Cytoplasm. Medical search

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at the NUCLEAR PORE.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

A family of proteins involved in NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC TRANSPORT. Karyopherins are heteromeric molecules composed two major types of components, ALPHA KARYOPHERINS and BETA KARYOPHERINS, that function together to transport molecules through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Several other proteins such as RAN GTP BINDING PROTEIN and CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN bind to karyopherins and participate in the transport process.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.

Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Specific amino acid sequences present in the primary amino acid sequence of proteins which mediate their export from the CELL NUCLEUS. They are rich in hydrophobic residues, such as LEUCINE and ISOLEUCINE.

Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The membrane system of the CELL NUCLEUS that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the nuclear pores (NUCLEAR PORE).

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The movement of CYTOPLASM within a CELL. It serves as an internal transport system for moving essential substances throughout the cell, and in single-celled organisms, such as the AMOEBA, it is responsible for the movement (CELL MOVEMENT) of the entire cell.

Proteins involved in the process of transporting molecules in and out the cell nucleus. Included here are: NUCLEOPORINS, which are membrane proteins that form the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX; KARYOPHERINS, which carry molecules through the nuclear pore complex; and proteins that play a direct role in the transport of karyopherin complexes through the nuclear pore complex.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

An organization of cells into an organ-like structure. Organoids can be generated in culture. They are also found in certain neoplasms.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Condensed areas of cellular material that may be bounded by a membrane.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A generic term for any circumscribed mass of foreign (e.g., lead or viruses) or metabolically inactive materials (e.g., ceroid or MALLORY BODIES), within the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell. Inclusion bodies are in cells infected with certain filtrable viruses, observed especially in nerve, epithelial, or endothelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

A genus of ameboid protozoa. Characteristics include a vesicular nucleus and the formation of several lodopodia, one of which is dominant at a given time. Reproduction occurs asexually by binary fission.

Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

An opening through the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the CELL NUCLEUS and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel.

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A monomeric GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins into the nucleus and RNA into the cytoplasm. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Proteins that form the structure of the NUCLEAR PORE. They are involved in active, facilitated and passive transport of molecules in and out of the CELL NUCLEUS.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

An area showing altered staining behavior in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell. Some inclusion bodies represent "virus factories" in which viral nucleic acid or protein is being synthesized; others are merely artifacts of fixation and staining. One example, Negri bodies, are found in the cytoplasm or processes of nerve cells in animals that have died from rabies.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Nucleocytoplasmic transport molecules that bind to ALPHA KARYOPHERINS in the CYTOSOL and are involved in transport of molecules through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Once inside the CELL NUCLEUS beta karyopherins interact with RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN and dissociate from alpha karyopherins. Beta karyopherins bound to RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN are then re-transported to the cytoplasm where hydrolysis of the GTP of RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN causes release of karyopherin beta.

The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The process of moving specific RNA molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The space between the inner and outer membranes of a cell that is shared with the cell wall.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

A form of interference microscopy in which variations of the refracting index in the object are converted into variations of intensity in the image. This is achieved by the action of a phase plate.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)

A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.

Fibers composed of MICROFILAMENT PROTEINS, which are predominately ACTIN. They are the smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A method used to study the lateral movement of MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. A small area of a cell membrane is bleached by laser light and the amount of time necessary for unbleached fluorescent marker-tagged proteins to diffuse back into the bleached site is a measurement of the cell membrane's fluidity. The diffusion coefficient of a protein or lipid in the membrane can be calculated from the data. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995).

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

Trans-acting nuclear proteins whose functional expression are required for retroviral replication. Specifically, the rev gene products are required for processing and translation of the gag and env mRNAs, and thus rev regulates the expression of the viral structural proteins. rev can also regulate viral regulatory proteins. A cis-acting antirepression sequence (CAR) in env, also known as the rev-responsive element (RRE), is responsive to the rev gene product. rev is short for regulator of virion.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Nucleocytoplasmic transport molecules that bind to the NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNALS of cytoplasmic molecules destined to be imported into the CELL NUCLEUS. Once attached to their cargo they bind to BETA KARYOPHERINS and are transported through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Inside the CELL NUCLEUS alpha karyopherins dissociate from beta karypherins and their cargo. They then form a complex with CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN and RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN which is exported to the CYTOPLASM.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

The area within CELLS.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

A family of RNA-binding proteins that are homologues of ELAV protein, Drosophila. They were initially identified in humans as the targets of autoantibodies in patients with PARANEOPLASTIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. They are thought to regulate GENE EXPRESSION at the post-transcriptional level.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

Identification and measurement of ELEMENTS and their location based on the fact that X-RAYS emitted by an element excited by an electron beam have a wavelength characteristic of that element and an intensity related to its concentration. It is performed with an electron microscope fitted with an x-ray spectrometer, in scanning or transmission mode.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

The segregation and degradation of damaged or unwanted cytoplasmic constituents by autophagic vacuoles (cytolysosomes) composed of LYSOSOMES containing cellular components in the process of digestion; it plays an important role in BIOLOGICAL METAMORPHOSIS of amphibians, in the removal of bone by osteoclasts, and in the degradation of normal cell components in nutritional deficiency states.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

A large family of signal-transducing adaptor proteins present in wide variety of eukaryotes. They are PHOSPHOSERINE and PHOSPHOTHREONINE binding proteins involved in important cellular processes including SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; CELL CYCLE control; APOPTOSIS; and cellular stress responses. 14-3-3 proteins function by interacting with other signal-transducing proteins and effecting changes in their enzymatic activity and subcellular localization. The name 14-3-3 derives from numerical designations used in the original fractionation patterns of the proteins.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

A family of ribonucleoproteins that were originally found as proteins bound to nascent RNA transcripts in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles. Although considered ribonucleoproteins they are primarily classified by their protein component. They are involved in a variety of processes such as packaging of RNA and RNA TRANSPORT within the nucleus. A subset of heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins are involved in additional functions such as nucleocytoplasmic transport (ACTIVE TRANSPORT, CELL NUCLEUS) of RNA and mRNA stability in the CYTOPLASM.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Methods of implanting a CELL NUCLEUS from a donor cell into an enucleated acceptor cell.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

Proteins encoded by the REV GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

Specific receptors for glucocorticoid in the cytoplasm of the liver of AH 130 tumor-bearing rats. (1/19290)

Specific receptors for dexamethasone (11beta, 17alpha, 21-trihydroxy-9alpha-fluoro-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) in the cytoplasm of the liver from AH 130 (solid type) tumor-bearing rats markedly increased in the advanced stage of tumor growth. The cytoplasmic receptors of the livers of normal and tumor-bearing rats differed in their affinities for dexamethasone, and their apparent equilibrium (dissociation) constants (K) for dexamethasone were 4.0 and 2.6 X 10(-9) M, respectively. The rates of dissociation of dexamethasone-receptor complexes and the heat denaturations of the receptors in the livers of normal and tumor-bearing rats were similar. The glucocorticoid receptors of tumor-bearing rat liver had slightly higher affinities than did those of normal liver for all the steroids tested. Only a trace amount of receptors for dexamethasone could be detected in the cytoplasm of AH 130 ascites cells. (+info)

