Cytokinesis. Medical search

The process by which the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided.

The final phase of cell nucleus division following ANAPHASE, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the CYTOPLASM completes division, and the CHROMOSOMES lose their distinctness and are transformed into CHROMATIN threads.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.

The subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. Myosin II is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and maintaining MICROVILLI structure.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A protein complex of actin and MYOSINS occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.

The phase of cell nucleus division following METAPHASE, in which the CHROMATIDS separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.

Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include MUSCLE PROTEINS as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.

A family of GTP-binding proteins that were initially identified in YEASTS where they were shown to initiate the process of septation and bud formation. Septins form into hetero-oligomeric complexes that are comprised of several distinct septin subunits. These complexes can act as cytoskeletal elements that play important roles in CYTOKINESIS, cytoskeletal reorganization, BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, and membrane dynamics.

An aurora kinase that is a component of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and is involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. It mediates proper CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION and contractile ring function during CYTOKINESIS.

A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of the microtubule. The protein is found in squid axoplasm, optic lobes, and in bovine brain. Bovine kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120 kDa) and two light (62 kDa) chains. EC 3.6.1.-.

The process by which the CELL NUCLEUS is divided.

The cell center, consisting of a pair of CENTRIOLES surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material called the pericentriolar region. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A class of organic compounds containing four or more ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A family of low molecular weight proteins that bind ACTIN and control actin polymerization. They are found in eukaryotes and are ubiquitously expressed.

A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.

Recording serial images of a process at regular intervals spaced out over a longer period of time than the time in which the recordings will be played back.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE originating from the savanna of eastern Africa. It is widely grown for livestock forage.

A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

Fibers composed of MICROFILAMENT PROTEINS, which are predominately ACTIN. They are the smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. It is used frequently in TELEPATHOLOGY.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.

Proteins found in any species of protozoan.

Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

An order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that multiply by budding. They include the telomorphic ascomycetous yeasts which are found in a very wide range of habitats.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A set of protein subcomplexes involved in PROTEIN SORTING of UBIQUITINATED PROTEINS into intraluminal vesicles of MULTIVESICULAR BODIES and in membrane scission during formation of intraluminal vesicles, during the final step of CYTOKINESIS, and during the budding of enveloped viruses. The ESCRT machinery is comprised of the protein products of Class E vacuolar protein sorting genes.

Agents and factors that activate GTP phosphohydrolase activity.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A hemoflagellate subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes nagana in domestic and game animals in Africa. It apparently does not infect humans. It is transmitted by bites of tsetse flies (Glossina).

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

Aurora kinase C is a chromosomal passenger protein that interacts with aurora kinase B in the regulation of MITOSIS. It is found primarily in GERM CELLS in the TESTIS, and may mediate CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION during SPERMATOGENESIS.

Basic functional unit of plants.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

A subfamily of Q-SNARE PROTEINS which occupy the same position as syntaxin 1A in the SNARE complex and which also are most similar to syntaxin 1A in their AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. This subfamily is also known as the syntaxins, although a few so called syntaxins are Qc-SNARES.

The presence of four sets of chromosomes. It is associated with ABNORMALITIES, MULTIPLE; and MISCARRAGES.

An enzyme that converts UDP glucosamine into chitin and UDP. EC 2.4.1.16.

A cyclin subtype that is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE. It stimulates the G2/M phase transition by activating CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE.

In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that play a key role in cellular secretory and endocytic pathways. EC 3.6.1.-.

The larger subunits of MYOSINS. The heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kDa and each heavy chain is usually associated with a dissimilar pair of MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. The heavy chains possess actin-binding and ATPase activity.

The process of germ cell development in plants, from the primordial PLANT GERM CELLS to the mature haploid PLANT GAMETES.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

Minute cells produced during development of an OOCYTE as it undergoes MEIOSIS. A polar body contains one of the nuclei derived from the first or second meiotic CELL DIVISION. Polar bodies have practically no CYTOPLASM. They are eventually discarded by the oocyte. (from King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A method used to study the lateral movement of MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. A small area of a cell membrane is bleached by laser light and the amount of time necessary for unbleached fluorescent marker-tagged proteins to diffuse back into the bleached site is a measurement of the cell membrane's fluidity. The diffusion coefficient of a protein or lipid in the membrane can be calculated from the data. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995).

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

Signaling proteins which function as master molecular switches by activating Rho GTPases through conversion of guanine nucleotides. Rho GTPases in turn control many aspects of cell behavior through the regulation of multiple downstream signal transduction pathways.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

The smaller subunits of MYOSINS that bind near the head groups of MYOSIN HEAVY CHAINS. The myosin light chains have a molecular weight of about 20 KDa and there are usually one essential and one regulatory pair of light chains associated with each heavy chain. Many myosin light chains that bind calcium are considered "calmodulin-like" proteins.

Self-replicating, short, fibrous, rod-shaped organelles. Each centriole is a short cylinder containing nine pairs of peripheral microtubules, arranged so as to form the wall of the cylinder.

Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Structures which form the base of FLAGELLA and CILIA. They contain nine triplets of MICROTUBULES that are arranged around the periphery and that serve as the nucleation center for AXONEME assembly.

Contribution of noncentrosomal microtubules to spindle assembly in Drosophila spermatocytes. (1/1179)

Previous data suggested that anastral spindles, morphologically similar to those found in oocytes, can assemble in a centrosome-independent manner in cells that contain centrosomes. It is assumed that the microtubules that build these acentrosomal spindles originate over the chromatin. However, the actual processes of centrosome-independent microtubule nucleation, polymerisation, and sorting have not been documented in centrosome-containing cells. We have identified two experimental conditions in which centrosomes are kept close to the plasma membrane, away from the nuclear region, throughout meiosis I in Drosophila spermatocytes. Time-lapse confocal microscopy of these cells labelled with fluorescent chimeras reveals centrosome-independent microtubule nucleation, growth, and sorting into a bipolar spindle array over the nuclear region, away from the asters. The onset of noncentrosomal microtubule nucleation is significantly delayed with respect to nuclear envelope breakdown and coincides with the end of chromosome condensation. It takes place in foci that are close to the membranes that ensheath the nuclear region, not over the condensed chromosomes. Metaphase plates are formed in these spindles, and, in a fraction of them, some degree of polewards chromosome segregation takes place. In these cells that contain both membrane-bound asters and an anastral spindle, the orientation of the cytokinesis furrow correlates with the position of the asters and is independent of the orientation of the spindle. We conclude that the fenestrated nuclear envelope may significantly contribute to the normal process of spindle assembly in Drosophila spermatocytes. We also conclude that the anastral spindles that we have observed are not likely to provide a robust back-up able to ensure successful cell division. We propose that these anastral microtubule arrays could be a constitutive component of wild-type spindles, normally masked by the abundance of centrosome-derived microtubules and revealed when asters are kept away. These observations are consistent with a model in which centrosomal and noncentrosomal microtubules contribute to the assembly and are required for the robustness of the cell division spindle in cells that contain centrosomes. (+info)

Dynacortin contributes to cortical viscoelasticity and helps define the shape changes of cytokinesis. (2/1179)

During cytokinesis, global and equatorial pathways deform the cell cortex in a stereotypical manner, which leads to daughter cell separation. Equatorial forces are largely generated by myosin-II and the actin crosslinker, cortexillin-I. In contrast, global mechanics are determined by the cortical cytoskeleton, including the actin crosslinker, dynacortin. We used direct morphometric characterization and laser-tracking microrheology to quantify cortical mechanical properties of wild-type and cortexillin-I and dynacortin mutant Dictyostelium cells. Both cortexillin-I and dynacortin influence cytokinesis and interphase cortical viscoelasticity as predicted from genetics and biochemical data using purified dynacortin proteins. Our studies suggest that the regulation of cytokinesis ultimately requires modulation of proteins that control the cortical mechanical properties that establish the force-balance that specifies the shapes of cytokinesis. The combination of genetic, biochemical, and biophysical observations suggests that the cell's cortical mechanical properties control how the cortex is remodeled during cytokinesis. (+info)

Loss of Apm1, the micro1 subunit of the clathrin-associated adaptor-protein-1 complex, causes distinct phenotypes and synthetic lethality with calcineurin deletion in fission yeast. (3/1179)

