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CytokinesisTelophaseMitosisSpindle ApparatusMyosin Type IICell DivisionActomyosinAnaphaseContractile ProteinsSchizosaccharomycesSeptinsAurora Kinase BAurora KinasesMicrotubulesSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsCell Cycle ProteinsMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsActinsKinesinCell Nucleus DivisionCentrosomeProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesPolyploidyCell CycleMutationHeLa CellsChromosome SegregationMicroscopy, FluorescenceDictyosteliumProtein TransportCytoskeletal ProteinsCell PolarityGTPase-Activating ProteinsGreen Fluorescent ProteinsMicrofilament ProteinsCytoskeletonSpermatocytesRNA InterferenceRecombinant Fusion ProteinsHeterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More RingsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsProfilinsMyosinsTime-Lapse ImagingBrachiariarhoA GTP-Binding ProteinFungal ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataGuanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsActin CytoskeletonModels, BiologicalAmino Acid Sequencerho GTP-Binding ProteinsMicroscopy, VideoCaenorhabditis elegansCell NucleusCaenorhabditis elegans ProteinsNocodazoleProtozoan ProteinsGTP PhosphohydrolasesSaccharomycetalesMeiosisTubulinSaccharomyces cerevisiaeMetaphaseDrosophila ProteinsEndosomal Sorting Complexes Required for TransportGTP Phosphohydrolase ActivatorsPhenotypeProtein BindingProtein Structure, TertiaryTrypanosoma brucei bruceiEmbryo, NonmammalianLuminescent ProteinsAurora Kinase CPlant CellsTwo-Hybrid System TechniquesQa-SNARE ProteinsTetraploidyChitin SynthaseCyclin BChromosomesSequence Homology, Amino AcidCDC2 Protein KinaseInterphasePhosphorylationrab GTP-Binding ProteinsMyosin Heavy ChainsGametogenesis, PlantGenes, FungalPolar BodiesCell MembraneFluorescence Recovery After PhotobleachingDrosophila melanogasterRho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsRNA, Small InterferingDrosophilaProtein KinasesCell LineEndosomesCell WallMyosin Light ChainsCentriolesOrganellesBasal Bodies
Cytokinesis: The process by which the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided.Telophase: The final phase of cell nucleus division following ANAPHASE, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the CYTOPLASM completes division, and the CHROMOSOMES lose their distinctness and are transformed into CHROMATIN threads.Mitosis: A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.Spindle Apparatus: A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.Myosin Type II: The subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. Myosin II is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and maintaining MICROVILLI structure.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Actomyosin: A protein complex of actin and MYOSINS occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.Anaphase: The phase of cell nucleus division following METAPHASE, in which the CHROMATIDS separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.Contractile Proteins: Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include MUSCLE PROTEINS as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena.Schizosaccharomyces: A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.Septins: A family of GTP-binding proteins that were initially identified in YEASTS where they were shown to initiate the process of septation and bud formation. Septins form into hetero-oligomeric complexes that are comprised of several distinct septin subunits. These complexes can act as cytoskeletal elements that play important roles in CYTOKINESIS, cytoskeletal reorganization, BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, and membrane dynamics.Aurora Kinase B: An aurora kinase that is a component of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and is involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. It mediates proper CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION and contractile ring function during CYTOKINESIS.Aurora Kinases: A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins: Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.Cell Cycle Proteins: Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.Actins: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.Kinesin: A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of the microtubule. The protein is found in squid axoplasm, optic lobes, and in bovine brain. Bovine kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120 kDa) and two light (62 kDa) chains. EC 3.6.1.-.Cell Nucleus Division: The process by which the CELL NUCLEUS is divided.Centrosome: The cell center, consisting of a pair of CENTRIOLES surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material called the pericentriolar region. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.Polyploidy: The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Chromosome Segregation: The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Dictyostelium: A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.Cell Polarity: Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.GTPase-Activating Proteins: Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Microfilament Proteins: Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.Spermatocytes: Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.RNA Interference: A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings: A class of organic compounds containing four or more ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins: Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.Profilins: A family of low molecular weight proteins that bind ACTIN and control actin polymerization. They are found in eukaryotes and are ubiquitously expressed.Myosins: A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.Time-Lapse Imaging: Recording serial images of a process at regular intervals spaced out over a longer period of time than the time in which the recordings will be played back.Brachiaria: A plant genus of the family POACEAE originating from the savanna of eastern Africa. It is widely grown for livestock forage.rhoA GTP-Binding Protein: A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Fungal Proteins: Proteins found in any species of fungus.