The effects of glucocorticoids and progesterone on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (2/19290)

Glucocorticoids, at physiological concentration, inhibit cell division and thymidine incorporation in three lines of human breast cancer maintained in long-term tissue culture. At steroid concentrations sufficient to inhibit thymidine incorporation 50%, little or no effect is seen on protein synthesis 48 hr after hormone addition. All three of these lines are shown to have glucocorticoid receptors demonstrable by competitive protein binding assays. Receptors are extensively characterized in one line by sucrose density gradient analysis and binding specificity studies. Good correlation between receptor-binding specificity and biological activity is found except for progesterone, which binds to glucocorticoid receptor but is noninhibitory. Cross-competition and quantification studies demonstrate a separate receptor for progesterone. This receptor has limited binding specificities restricted largely to progestational agents, whereas the glucocorticoid receptor bound both glucocorticoids and progesterone. Two other human breast cancer lines neither contain glucocorticoid receptor nor are inhibited by glucocorticoids. It is concluded that in some cases glucocorticoids can directly limit growth in human breast cancer in vitro without requiring alterations in other trophic hormones. (+info)

The effects of androgens and antiandrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (3/19290)

We have examined five human breast cancer cell lines in continuous tissue culture for androgen responsiveness. One of these cell lines shows a 2- to 4-fold stimulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA, apparent as early as 10 hr following androgen addition to cells incubated in serum-free medium. This stimulation is accompanied by an acceleration in cell replication. Antiandrogens [cyproterone acetate (6-chloro-17alpha-acetate-1,2alpha-methylene-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) and R2956 (17beta-hydroxy-2,2,17alpha-trimethoxyestra-4,9,11-triene-1-one)] inhibit both protein and DNA synthesis below control levels and block androgen-mediated stimulation. Prolonged incubation (greater than 72 hr) in antiandrogen is lethal. The MCF- cell line contains high-affinity receptors for androgenic steroids demonstrable by sucrose density gradients and competitive protein binding analysis. By cross-competition studies, androgen receptors are distinguishable from estrogen receptors also found in this cell line. Concentrations of steroid that saturate androgen receptor sites in vitro are about 1000 times lower than concentrations that maximally stimulate the cells. Changes in quantity and affinity of androgen binding to intact cells at 37 degrees as compared with usual binding techniques using cytosol preparation at 0 degrees do not explain this difference between dissociation of binding and effect. However, this difference can be explained by conversion of [3H]-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to 5alpha-androstanediol and more polar metabolites at 37 degrees. An examination of incubation media, cytoplasmic extracts and crude nuclear pellets reveals probable conversion of [3H]testosterone to [3H]-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Our data provide compelling evidence that some human breast cancer, at least in vitro, may be androgen dependent. (+info)

The splicing factor-associated protein, p32, regulates RNA splicing by inhibiting ASF/SF2 RNA binding and phosphorylation. (4/19290)

The cellular protein p32 was isolated originally as a protein tightly associated with the essential splicing factor ASF/SF2 during its purification from HeLa cells. ASF/SF2 is a member of the SR family of splicing factors, which stimulate constitutive splicing and regulate alternative RNA splicing in a positive or negative fashion, depending on where on the pre-mRNA they bind. Here we present evidence that p32 interacts with ASF/SF2 and SRp30c, another member of the SR protein family. We further show that p32 inhibits ASF/SF2 function as both a splicing enhancer and splicing repressor protein by preventing stable ASF/SF2 interaction with RNA, but p32 does not block SRp30c function. ASF/SF2 is highly phosphorylated in vivo, a modification required for stable RNA binding and protein-protein interaction during spliceosome formation, and this phosphorylation, either through HeLa nuclear extracts or through specific SR protein kinases, is inhibited by p32. Our results suggest that p32 functions as an ASF/SF2 inhibitory factor, regulating ASF/SF2 RNA binding and phosphorylation. These findings place p32 into a new group of proteins that control RNA splicing by sequestering an essential RNA splicing factor into an inhibitory complex. (+info)

A premature termination codon interferes with the nuclear function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner. (5/19290)

Premature translation termination codon (PTC)-mediated effects on nuclear RNA processing have been shown to be associated with a number of human genetic diseases; however, how these PTCs mediate such effects in the nucleus is unclear. A PTC at nucleotide (nt) 2018 that lies adjacent to the 5' element of a bipartite exon splicing enhancer within the NS2-specific exon of minute virus of mice P4 promoter-generated pre-mRNA caused a decrease in the accumulated levels of P4-generated R2 mRNA relative to P4-generated R1 mRNA, although the total accumulated levels of P4 product remained the same. This effect was seen in nuclear RNA and was independent of RNA stability. The 5' and 3' elements of the bipartite NS2-specific exon enhancer are redundant in function, and when the 2018 PTC was combined with a deletion of the 3' enhancer element, the exon was skipped in the majority of the viral P4-generated product. Such exon skipping in response to a PTC, but not a missense mutation at nt 2018, could be suppressed by frame shift mutations in either exon of NS2 which reopened the NS2 open reading frame, as well as by improvement of the upstream intron 3' splice site. These results suggest that a PTC can interfere with the function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner and that the PTC is recognized in the nucleus. (+info)

The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway stimulates mos mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation during Xenopus oocyte maturation. (6/19290)

The Mos protein kinase is a key regulator of vertebrate oocyte maturation. Oocyte-specific Mos protein expression is subject to translational control. In the frog Xenopus, the translation of Mos protein requires the progesterone-induced polyadenylation of the maternal Mos mRNA, which is present in the oocyte cytoplasm. Both the Xenopus p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and maturation-promoting factor (MPF) signaling pathways have been proposed to mediate progesterone-stimulated oocyte maturation. In this study, we have determined the relative contributions of the MAPK and MPF signaling pathways to Mos mRNA polyadenylation. We report that progesterone-induced Mos mRNA polyadenylation was attenuated in oocytes expressing the MAPK phosphatase rVH6. Moreover, inhibition of MAPK signaling blocked progesterone-induced Mos protein accumulation. Activation of the MAPK pathway by injection of RNA encoding Mos was sufficient to induce both the polyadenylation of synthetic Mos mRNA substrates and the accumulation of endogenous Mos protein in the absence of MPF signaling. Activation of MPF, by injection of cyclin B1 RNA or purified cyclin B1 protein, also induced both Mos protein accumulation and Mos mRNA polyadenylation. However, this action of MPF required MAPK activity. By contrast, the cytoplasmic polyadenylation of maternal cyclin B1 mRNA was stimulated by MPF in a MAPK-independent manner, thus revealing a differential regulation of maternal mRNA polyadenylation by the MAPK and MPF signaling pathways. We propose that MAPK-stimulated Mos mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation is a key component of the positive-feedback loop, which contributes to the all-or-none process of oocyte maturation. (+info)

