were investigated. Both the apparent concentration of nuclear binding sites and the Kd were significantly diminished following treatment of rats with sublethal doses of the carcinogens aflatoxin B1, diethylnitrosamine, dimethylnitrosamine, thioacetamide, 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, and 3-methylcholanthrene. Treatment with actinomycin D resulted in a slight reduction in the apparent concentration of nuclear acceptor sites but had no effect on the nuclear binding Kd. The hepatotoxic but noncarcinogenic analgesic, acetaminophen, as well as the weakly toxic aflatoxin B1 cognate, aflatoxin B2, were without effect on the kinetics or binding capacity of glucocorticoid-nuclear acceptor site interaction. These experiments suggest that chemically induced alteration of functional glucocorticoid binding sites on chromatin may be involved in the biochemical effects produced in liver by carcinogens of several chemical types. This experimental model may provide a useful approach for further elucidation of early events in carcinogenesis.  (+info)

Cell polarization: chemotaxis gets CRACKing. (3/13467)

An early stage in the establishment of cell polarity during chemotaxis of Dictyostelium dicoideum has been identified by a recent study; the new results also show that the development of cell polarity does not rely upon cytoskeletal rearrangement, and may use a spatial sensing mechanism.  (+info)

Hsp60 is targeted to a cryptic mitochondrion-derived organelle ("crypton") in the microaerophilic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. (4/13467)

Entamoeba histolytica is a microaerophilic protozoan parasite in which neither mitochondria nor mitochondrion-derived organelles have been previously observed. Recently, a segment of an E. histolytica gene was identified that encoded a protein similar to the mitochondrial 60-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp60 or chaperonin 60), which refolds nuclear-encoded proteins after passage through organellar membranes. The possible function and localization of the amebic Hsp60 were explored here. Like Hsp60 of mitochondria, amebic Hsp60 RNA and protein were both strongly induced by incubating parasites at 42 degreesC. 5' and 3' rapid amplifications of cDNA ends were used to obtain the entire E. histolytica hsp60 coding region, which predicted a 536-amino-acid Hsp60. The E. histolytica hsp60 gene protected from heat shock Escherichia coli groEL mutants, demonstrating the chaperonin function of the amebic Hsp60. The E. histolytica Hsp60, which lacked characteristic carboxy-terminal Gly-Met repeats, had a 21-amino-acid amino-terminal, organelle-targeting presequence that was cleaved in vivo. This presequence was necessary to target Hsp60 to one (and occasionally two or three) short, cylindrical organelle(s). In contrast, amebic alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and ferredoxin, which are bacteria-like enzymes, were diffusely distributed throughout the cytosol. We suggest that the Hsp60-associated, mitochondrion-derived organelle identified here be named "crypton," as its structure was previously hidden and its function is still cryptic.  (+info)

The endosome fusion regulator early-endosomal autoantigen 1 (EEA1) is a dimer. (5/13467)

EEA1, an early-endosomal protein originally identified as an autoantigen, is essential for endocytic membrane fusion. It interacts with early endosomes via binding to the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and the active form of the small GTPase Rab5. Most of the EEA1 sequence contains heptad repeats characteristic of proteins involved in coiled-coil protein-protein interactions. Here we have investigated the ability of EEA1 to self-interact. Crosslinking of cytosolic and recombinant EEA1 resulted in the disappearance of the 180-kDa monomer in SDS/PAGE and the strong appearance of a approximately 350-kDa crosslinked product. Glycerol gradient centrifugation experiments indicated that native EEA1 had the same hydrodynamic properties as the approximately 350-kDa crosslinked complex. Two-hybrid analysis indicated that N- and C-terminal fragments of EEA1 can interact with themselves, but not with each other, suggesting that EEA1 forms parallel coiled-coil dimers. The ability of the C-terminus of EEA1 to dimerize correlates with its ability to bind to Rab5 and early endosomes, whereas its binding to PtdIns3P is independent of dimerization. These data enable us to propose a model for the quaternary structure of EEA1.  (+info)