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors: Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.Actin Cytoskeleton: Fibers composed of MICROFILAMENT PROTEINS, which are predominately ACTIN. They are the smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.rho GTP-Binding Proteins: A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Microscopy, Video: Microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. It is used frequently in TELEPATHOLOGY.Caenorhabditis elegans: A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins: Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.Nocodazole: Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.Protozoan Proteins: Proteins found in any species of protozoan.GTP Phosphohydrolases: Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.Saccharomycetales: An order of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that multiply by budding. They include the telomorphic ascomycetous yeasts which are found in a very wide range of habitats.Meiosis: A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Metaphase: The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport: A set of protein subcomplexes involved in PROTEIN SORTING of UBIQUITINATED PROTEINS into intraluminal vesicles of MULTIVESICULAR BODIES and in membrane scission during formation of intraluminal vesicles, during the final step of CYTOKINESIS, and during the budding of enveloped viruses. The ESCRT machinery is comprised of the protein products of Class E vacuolar protein sorting genes.GTP Phosphohydrolase Activators: Agents and factors that activate GTP phosphohydrolase activity.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Trypanosoma brucei brucei: A hemoflagellate subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes nagana in domestic and game animals in Africa. It apparently does not infect humans. It is transmitted by bites of tsetse flies (Glossina).Embryo, Nonmammalian: The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.Luminescent Proteins: Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.Aurora Kinase C: Aurora kinase C is a chromosomal passenger protein that interacts with aurora kinase B in the regulation of MITOSIS. It is found primarily in GERM CELLS in the TESTIS, and may mediate CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION during SPERMATOGENESIS.Plant Cells: Basic functional unit of plants.Two-Hybrid System Techniques: Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.Qa-SNARE Proteins: A subfamily of Q-SNARE PROTEINS which occupy the same position as syntaxin 1A in the SNARE complex and which also are most similar to syntaxin 1A in their AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. This subfamily is also known as the syntaxins, although a few so called syntaxins are Qc-SNARES.Tetraploidy: The presence of four sets of chromosomes. It is associated with ABNORMALITIES, MULTIPLE; and MISCARRAGES.Chitin Synthase: An enzyme that converts UDP glucosamine into chitin and UDP. EC 2.4.1.16.Cyclin B: A cyclin subtype that is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE. It stimulates the G2/M phase transition by activating CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE.Chromosomes: In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.CDC2 Protein Kinase: Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.Interphase: The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.rab GTP-Binding Proteins: A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that play a key role in cellular secretory and endocytic pathways. EC 3.6.1.-.Myosin Heavy Chains: The larger subunits of MYOSINS. The heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kDa and each heavy chain is usually associated with a dissimilar pair of MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. The heavy chains possess actin-binding and ATPase activity.Gametogenesis, Plant: The process of germ cell development in plants, from the primordial PLANT GERM CELLS to the mature haploid PLANT GAMETES.Genes, Fungal: The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.Polar Bodies: Minute cells produced during development of an OOCYTE as it undergoes MEIOSIS. A polar body contains one of the nuclei derived from the first or second meiotic CELL DIVISION. Polar bodies have practically no CYTOPLASM. They are eventually discarded by the oocyte. (from King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching: A method used to study the lateral movement of MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. A small area of a cell membrane is bleached by laser light and the amount of time necessary for unbleached fluorescent marker-tagged proteins to diffuse back into the bleached site is a measurement of the cell membrane's fluidity. The diffusion coefficient of a protein or lipid in the membrane can be calculated from the data. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995).Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors: Signaling proteins which function as master molecular switches by activating Rho GTPases through conversion of guanine nucleotides. Rho GTPases in turn control many aspects of cell behavior through the regulation of multiple downstream signal transduction pathways.RNA, Small Interfering: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.Cell Wall: The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.Myosin Light Chains: The smaller subunits of MYOSINS that bind near the head groups of MYOSIN HEAVY CHAINS. The myosin light chains have a molecular weight of about 20 KDa and there are usually one essential and one regulatory pair of light chains associated with each heavy chain. Many myosin light chains that bind calcium are considered "calmodulin-like" proteins.Centrioles: Self-replicating, short, fibrous, rod-shaped organelles. Each centriole is a short cylinder containing nine pairs of peripheral microtubules, arranged so as to form the wall of the cylinder.Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.Basal Bodies: Structures which form the base of FLAGELLA and CILIA. They contain nine triplets of MICROTUBULES that are arranged around the periphery and that serve as the nucleation center for AXONEME assembly.