In vivo chaperone activity of heat shock protein 70 and thermotolerance. (7/19290)

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is thought to play a critical role in the thermotolerance of mammalian cells, presumably due to its chaperone activity. We examined the chaperone activity and cellular heat resistance of a clonal cell line in which overexpression of Hsp70 was transiently induced by means of the tetracycline-regulated gene expression system. This single-cell-line approach circumvents problems associated with clonal variation and indirect effects resulting from constitutive overexpression of Hsp70. The in vivo chaperone function of Hsp70 was quantitatively investigated by using firefly luciferase as a reporter protein. Chaperone activity was found to strictly correlate to the level of Hsp70 expression. In addition, we observed an Hsp70 concentration dependent increase in the cellular heat resistance. In order to study the contribution of the Hsp70 chaperone activity, heat resistance of cells that expressed tetracycline-regulated Hsp70 was compared to thermotolerant cells expressing the same level of Hsp70 plus all of the other heat shock proteins. Overexpression of Hsp70 alone was sufficient to induce a similar recovery of cytoplasmic luciferase activity, as does expression of all Hsps in thermotolerant cells. However, when the luciferase reporter protein was directed to the nucleus, expression of Hsp70 alone was not sufficient to yield the level of recovery observed in thermotolerant cells. In addition, cells expressing the same level of Hsp70 found in heat-induced thermotolerant cells containing additional Hsps showed increased resistance to thermal killing but were more sensitive than thermotolerant cells. These results suggest that the inducible form of Hsp70 contributes to the stress-tolerant state by increasing the chaperone activity in the cytoplasm. However, its expression alone is apparently insufficient for protection of other subcellular compartments to yield clonal heat resistance to the level observed in thermotolerant cells. (+info)

NMD3 encodes an essential cytoplasmic protein required for stable 60S ribosomal subunits in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (8/19290)

A mutation in NMD3 was found to be lethal in the absence of XRN1, which encodes the major cytoplasmic exoribonuclease responsible for mRNA turnover. Molecular genetic analysis of NMD3 revealed that it is an essential gene required for stable 60S ribosomal subunits. Cells bearing a temperature-sensitive allele of NMD3 had decreased levels of 60S subunits at the nonpermissive temperature which resulted in the formation of half-mer polysomes. Pulse-chase analysis of rRNA biogenesis indicated that 25S rRNA was made and processed with kinetics similar to wild-type kinetics. However, the mature RNA was rapidly degraded, with a half-life of 4 min. Nmd3p fractionated as a cytoplasmic protein and sedimented in the position of free 60S subunits in sucrose gradients. These results suggest that Nmd3p is a cytoplasmic factor required for a late cytoplasmic assembly step of the 60S subunit but is not a ribosomal protein. Putative orthologs of Nmd3p exist in Drosophila, in nematodes, and in archaebacteria but not in eubacteria. The Nmd3 protein sequence does not contain readily recognizable motifs of known function. However, these proteins all have an amino-terminal domain containing four repeats of Cx2C, reminiscent of zinc-binding proteins, implicated in nucleic acid binding or protein oligomerization. (+info)

Alternative term for cytoplasm or cytoplasm and nucleoplasm Syncytium - Type of multinucleate cell Shepherd VA (2006). The ... The cytoplasm, mitochondria, and most organelles are contributions to the cell from the maternal gamete. Contrary to the older ... The cytoplasm is about 80% water and is usually colorless. The submicroscopic ground cell substance or cytoplasmic matrix which ... A papers suggested that at length scale smaller than 100 nm, the cytoplasm acts like a liquid, while in a larger length scale, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm

The abbreviation Cvt comes from the emphasis Cytoplasm vacuole targeting, not from Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting. Lynch-Day MA ... Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) is an autophagy-related pathway in yeast. Under vegetative conditions it delivers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm-to-vacuole_targeting

Filled with cytoplasm, pseudopodia primarily consist of actin filaments and may also contain microtubules and intermediate ... "Pseudopodium , cytoplasm". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-12-16. Chengappa P; et al. (2018). "Chapter Seven - ... thin pseudopods supported by complex microtubule arrays enveloped with cytoplasm; they respond rapidly to physical contact. ... are narrow pseudopodia containing complex arrays of microtubules enveloped by cytoplasm. Axopodia are mostly responsible for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopodia

Cytoplasm. Auckland. Tree of Life. (2013). McClelland Sculpture Park, Langwarrin, Victoria, Australia. Ratytus. McClelland ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Price_(sculptor)

... eukarya cytoplasm; u = universal. Older nomenclature often have the order reversed, so that "bS1" becomes S1b or S1p (for " ... "prokaryote"). B = bacteria (+organelle); A = archaea; E = eukarya cytoplasm Alpha operon ribosome binding site Ribosomal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_protein

ISBN 978-0-19-857344-9. Harris, Henry (1968). Nucleus and Cytoplasm. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854125-7. Harris, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Harris_(scientist)

The plasma (cytoplasm; the main part of the capsule) half-life of Tepoxalin is 4-8 hours, although the entire metabolite half- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepoxalin

Its definition has been revised by Landau et al to contain only those species with a white/blue globule in the cytoplasm. ... They contain scanty cytoplasm. Gametocytes are elongated. Sexual stages in this subgenus resemble those of Haemoproteus. ... can be found in the cytoplasm. Corradetti A.; Garnham P. C. C.; Laird M. (1963). "New classification of the avian malaria ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novyella

They contain scanty cytoplasm. Gametocytes are elongated. Sexual stages in this subgenus resemble those of Haemoproteus. A ... Bennettinia Schizonts contain scant cytoplasm, are often round, do not exceed the size of the host nucleus and stick to it. ... Giovannolaia Schizonts contain plentiful cytoplasm, are larger than the host cell nucleus and frequently displace it. They are ... Huffia Mature schizonts, while varying in shape and size, contain plentiful cytoplasm and are commonly found in immature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Plasmodium_species

It has abundant cytoplasm. This parasite occurs in the United States. Hosts of this species include the bald eagle (Haliaeetus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_polare

Cytoplasm Endoplasm "Paramecium Coloring". www.biologycorner.com. Retrieved 23 April 2018. Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall. ... is the non-granulated outer part of a cell's cytoplasm, while endoplasm is its often granulated inner layer. It is clear, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoplasm_(cell_biology)