Calcineurin is a highly conserved regulator of Ca(2+) signaling in eukaryotes. In fission yeast, calcineurin is not essential for viability but is required for cytokinesis and Cl(-) homeostasis. In a genetic screen for mutations that are synthetically lethal with calcineurin deletion, we isolated a mutant, cis1-1/apm1-1, an allele of the apm1(+) gene that encodes a homolog of the mammalian micro1A subunit of the clathrin-associated adaptor protein-1 (AP-1) complex. The cis1-1/apm1-1 mutant as well as the apm1-deleted (Deltaapm1) cells showed distinct phenotypes: temperature sensitivity; tacrolimus (FK506) sensitivity; and pleiotropic defects in cytokinesis, cell integrity, and vacuole fusion. Electron micrographs revealed that Deltaapm1 cells showed large vesicular structures associated with Golgi stacks and accumulated post-Golgi secretory vesicles. Deltaapm1 cells also showed the massive accumulation of the exocytic v-SNARE Syb1 in the Golgi/endosomes and a reduced secretion of acid phosphatase. These phenotypes observed in apm1 mutations were accentuated upon temperature up-shift and FK506 treatment. Notably, Apm1-GFP localized to the Golgi/endosomes, the spindle pole bodies, and the medial region. These findings suggest a role for Apm1 associated with the Golgi/endosome function, thereby affecting various cellular processes, including secretion, cytokinesis, vacuole fusion, and cell integrity and also suggest that calcineurin is involved in these events. (+info)

The flagella connector of Trypanosoma brucei: an unusual mobile transmembrane junction. (4/1179)

Throughout its elongation, the new flagellum of the procyclic form of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is tethered at its tip to the lateral aspect of the old flagellum. This phenomenon provides a cytotactic mechanism for influencing inheritance of cellular pattern. Here, we show that this tethering is produced via a discrete, mobile transmembrane junction - the flagella connector. Light and electron microscopy reveal that the flagella connector links the extending microtubules at the tip of the new flagellum to the lateral aspect of three of the doublet microtubules in the old flagellar axoneme. Two sets of filaments connect the microtubules to three plates on the inner faces of the old and new flagellar membranes. Three differentiated areas of old and new flagellar membranes are then juxtaposed and connected by a central interstitial core of electron-dense material. The flagella connector is formed early in flagellum extension and is removed at the end of cytokinesis, but the exact timing of the latter event is slightly variable. The flagella connector represents a novel form of cellular junction that is both dynamic and mobile. (+info)

Role of the midbody matrix in cytokinesis: RNAi and genetic rescue analysis of the mammalian motor protein CHO1. (5/1179)

CHO1 is a kinesin-like motor protein essential for cytokinesis in mammalian cells. To analyze how CHO1 functions, we established RNAi and genetic rescue assays. CHO1-depleted cells reached a late stage of cytokinesis but fused back to form binucleate cells because of the absence of the midbody matrix in the middle of the intercellular bridge. Expression of exogenous CHO1 restored the formation of the midbody matrix and rescued cytokinesis in siRNA-treated cells. By analyzing phenotypes rescued with different constructs, it was shown that both motor and stalk domains function in midbody formation, whereas the tail is essential for completion of cytokinesis after the midbody matrix has formed. During the terminal stage of cytokinesis, different subregions of the tail play distinctive roles in stabilizing the midbody matrix and maintaining an association between the midbody and cell cortex. These results demonstrate that CHO1 consists of functionally differentiated subregions that act in concert to ensure complete cell separation. (+info)

A role for the Cdc14-family phosphatase Flp1p at the end of the cell cycle in controlling the rapid degradation of the mitotic inducer Cdc25p in fission yeast. (6/1179)

The Schizosaccaromyces pombe protein Flp1p belongs to a conserved family of serine-threonine-phosphatases. The founding member of this family, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc14p, is required for inactivation of mitotic CDKs and reversal of CDK mediated phosphorylation at the end of mitosis, thereby bringing about the M-G1 transition. Initial studies of Flp1p suggest that it may play a different role to Cdc14p. Here we show that Flp1p is required for rapid degradation of the mitotic inducer Cdc25p at the end of mitosis, and that Cdc25p is a substrate of Flp1p in vitro. Down-regulation of Cdc25p activity by Flp1p may ensure a prompt inactivation of mitotic CDK complexes to trigger cell division. Our results suggest a regulatory mechanism, and a universal role, for Cdc14p like proteins in coordination of cytokinesis with other cell cycle events. (+info)

Functional characterization of Dma1 and Dma2, the budding yeast homologues of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Dma1 and human Chfr. (7/1179)

Proper transmission of genetic information requires correct assembly and positioning of the mitotic spindle, responsible for driving each set of sister chromatids to the two daughter cells, followed by cytokinesis. In case of altered spindle orientation, the spindle position checkpoint inhibits Tem1-dependent activation of the mitotic exit network (MEN), thus delaying mitotic exit and cytokinesis until errors are corrected. We report a functional analysis of two previously uncharacterized budding yeast proteins, Dma1 and Dma2, 58% identical to each other and homologous to human Chfr and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Dma1, both of which have been previously implicated in mitotic checkpoints. We show that Dma1 and Dma2 are involved in proper spindle positioning, likely regulating septin ring deposition at the bud neck. DMA2 overexpression causes defects in septin ring disassembly at the end of mitosis and in cytokinesis. The latter defects can be rescued by either eliminating the spindle position checkpoint protein Bub2 or overproducing its target, Tem1, both leading to MEN hyperactivation. In addition, dma1Delta dma2Delta cells fail to activate the spindle position checkpoint in response to the lack of dynein, whereas ectopic expression of DMA2 prevents unscheduled mitotic exit of spindle checkpoint mutants treated with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs. Although their primary functions remain to be defined, our data suggest that Dma1 and Dma2 might be required to ensure timely MEN activation in telophase. (+info)

The nucleolus is involved in mRNA export from the nucleus in fission yeast. (8/1179)

To elucidate the mechanism of mRNA export from the nucleus, we isolated five novel temperature-sensitive mutants (ptr7 to ptr11) that accumulate poly(A)(+) RNA in the nuclei at the nonpermissive temperature in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Of those, the ptr11 mutation was found in the top2(+) gene encoding DNA topoisomerase II. In addition to the nuclear accumulation of poly(A)(+) RNA, ptr11 exhibited the cut (cell untimely torn) phenotype at the nonpermissive temperature, like the previously isolated mutant, ptr4. In these two mutants, cytokinesis occurred without prior nuclear division, resulting in cleavage of the undivided nuclei by the septum. To investigate the relationship between mRNA export defects and the cut phenotype observed in ptr4 and ptr11, we analyzed 11 other mutants displaying the cut phenotype and found that all these tested mutants accumulate poly(A)(+) mRNA in the aberrantly cleaved nuclei. Interestingly, nuclear accumulation of poly(A)(+) mRNA was observed only in the anucleolate nuclei produced by aberrant cytokinesis. In addition, nuc1, the S. pombe mutant exhibiting a collapsed nucleolus, trapped poly(A)(+) mRNA in the nucleolar region at the nonpermissive temperature. In ptr11 and nuc1, mRNA transcribed from the intron-containing TBP gene showed nuclear accumulation, but not transcripts from the intron-less TBP cDNA, suggesting that the export pathway differs between the spliced and unspliced TBP mRNAs. These findings support the notion that a subset of mRNAs in yeast is exported from the nucleus through transient association with the nucleolus. (+info)

Cytokinesis. Cell division in animal cells and yeasts normally involves the separation of the parent cell into two daughter ... Pelham RJ, Chang F (Sep 2002). "Actin dynamics in the contractile ring during cytokinesis in fission yeast". Nature. 419 (6902 ... Actin's cytoskeleton is key to the processes of endocytosis, cytokinesis, determination of cell polarity and morphogenesis in ... cell division and cytokinesis, vesicle and organelle movement, cell signaling, and the establishment and maintenance of cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin

The end of cytokinesis marks the end of the M-phase. There are many cells where mitosis and cytokinesis occur separately, ... Main article: Cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is not a phase of mitosis but rather a separate process, necessary for completing cell ... Cytokinesis does not always occur; coenocytic (a type of multinucleate condition) cells undergo mitosis without cytokinesis. ... Karyokinesis without cytokinesis originates multinucleated cells called coenocytes. Related cell processes[edit]. Cell rounding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis

In animals the cytokinesis ends with formation of a contractile ring and thereafter a cleavage. But in plants it happen ... The last stage of the cell division process is cytokinesis. In this stage there is a cytoplasmic division that occurs at the ... Telophase is the last stage of the cell cycle in which a cleavage furrow splits the cells cytoplasm (cytokinesis) and chromatin ... In Fission yeast (S. pombe) the cytokinesis happens in G1 phase Cells are broadly classified into two main categories: simple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division

This prevents cytokinesis. When MPF activity falls at anaphase, the inhibitory sites are dephosphorylated and cytokinesis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturation_promoting_factor