The Golgi apparatus plays a significant role in the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis in the vps33Delta vacuolar biogenesis mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (6/13467)

The vacuole is the major site of intracellular Ca2+ storage in yeast and functions to maintain cytosolic Ca2+ levels within a narrow physiological range. In this study, we examined how cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is maintained in a vps33Delta vacuolar biogenesis mutant. We found that growth of the vps33Delta strain was sensitive to high or low extracellular Ca2+. This strain could not properly regulate cytosolic Ca2+ levels and was able to retain only a small fraction of its total cellular Ca2+ in a nonexchangeable intracellular pool. Surprisingly, the vps33Delta strain contained more total cellular Ca2+ than the wild type strain. Because most cellular Ca2+ is normally found within the vacuole, this suggested that other intracellular compartments compensated for the reduced capacity to store Ca2+ within the vacuole of this strain. To test this hypothesis, we examined the contribution of the Golgi-localized Ca2+ ATPase Pmr1p in the maintenance of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. We found that a vps33Delta/pmr1Delta strain was hypersensitive to high extracellular Ca2+. In addition, certain combinations of mutations effecting both vacuolar and Golgi Ca2+ transport resulted in synthetic lethality. These results indicate that the Golgi apparatus plays a significant role in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis when vacuolar biogenesis is compromised.  (+info)

delta-Aminolevulinate synthetases in the liver cytosol fraction and mitochondria of mice treated with allylisopropylacetamide and 3,5-dicarbethoxyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine. (7/13467)

Hepatic delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthetase was induced in mice by the administration of allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) and 3,5-dicarbethoxy-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). In both cases, a significant amount of ALA synthetase accumulated in the liver cytosol fraction as well as in the mitochondria. The apparent molecular weight of the cytosol ALA synthetase was estimated to be 320,000 by gel filtration, but when the cytosol ALA synthetase was subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation, it showed a molecular weight of 110,000. In the mitochondria, there were two different sizes of ALA synthetase with molecular weights of 150,000 and 110,000, respectively; the larger enzyme was predominant in DDC-treated mice, whereas in AIA-treated mice and normal mice the enzyme existed mostly in the smaller form. When hemin was injected into mice pretreated with DDC, the molecular size of the mitochondrial ALA synthetase changed from 150,000 to 110,000. The half-life of ALA synthetase in the liver cytosol fraction was about 30 min in both the AIA-treated and DDC-treated mice. The half-life of the mitochondrial ALA synthetase in AIA-treated mice and normal mice was about 60 min, but in DDC-treated mice the half-life was as long as 150 min. The data suggest that the cytosol ALA synthetase of mouse liver is a protein complex with properties very similar to those of the cytosol ALA synthetase of rat liver, which has been shown to be composed of the enzyme active protein and two catalytically inactive binding proteins, and that ALA synthetase may be transferred from the liver cytosol fraction to the mitochondria with a size of about 150,000 daltons, followed by its conversion to enzyme with a molecular weight of 110,000 within the mitochondria. The process of intramitochondrial enzyme degradation seems to be affected in DDC-treated animals.  (+info)

Role of hypoxia-induced Bax translocation and cytochrome c release in reoxygenation injury. (8/13467)

We investigated mechanisms of cell death during hypoxia/reoxygenation of cultured kidney cells. During glucose-free hypoxia, cell ATP levels declined steeply resulting in the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria. Concurrently, there was cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Cells that leaked cytochrome c underwent apoptosis after reoxygenation. ATP depletion induced by a mitochondrial uncoupler resulted in similar alterations even in the presence of oxygen. Moreover, inclusion of glucose during hypoxia prevented protein translocations and reoxygenation injury by maintaining intracellular ATP. Thus, ATP depletion, rather than hypoxia per se, was the cause of protein translocations. Overexpression of Bcl-2 prevented cytochrome c release and reoxygenation injury without ameliorating ATP depletion or Bax translocation. On the other hand, caspase inhibitors did not prevent protein translocations, but inhibited apoptosis during reoxygenation. Nevertheless, they could not confer long-term viability, since mitochondria had been damaged. Omission of glucose during reoxygenation resulted in continued failure of ATP production, and cell death with necrotic morphology. In contrast, cells expressing Bcl-2 had functional mitochondria and remained viable during reoxygenation even without glucose. Therefore, Bax translocation during hypoxia is a molecular trigger for cell death during reoxygenation. If ATP is available during reoxygenation, apoptosis develops; otherwise, death occurs by necrosis. By preserving mitochondrial integrity, BCL-2 prevents both forms of cell death and ensures cell viability.  (+info)