... "aqueous cytoplasm" has been used to describe the liquid contents of the cytoplasm of living cells. Prior to this, other terms, ... The term cytosol is now used to refer to the liquid phase of the cytoplasm in an intact cell. This excludes any part of the ... The viscosity of cytoplasm is roughly the same as pure water, although diffusion of small molecules through this liquid is ... In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is surrounded by the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosol

Sonneborn TM (April 1950). "The cytoplasm in heredity". Heredity. 4 (1): 11-36. doi:10.1038/hdy.1950.2. PMID 15415003. Bertani ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilome

Preer JR (March 2006). "Sonneborn and the cytoplasm". Genetics. 172 (3): 1373-7. doi:10.1093/genetics/172.3.1373. PMC 1456306. ... or the liquid cytoplasm, but in the cortical structure of the surface of the ciliates. Preexisting cell surface structures ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_inheritance

The cytoplasm may look transparent because of fine granules that are pale lilac when stained. Neutrophils are active in ... The cytoplasm is full of granules that assume a characteristic pink-orange color with eosin staining. Basophils are chiefly ... They also possess abundant cytoplasm. Some leucocytes migrate into the tissues of the body to take up a permanent residence at ... and by their cytoplasm granules (present or absent, or more precisely, visible on light microscopy or not thus visible). The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell

Replication is within the cytoplasm. Viruses with segmented genomes for which replication occurs in the cytoplasm and for which ... This may take place in the cell's nucleus, cytoplasm, or at plasma membrane for most developed viruses. The viruses, now being ... Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm. Viruses multiply only in living ... These viruses consist of two types, however both share the fact that replication is primarily in the cytoplasm, and that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_replication

The cytoplasm of the hepatocyte near canaliculi is rich in actin filaments, and they are probably capable of modifying the ... Their cytoplasm is mostly acidophilic. Basophilic regions correspond to the RER and free ribosomes. Mitochondria are abundant ... Since they are metabolically active cells, their cytoplasm has many organelles. Hepatocytes are the main cells of the liver. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_cytology

... localizes to the cytoplasm. The presence of potential DNA-binding and dimerization-transactivation domains suggests that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM25

... and particles introduced in the cytoplasm or the nucleus. Additionally, single-particle tracking has been extensively used in ... "Physical Nature of Bacterial Cytoplasm". Physical Review Letters. 96 (9): 098102. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96i8102G. doi:10.1103/ ... molecules in the nucleus and cytoplasm, organelles and molecules therein, lipid granules, vesicles, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-particle_tracking

Cytoplasmic streaming, the circular flow of cytoplasm driven by the cytoskeleton, has been well documented in the cytoplasm, ... The cytoplasm is also found in all known cells while nucleoplasm is only found in eukaryotic cells, as prokaryotic cells lack a ... Proteins in the cytoplasm are termed cytosolic proteins which are produced by free ribosomes while proteins that localize to ... The cytoplasm contains the cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments found in all cells, while the nucleoplasm is believed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoplasm

They are round or nearly round and have a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm (N:C) ratio. Cytoplasm is dense and basophilic. The nucleus ... The cytoplasm may develop small vacuoles as the cells age. Cornification is the degeneration process into these large, flat, ... They are small cells with round nuclei, and a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm (N:C) ratio. They are rarely observed. Parabasal cells ... The cells are smaller, have basophilic cytoplasm, and large round nuclei. There may be some neutrophils, but no red blood cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_cytology

"Cytoplasm Pixel Discogs.com entry". discogs.com. Retrieved 2011-06-23. "Noah23 interview". ugsmag.com. 2008-09-07. Archived ... Kingston contributed production to Noah23's debut album Cytoplasm Pixel in 1999, and the two collaborated closely until Jupiter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Sky_Black_Death

He works on aspects of mesoscale biology including the self-organization of the cytoskeleton and of cytoplasm. He collaborates ... Mitchison, Timothy J. (15 November 2010). "Remaining mysteries of the cytoplasm". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 21 (22): 3811- ... the self-organised cytoplasm and nucleoplasm". BMC Biophysics. 8 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s13628-015-0018-6. ISSN 2046-1682. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Mitchison

"Targeting antibodies to the cytoplasm". mAbs. 3 (1): 3-16. doi:10.4161/mabs.3.1.14110. ISSN 1942-0862. PMC 3038006. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_delivery

... are characterized as amoeboid flagellates with hyaline cytoplasm. The hyaline cytoplasm is clear. Mastigamoeba are ... Mastigamoeba was described as a genus of species characterized by an ameboid body with a hyaline based cytoplasm and a ... amoeboid flagellates with hyaline based cytoplasm, a direct connection between the flagellum and the nucleus, on occasions with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastigamoeba

The structure of cortical cytoplasm. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 1982; 299:275-289. 53. Lind S, Stossel TP. The microfilament ... Actin gelation and the structure of cortical cytoplasm. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol. 1981; 46:569-578. 43. Stossel TP, ... An example of cell surface-to- cytoplasm communication. Fed Proc. 1977; 36: 2181-2184. 18. Stossel TP. Motile functions of ... Actin gelation and the structure and movement of cortical cytoplasm. Cell Surface Reviews. In: Cytoskeletal Elements and Plasma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stossel

Trophozoites: The cytoplasm is compact, staining a deep blue while the nucleus stains deep red. Pigment is dark and made up of ... The deep blue cytoplasm has delicate, dark pigment granules scattered within it. The host cell, which may be slightly enlarged ... The cytoplasm stains pale blue. The nucleus is about 1 micrometre in diameter. There are no morphological features to ... Mature microgametocytes occupy the entire the host cell and have dark pink cytoplasm. The off-center nucleus stains red and has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_fieldi

Their cytoplasm shows filamentous keratin. These corneocytes are embedded in a lipid matrix composed of ceramides, cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_corneum

Neurofibromin localizes in the cytoplasm; however, some studies have found neurofibromin or fragments of it in the nucleus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromin_1

It is located in the cytoplasm. The protein has been shown to be an autoantigen in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60S_ribosomal_protein_L7

Subbarao, Sarala K; Krishnamurthy, B.S.; Curtis, C.F.; Singh, K.R.P; Adak, T.; Chandrahas, R.K; World Health Organization (‎World Health Organization, 1975)‎ ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?authority=Cytoplasm&type=mesh

Subbarao, Sarala K; Krishnamurthy, B.S.; Curtis, C.F.; Singh, K.R.P; Adak, T.; Chandrahas, R.K; World Health Organization (‎World Health Organization, 1975)‎ ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Cytoplasm&type=mesh

Stanford psychiatrist Anna Lembkes book, Dopamine Nation, explains our brain chemistrys role in modern societys addiction to social media ...