Contribution of noncentrosomal microtubules to spindle assembly in Drosophila spermatocytes. (1/1179)

Previous data suggested that anastral spindles, morphologically similar to those found in oocytes, can assemble in a centrosome-independent manner in cells that contain centrosomes. It is assumed that the microtubules that build these acentrosomal spindles originate over the chromatin. However, the actual processes of centrosome-independent microtubule nucleation, polymerisation, and sorting have not been documented in centrosome-containing cells. We have identified two experimental conditions in which centrosomes are kept close to the plasma membrane, away from the nuclear region, throughout meiosis I in Drosophila spermatocytes. Time-lapse confocal microscopy of these cells labelled with fluorescent chimeras reveals centrosome-independent microtubule nucleation, growth, and sorting into a bipolar spindle array over the nuclear region, away from the asters. The onset of noncentrosomal microtubule nucleation is significantly delayed with respect to nuclear envelope breakdown and coincides with the end of chromosome condensation. It takes place in foci that are close to the membranes that ensheath the nuclear region, not over the condensed chromosomes. Metaphase plates are formed in these spindles, and, in a fraction of them, some degree of polewards chromosome segregation takes place. In these cells that contain both membrane-bound asters and an anastral spindle, the orientation of the cytokinesis furrow correlates with the position of the asters and is independent of the orientation of the spindle. We conclude that the fenestrated nuclear envelope may significantly contribute to the normal process of spindle assembly in Drosophila spermatocytes. We also conclude that the anastral spindles that we have observed are not likely to provide a robust back-up able to ensure successful cell division. We propose that these anastral microtubule arrays could be a constitutive component of wild-type spindles, normally masked by the abundance of centrosome-derived microtubules and revealed when asters are kept away. These observations are consistent with a model in which centrosomal and noncentrosomal microtubules contribute to the assembly and are required for the robustness of the cell division spindle in cells that contain centrosomes.  (+info)

Dynacortin contributes to cortical viscoelasticity and helps define the shape changes of cytokinesis. (2/1179)

During cytokinesis, global and equatorial pathways deform the cell cortex in a stereotypical manner, which leads to daughter cell separation. Equatorial forces are largely generated by myosin-II and the actin crosslinker, cortexillin-I. In contrast, global mechanics are determined by the cortical cytoskeleton, including the actin crosslinker, dynacortin. We used direct morphometric characterization and laser-tracking microrheology to quantify cortical mechanical properties of wild-type and cortexillin-I and dynacortin mutant Dictyostelium cells. Both cortexillin-I and dynacortin influence cytokinesis and interphase cortical viscoelasticity as predicted from genetics and biochemical data using purified dynacortin proteins. Our studies suggest that the regulation of cytokinesis ultimately requires modulation of proteins that control the cortical mechanical properties that establish the force-balance that specifies the shapes of cytokinesis. The combination of genetic, biochemical, and biophysical observations suggests that the cell's cortical mechanical properties control how the cortex is remodeled during cytokinesis.  (+info)