... and cytokinesis. JADE1S negatively regulates cytokinesis of the epithelial cell cycle, a function specific to the small ... The number of reports concerning cytokinesis control has been growing over the past decade. JADE1 role in cytokinesis was ... The data demonstrated that JADE1 negatively controls cytokinesis, presumably by contributing to cytokinesis delay. JADE1 down- ... Cytokinesis is the final step of cell cycle which controls fidelity of division of cellular content, including cytoplasm, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JADE1

oocyte cytokinesis effective at 300 μM[33] C. elegans nonmuscle myosin-2 acto-myosin colocalization microscopy effective at 100 ... At a cellular level, blebbistatin also inhibits cytokinesis [11] and may also disrupt mitotic spindle formation.[12] Migration ... "Dissecting temporal and spatial control of cytokinesis with a myosin II Inhibitor". Science. 299 (5613): 1743-7. doi:10.1126/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blebbistatin

In cytokinesis the cell cortex plays a central role by producing a myosin-rich contractile ring to constrict the dividing cell ... Green RA, Paluch E, Oegema K (November 2012). "Cytokinesis in animal cells". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cortex

Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay; Sister-chromatid exchange assay; Allium assay; Alamar blue assay; Trypan blue ... cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay and sister chromatids exchange assay. Evaluation of cytotoxic and cytostatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Genetic_Engineering_and_Biotechnology_Sarajevo

Contractile ring in cytokinesis. *Contractile vacuole. *Muscle contraction *Myocardial contractility. *See contractile cell for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractility

Robinson DN, Spudich JA (2000). "Towards a molecular understanding of cytokinesis". Trends in Cell Biology. 10 (6): 228-237. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Spudich

In red algae, cytokinesis is incomplete. Typically, a small pore is left in the middle of the newly formed partition. The pit ... Pit connections and pit plugs are unique and distinctive features of red algae that form during the process of cytokinesis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_algae

Lee, KY; Davies, T; Mishima, M (Aug 1, 2012). "Cytokinesis microtubule organisers at a glance". Journal of Cell Science. 125 ( ... The central spindle is widely regarded as a key regulating center for cytokinesis, recruiting proteins for successful cleavage ... Without this regulation, signaling faults in cytokinesis can occur, resulting in unequal chromosome segregation or polyploid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_spindle

After karyokinesis, the cell undergoes cytokinesis. At this point the nuclei are already spherical and resemble that of mature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyrella

DOCK8, or "dedicator of cytokinesis 8", is a protein involved in regulating the actin skeleton of the cell. It may also be a ... Su, Helen C. (2010-12-01). "DOCK8 (Dedicator of cytokinesis 8) deficiency". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCK8_deficiency

Smith LG (March 2002). "Plant cytokinesis: motoring to the finish". Current Biology. 12 (6): R206-8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02) ... bipolar thick filaments provide the force of contraction needed to divide the cell into two daughter cells during cytokinesis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_protein

Cytokinesis begins with the budding process in late G1 and is not completed until about halfway through the next cycle. The ... This bud grows during the cell cycle and detaches; fission yeast divide by forming a cell wall Cytokinesis begins at G1 for ... Bi, Erfei (2002). "Cytokinesis in Budding Yeast: the Relationship between Actomyosin Ring Function and Septum Formation". Cell ... Thus, the AMR and septum formation are the major drivers of cytokinesis.[citation needed] Budding yeast form a bud from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae

"Entrez Gene: PRC1 protein regulator of cytokinesis 1". Eggert US, Mitchison TJ, Field CM (2006). "Animal Cytokinesis: From ... Protein Regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRC1 gene and is involved in ... This regulation is crucial in order for cytokinesis to progress properly. PRC1 is a non-motor microtubule-associated protein ( ... Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: O43663 (Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1) at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRC1

Transverse: Here cytokinesis takes place along the transverse axis. e.g. in ciliate protozoans like Paramecium. ... Longitudinal: Here cytokinesis takes place along the longitudinal axis. e.g. in flagellates like Euglena. ... In this type of fission, a multinucleate adult parent undergoes cytokinesis to form two multinucleate (or coenocytic) daughter ... Irregular: In this fission, cytokinesis may take place along any plane but it is always perpendicular to the plane of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_

... (Dedicator of cytokinesis), also known as Zizimin2, is a large (~240 kDa) protein involved in intracellular signalling ... "Entrez Gene: DOCK11 dedicator of cytokinesis 11". Côté JF, Vuori K (December 2002). "Identification of an evolutionarily ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock11

Skop AR, Bergmann D, Mohler WA, White JG (May 2001). "Completion of cytokinesis in C. elegans requires a brefeldin A-sensitive ... The bridge is then broken and resealed to form two identical daughter cells during cytokinesis. The breakage is formed by ... Plant cells do not perform cytokinesis through this exact method but the two procedures are not totally different. Animal cells ... ISBN 0-7167-1007-2. "The Cleavage Furrow (contractile ring) and Cytokinesis". Maciver Lab Cytoskeleton. University of Edinburgh ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage_furrow

Though the exact mechanism by which Aurora A aids cytokinesis is unknown, it is well documented that it relocalizes to the mid- ... Dysregulation of Aurora A may lead to cancer because Aurora A is required for the completion of cytokinesis. If the cell begins ... Finally, Aurora A helps orchestrate an exit from mitosis by contributing to the completion of cytokinesis- the process by which ... The Aurora B kinase is a chromosome passenger protein and regulates chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Although there is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_A_kinase

... (Dedicator of cytokinesis 3), also known as MOCA (modifier of cell adhesion) and PBP (presenilin-binding protein), is a ... "Entrez Gene: DOCK3 dedicator of cytokinesis 3". Kashiwa A, Yoshida H, Lee S, et al. (July 2000). "Isolation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock3

Drechsel DN, Hyman AA, Hall A, Glotzer M (January 1997). "A requirement for Rho and Cdc42 during cytokinesis in Xenopus embryos ... Piekny AJ, Mains PE (June 2002). "Rho-binding kinase (LET-502) and myosin phosphatase (MEL-11) regulate cytokinesis in the ... "Rho-kinase/ROCK is involved in cytokinesis through the phosphorylation of myosin light chain and not ezrin/radixin/moesin ... which is necessary for the completion of cytokinesis. ROCKs also seem to antagonize the insulin signaling pathway, resulting in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho-associated_protein_kinase

... (Dedicator of cytokinesis 6), also known as Zir1 is a large (~200 kDa) protein involved in intracellular signalling ... "Entrez gene: DOCK6 dedicator of cytokinesis 6". Côté JF, Vuori K (December 2002). "Identification of an evolutionarily ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock6

During cytokinesis, RACGAP1 has been shown to interact with KIF23 to form the centralspindlin complex. This complex is ... Mishima M, Kaitna S, Glotzer M (January 2002). "Central spindle assembly and cytokinesis require a kinesin-like protein/RhoGAP ... June 2000). "CYK-4: A Rho family gtpase activating protein (GAP) required for central spindle formation and cytokinesis". The ... Hirose K, Kawashima T, Iwamoto I, Nosaka T, Kitamura T (February 2001). "MgcRacGAP is involved in cytokinesis through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RACGAP1

... (Dedicator of cytokinesis 2), also known as DOCK2, is a large (~180 kDa) protein involved in intracellular signalling ... Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q92608 (Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 2) at the ... "Entrez Gene: DOCK2 dedicator of cytokinesis 2". Nishihara H, Kobayashi S, Hashimoto Y, et al. (November 1999). "Non-adherent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock2

... , (Dedicator of cytokinesis 4) also known as DOCK4, is a large (~190 kDa) protein involved in intracellular signalling ... "Entrez Gene: DOCK4 dedicator of cytokinesis 4". Yajnik V, Paulding C, Sordella R, et al. (March 2003). "DOCK4, a GTPase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock4

Cytokinesis, which is the next stage, is inhibited by cytochalasin B. A key advantage of this method is that it allows ... Cytokinesis is inhibited, however, mitosis is unaffected. Due to the effects on several cellular functions but lack of general ... In order to do so, cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN assay) with human lymphocytes is applied. This works in vitro. ... Another group found that CB inhibits the ability of HeLa cells to undergo cytokinesis by decomposition of the contractile ring ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochalasin_B

Cytokinesis is defined by actomyosin-based contraction. RhoA-dependent diaphanous-related formins (DRFs) localize to the ... cleavage furrow during cytokinesis while stimulating local actin polymerization by coordinating microtubules with actin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transforming_protein_RhoA