https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2015/03/11/drugs-for-bugs-industry-seeks-small-molecules-to-target-tweak-and-tune-up-our-gut-microbes/bacterial-cytoplasm-3/

Outcomes from studies of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis: a systematic review by the European League ... Outcomes from studies of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis: a systematic review by the European League ... Cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoids have reduced mortality in antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitides ... focus on anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:605-17. ...

https://ard.bmj.com/content/67/7/1004?ijkey=a6efb096dba5adffd1f959b5f6e7f50addc54310&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Discusses the roles of the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton. ... Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton Describes the structure and function ...

https://www.ck12.org/biology/cytoplasm-and-cytoskelton/lesson/Cytoplasm-and-Cytoskeletons-BIO/

Difference between cytoplasm and protoplasm The word Protoplasm is derived from the Greek word ... Thus, cytoplasm is a part of the protoplasm of a cell. Cytoplasm is not different from protoplasm but a part of it. Cytoplasm ... Difference between cytoplasm and protoplasm. • Categorized under Biology,Science , Difference between cytoplasm and protoplasm ... The cytoplasm consists of cytosol, organelles and inclusions whereas the protoplasm consists of cytoplasm, nucleus and cellular ...

http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-cytoplasm-and-protoplasm/

See also : cytoplasmic anomalies , cytoplasmic appearance Examples cross striations cytoplasmic eosinophilia cytoplasmic basophilia (...)

http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?article23552

cytoplasmic eosinophilia Examples in squamous cells / squamous cell tumors example : keratoacanthoma See also cytoplasmic anomalies (...)

https://humpath.com/spip.php?article22637

Acto-myosin cytoskeleton dependent viscosity and shear-thinning behavior of the amoeba cytoplasm. ... The shear-thinning behavior could facilitate cytoplasm streamings during cell movement and cell deformation, under important ... represented by the same mechanical model previously described for the cytoplasm of Dictyostelium discoideum [Feneberg et al. in ... permanent rotation of a pair allowed us to apply a constant shear rate and to calculate the apparent viscosity of the cytoplasm ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/acto-myosin-cytoskeleton-dependent-viscosity-and-shear-thinning-behavior-of-the-amoeba-cytoplasm/

Where is the cytoplasm in an animal?. The cytoplasm is found within the cell. In a eukaryotic cell - such as an animal cell and ... What does a cytoplasm look like in an animal cell?. Cytoplasm consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and ... What is cytoplasm with example?. The definition of cytoplasm is the clear, gel-like substance outside the nucleus of the cell ... What does the cytoplasm do for an animal cell?. Divisions. The cytoplasm can be divided into two primary parts: the endoplasm ...

https://www.digglicious.com/uncategorized/what-is-cytoplasm-and-its-function/

Cytoplasm ✖ Remove constraint Subject: Cytoplasm Genre Laboratory notes ✖ Remove constraint Genre: Laboratory notes ... 1. Interim Note: Studies on the Physical Properties of the Cytoplasm of Cells in Tissue Culture ...

https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/sc/catalog?f%5Breadonly_creator_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Crick%2C+Francis%2C+1916-2004&f%5Breadonly_format_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Text&f%5Breadonly_genre_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Laboratory+notes&f%5Breadonly_subject_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Cytoplasm&per_page=50&search_field=all_fields&sort=relevance&view=list

Biocare Medical

https://biocare.net/localization/finely-granular-cytoplasm/?filter_source=mouse-monoclonal

Answers for Do eukaryotic cells have chromosomes in the cytoplasm?. Click here to add your own answer ... The nucleus protects the genetic material, I think if it were spread to the cytoplasm the protection would cease to occur and ... No, the eukaryotic cell does not have chromosomes in the cytoplasm but it is enclosed within the nucleus. ... Do eukaryotic cells have chromosomes in the cytoplasm?. by Heather (Stringer, MS United States) ...

https://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/do-eukaryotic-cells-have-chromosomes-in-the-cytoplasm.html

Dive into the research topics of FUS is phosphorylated by DNA-PK and accumulates in the cytoplasm after DNA damage. Together ... FUS is phosphorylated by DNA-PK and accumulates in the cytoplasm after DNA damage. ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/fus-is-phosphorylated-by-dna-pk-and-accumulates-in-the-cytoplasm-/fingerprints/

The adapter protein CD2AP binds to p53 protein in the cytoplasm and can discriminate its polymorphic variants P72R. Journal of ... The adapter protein CD2AP binds to p53 protein in the cytoplasm and can discriminate its polymorphic variants P72R. In: Journal ... Dive into the research topics of The adapter protein CD2AP binds to p53 protein in the cytoplasm and can discriminate its ... The adapter protein CD2AP binds to p53 protein in the cytoplasm and can discriminate its polymorphic variants P72R. / Panni, ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-adapter-protein-cd2ap-binds-to-p53-protein-in-the-cytoplasm-a

EXTRUSION OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS INTO CYTOPLASM IN THE POSTERIOR SILK GLAND CELLS OF SILKWORM, BOM ... EXTRUSION OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS INTO CYTOPLASM IN THE POSTERIOR SILK GLAND CELLS OF SILKWORM, BOMBYX MORI Yutaka Tashiro, Yutaka ... Yutaka Tashiro, Shiro Matsuura, Takashi Morimoto, Sunao Nagata; EXTRUSION OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS INTO CYTOPLASM IN THE POSTERIOR ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/36/3/C5/17143/EXTRUSION-OF-NUCLEAR-MATERIALS-INTO-CYTOPLASM-IN

... recommendations for conducting clinical trials in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis (AAV), and to assess ... Outcomes from studies of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis: a systematic review by the European League ... Outcomes from studies of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis: a systematic review by the European League ... recommendations for conducting clinical trials in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis (AAV), and to assess ...

https://www.ndorms.ox.ac.uk/publications/108544

Transport of nucleic acids into cytoplasm and nuclei of NRK and CHO-GFP cells was conducted in a highly-efficient manner. ... Impedance-Based Real-Time Monitoring of Mammalian Cells upon Introduction of Xenobiotics into the Cytoplasm by In Situ ... and selective permeability of the plasma membrane prevents the introduction of hydrophilic xenomolecules into the cytoplasm of ...

https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/36281/

... * QMRO Home ...

https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2002

SSCYT - total cytoplasm intensity. Variable Name: SSCYT. SAS Label: total cytoplasm intensity. English Text: total cytoplasm ... Numerous speckles in cytoplasm of mitotic cells. Spindle Apparatus The spindle fibers between the poles are stained in mitotic ... Distinct and bright speckled staining irregularly distributed in the cytoplasm. Mitotic cell patterns. Mitotic cell staining. ... Distinct rod and ring structures throughout the cytoplasm. Lysosomes. ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/1999-2000/SSANA_A.htm