Loss of Apm1, the micro1 subunit of the clathrin-associated adaptor-protein-1 complex, causes distinct phenotypes and synthetic lethality with calcineurin deletion in fission yeast. (3/1179)

Calcineurin is a highly conserved regulator of Ca(2+) signaling in eukaryotes. In fission yeast, calcineurin is not essential for viability but is required for cytokinesis and Cl(-) homeostasis. In a genetic screen for mutations that are synthetically lethal with calcineurin deletion, we isolated a mutant, cis1-1/apm1-1, an allele of the apm1(+) gene that encodes a homolog of the mammalian micro1A subunit of the clathrin-associated adaptor protein-1 (AP-1) complex. The cis1-1/apm1-1 mutant as well as the apm1-deleted (Deltaapm1) cells showed distinct phenotypes: temperature sensitivity; tacrolimus (FK506) sensitivity; and pleiotropic defects in cytokinesis, cell integrity, and vacuole fusion. Electron micrographs revealed that Deltaapm1 cells showed large vesicular structures associated with Golgi stacks and accumulated post-Golgi secretory vesicles. Deltaapm1 cells also showed the massive accumulation of the exocytic v-SNARE Syb1 in the Golgi/endosomes and a reduced secretion of acid phosphatase. These phenotypes observed in apm1 mutations were accentuated upon temperature up-shift and FK506 treatment. Notably, Apm1-GFP localized to the Golgi/endosomes, the spindle pole bodies, and the medial region. These findings suggest a role for Apm1 associated with the Golgi/endosome function, thereby affecting various cellular processes, including secretion, cytokinesis, vacuole fusion, and cell integrity and also suggest that calcineurin is involved in these events.  (+info)

The flagella connector of Trypanosoma brucei: an unusual mobile transmembrane junction. (4/1179)

Throughout its elongation, the new flagellum of the procyclic form of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is tethered at its tip to the lateral aspect of the old flagellum. This phenomenon provides a cytotactic mechanism for influencing inheritance of cellular pattern. Here, we show that this tethering is produced via a discrete, mobile transmembrane junction - the flagella connector. Light and electron microscopy reveal that the flagella connector links the extending microtubules at the tip of the new flagellum to the lateral aspect of three of the doublet microtubules in the old flagellar axoneme. Two sets of filaments connect the microtubules to three plates on the inner faces of the old and new flagellar membranes. Three differentiated areas of old and new flagellar membranes are then juxtaposed and connected by a central interstitial core of electron-dense material. The flagella connector is formed early in flagellum extension and is removed at the end of cytokinesis, but the exact timing of the latter event is slightly variable. The flagella connector represents a novel form of cellular junction that is both dynamic and mobile.  (+info)

Role of the midbody matrix in cytokinesis: RNAi and genetic rescue analysis of the mammalian motor protein CHO1. (5/1179)

CHO1 is a kinesin-like motor protein essential for cytokinesis in mammalian cells. To analyze how CHO1 functions, we established RNAi and genetic rescue assays. CHO1-depleted cells reached a late stage of cytokinesis but fused back to form binucleate cells because of the absence of the midbody matrix in the middle of the intercellular bridge. Expression of exogenous CHO1 restored the formation of the midbody matrix and rescued cytokinesis in siRNA-treated cells. By analyzing phenotypes rescued with different constructs, it was shown that both motor and stalk domains function in midbody formation, whereas the tail is essential for completion of cytokinesis after the midbody matrix has formed. During the terminal stage of cytokinesis, different subregions of the tail play distinctive roles in stabilizing the midbody matrix and maintaining an association between the midbody and cell cortex. These results demonstrate that CHO1 consists of functionally differentiated subregions that act in concert to ensure complete cell separation.  (+info)