Mitosis and cytokinesis differ in that mitosis the process in which a duplicated genome within a cell separates into identical halves, while cytokinesis in. (reference.com)
The M phase in the cell cycle is known as the mitotic phase and is comprised of mitosis and cytokinesis. (reference.com)
The structure and distribution of cytoplasmic membranes during mitosis and cytokinesis in maize root tip meristematic cells was investigated by low and high voltage electron microscopy. (nih.gov)
Computer animation illustrates mitosis and cytokinesis in a clear and understandable way. (enasco.com)
Details the four phases of mitosis and cytokinesis. (enasco.com)
The APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) targets a large number of substrates for proteolysis during the final steps of mitosis and cytokinesis, but the significance of these targeting events, particularly in mammalian cells, is largely unknown. (portlandpress.com)
The strict temporal coupling between mitosis and cytokinesis complicates genetic and biochemical studies of this coordination (reviewed by S atterwhite and P ollard 1992 ) because mitotic regulatory molecules likely control both processes by distinct mechanisms. (genetics.org)
In higher plants, microtubule (MT)-based, and actin filament (AF)-based structures play important roles in mitosis and cytokinesis. (frontiersin.org)
This review summarizes current knowledge on the cytoskeleton-associated proteins that mediate the cytoskeletal arrays during mitosis and cytokinesis in plant cells and discusses the interaction between MTs and AFs involved in mitosis and cytokinesis. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we summarize the current findings on the cytoskeleton-associated proteins that mediate the cytoskeletal arrays during mitosis and cytokinesis in plant cells and focus on the MT and AF interactions involved in mitosis and cytokinesis. (frontiersin.org)
However, in the insect (procyclic) form of an ancient protist, Trypanosoma brucei , a blockade at the G 2 /M checkpoint results in an enrichment of anucleate cells (zoids), suggesting separated regulations between mitosis and cytokinesis (X. Tu and C. C. Wang, J. Biol. (asm.org)
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are known to play critical roles in controlling both mitosis and cytokinesis. (asm.org)
One such protein that plays a crucial role in both mitosis and cytokinesis is polo-like kinase (Plk). (asm.org)
How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was at the end of G2 of the cell cycle? (jiskha.com)
MEDICAL ANIMATION TRANSCRIPT: In this lesson, we'll be exploring the M phase of the cell cycle including mitosis and cytokinesis. (doereport.com)
O:13:\"PanistOpenUrl\":36:{s:10:\"\u0000*\u0000openUrl\";N;s:6:\"\u0000*\u0000idc\";N;s:6:\"\u0000*\u0000fmt\";s:7:\"journal\";s:6:\"\u0000*\u0000doi\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"\u0000*\u0000pii\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"\u0000*\u0000pmid\";s:0:\"\";s:9:\"\u0000*\u0000atitle\";s:68:\"A TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE MUTANT DEFECTIVE IN MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS. (inist.fr)
s:9:\"\u0000*\u0000aucorp\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"\u0000*\u0000isbn\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"\u0000*\u0000coden\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"\u0000*\u0000genre\";s:7:\"article\";s:7:\"\u0000*\u0000part\";s:0:\"\";s:9:\"\u0000*\u0000btitle\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"\u0000*\u0000title\";s:68:\"A TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE MUTANT DEFECTIVE IN MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS. (inist.fr)

Abscission depends on septin filaments beneath the cleavage furrow, which provide a structural basis to ensure completion of cytokinesis. (bionity.com)
Further analysis revealed that p27CK- expression caused a cytokinesis and abscission defect in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. (jci.org)
After furrow ingression is completed, there is a period (from 1.5 to 5 hours) during which daughter cells are still linked by a cytoplasmic bridge before cytokinesis is complete (abscission). (sciencemag.org)
It has been postulated that termination of cytokinesis (abscission) depends on the migration of a centriole to the intercellular bridge and then back to the cell center. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
These findings show that centrioles are highly mobile during cytokinesis and suggest that the repositioning of a centriole to the intercellular bridge is not essential for controlling abscission. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Cytokinesis is terminated by midbody cleavage (abscission) [ 20 , 21 ] and each daughter cell then receives only one centrosome [ 22 ]. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
In addition, a diffusion-based assay that precisely discerns the timing of abscission and cell separation shows that BRCA2 does not have a role in these final stages of cytokinesis. (biologists.org)
Loss of midbody MTs accompanies the abscission stage of cytokinesis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
They all induced cytokinesis failure at the point of abscission, consistent with inhibition of dynamin while not affecting other cell cycle stages. (aacrjournals.org)
In addition, ESCRT proteins have an established role in the final stage of cytokinesis, abscission, although the functional mechanisms by which they mediate daughter cell separation have yet to be demonstrated biochemically in vivo. (gla.ac.uk)
and although Plk1 proteolysis facilitates abscission complex assembly, Plk1 re-emerges at the midbody late during cytokinesis. (gla.ac.uk)
When a cell divides, it produces two daughter cells initially connected by a cytokinesis bridge, which is eventually cut through abscission. (pasteur.fr)
Membrane bending and scission during ILV formation is topologically similar to cytokinesis in that both events require the abscission of a membrane neck that is oriented away from the cytoplasm. (elsevier.com)

Animal cell cytokinesis begins shortly after the onset of sister chromatid separation in the anaphase of mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
During normal proliferative divisions, animal cell cytokinesis begins shortly after the onset of sister chromatid separation in the anaphase of mitosis. (bionity.com)
The final stage in the process of cell division is known as cytokinesis, which usually begins during late anaphase or early telophase (before mitosis ends) as the nuclear envelope and nucleoli are reforming and the chromosomes are de-condensing. (fsu.edu)
Cytokinesis starts during anaphase, when the microtubules gradually concentrate at the spindle midzone and a perpendicular ring of actomyosin contracts to form a cleavage furrow. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Plks play multiple pivotal roles in regulating the G 2 /M transition ( 1 ), the metaphase/anaphase transition ( 2 ), anaphase release ( 19 ), mitotic exit ( 17 ), and initiation of cytokinesis ( 14 ), and these roles are largely conserved throughout evolution ( 12 ). (asm.org)
In the presence of excess Nup96, [they] observed a slight delay from metaphase to anaphase and from anaphase to cytokinesis (Table 1). (harvard.edu)
They] show, in Table 1, that increased levels of Nup96 had modest effects on mitotic timing in NRK cells causing a slight acceleration from NEBD to metaphase and from anaphase to cytokinesis. (harvard.edu)
In mitotic cycle 16, cells of pav mutant embryos undergo normal anaphase but then develop an abnormal telophase spindle and fail to undertake cytokinesis. (caltech.edu)
Furthermore, Ect2 can interact with anillin, a conserved scaffold protein that also localizes to the cell cortex during anaphase and is essential for cytokinesis. (concordia.ca)
Aurora B phosphorylates MKlp1 during anaphase and is required for its function in cytokinesis. (ox.ac.uk)

Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 10 (Dock10), also known as Zizimin3, is a large (~240 kDa) protein involved in intracellular signalling networks that in humans is encoded by the DOCK10 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q96BY6 (Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 10) at the PDBe-KB. (wikipedia.org)
This gene is a member of the dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) family and encodes a protein with a DHR-1 (CZH-1) domain, a DHR-2 (CZH-2) domain and an SH3 domain. (creativebiomart.net)
The test detects the expression of dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) in T cells, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes in the peripheral blood. (testcatalog.org)

During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides by a process termed cleavage , driven by the tightening of a contractile ring composed of actin and myosin protein subunits. (fsu.edu)
Orientation of the contractile ring and cleavage furrow, which lie parallel to the metaphase plate and perpendicular to the polar axis of the spindle, is strictly controlled by the mitotic apparatus during cytokinesis. (fsu.edu)
Tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins accumulated in the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, and isolated detergent-resistant membranes (believed to consist of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains) contained GM1, Src family proteins, and the Src effector phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ). (sciencemag.org)
Pharmacological analysis further implicated Src activity and PLC-γ in cleavage furrow progression and cytokinesis. (sciencemag.org)
Cytokinesis is accomplished through progression of a cleavage furrow (invaginations of a de novo added plasma membrane in green) which divides a cell into two daughter cells. (rupress.org)
Surprisingly, it still localizes to the cleavage furrow region during cytokinesis. (pnas.org)
However, little is known about how myosin localizes into the cleavage furrow region during cytokinesis. (pnas.org)
Cytokinesis is initiated by the formation of a cleavage furrow whose ingression is powered by an actomyosin network known as the contractile ring. (bl.uk)
In cytokinesis, when the cleavage furrow has been formed, the two centrioles in each daughter cell separate. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
How dividing cells signal where the cleavage furrow should be during cytokinesis has long interested cell biologists. (xenbase.org)
Freeze substitution reveals a new model for sporangial cleavage in Phytophthora, a result with implications for cytokinesis in other eukaryotes. (semanticscholar.org)