GSK3β was found to be localized within both the nucleus and cytoplasm throughout the cell cycle. Inhibition of GSK3β or CRM1- ... Alao, J.P., Gamble, S.C., Stavropoulou, A.V. et al. The cyclin D1 proto-oncogene is sequestered in the cytoplasm of mammalian ... The cyclin D1 proto-oncogene is sequestered in the cytoplasm of mammalian cancer cell lines. *John P Alao. 1, ... Ganiatsas S, Dow R, Thompson A, Schulman B, Germain D: A splice variant of Skp2 is retained in the cytoplasm and fails to ...

https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-4598-5-7

cytoplasm analogy cytoplasm in animal cell cytoplasm in plant cell cytoplasm location cytoplasm structure cytosol function ... Cytoplasm Function. The chemical composition of the cytoplasm: the base is water (60-90% of the total mass of the cytoplasm), ... Cytoplasm is one of the very important components of a cell but before getting into the issue of cytoplasm function, it is ... Cytoplasm Function. Cytoplasm - a mandatory part of the cells attached between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, divided ...

http://botanystudies.com/cytoplasm-function/

Smooth type: lacks ribosomes; sheets of unit membrane with ribosomes on the outside. Rough type: Ribosomes embedded in the surface ...

http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=109576

Cytoplasm is the material that makes up the body of a cell. It is made up of water, proteins, and organelles such as ... What is cytoplasm?. Cytoplasm is the material that makes up the body of a cell. It is made up of water, proteins, and ... When viewed under the microscope, eosin makes the cytoplasm of the cell appear pink. The amount of cytoplasm inside a cell ... The cytoplasm is surrounded by a thin barrier called the cell membrane that separates the inside of the cell from the external ...

https://www.mypathologyreport.ca/pathology-dictionary/cytoplasm/

Cytoplasm. November 30, 2009. December 1, 2009. Lachezar7 Comments A kinetic artwork by Phil Price called Cytoplasm at the ... Categories: AucklandTags: Artwork, Cytoplasm, Phil Price, Sculpture, Viaduct Harbour, Waitemata Plaza ...

https://www.aucklanddailyphoto.com/tag/cytoplasm/

Cytoplasm often retracts from a portion of cell wall.. Enteromonas hominis. 4-10 µm.. Usual range, 6-8 µm.. Elongated or oval. ... CYTOPLASM. Species. Size (Diameter or Length). Shape. Number. Peripheral Chromatin. Karyosomal Chromatin. Inclusions. ... Cell contains large central body, or "vacuole" with a thin band, or "rim" of cytoplasm around the periphery. Occasionally a ... Located in "rim" of cytoplasm. In binucleated organisms, the 2 nuclei may be at opposite poles. In quadrinucleated forms, the 4 ...

https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/diagnosticprocedures/stool/morphcomp.html

Large-scale reorganization of the cytoplasm represents an essential feature of key cellular processes, such as cell division ...

https://www.cell.com/developmental-cell/collections/focus-on-mechanobiology

Define the Cytoplasm? Or, What do You Know About Cytoplasm? ... What is the Cytoplasm? Or, Define the Cytoplasm? Or, What do ... Cytoplasm : It is the jelly like material outside the nucleus. It contains the cell organelles. ...

https://informesia.com/596/what-is-the-cytoplasm

Jul 9, 2017 , Posted by admin in MICROBIOLOGY , Comments Off on Cytoplasm: Paraplasmic Inclusions ...

https://basicmedicalkey.com/cytoplasm-paraplasmic-inclusions/

The Division Of The Cytoplasm Is Called. What is the division of cytoplasm called? The cytoplasm is evenly distributed between ... Tags: cytoplasm Waterproof Protein That Replaces Cytoplasm In Dead Skin Cells. Posted on May 22, 2022. by , ... The Division Of The Cytoplasm Is Called. Posted on April 12, 2022. by , ... Waterproof Protein That Replaces Cytoplasm In Dead Skin Cells. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and ...

https://pinoyko.info/tag/cytoplasm/

Cytosol of cytoplasm consists of water, salts and organic molecules. (differencebetween.net)
The main components of the cytoplasm are cytosol (a gel-like substance), the organelles (the cell's internal sub-structures), and various cytoplasmic inclusions. (digglicious.com)
The liquid substance of the cytoplasm is called cytosol and another component is termed as hyaloplasm. (botanystudies.com)
Cytoplasm is often confused with cytosol, but these two are entirely different entities related to a cell. (poznavayka.org)
What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol? (poznavayka.org)
While cytoplasm consists of all the contents found inside a cell (excluding the nucleus), cytosol is just the liquid or aqueous part of the cytoplasm. (poznavayka.org)
The fluid or liquid portion of cytoplasm is called "cytosol" and it is in every part of a cell except inside the nucleus and the other organelles. (coolaboo.com)
However, once the cytosol in the cytoplasm breaks it down, the molecules can be sent to the mitochondria for use. (coolaboo.com)
The interior of all cells consists of cytoplasm filled with a jelly-like substance called cytosol. (visiblebody.com)
Cytoplasm consists of the jelly-like cytosol inside the cell, plus the cellular structures suspended in it. (khanacademy.org)

The inner layer is adjacent to the cytoplasm and presented to the plasma membrane (synonyms - plasma membrane, the cell membrane, cytoplasmic membrane), on which is formed by the outer layer. (botanystudies.com)
Cytoplasmic is another term pathologists use when describing the cytoplasm of a cell. (mypathologyreport.ca)

However the structure of plant cells and that of animal cells are quite different but the role of cytoplasm is same in both cases. (botanystudies.com)
The next high priority role of cytoplasm is, it preserves essential chemical substances which may be required by our body in future and acts as a medium for various essential metabolic reactions. (botanystudies.com)
The division is another important role of cytoplasm. (poznavayka.org)

The organelles present in the cytoplasm are golgi body, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. (differencebetween.net)
The cytoplasm contains the cell organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes etc. (differencebetween.net)
Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria are four cell components that are found in both animal and plant cells. (digglicious.com)
Pyruvate is broken down aerobically in mitochondria and anaerobically in the cytoplasm. (tutorialspoint.com)
If ATP is do in the mitochondria, how does it provide energy for reactions in the cytoplasm of the cell? (invernessgangshow.net)

The main difference between cytoplasm and protoplasm is that cytoplasm does not have a nucleus whereas protoplasm has a nucleus are its structure. (differencebetween.net)

Inclusions are insoluble particles present in the cytoplasm. (differencebetween.net)
Studzinski, GP 1964, ' Nucleolus-like inclusions in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells treated with puromycin [31] ', Nature , vol. 203, no. 4947, pp. 883-884. (researchwithnj.com)

He hoped that his experiments would also help to distinguish the roles of the nucleus and the cytoplasm in embryogenesis. (asu.edu)
The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. (ntu.edu.sg)