A role for the Cdc14-family phosphatase Flp1p at the end of the cell cycle in controlling the rapid degradation of the mitotic inducer Cdc25p in fission yeast. (6/1179)

The Schizosaccaromyces pombe protein Flp1p belongs to a conserved family of serine-threonine-phosphatases. The founding member of this family, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc14p, is required for inactivation of mitotic CDKs and reversal of CDK mediated phosphorylation at the end of mitosis, thereby bringing about the M-G1 transition. Initial studies of Flp1p suggest that it may play a different role to Cdc14p. Here we show that Flp1p is required for rapid degradation of the mitotic inducer Cdc25p at the end of mitosis, and that Cdc25p is a substrate of Flp1p in vitro. Down-regulation of Cdc25p activity by Flp1p may ensure a prompt inactivation of mitotic CDK complexes to trigger cell division. Our results suggest a regulatory mechanism, and a universal role, for Cdc14p like proteins in coordination of cytokinesis with other cell cycle events.  (+info)

Functional characterization of Dma1 and Dma2, the budding yeast homologues of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Dma1 and human Chfr. (7/1179)

Proper transmission of genetic information requires correct assembly and positioning of the mitotic spindle, responsible for driving each set of sister chromatids to the two daughter cells, followed by cytokinesis. In case of altered spindle orientation, the spindle position checkpoint inhibits Tem1-dependent activation of the mitotic exit network (MEN), thus delaying mitotic exit and cytokinesis until errors are corrected. We report a functional analysis of two previously uncharacterized budding yeast proteins, Dma1 and Dma2, 58% identical to each other and homologous to human Chfr and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Dma1, both of which have been previously implicated in mitotic checkpoints. We show that Dma1 and Dma2 are involved in proper spindle positioning, likely regulating septin ring deposition at the bud neck. DMA2 overexpression causes defects in septin ring disassembly at the end of mitosis and in cytokinesis. The latter defects can be rescued by either eliminating the spindle position checkpoint protein Bub2 or overproducing its target, Tem1, both leading to MEN hyperactivation. In addition, dma1Delta dma2Delta cells fail to activate the spindle position checkpoint in response to the lack of dynein, whereas ectopic expression of DMA2 prevents unscheduled mitotic exit of spindle checkpoint mutants treated with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs. Although their primary functions remain to be defined, our data suggest that Dma1 and Dma2 might be required to ensure timely MEN activation in telophase.  (+info)

The nucleolus is involved in mRNA export from the nucleus in fission yeast. (8/1179)

To elucidate the mechanism of mRNA export from the nucleus, we isolated five novel temperature-sensitive mutants (ptr7 to ptr11) that accumulate poly(A)(+) RNA in the nuclei at the nonpermissive temperature in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Of those, the ptr11 mutation was found in the top2(+) gene encoding DNA topoisomerase II. In addition to the nuclear accumulation of poly(A)(+) RNA, ptr11 exhibited the cut (cell untimely torn) phenotype at the nonpermissive temperature, like the previously isolated mutant, ptr4. In these two mutants, cytokinesis occurred without prior nuclear division, resulting in cleavage of the undivided nuclei by the septum. To investigate the relationship between mRNA export defects and the cut phenotype observed in ptr4 and ptr11, we analyzed 11 other mutants displaying the cut phenotype and found that all these tested mutants accumulate poly(A)(+) mRNA in the aberrantly cleaved nuclei. Interestingly, nuclear accumulation of poly(A)(+) mRNA was observed only in the anucleolate nuclei produced by aberrant cytokinesis. In addition, nuc1, the S. pombe mutant exhibiting a collapsed nucleolus, trapped poly(A)(+) mRNA in the nucleolar region at the nonpermissive temperature. In ptr11 and nuc1, mRNA transcribed from the intron-containing TBP gene showed nuclear accumulation, but not transcripts from the intron-less TBP cDNA, suggesting that the export pathway differs between the spliced and unspliced TBP mRNAs. These findings support the notion that a subset of mRNAs in yeast is exported from the nucleus through transient association with the nucleolus.  (+info)