The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its ... The concentrations of the other ions in cytosol are quite different from those in extracellular fluid and the cytosol also ... of the volume of the cytosol. However, measuring precisely how much protein is dissolved in cytosol in intact cells is ... and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol. The term "cytosol" ...
Cytosol+alanyl+aminopeptidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (Articles ... Cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.14, arylamidase, aminopolypeptidase, thiol-activated aminopeptidase, human liver ... aminopeptidase, puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase, soluble alanyl aminopeptidase, cytosol aminopeptidase III, alanine ...
Cytosol+non-specific+dipeptidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (Genes ... "Entrez Gene: CNDP2 carnosine dipeptidase 2". Bauer K (1998). "Cytosol non-specific dipeptidase". In Barrett AJ, Rawlings ND, ...
In 1965, Lardy introduced the term "cytosol", later redefined to refer to the liquid inside cells. By the time Huxley wrote, a ... cytosol (Lardy, 1965). The word "protoplasm" comes from the Greek protos for first, and plasma for thing formed, and was ...
323-. ISBN 978-0-323-14666-1. Baulieu EE, Jung I (February 1970). "A prostatic cytosol receptor". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun ...
Once in the cytosol, the malate is oxidized back to oxaloacetate by cytosolic malate dehydrogenase. Finally, ... Lodola A, Shore JD, Parker DM, Holbrook J (December 1978). "Malate dehydrogenase of the cytosol. A kinetic investigation of the ...
Metz RJ, Radin NS (May 1980). "Glucosylceramide uptake protein from spleen cytosol". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 255 ( ...
These reactions occur in the cytosol. Synthesis Palmitic acid Coenzyme A Coenzyme A CoA Brady, R.N.; DiMari, S.J.; Snell, E.E ... The activation of fatty acids occurs in the cytosol and beta-oxidation occurs in the mitochondria. However, long chain fatty ...
Calcium enters the cytosol after death. Calcium is released into the cytosol due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic ... Once calcium is introduced into the cytosol, it binds to the troponin of thin filaments, which causes the troponin-tropomyosin ... Also, the breakdown of the sarcolemma causes additional calcium to enter the cytosol. The calcium activates the formation of ...
This enzyme has 8 helical domains anchoring it in the Golgi membrane of the ER; the catalytic domain is in the cytosol. It is ... All steps occur in the cytosol. The starting material is citrate, which is exported by the mitochondrion when metabolic fuels ... although there appear to be no studies on export of citrate or other metabolites from the mitochondrion into the cytosol, or ...
In the cytosol of epithelial cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined back into triglycerides. In the cytosol of ... Triglyceride biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol. The precursor for fatty acids is acetyl-CoA and it occurs in the cytosol of ... In the cytosol of the cell (for example a muscle cell), the glycerol will be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is ... 70% of cholesterol biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol of liver cells.[citation needed] Lipid metabolism disorders (including ...
... this fraction contains cytosol and microsomes." The S9 fraction consists of two components: the microsomes component which ...
Kim DH, Yang YS, Jakoby WB (1990). "Nonserine esterases from rat liver cytosol". Protein Expr. Purif. 1 (1): 19-27. doi:10.1016 ...
Heyns, W.; G., Verhoeven; De Moor, P. (1976). "Androgen binding in rat uterus cytosol. Study of the specificity". Journal of ...
... this fraction contains cytosol and microsomes." The microsomes component of the S9 fraction contain cytochrome P450 isoforms ( ...
Heyns, W.; G., Verhoeven; De Moor, P. (1976). "Androgen binding in rat uterus cytosol. Study of the specificity". Journal of ...