During cytokinesis the spindle apparatus partitions and transports duplicated chromatids into the cytoplasm of the separating daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
Animal cell cytokinesis starts with the stabilization of microtubules and reorganization of the mitotic spindle to form the central spindle. (wikipedia.org)
Besides being a structural component of the central spindle itself, CPC also plays a role in the phosphoregulation of other central spindle components, including PRC1 (microtubule-bundling protein required for cytokinesis 1) and MKLP1 (a kinesin motor protein). (wikipedia.org)
Seemingly vital for the formation of the central spindle (and therefore efficient cytokinesis) is a heterotetrameric protein complex called centralspindlin . (bionity.com)
Cytokinesis is coordinated by the mitotic spindle, which delivers cues to the actin-rich cortex. (pnas.org)
Depletion of WHAMM by microinjection of specific short interfering (si)RNA into the oocyte cytoplasm resulted in failure of spindle migration, disruption of asymmetric cytokinesis and a decrease in the first polar body extrusion rate during meiotic maturation. (springer.com)
Taken together, our data suggest that WHAMM is required for peripheral spindle migration and asymmetric cytokinesis during mouse oocyte maturation. (springer.com)
The coupling of cytokinesis and chromosome segregation to the mitotic spindle ensures that nuclear and cytoplasmic division are tightly coordinated. (bl.uk)
Using live-cell time-lapse microscopy, I found that Ect2 concentrates not only at the spindle midzone but also accumulates at equatorial plasma membrane during cytokinesis. (bl.uk)
Here we report that separated centrioles that migrate from the cell pole are very mobile during cytokinesis and their movements can be characterized as 1) along the nuclear envelope, 2) irregular, and 3) along microtubules forming the spindle axis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Finally, the authors show that, in contrast to results from a previous study, BRCA2 does not localise to the spindle midzone or midbody, two structures of the mitotic spindle that play important roles during cytokinesis. (biologists.org)
Our results also indicated that the central spindle and the contractile ring are interdependent structures that interact throughout cytokinesis. (washington.edu)
During cytokinesis, dynamin localizes to the spindle midzone and the intracellular bridge ( 21 , 26 ). (aacrjournals.org)
When we examined the integrity of spindle assembly in these cells, we found that downregulation of p53 in the absence of LMW cyclin E, nor induction of LMW cyclin E in the presence of p53 were not sufficient to mediate abnormalities in cytokinesis. (aacrjournals.org)
However when we induced LMW cyclin E in p53 downregulated clones, we observed severe spindle abnormalities leading to failure of cytokinesis in MCF-7 cells. (aacrjournals.org)
pavarotti encodes a kinesin-like protein required to organize the central spindle and contractile ring for cytokinesis Richard R. Adams, Alvaro A.M. Tavares, Adi Salzberg, Hugo J. Bellen, and David M. Glover Genes Dev. (caltech.edu)
ASAP, a human microtubule-associated protein required for bipolar spindle assembly and cytokinesis. (inserm.fr)
ASAP localizes to microtubules in interphase, associates with the mitotic spindle during mitosis, localizes to the central body during cytokinesis and directly binds to purified microtubules by its COOH-terminal domain. (inserm.fr)
Depletion of ASAP by RNA interference results in severe mitotic defects: it provokes aberrant mitotic spindle, delays mitotic progression, and leads to defective cytokinesis or cell death. (inserm.fr)
These results suggest a crucial role for ASAP in the organization of the bipolar mitotic spindle, mitosis progression, and cytokinesis and define ASAP as a key factor for proper spindle assembly. (inserm.fr)
MKlp1(S911A) targets to the central spindle but is prematurely imported into the nucleus and fails to support cytokinesis. (ox.ac.uk)
Spatial restriction of Aurora B to the central spindle by MKlp2 therefore regulates MKlp1 during cytokinesis in human cells. (ox.ac.uk)

Plant cytokinesis involves formation of a cell plate that is generated from the phragmoplast, a membranous structure located between two daughter nuclei that contains a network of microtubules and proteins related to vesicle trafficking. (sciencemag.org)
From the analysis, wild-type cytokinesis appears to proceed through an active, extremely regulated process in which globally distributed proteins generate resistive forces that slow the rate of furrow ingression. (pnas.org)
Consequently, many proteins may contribute important functions to cytokinesis without producing gross phenotypes when mutated ( 12 ). (pnas.org)
We analyzed the role of equatorial proteins, myosin II and the actin crosslinker cortexillin I, and global proteins, RacE small GTPase and the actin crosslinker dynacortin ( Fig. 1 A ). Each protein plays an important role in cytokinesis and cortical mechanics ( 7 , 13 - 18 ). (pnas.org)
Furthermore, carbonylated proteins were not inherited by daughter cells during cytokinesis. (sciencemag.org)
Mother cells of a yeast strain lacking the sir2 gene, a life-span determinant, failed to retain oxidatively damaged proteins during cytokinesis. (sciencemag.org)
Yet, the identity of proteins required for the spatial and temporal regulation of molecular events during cytokinesis remains largely an open question. (rupress.org)
Some of the first regulatory proteins shown to be required for cytokinesis were small G proteins of the Ras and Rho (Ras homologous) families. (rupress.org)
The assembly of actin and myosin filaments (together with septins and actin-interacting proteins) into a contractile ring and the regulation of actomyosin contractility during cytokinesis are even more poorly understood. (rupress.org)
The midbody consists of overlapping microtubules and additional proteins, many of which are required for cytokinesis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Furthermore, we hope to provide others in the field with potential insights on how Mso1/Rng15 family proteins work in cytokinesis in other model systems, such as mammals. (osu.edu)
Several conserved proteins, including PRC1 and MKLP1, have been identified by cytology and genetics as C phase-specific microtubule-binding proteins that are required for midzone assembly and cytokinesis ( 7 ), but given the complexities of cytokinesis, others are likely to exist. (mcponline.org)
These zones blocked the interpenetration of neighboring asters and recruited cytokinesis midzone proteins, including the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) and centralspindlin. (xenbase.org)
ESCRT genes were shown to be required for cytokinesis and cell separation in fission yeast, implying a role for the ESCRT proteins in this process. (gla.ac.uk)
Septins, a conserved family of GTP-binding cytoskeletal proteins, are an absolute requirement for cytokinesis in budding yeast. (harvard.edu)

Nucleus- and phragmoplast-localized protein kinase 1 (NPK1) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that accumulates in the phragmoplast and is required for normal cytokinesis. (sciencemag.org)
In this study we investigated the potential role of the BRCA2 protein in cytokinesis in unmodified primary human fibroblast carrying a heterozygous mutation in the BRCA2 gene. (hindawi.com)
To investigate the localization of the BRCA2 protein during cytokinesis, immunofluorescence staining using antibody directed against BRCA2 was carried out. (hindawi.com)
The BRCA2 protein localizes and accumulates to the midbody during cytokinesis, and no difference was detected in distribution and localization of the protein between BRCA2 +/− and BRCA2 +/+ samples or cells with delayed cytokinesis and normal division time. (hindawi.com)
The delayed cytokinesis phenotype of the BRCA2 heterozygous cells and localization of the BRCA2 protein to the midbody confirms that BRCA2 plays a role in cytokinesis. (hindawi.com)
We identified the Rho effector citron kinase (citron-K) as a p27-interacting protein in vitro and in vivo and found that p27 and citron-K colocalized at the contractile ring and mid-body during telophase and cytokinesis. (jci.org)
GTP/FH protein-mediated pathway initiating actin polymerization during cytokinesis has been demonstrated, the role of ROCK-like kinases in assembly of myosin filaments during cytokinesis is presumed, based on their known roles in other actin-dependent processes. (rupress.org)
Using a genetic complementation system, I have been able to replace the endogenous Ect2 protein with a fluorescently-tagged transgene to study its dynamic localization during cytokinesis. (bl.uk)
A novel mutant screen in fission yeast has identified the 'ethanol dependent' protein etd1p as a potential link between the septation initiation network (SIN), which initiates cytokinesis, and the actomyosin contractile ring that drives separation of the two daughter cells at the end of mitosis. (epfl.ch)
Additionally, Eng1- or Agn1-green fluorescent protein did not properly localize to the septum in rho4Δ cells grown at 37°C. There was a decreased amount of these enzymes in the cell wall and in the culture medium of rho4Δ cells at 37°C. These results provide evidence that Rho4p is involved in the regulation of Eng1p and Agn1p secretion during cytokinesis. (asm.org)
We identified the microtubule depolymerizing protein stathmin as a key molecule aiding in septin-independent cytokinesis, demonstrated that stathmin supplementation is sufficient to override cytokinesis failure in SEPT7-null fibroblasts, and that knockdown of stathmin makes proliferation of a hematopoietic cell line sensitive to the septin inhibitor forchlorfenuron. (harvard.edu)
During cytokinesis, green fluorescent protein-tagged exocyst subunits SEC6, SEC8, SEC15b, EXO70A1, and EXO84b exhibit distinctive localization maxima at cell plate initiation and cell plate maturation, stages with a high demand for vesicle fusion. (cas.cz)
Building on the biochemical defect in an inherited metabolic disease ( Suzuki 1998 ), these papers reveal an unexpected connection between lipid mediators, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, and cytokinesis mechanism. (rupress.org)
To gain more insight into this question, we are exploring the potential phylogenetic information inferred from gene sequences of phragmoplastin, a dynamin-like protein that has been associated with cell-plate formation during phragmoplast-mediated cytokinesis in land plants. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The kinesin-6 family motor protein MKlp1 is a key regulator of cytokinesis and an ideal substrate for studying spatially regulated protein-phosphorylation events. (ox.ac.uk)
These experiments provide evidence of an unexpected link between this chromosomal protein and cytokinesis, and suggest that one function of INCENP may be to integrate the chromosomal and cytoskeletal events of mitosis. (ovid.com)