Cleavage furrow formation and ingression during animal cytokinesis: a microtubule legacy | Journal of Cell ScienceCleavage furrow formation and ingression during animal cytokinesis: a microtubule legacy | Journal of Cell Science
The precise role of CIT-K during cytokinesis is still controversial. Expression of truncated variants in mammalian cells induces cytokinesis defects and a failure in ring contraction, results that led to the proposal that CIT-K is important for actomyosin contractility (Madaule et al., 1998; Madaule et al., 2000). However, CIT-K-knockout mice display cytokinesis defects only in some cell populations of the central nervous system and during spermatogenesis, indicating that CIT-K may be a tissue-specific Rho effector during cytokinesis (Di Cunto et al., 2000; Di Cunto et al., 2002). By contrast, the Drosophila CIT-K orthologue, Sticky (STI), is essential for cell division in all tissues, and its inactivation by mutation or RNAi leads to late cytokinesis failure accompanied by the formation of abnormal actin blebs at the equatorial cortex (DAvino et al., 2004; Echard et al., 2004; Naim et al., 2004; Shandala et al., 2004). CIT-K in flies might thus be important for contractile ring organization ...
Cytokinesis in development and disease: Variations on a common theme<...Cytokinesis in development and disease: Variations on a common theme<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cytokinesis in development and disease. T2 - Variations on a common theme. AU - Li, R.. PY - 2007/12. Y1 - 2007/12. N2 - Cytokinesis is a crucial step in cell proliferation, and remarkably, it is also an important mechanism for developmental regulation in the generation of diverse cell types in eukaryotic organisms. Successful cytokinesis relies on the assembly and activation of an actomyosin-based contractile ring and membrane deposition/fusion in a spatially and temporally precise manner. As such, the molecular pathways governing cytokinesis are highly complex, involving a large number of components forming intricate interactive networks. The complexity of this system, however, may have also provided a rich platform for evolutionary tinkering to achieve specific morphogenetic and developmental outcomes. Furthermore, failed or altered cytokinesis appears to contribute to the development of cancer in unexpected ways.. AB - Cytokinesis is a crucial step in cell proliferation, ...
British Library EThOS: Control of cleavage furrow formation during cytokinesis in human cellsBritish Library EThOS: Control of cleavage furrow formation during cytokinesis in human cells
Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle. It partitions sister genomes and separates the cytoplasm of nascent daughter cells. Cytokinesis is initiated by the formation of a cleavage furrow whose ingression is powered by an actomyosin network known as the contractile ring. Following furrow ingression, the process of cell separation is completed by a membrane scission reaction. For the accurate inheritance of genetic information, it is crucial that furrow formation is initiated at the cell equator between segregating chromosomes and that this occurs after chromatin has cleared the cleavage plane. In animal cells, the mitotic spindle plays a pivotal role in the formation and placement of the cleavage furrow. The coupling of cytokinesis and chromosome segregation to the mitotic spindle ensures that nuclear and cytoplasmic division are tightly coordinated. The spindle midzone, a structure that is formed at anaphase onset between segregating sister genomes, is thought to play an important ...
The RhoGAP ARHGAP19 controls cytokinesis and chromosome segregation in T lymphocytes | Journal of Cell ScienceThe RhoGAP ARHGAP19 controls cytokinesis and chromosome segregation in T lymphocytes | Journal of Cell Science