Heyns W, Verhoeven G, De Moor P (May 1976). "Androgen binding in rat uterus cytosol. Study of the specificity". Journal of ...
This protein is located in the cytosol. NQO1 enzyme expression can be induced by dioxin and inhibited by dicoumarol. This gene ... quinone oxidoreductase and conjugation by acetyltransferases and sulfotransferases in human hepatic cytosols". Cancer Research ...
Kim DH, Yang YS, Jakoby WB (1990). "Aspirin hydrolyzing esterases from rat liver cytosol". Biochem. Pharmacol. 40 (3): 481-7. ...
Distinct molecular forms in mitochondria and cytosol". J. Biol. Chem. 254 (7): 2180-3. PMID 218928. Portal: Biology v t e (EC ...
The contents of the cytosol change based on the needs of the cell. Not to be confused with the cytoplasm, the cytosol is only ... The cytosol makes up the semifluid portion of the endoplasm, in which materials are suspended. It is a concentrated aqueous gel ... Cytosol contains predominantly water, but also has a complex mixture of large hydrophilic molecules, smaller molecules and ... The endoplasm's granules are suspended in cytosol. The term granule refers to a small particle within the endoplasm, typically ...
The liberated carnitine returns to the cytosol. It is important to note that carnitine acyltransferase I undergoes allosteric ... impermeable to fatty acids and a specialized carnitine carrier system operates to transport activated fatty acids from cytosol ...
Roach PD, Palmer FB (1981). "Human erythrocyte cytosol phosphatidyl-inositol-bisphosphate phosphatase". Biochim. Biophys. Acta ...
Once in the cytosol, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate again using NAD+. Then oxaloacetate remains in the cytosol, where the ... In the cytosol there are fumarate molecules. Fumarate can be transformed into malate by the actions of the enzyme fumarase. ...
"Endosome-to-cytosol transport of viral nucleocapsids". Nature Cell Biology. 7 (7): 653-664. doi:10.1038/ncb1269. ISSN 1465-7392 ... "The ESCRT-I subunit TSG101 controls endosome-to-cytosol release of viral RNA". Traffic. 9 (12): 2279-2290. doi:10.1111/j.1600- ...
Synthesis of the subunits occurs in the cytosol. Folding of the β-subunit is thought to be aided by the chaperone CCT ( ...
Sachs L, Marks N (September 1982). "A highly specific aminotripeptidase of rat brain cytosol. Substrate specificity and effects ... Doumeng C, Maroux S (March 1979). "Aminotripeptidase, a cytosol enzyme from rabbit intestinal mucosa". The Biochemical Journal ...
de Vries, Jan; Christa, Gregor; Gould, Sven B. (2014). "Plastid survival in the cytosol of animal cells". Trends in Plant ...
Sitaramayya A, Wright LS, Siegel FL (1980). "Enzymatic methylation of calmodulin in rat brain cytosol". J. Biol. Chem. 255 (18 ...
The encoded protein is predicted to have a subcellular location within the cytosol. In the DNA, C6orf62 is 12,529 base pairs ... It is located subcellularly localized throughout the cytosol. C6orf62 is broadly expressed within the human body, however, its ...
Ferritin levels in both the sera and the tissue cytosols … ... Cytosol and serum ferritin in breast carcinoma G Güner 1 , G ... Cytosol and serum ferritin in breast carcinoma G Güner et al. Cancer Lett. 1992. . ... Ferritin levels in both the sera and the tissue cytosols were measured by an enzyme immunoassay method, while total proteins ... No significant difference has been determined for serum ferritin between any of the groups studied, while the tissue cytosol ...
Value: StateVariable.c. Type: StateVariable Description: Specifies whether to use the initial value of variable c or n. The initial values are mutually exclusive.. ...
Tracing compartmentalized NADPH metabolism in the cytosol and mitochondria of mammalian cells Caroline A Lewis 1 , Seth J ... Tracing compartmentalized NADPH metabolism in the cytosol and mitochondria of mammalian cells Caroline A Lewis et al. Mol Cell. ... B) Mutant IDH1-R132H is localized to the cytosol (mtIDH1-C) and mutant IDH2-R172K is localized to the mitochondria (mtIDH2-M) ... Figure 5. Characterizing serine/glycine metabolism in the cytosol/mitochondria A) Serine (left panel) and glycine (right panel ...