Cytoplasm - a mandatory part of the cells attached between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, divided into hyaloplasm (the main substance of the cytoplasm), organelles (the permanent component of the cytoplasm) and inclusion (the time components of the cytoplasm). (botanystudies.com)
Protein mixture in a colloidal state in combination with nucleic acids, fats, and carbohydrates is an important component of the cytoplasm. (poznavayka.org)

Transport of nucleic acids into cytoplasm and nuclei of NRK and CHO-GFP cells was conducted in a highly-efficient manner. (uni-regensburg.de)
Histologically, ALCL is characterized by sheets of large pleomorphic cells with abundant cytoplasm, horseshoe- or wreath-shaped nuclei, and multiple prominent nucleoli. (medscape.com)

Cytoplasm supports and suspends organelles and cellular molecules while performing processes such as cellular respiration for breathing, synthesizing proteins and having division of cells by both mitosis and meiosis. (digglicious.com)
The cytoplasm functions to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules. (digglicious.com)
Cytoplasm is composed mainly of water but also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules. (digglicious.com)
These organelles can float freely in the cytoplasm or be connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (see above). (medlineplus.gov)
Besides this, the nucleus of the cell and all organelles are located in the cytoplasm. (poznavayka.org)
In other words, cytoplasm is the area of space outside the nucleus that consists of all cell organelles . (poznavayka.org)
The ability of the cytoplasm to move ensures the connection of cell organelles. (poznavayka.org)
The cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell, where the cell organelles are located. (jempolkimia.com)
You can kind of think of the organelles being suspended in the cytoplasm. (coolaboo.com)
Some of the elements that are found in the cytoplasm will be broken down and then used by specific organelles. (coolaboo.com)
They weren't aware of the fact that there is special fluid inside the various organelles, which are different from the cytoplasm outside of the organelles. (coolaboo.com)
Cytoplasm not only maintains the ability for a cell to keep its size and shape, but it also acts as an easy road for organelles and molecules to move around inside the cell. (coolaboo.com)
Wait your turn - Besides letting organelles and molecules move around, cytoplasm also acts to hold them in place. (coolaboo.com)
The cytoplasm and cell organelles of an amoeba are contained within the cell membrane, which may be seen after the organism has been stained. (risingacademy.org)
The observation of the nucleus, food vacuoles, and other vital cell organelles is made possible by the staining of the cytoplasm. (risingacademy.org)

The amount of cytoplasm inside a cell varies between different types of cells. (mypathologyreport.ca)
For example, squamous cells on the surface of the skin have a large amount of cytoplasm. (mypathologyreport.ca)

The main function of cytoplasm is to provide security to internal layer. (botanystudies.com)
What is the function of cytoplasm? (poznavayka.org)
Once they learned about the special fluids they also learned more about the job and function of cytoplasm. (coolaboo.com)

The protoplasm of a cell consists of nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm. (differencebetween.net)

Numerous ribosomes are incorporated into both the cytoplasm and nucleus through trypsin-activated endocytosis, which leads to cell-cluster formation. (nature.com)

Both plant-like and animal-like cells contain cytoplasm. (coolaboo.com)

Many cellular processes also occur in the cytoplasm, such as protein synthesis, the first stage of cellular respiration (known as glycolysis), mitosis, and meiosis. (digglicious.com)
The division of the cytoplasm is carried out through mitosis and meiosis. (poznavayka.org)

Pathologists use a variety of special terms to describe the look of a cell's cytoplasm under the microscope. (mypathologyreport.ca)

Cytoplasm is an organelle of the protoplasm which consists of mainly water and other substances like proteins, food reserves and metabolic wastes. (differencebetween.net)
Cytoplasm consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell. (digglicious.com)
Each of these cells consists upon a number of cell components and cytoplasm is one of them. (botanystudies.com)

there was evident vacuolation of neuronal cytoplasm, swelling of Golgi apparatus. (harvoa.org)

For example, the terms eosinophilic and oncocytic describe cells that have a large amount of bright pink cytoplasm. (mypathologyreport.ca)

These data also suggest that clustering is essential for signalling and that a mechanism may exist for targeting and localizing proteins within the bacterial cytoplasm. (ox.ac.uk)
In this study, we attempted to identify novel mitochondrially localized proteins in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a fluorescent protein (GFPdeg) that is rapidly degraded in the cytoplasm. (elsevier.com)

Do eukaryotic cells have chromosomes in the cytoplasm? (biology-questions-and-answers.com)
A characteristic feature of the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is a constant movement (cycloids). (botanystudies.com)

Protoplasm is the content of the cell including the cell membrane, cytoplasm and the cell nucleus whereas cytoplasm is the jelly like substance surrounding the nucleus within the cell membrane. (differencebetween.net)

In prokaryotes, where there is no well-defined nucleus, the cytoplasm also acts as the nucleoplasm and contains chromatin. (differencebetween.net)
Cytoplasm inside the nucleus is called "nucleoplasm. (coolaboo.com)

and abundant, deeply basophilic cytoplasm. (medscape.com)
Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma is composed of small cells and monocytoid cells (with more abundant cytoplasm) and is a low-grade lymphoma. (wisc.edu)

The protoplasm is bound by a plasma membrane or cell membrane on all sides whereas cytoplasm is the substance which is present surrounding the nucleus within a cell. (differencebetween.net)
The definition of cytoplasm is the clear, gel-like substance outside the nucleus of the cell of plants and animals. (digglicious.com)
An example of cytoplasm is the substance that fills every living cell in our bodies. (digglicious.com)
The structure of the cytoplasm includes various chemical compounds, which are not a homogeneous chemical substance, but a complex physicochemical system. (poznavayka.org)
Substance deposits in the cytoplasm. (jempolkimia.com)
Cytoplasm is the gooey jelly or jam-like substance that is inside of every cell. (coolaboo.com)
The cytoplasm is a base substance that allows a lot of things to float around within the cell. (coolaboo.com)

Thus, cytoplasm is a part of the protoplasm of a cell. (differencebetween.net)
Cytoplasm is not different from protoplasm but a part of it. (differencebetween.net)
Cytoplasm and protoplasm are cell suspensions and provide a site so that biological processes take place. (differencebetween.net)
In the organisms which have the presence of a nucleus, the protoplasm surrounding the nucleus is termed as cytoplasm. (differencebetween.net)
The difference between protoplasm and cytoplasm is very minor. (differencebetween.net)

Cytoplasm is present in between the nucleus and the cell membrane, that is, it fills the gap between the cell membrane and nucleus. (botanystudies.com)
Cytoplasm seems to be everywhere - Cytoplasm fills up all of the spaces between the nucleus and the cell membrane. (coolaboo.com)