Cytokinesis (/ˌsaɪtoʊkɪˈniːsɪs/) is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
it omits cytokinesis, thereby yielding multinucleate cells. (wikipedia.org)
Throughout phylogeny, Anillins contribute to cytokinesis, the cell shape change that occurs at the end of meiosis and mitosis to separate a cell into daughter cells. (nih.gov)
Immunofluorescence staining was performed directly after live-cell imaging and cells with delayed cytokinesis, of which the co-ordinates were saved, were automatically repositioned and visualized. (hindawi.com)
A Subset of the BRCA2 +/− cells had delayed cytokinesis (40 min or longer) making the mean cell division time 6 min longer compared with BRCA2 +/+ cells, 33 min versus 27 min, respectively. (hindawi.com)
Our observations indicate that in a subset of cells the presence of only one wild type BRCA2 allele is insufficient for efficient cytokinesis. (hindawi.com)
Cytokinesis is the process whereby the cytoplasm of a single cell is divided to spawn two daughter cells. (bionity.com)
In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary ), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles , leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. (bionity.com)
Due to the presence of a cell wall , cytokinesis in plant cells is significantly different from that in animal cells. (bionity.com)
Presented in the digital fluorescence micrograph above is a pair of newly formed daughter rat kangaroo ( PtK2 ) kidney epithelial cells in the late stages of cytokinesis. (fsu.edu)
At the end of cytokinesis, the contractile ring dissociates, leaving behind only a narrow bridge between the daughter cells (the midbody) filled with actin filaments. (fsu.edu)
In higher plant cells, cytokinesis is regulated by the cell wall and occurs by a different mechanism. (fsu.edu)
Tyrosine phosphorylation of 55 kD Src and of PLC-γ was increased in dividing cells compared with those at interphase, and this was inhibited by depletion of cholesterol with filipin (which also blocked cytokinesis). (sciencemag.org)
Cytokinesis, the fission of a mother cell into two daughter cells, is a simple and dramatic cell shape change. (pnas.org)
Cytokinesis, the mechanical separation of a mother cell into two daughter cells, is a simple shape change that is essential for cell viability. (pnas.org)
Cytokinesis differs in plants and animals because unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall that needs to be split up. (reference.com)
These cytoskeletal elements include filamentous actin and myosin and are the same structures responsible for cytokinesis in fungal cells. (reference.com)
Plant cells cannot undergo cytokinesis in the same manner because the cell wall stands in the way: it is rigid and cannot constrict like a plasma membrane. (reference.com)
If cytokinesis took place before mitosis, the two daughter cells would end up with only half the required genetic material and, unable to function, would die. (reference.com)
In eukaryotic cells, cytokinesis normally happens just after or during the last stage of mitosis, known as telophase. (reference.com)
Once the two sets of chromosomes on two sides of the parent cell start forming nuclei, cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm in half and two daughter cells are created. (reference.com)
Plant cells divide through the process of mitosis, followed by cytokinesis. (reference.com)
Cytokinesis is the process that separates two daughter cells after chromosome segregation. (biologists.org)
Cytokinesis results in distribution of chromosomes (nuclei in pink) and cytoplasm with organelles (yellow) between daughter cells, thus completing the mitotic cycle. (rupress.org)
Early studies of cytokinesis in animal cells took advantage of the ability to easily manipulate and observe large transparent eggs of marine invertebrates, such as echinoderms and ctenophores (reviewed by Rappaport 1996 ). (rupress.org)
Dictyostelium cells lacking functional myosin II are unable to undergo cytokinesis in the absence of adhesion ( 3 - 5 ). (pnas.org)
In mammalian cells, completion of cytokinesis relies on targeted delivery of recycling membranes to the midbody. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Using time-lapse imaging of HeLa cells, the authors show that depletion of BRCA2 abrogates its function in DNA repair but has no effect on cytokinesis. (biologists.org)
Furthermore, DLD1 colon cancer cells in which both BRCA2 alleles are disrupted successfully complete cytokinesis. (biologists.org)
Together, these data indicate that BRCA2 does not regulate cytokinesis in human cells, which is a finding of crucial importance for understanding cancers with which BRCA2 mutations are associated. (biologists.org)
Cells with rng15 gene deleted (rng15Δ) cannot grow at 36°C due to defective cytokinesis and accumulate secretory vesicles at the division site. (osu.edu)
To further investigate how Rng15 functions in cytokinesis, we screened for high-copy suppressors of rng15Δ at 36°C by transforming rng15Δ cells with plasmid DNA from a fission yeast genomic DNA library. (osu.edu)
Animal cells are competent to undergo cytokinesis during a brief window in the cell cycle, called C phase, which starts shortly after cells exit mitosis (M phase) and lasts ∼30-60 min ( 1 , 2 ). (mcponline.org)
cells were arrested in monopolar mitosis where microtubule dynamics are relatively normal with a Kinesin-5 inhibitor and then forced into monopolar cytokinesis using a CDK1 inhibitor, giving excellent C phase synchrony ( 8 , 9 ). (mcponline.org)
Cytokinesis, when two daughter cells are physically separated from one another, is the final stage of cell division. (xenbase.org)
In a new paper appearing in Science (10 October 2014, Science 346 (6206):244-247 ), Phuong Nguyen and Aaron Groen, along with their colleagues at Harvard Medical School (Boston, MA), have reconstituted the organization of cytokinesis signaling outside living cells, using a the cell-free Xenopus system. (xenbase.org)
CYTOKINESIS is temporally coordinated with the nuclear division cycle to help ensure the proper segregation of genetic material and cytoplasm to daughter cells. (genetics.org)
Growing evidence indicates that membrane traffic plays a crucial role during the late post-furrowing steps of cytokinesis in animal cells. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Here, we now show that SCAMPs are diverted to the cell plate during cytokinesis dividing Bright Yellow-2 cells. (plantphysiol.org)
As cells progress from metaphase to cytokinesis, punctate OsSCAMP1-labeled structures begin to collect in the future division plane. (plantphysiol.org)
During cytokinesis, the cell's cytoplasm is divided between the two daughter cells. (enotes.com)
Cell death was induced specifically following cytokinesis failure, suggesting that dynole 34-2 selectively targets dividing cells. (aacrjournals.org)
This last step of cytokinesis is required to separate the two cells. (asm.org)
37. Both animals and plant cells undergo cytokinesis after mitosis ends. (jiskha.com)
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through the inward movement of the cell membrane. (doereport.com)
These cells exhibit cytokinesis defects, whereby an increased percentage of cells is connected via an intracellular bridge with detectable midbodies ( 24 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Growth arrest and cell death followed cytokinesis failure in cancer cells. (aacrjournals.org)
These formin homology domains, which we have termed FH1 and FH2, are also found in Bni1p, the product of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene required for normal cytokinesis in diploid yeast cells. (biologists.org)
Cytokinesis terminates mitosis, resulting in separation of the two sister cells. (harvard.edu)
We demonstrate that septin-dependence of mammalian cytokinesis differs greatly between cell types: genetic loss of the pivotal septin subunit SEPT7 in vivo reveals that septins are indispensable for cytokinesis in fibroblasts, but expendable in cells of the hematopoietic system. (harvard.edu)
Cytokinesis in nearly all prokaryotic cells is mediated by a filamentous structure at the division site of the cell. (embopress.org)
We conclude that the exocyst complex is involved in secretory processes during cytokinesis in Arabidopsis cells, notably in cell plate initiation, cell plate maturation, and formation of new primary cell wall. (cas.cz)
How germ cells undergo cytokinesis while maintaining this syncytial architecture is not completely understood. (iric.ca)
MN frequencies were determined in irradiated human lymphocytes using the cytokinesis-block technique, and the results from LSC were compared with visual scoring results obtained from slides of cells stained using Fast Green and 4′,6-diamidinophenylindole DAPI. (mo-skm.info)
In this study, we have employed the cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt) assay with WIL2-NS B lymphoblastoid cells to test the potential genotoxicity, as well as the cytotoxicity, of toxic species generated in cell culture media by an argon (Ar) plasma jet. (lancs.ac.uk)
Cytokinesis in all organisms involves the creation of membranous barriers that demarcate individual daughter cells. (nus.edu.sg)
During meiosis, however, four daughter cells (spores) are generated through a unique form of cytokinesis, called sporulation. (nus.edu.sg)
2006). However, as in the case of mitotic cells, the precise mechanism linking SIN and FSM assembly during meiotic cytokinesis is not fully understood. (nus.edu.sg)
The myb3r1 myb3r4 double mutant often fails to complete cytokinesis, resulting in multinucleate cells with gapped walls and cell wall stubs in diverse tissues. (cpib.ac.uk)
Phragmoplast in cytokinesis of Cephaleuros parasiticus (Chlorophyta) and a comparison with C. virescens vegetative cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Cytokinesis is the division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells due to the ingression of an actin-myosin based contractile ring. (concordia.ca)
Cells don't simply separate at cytokinesis. (pasteur.fr)
The first evidence that animal cell cytokinesis requires membrane traffic, as in plant cells, was provided about 15 years ago. (pasteur.fr)
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm of the cell into two daughter cells. (ivyroses.com)