E3 ligases in proteasomal degradation [cytosol] (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) * UFD2 [cytosol] (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ... E3 ligases in proteasomal degradation [cytosol] (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) * UFD2 [cytosol] (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ... E3:K48-polyubiquitinated substrate [cytosol] (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) * ...
CRMPs tetramers [cytosol] (Homo sapiens) * CRMPs 1-5 [cytosol] (Homo sapiens) * CRMP1 [cytosol] (Homo sapiens) ... CRMPs tetramers [cytosol] (Homo sapiens) * CRMPs 1-5 [cytosol] (Homo sapiens) * CRMP1 [cytosol] (Homo sapiens) ...
Evaluation of Acetonitrile Precipitation as a Method for Separating Small from High Molecular Mass Proteins in Cytosol from MCF ... Evaluation of Acetonitrile Precipitation as a Method for Separating Small from High Molecular Mass Proteins in Cytosol from MCF ...
Sekine, S., Youle, R.J. PINK1 import regulation; a fine system to convey mitochondrial stress to the cytosol. BMC Biol 16, 2 ( ... Thus, in healthy mitochondria, PINK1 is cleaved by PARL soon after import and retro-translocated to the cytosol, where it is ... Cleaved PINK1 is retro-translocated into the cytosol and constitutively degraded by the proteasome via the N-end rule pathway. ... PINK1 import regulation; a fine system to convey mitochondrial stress to the cytosol. *Shiori Sekine1 & ...
A conserved family of proteins facilitates nascent lipid droplet budding from the ER into the cytosol. Thursday, September 17, ...
cytosol. 3D Animation Captures Viral Infection in Action Posted on August 1st, 2023. by Lawrence Tabak, D.D.S., Ph.D. ... cytosol, endosome, FASEB, global health, glycoprotein, imaging, infection, mosquito-borne illnesses, structural biology, ... ubiquitous bubble-like compartments that transport material from outside the cell into the cytosol, the fluid part of the ...
Status of YopM and YopN in the Yersinia Yop virulon: YopM of Y.enterocolitica is internalized inside the cytosol of PU5-1.8 ... Status of YopM and YopN in the Yersinia Yop virulon: YopM of Y.enterocolitica is internalized inside the cytosol of PU5-1.8 ...
Caveolin-1 and -3 dissociations from caveolae to cytosol in the heart during aging and after myocardial infarction in rat.. ... 3 dissociations from caveolae to cytosol in the heart during aging and after myocardial infarction in rat.. Cardiovascular ...
Spatial heterogeneity of the cytosol revealed by machine learning-based 3D particle tracking. ... Thus, the physical properties of the cytosol vary substantially in time and space and can be a source of heterogeneity within ... Spatial heterogeneity of the cytosol revealed by machine learning-based 3D particle tracking. Journal Article (Journal Article ... The spatial structure and physical properties of the cytosol are not well understood. Measurements of the material state of the ...
Can choose the liver microsomes and liver S9 fractions from a variety of ...
Home / Cytosol Stains. Cytosol Stains. The cytosol or cytoplasm is the liquid found inside cells, and is composed with a ... The cytosol stains are useful probes to monitor cell morphology and location for cell proliferation and viability studies. ...
name: cytosol. namespace: cellular_component. def: "The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does ... xref: Wikipedia:Cytosol. is_a: GO:0110165 ! cellular anatomical entity. relationship: part_of: GO:0005737 ! cytoplasm. AmiGO , ... Pages in category "GO:0005829 ! cytosol". The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 3,189 total. ... Retrieved from "https://gowiki.tamu.edu/wiki/index.php?title=Category:GO:0005829_!_cytosol&oldid=6034265" ...
b, c The ROS production in the cytosol of the pDCs purified from C57BL/6, NOX1−/−, and NOX2−/− (b) or C57BL/6 and NOX1/2−/− (c ... Ag export to the cytosol by FRET. The protocol has been described in detail in Keller et al.48. Briefly, the purified pDCs were ... Activation of pDCs by the TLR7 ligand leads to a high endosomal pH and Ag protection and transport to the cytosol. a Purified ... a ROS production in the cytosol of C57BL/6 pDCs was measured by the quantification of the DCFDA fluorescence. The pDCs were ...