The cytoplasm can be divided into two primary parts: the endoplasm ( endo -,- plasm) and ectoplasm ( ecto -,-plasm). (digglicious.com)
Ghostly references - Cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus is called "endoplasm. (coolaboo.com)

Describes the structure and function of the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton of a cell. (ck12.org)
Discusses the roles of the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton. (ck12.org)
Treatment of amoeba with drugs that affect the actin polymer content demonstrated that the shear-thinning behavior of the cytoplasm depends on the presence of an intact actin cytoskeleton. (pasteur.fr)

Limited and selective permeability of the plasma membrane prevents the introduction of hydrophilic xenomolecules into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. (uni-regensburg.de)

Here, we report on functional in vitro and in vivo analyses of seven resurrected Precambrian thioredoxins, dating back 1-4 billion years, in the Escherichia coli cytoplasm. (jbc.org)

The cytoplasm contains many chemical compounds including enzymes which play major roles in breakdown of cellular wastes. (digglicious.com)

In biology, the movement of the cytoplasm is called cyclosis, it is a constant process. (poznavayka.org)

All the contents of the cell are considered in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes (organisms lacking nucleus) whereas in the eukaryote organisms the cellular contents present in the nucleus are differentiated from the cytoplasm by a definite nuclear membrane. (differencebetween.net)
Cytoplasm assists various biochemical reactions like cellular respiration and helps in the glycolysis process. (digglicious.com)
Large-scale reorganization of the cytoplasm represents an essential feature of key cellular processes, such as cell division and polarization. (cell.com)
All processes of cellular metabolism take place in the cytoplasm, with the exception of nucleic acid synthesis (it is carried out in the cell nucleus). (poznavayka.org)
Distribution of E7 protein in the cellular compartments has also been subject of debate as some groups report the protein in nucleus and others in cytoplasm. (openvirologyjournal.com)

They have two to four flagella, and the cytoplasm is filled with chloroplast deposits. (risingacademy.org)

Other important functions occurring in the cytoplasm are glycolysis and processes of cell division. (differencebetween.net)
All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell. (digglicious.com)
Cytoplasm is the material that allows easy movement inside the cell so that all of the parts can perform their functions. (coolaboo.com)

This review will focus on several recent studies which attempt to unravel the nature of the sequence information significant for optimizing an early step in the export process, namely, translocation from the cytoplasm. (princeton.edu)
Ferenci, T & Silhavy, TJ 1987, ' Sequence information required for protein translocation from the cytoplasm ', Journal of bacteriology , vol. 169, no. 12, pp. 5339-5342. (princeton.edu)
Crocidolite caused a partial (50%) translocation of p65 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in RPM cells. (cdc.gov)

Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. (nih.gov)

The cytoplasm is evenly distributed between the two cells. (pinoyko.info)

The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. (digglicious.com)

The shear-thinning behavior could facilitate cytoplasm streamings during cell movement and cell deformation, under important shear experienced by the amoeba during the invasion of human tissues. (pasteur.fr)

At the onset of perfusion, elliptical void regions appeared within an otherwise uniformly stained cytoplasm, and 3-dimensional reconstructions revealed that these voids were dome-like outpouchings of the cell to form giant vacuole-like structures or GVLs that reproduced the classic "signet ring" appearance of true giant vacuoles. (unl.edu)

Occasionally may be irregularly distorted by pressure from vacuoles in cytoplasm. (cdc.gov)
The cytoplasm also contains waste products that will be broken down and then let out of the cell by the vacuoles. (coolaboo.com)
The cytoplasm is filled with contractile vacuoles, which help to maintain the osmotic equilibrium. (risingacademy.org)

In eukaryotes, cytoplasm specifically means the region outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane. (khanacademy.org)

The chemical composition of the cytoplasm: the base is water (60-90% of the total mass of the cytoplasm), various organic and inorganic compounds. (botanystudies.com)

The cytoplasm is about 80% water and is usually colorless. (digglicious.com)

Pick your cytoplasm - Cytoplasm can actually be either watery or jelly-like, depending upon the activity within the cell. (coolaboo.com)

The cytoplasm is found within the cell. (digglicious.com)
Is cytoplasm only found in an animal cell? (digglicious.com)
GSK3β was found to be localized within both the nucleus and cytoplasm throughout the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the important items found in cytoplasm is enzymes. (coolaboo.com)
Instead, their DNA can be found in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid or in circular chromosomes called plasmids. (visiblebody.com)

Anatomy60

Organisms16

Chemicals and Drugs81

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Phenomena and Processes64

Disciplines and Occupations4

Information Science3

Health Care1

Specific receptors for glucocorticoid in the cytoplasm of the liver of AH 130 tumor-bearing rats. (1/19290)

The effects of glucocorticoids and progesterone on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (2/19290)

The effects of androgens and antiandrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (3/19290)

The splicing factor-associated protein, p32, regulates RNA splicing by inhibiting ASF/SF2 RNA binding and phosphorylation. (4/19290)

A premature termination codon interferes with the nuclear function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner. (5/19290)

The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway stimulates mos mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation during Xenopus oocyte maturation. (6/19290)

In vivo chaperone activity of heat shock protein 70 and thermotolerance. (7/19290)

NMD3 encodes an essential cytoplasmic protein required for stable 60S ribosomal subunits in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (8/19290)

Cytoplasm

Cell Nucleus

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus

Microscopy, Electron

Molecular Sequence Data

Protein Transport

Amino Acid Sequence

Cell Line

Nuclear Localization Signals

HeLa Cells

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Karyopherins

Subcellular Fractions

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Biological Transport

Immunohistochemistry

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Cell Membrane

RNA, Messenger

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Cell Compartmentation

Base Sequence

Microscopy, Confocal

Protein Binding

Nuclear Proteins

Mutation

Microscopy, Immunoelectron

RNA-Binding Proteins

Luminescent Proteins

Cells, Cultured

Nuclear Export Signals

Cell Nucleolus

Transfection

Oocytes

Vacuoles

Blotting, Western

Carrier Proteins

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Nuclear Envelope

Models, Biological

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins

Membrane Proteins

COS Cells

Cercopithecus aethiops

Cytoskeleton

Microtubules

Actins

Organoids

Microscopy, Electron, Transmission

Microinjections

Histocytochemistry

Mitochondria

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Signal Transduction

Cytoplasmic Granules

Cloning, Molecular

DNA-Binding Proteins

Ovum

Transcription, Genetic

Phosphorylation

Inclusion Bodies

Escherichia coli

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Viral Proteins

Two-Hybrid System Techniques

Amoeba

Organelles

Nuclear Pore

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Transcription Factors

Recombinant Proteins

Kinetics

Golgi Apparatus

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

ran GTP-Binding Protein

Bacterial Proteins

Ribonucleoproteins

Time Factors

Immunoblotting