These simple but informative micromanipulation experiments have demonstrated that an actomyosin contractile ring is the driving force of cytokinesis and have led to some initial speculations about the nature of the signal inducing cytokinesis. (rupress.org)
NabKin not only binds microtubules but also F-actin structures, such as the intranuclear actin bundles in prophase and the contractile actomyosin ring during cytokinesis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Our results support a model in which the initial expansion of the C. elegans syncytial germline occurs by incomplete cytokinesis, where one daughter germ cell inherits the actomyosin ring that was newly formed by stabilization of the cytokinetic ring, while the other inherits the pre-existing stable actomyosin ring. (iric.ca)
Successful cytokinesis relies on the assembly and activation of an actomyosin-based contractile ring and membrane deposition/fusion in a spatially and temporally precise manner. (elsevier.com)
During mitosis, it divides using actomyosin ring constriction of which is coordinated with the formation of new membrane/cell wall during cytokinesis. (nus.edu.sg)
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cytokinesis requires the assembly and constriction of an actomyosin-based contractile ring (CR). (readbyqxmd.com)

During cytokinesis, the last stage of cell division, an actin-based ring at the equator constricts to split the cell in two. (sciencemag.org)
These results indicate that myosin II localization during cytokinesis occurs through a mechanism that does not require it to be the force-generating element or to interact with actin filaments directly. (pnas.org)
Cell division concludes with cytokinesis, a process driven by a contractile ring of actin and myosin that lies underneath the plasma membrane at the cell's equator. (biologists.org)
Although myosin is essential for cytokinesis in various animal models, whether and to what extent this reflects its motor activity or its ability to crosslink actin has been a matter of debate. (biologists.org)
Mutations introduced into the ATPase domain of non-muscle myosin-2 (NMY-2, the sole myosin required for early cytokinesis) bind to actin but fail to translocate it in vitro . (biologists.org)
Thus, myosin's motor activity is essential for cytokinesis, and its ability to crosslink actin filaments is not sufficient. (biologists.org)
Cytokinesis requires coordinated reorganization of microtubules, actin, and membranes, which implies global regulation of cellular biochemistry. (mcponline.org)
Examination of preparations stained for tubulin, anillin, KLP3A, and F-actin revealed discrete defects in the components of the cytokinetic apparatus, suggesting that these genes act at four major points in a stepwise pathway for cytokinesis. (washington.edu)
The nuclear F-actin interactome of Xenopus oocytes reveals an actin-bundling kinesin that is essential for meiotic cytokinesis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Disconnecting NabKin from F-actin during meiosis caused cytokinesis failure and egg polyploidy. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Our data are consistent with the notion that NabKin/KIF14 directly link microtubules with F-actin and that such link is essential for cytokinesis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Probing the Plant Actin Cytoskeleton during Cytokinesis and Interphase by Profilin Microinjection. (plantcell.org)

Cytokinesis largely resembles the prokaryotic process of binary fission, but because of differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and functions, the mechanisms differ. (wikipedia.org)
To further our understanding of exocytosis during cytokinesis, we investigate Rng15 in fission yeast, a popular model organism for cytokinesis. (osu.edu)
Through this investigation, we will have a better understanding of the role of exocytosis in the delivery of materials during fission yeast cytokinesis. (osu.edu)
Initially, ESCRT function in fission yeast cytokinesis was examined by characterising formation of the specialised medial cell wall, the septum, in individual ESCRT deletion strains. (gla.ac.uk)
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe uses two distinct mechanisms of cytokinesis depending on the mode of cell cycle regulation. (nus.edu.sg)

After the completion of the telophase and cytokinesis, each daughter cell enters the interphase of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
After cytokinesis, non-kinetochore microtubules reorganize and disappear into a new cytoskeleton as the cell cycle returns to interphase (see also cell cycle ). (bionity.com)

mitosis is the division of the components of the nucleus, whereas cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and its constituents. (reference.com)
Cell division includes division of the nucleus, called mitosis, and division of the cytoplasm, called cytokinesis. (doereport.com)
The final step of the M phase is cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm. (doereport.com)
During the M phase, cell division occurs through two processes: mitosis, when the nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm divides. (doereport.com)
Cytokinesis is division of the cytoplasm. (doereport.com)

Secretory pathways supported by the activity of the Golgi apparatus play a crucial role in cytokinesis in plants. (cas.cz)

The need for several intracellular transport routes probably reflects the complex events that occur during the late cytokinesis steps such as local remodelling of the plasma membrane composition, removal of components required for earlier steps of cytokinesis and membrane sealing that leads to daughter cell separation. (biochemsoctrans.org)
In this mini-review, I will focus on recent evidence showing that endocytic pathways, such as the Rab35-regulated recycling pathway, contribute to the establishment of a PtdIns(4,5) P 2 lipid domain at the intercellular bridge which is involved in the localization of cytoskeletal elements essential for the late steps of cytokinesis. (biochemsoctrans.org)

Cooperation between mitotic kinesins controls the late stages of cytokinesis. (ox.ac.uk)

To define the primary defects leading to failure of cytokinesis, we analyzed meiotic divisions in male mutants for each of these 19 genes. (washington.edu)
failure of cytokinesis is observed in the follicle cell layer. (biologists.org)

Disruption of the interaction or expression of a truncated NACK1 lacking the motor domain caused mislocalization of NPK1 and defective cytokinesis. (sciencemag.org)
Drosophila mutants defective in meiotic cytokinesis can be easily identified by their multinucleate spermatids. (washington.edu)
Together, these results show that multinucleated neurons arising from defective cytokinesis can extend multiple cilia. (mysciencework.com)

Experiments with various mitotic mutants have demonstrated that this pattern of growth, nuclear division, and septation are dependent on controls that ensure that germlings acquire a minimum threshold cell size and undergo at least one nuclear division before cytokinesis. (genetics.org)

Rho-mediated signal transduction pathways operating during cytokinesis. (rupress.org)
Possible cross-talk between Rab35 and other endocytic pathways involved in cytokinesis are also discussed. (biochemsoctrans.org)
As such, the molecular pathways governing cytokinesis are highly complex, involving a large number of components forming intricate interactive networks. (elsevier.com)
Here, we review our current knowledge of the secretory and endocytic recycling pathways involved in cytokinesis, and how vesicles defined by specific Rab and Arf GTPases are targeted and fused to the membrane of the intercellular bridge thanks to different molecular motors, tethering complexes and SNARE machineries. (pasteur.fr)

It has been suggested that the centrioles facilitate and regulate cytokinesis to some extent. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
in addition, previous work has suggested that BRCA2 might regulate cytokinesis, the final step of cell division. (biologists.org)
Our results suggest that a pair of structurally related R1R2R3-Myb transcription factors may positively regulate cytokinesis mainly through transcriptional activation of the KN gene. (cpib.ac.uk)

Study of Anillin in several model organisms has provided us with insight into how the cytoskeleton is coordinated to ensure that cytokinesis occurs with high fidelity. (nih.gov)
The cytoskeleton globally reorganizes between mitosis (M phase) and cytokinesis (C phase), which presumably requires extensive regulatory changes. (mcponline.org)