Porphyria is a predominantly inherited metabolic disorder, resulting from a deficiency of an enzyme in the heme production pathway, and overproduction of toxic heme precursors. Eight different enzymes are involved in the pathway, and deficiencies of the second to eighth enzyme result in a family of disorders with various, and often overlappin...
Agrawal A, Bhattacharya S. Appearance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum and liver cytosol of cadmium-treated rats. Indian ... Appearance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum and liver cytosol of cadmium-treated rats. ... in white rat was found to be associated with the appearance of CRP in liver cytosol after 8 hr and in serum after 18 hr of ...
neutrophil cytosol factor 1: A. SMTL:PDB. SMTL Chain Id:. PDB Chain Id:. A. A ...
The study reports two novel proteins that could act as autoantigens in autoimmune hypophysitis. Further studies are needed to validate their pathogenic role and diagnostic utility.
located_in cytosol IDA Inferred from Direct Assay. more info. located_in cytosol TAS Traceable Author Statement. more info ...
Protein involved in 5.8S rRNA processing; Ccr4p-like RNase required for correct 3-end formation of 5.8S rRNA at site E; similar to Ngl1p and ...
CCV spikes directly contact the cell cytosol; viral spikes, barely visible as a faint fuzz, contact the vacuole contents. Cross ...
Some are targeted to the cytosol and some to the mitochondria.. Youll use the creatine kinase genes and their products in ...
So in summary, so HIV-1 RNA, in particular, in intron-containing RNA in the cytosol which is exported by this CRM1-dependent ... It is inside the platelet but away from the cytosol. And typically, platelet activation is linked with this uptake of HIV. If ... And KPD, once again is a CRM1 inhibitor that blocks nuclear export of intron-containing RNA into the cytosol, including the ... into the cytosol. So when it expressed this Rev mutant, which cannot do this job, so which is deficient for intron-containing ...
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the sulfation of 4-hydroxypropranolol enantiomers by monkey liver cytosol. ... High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the sulfation of 4-hydroxypropranolol enantiomers by monkey liver cytosol ...
neutrophil cytosol factor 2. *NOXA2. *P67-PHOX. *P67PHOX. Additional Information & Resources. Tests Listed in the Genetic ...
  • Some are targeted to the cytosol and some to the mitochondria. (nih.gov)
  • IMSEAR at SEARO: Appearance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum and liver cytosol of cadmium-treated rats. (who.int)
  • Cadmium injection (less than 3 mg/kg body weight) in white rat was found to be associated with the appearance of CRP in liver cytosol after 8 hr and in serum after 18 hr of injection. (who.int)
  • In this study, we found that several polychlorobiphenylols (OH-PCBs) inhibited the sulfonation of 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH-BaP) by human liver cytosol and some cDNA-expressed sulfotransferases. (nih.gov)
  • The conventional pathway for MHC class I antigen presentation includes proteasomal degradation in the cytosol of APC and transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-mediated delivery of peptides into the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum. (frontiersin.org)
  • At 10 seconds, the virus then enters an endosome, ubiquitous bubble-like compartments that transport material from outside the cell into the cytosol, the fluid part of the cytoplasm. (nih.gov)
  • The cytosol or cytoplasm is the liquid found inside cells, and is composed with a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. (vitrovivo.com)
  • Cytosolic iron chaperones: Proteins delivering iron cofactors in the cytosol of mammalian cells. (nih.gov)
  • Special delivery: distributing iron in the cytosol of mammalian cells. (nih.gov)
  • Ferritin levels in both the sera and the tissue cytosols were measured by an enzyme immunoassay method, while total proteins were assayed by Lowry's procedure and the ferritin concentrations given in ng ferritin/mg cytosol protein. (nih.gov)
  • Evaluation of Acetonitrile Precipitation as a Method for Separating Small from High Molecular Mass Proteins in Cytosol from MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. (umd.edu)
  • 0.15 microM, 3-OH-BaP inhibited its own sulfonation in cytosol fractions that were genotyped for SULT1A1 variants, as well as with expressed SULT1A1*1, SULT1A1*2, and SULT1E1, but not with SULT1A3 or SULT1B1. (nih.gov)
  • After their capture by endocytosis or phagocytosis, Ags are transferred from the endocytic compartments to the cytosol where they are degraded by the proteasome into 8-9 amino acid peptides. (nature.com)
  • The specific mechanisms are still debated but may involve export of endocytosed antigen into the cytosol for further degradation and loading of peptides on MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum or in endosomes ( 10 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • No significant difference has been determined for serum ferritin between any of the groups studied, while the tissue cytosol ferritins were found to be 91.6 +/- 50.9, 565.0 +/- 48.3, 142.7 +/- 93.3, 683.3 +/- 212.9 and 655.5 +/- 100.4 ng/mg cytosol protein for the benign, malign (global), malign (stage I), malign (stage II) and malign (stage III) groups, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • The mean cytosol concentration of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was significantly higher in the breast cancer specimens than in the tissue of patients with benign breast diseases. (imrpress.com)
  • We detected zones where GEMs display especially low diffusivity at hyphal tips and near some nuclei, showing that the physical state of the cytosol varies spatially within a single cell. (duke.edu)
  • The cytosol stains are useful probes to monitor cell morphology and location for cell proliferation and viability studies. (vitrovivo.com)
  • Thus, the physical properties of the cytosol vary substantially in time and space and can be a source of heterogeneity within individual cells and across populations. (duke.edu)
  • As the sequential interaction of neoplastic cells with the endothelium of tumor neovascularisation is believed to be essential for tumor meta-stasizing processes, we analysed the concentration of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the cytosol of patients with human breast cancers and their corresponding sera. (imrpress.com)
  • Following internalization into epithelial cells, the bacteria either remain within a membrane bound vacuole, the Salmonella -Containing Vacuole (SCV), or escape into the cytosol. (nih.gov)
  • In epithelial cells, Salmonella can replicate within the membrane bound SCV or within the cytosol. (nih.gov)
  • These studies have shown that replication in the cytosol occurs more rapidly than in the SCV, at least in epithelial cells. (nih.gov)
  • This could be found not only in the tumor cytosol but also in the correspon-ding sera of the patients. (imrpress.com)
  • Using this pipeline to analyze spatial diffusivity patterns, we found that there is substantial variability in the properties of the cytosol. (duke.edu)
  • Is the Subject Area "Cytosol" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • Measurements of the material state of the cytosol are challenging due to its spatial and temporal heterogeneity. (duke.edu)
  • In vitro half-life data were collected by performing in-house experiments in mouse (CD-1 male) and human (mixed gender) cytosol fractions. (nih.gov)
  • 0.15 microM, 3-OH-BaP inhibited its own sulfonation in cytosol fractions that were genotyped for SULT1A1 variants, as well as with expressed SULT1A1*1, SULT1A1*2, and SULT1E1, but not with SULT1A3 or SULT1B1. (nih.gov)
  • Feb. 14, 2006 - The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has requested the recall of all brands and sizes of balanced salt solution (made by Cytosol Laboratories, Inc), due to the presence of elevated endotoxin levels in some lots. (medscape.com)