These results suggest that a cell cycle-regulated reduction in endogenous p190 levels is linked to completion of cytokinesis and generation of viable cell progeny. (rupress.org)
2014. "Genetic Deletion of SEPT7 Reveals a Cell Type-Specific Role of Septins in Microtubule Destabilization for the Completion of Cytokinesis. (harvard.edu)
INCENP1-405 interferes with both prometaphase chromosome alignment and the completion of cytokinesis. (ovid.com)

implicated cholesterol-, sphingolipid-, and signaling molecule-rich plasma membrane microdomains (thought to form signaling platforms involved in various cellular processes) in assembly of a signaling pathway critical to cytokinesis. (sciencemag.org)

Genetic dissection of meiotic cytokinesis in Drosophila males. (washington.edu)
Moreover, our genetic and cytological analyses provide further evidence for a cell type-specific control of Drosophila cytokinesis, suggesting that several genes required for meiotic cytokinesis in males are not required for mitotic cytokinesis. (washington.edu)
In summary, this study provides a novel link between the SIN and vesicle trafficking during meiotic cytokinesis. (nus.edu.sg)

The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay has become a fully-validated and standardized method for radiation biodosimetry. (bioone.org)
The cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN cyt) assay is a new and comprehensive technique for measuring DNA damage. (mo-skm.info)
DNA damage and cytotoxicity biomarkers in the lymphocyte Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Cytome (CBMN Cyt) assay. (mo-skm.info)
Cytokinexis health status assessed by a cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay in a healthy middle-aged Korean population. (mo-skm.info)
Cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay evolves into a "cytome" cytokinseis of chromosomal instability, mitotic dysfunction and cell death. (mo-skm.info)
The application of the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay on peripheral blood lymphocytes for the assessment of genome damage micronucleux long-term residents of areas with high radon concentration, Journal of Radiation ResearchVolume 55, Issue 1, 1 JanuaryPages 61-66, https: This paper has been referenced on Twitter 7 times over the past 90 days. (mo-skm.info)
The outcomes of the treatments were evaluated using the apoptosis/necrosis assay, the alkaline comet assay, and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay. (readbyqxmd.com)

Contractile FtsZ rings forming around the cell equator are thought to play a key role in bacterial cytokinesis. (embopress.org)
In this paper, a mathematical model of contractile ring-driven cytokinesis is presented by using both phase-field and immersed-boundary methods in a three-dimensional domain. (readbyqxmd.com)

Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Cytome Assays for the Determination of Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Cecal Water in Rats and Fecal Water. (mo-skm.info)

Finally, we propose that, in addition to myosin II, a Laplace pressure, resulting from material properties and the geometry of the dividing cell, generates force to help drive furrow ingression late in cytokinesis. (pnas.org)
Puzzlingly, cytokinesis in some cell types proceeds fairly normally without myosin II. (pnas.org)
A ) Schematic cartoon showing localizations of myosin II, RacE, dynacortin, and cortexillin I. ( B ) A cartoon of the shape changes of wild-type cytokinesis. (pnas.org)

We developed a cell-free system to recapitulate cytokinesis signaling using cytoplasmic extract from Xenopus eggs. (xenbase.org)

However, the mechanism that controls endosome positioning during cytokinesis is not known. (biochemsoctrans.org)
We have used Drosophila male meiosis as a model system for genetic dissection of the cytokinesis mechanism. (washington.edu)
Taken together, our results revealed a novel mechanism of cytokinesis initiation in the trypanosome that may serve as a useful model for further in-depth investigations. (asm.org)
We have reported that the MiTMAB class of dynamin small molecule inhibitors are new antimitotic agents with a novel mechanism of action, blocking cytokinesis. (aacrjournals.org)
We propose that such a mechanism of iterative cytokinesis incompletion underpins C. elegans germline expansion and maintenance. (iric.ca)
Cytokinesis is a crucial step in cell proliferation, and remarkably, it is also an important mechanism for developmental regulation in the generation of diverse cell types in eukaryotic organisms. (elsevier.com)

A signalling module termed the Septation Initiation Network (SIN) plays an essential role in the assembly of new membranes and cell wall during mitotic cytokinesis. (nus.edu.sg)

Thus, the authors conclude that formation of a specialized membrane domain at the cell equator is critical for animal cell cytokinesis. (sciencemag.org)

M. M. Ng, F. Chang, D. R. Burgess, Movement of membrane domains and requirement of membrane signaling molecules for cytokinesis. (sciencemag.org)
Once moved to opposite poles, a nuclear membrane forms around each group, and the cell is ready to proceed to cytokinesis. (reference.com)
We will finally review recent evidence showing a tight coupling between membrane traffic and cytokinesis in complex processes, such as during the establishment of de novo apico-basal polarity. (pasteur.fr)

Cytokinesis must be temporally controlled to ensure that it occurs only after sister chromatid separation during normal proliferative cell divisions. (bionity.com)
The process of cytokinesis is a coordinated series of events that occurs in late mitosis. (rupress.org)
The M phase is complete after cytokinesis occurs. (doereport.com)

We show here that two structurally related genes, MYB3R1 and MYB3R4, which encode homologs of NtmybA1 and NtmybA2, play a partially redundant role in positively regulating cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. (cpib.ac.uk)

What Divides Unequally in the Female Cytokinesis? (seattlepi.com)

The authors examined the biophysics involved in spatial signaling during cytokinesis using powerful imaging techniques, taking advantage of microtubule cytokinesis zones that they assembled on the surface of a microscope slide. (xenbase.org)

New horizons for cytokinesis. (nih.gov)

During cytokinesis, another plant-specific cytoskeletal structure called the phragmoplast guides vesicles in the creation of a new cell wall. (frontiersin.org)
Cross-linkers both drive and brake cytoskeletal remodeling and furrowing in cytokinesis. (cam.ac.uk)

It also reflects the importance of a close coordination between mitotic exit and initiation of cytokinesis in cell cycle progression. (asm.org)

These include 16 novel loci and three genes, diaphanous, four wheel drive, and pebble, already known to be involved in Drosophila cytokinesis. (washington.edu)
We show that the Drosophila gene diaphanous is required for cytokinesis. (biologists.org)

In mitosis and in meiosis in the male, cytokinesis is a symmetric process. (seattlepi.com)
In meiosis in the female the final step, the cytokinesis, is shifted way over to one side. (seattlepi.com)

Genetic analyses in simple model systems (yeast, slime mold, fruit fly) have demonstrated that defects in either karyokinesis, or nuclear division (e.g., mutations that affect cell cycle checkpoints, mitotic chromosome condensation and segregation, etc.), or cytokinesis ( Fig. 1 ), both may delay or block development. (rupress.org)
Functional studies using gene disruption and conditional knockdown revealed essential roles of APC3 during these mitotic stages with loss resulting in a lack of chromosome condensation, abnormal cytokinesis and absence of microgamete formation. (nottingham.ac.uk)

We have screened a collection of 1955 homozygous mutant male sterile lines for those with multinucleate spermatids, and thereby identified mutations in 19 genes required for cytokinesis. (washington.edu)
In addition, a kn heterozygous mutation enhanced cytokinesis defects resulting from heterozygous or homozygous mutations in the MYB3R1 and MYB3R4 genes. (cpib.ac.uk)

RhoA Recruits Ect2 and Anillin to the Cortex where they interact to Maintain Furrow Ingression during Cytokinesis. (concordia.ca)

We demonstrate that unmodified primary human fibroblasts derived from heterozygous BRCA2 mutation carriers show significantly prolonged cytokinesis. (hindawi.com)

In the animal, these 'motor-dead' mutations lead to adult sterility and embryonic inviability, and fail to support cytokinesis. (biologists.org)

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Contribution of noncentrosomal microtubules to spindle assembly in Drosophila spermatocytes. (1/1179)

Dynacortin contributes to cortical viscoelasticity and helps define the shape changes of cytokinesis. (2/1179)

Loss of Apm1, the micro1 subunit of the clathrin-associated adaptor-protein-1 complex, causes distinct phenotypes and synthetic lethality with calcineurin deletion in fission yeast. (3/1179)

The flagella connector of Trypanosoma brucei: an unusual mobile transmembrane junction. (4/1179)

Role of the midbody matrix in cytokinesis: RNAi and genetic rescue analysis of the mammalian motor protein CHO1. (5/1179)

A role for the Cdc14-family phosphatase Flp1p at the end of the cell cycle in controlling the rapid degradation of the mitotic inducer Cdc25p in fission yeast. (6/1179)

Functional characterization of Dma1 and Dma2, the budding yeast homologues of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Dma1 and human Chfr. (7/1179)

The nucleolus is involved in mRNA export from the nucleus in fission yeast. (8/1179)

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