Small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family orchestrate the cytoskeleton remodeling events required for cell division. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) promote cycling of Rho GTPases between the active GTP-bound and the inactive GDP-bound conformations. We report that ARHGAP19, a previously uncharacterized protein, is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells and is a critical actor of T lymphocyte division. Overexpression of ARHGAP19 in lymphocytes delays cell elongation and cytokinesis. Conversely, silencing of ARHGAP19 or expression of a GAP-deficient mutant induces precocious mitotic cell elongation and cleavage furrow ingression, as well as excessive blebbing. In relation with these phenotypes, we show that ARHGAP19 acts as a GAP for RhoA, and controls Citron and Myosin II recruitment to the plasma membrane of mitotic lymphocytes as well as Rock2-mediated phosphorylation of Vimentin, a critical determinant in stiffness and shape of ...
Functional Analysis of a Human Homologue of the Drosophila Actin Binding Protein Anillin Suggests a Role in Cytokinesis | JCBFunctional Analysis of a Human Homologue of the Drosophila Actin Binding Protein Anillin Suggests a Role in Cytokinesis | JCB
Cytokinesis is the process that partitions the cell surface and cytoplasm of one cell to form two cells (for reviews see Glotzer 1997; Gould and Simanis 1997; Field et al. 1999; Hales et al. 1999). To avoid aneuploidy, the cell must successfully coordinate cytokinesis with chromosome segregation. In animal cells, this coordination is achieved, in part, by assembling the cleavage furrow in response to signals from the late anaphase spindle. The exact nature of this signaling remains poorly understood.. In animal cells, the cytoplasm is partitioned by ingression of the cleavage furrow. Cleavage furrow ingression requires a contractile cortical ring of actin and myosin II (for review see Satterwhite and Pollard, 1992; for some more recent examples of the role of myosin II during cytokinesis see Bi et al. 1998, and Lippincott and Li 1998 [Saccharomyces cerevisiae]; Shelton et al. 1999 [Caenorhabditis elegans]; and Benzanilla et al. 2000 [Schizosaccharomyces pombe]). Based on EM studies, filamentous ...
Myosins motor - behind the wheel in embryonic cytokinesis | DevelopmentMyosin's motor - behind the wheel in embryonic cytokinesis | Development
Cell division concludes with cytokinesis, a process driven by a contractile ring of actin and myosin that lies underneath the plasma membrane at the cells equator. Although myosin is essential for cytokinesis in various animal models, whether and to what extent this reflects its motor activity or its ability to crosslink actin has been a matter of debate. Now Daniel Osorio, Ana Carvalho and colleagues tackle this problem with the help of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and C. elegans embryos. Mutations introduced into the ATPase domain of non-muscle myosin-2 (NMY-2, the sole myosin required for early cytokinesis) bind to actin but fail to translocate it in vitro. In the animal, these motor-dead mutations lead to adult sterility and embryonic inviability, and fail to support cytokinesis. When motor activity is partially impaired, cytokinesis is prolonged and more sensitive to reductions in overall NMY-2 levels. Finally, although actin levels in the contractile ring are not affected by either NMY-2 ...
Cytokinesis signaling visualized in vitro, using Xenopus cell-free systemCytokinesis signaling visualized in vitro, using Xenopus cell-free system
Cytokinesis, when two daughter cells are physically separated from one another, is the final stage of cell division. How dividing cells signal where the cleavage furrow should be during cytokinesis has long interested cell biologists. A major stumbling block to probing the underlying mechanisms has been the lack of a cell-free and fully controllable experimental system.. In a new paper appearing in Science (10 October 2014, Science 346 (6206):244-247), Phuong Nguyen and Aaron Groen, along with their colleagues at Harvard Medical School (Boston, MA), have reconstituted the organization of cytokinesis signaling outside living cells, using a the cell-free Xenopus system. The authors examined the biophysics involved in spatial signaling during cytokinesis using powerful imaging techniques, taking advantage of microtubule cytokinesis zones that they assembled on the surface of a microscope slide. These cytokinesis zones are relatively large (~20 mm) in the large Xenopus egg (c. 10x larger than ...
Interactive Fly, DrosophilaInteractive Fly, Drosophila
In animal cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by the contractile ring, a transient structure containing actin and myosin II (Zipper) filaments that is anchored to the equatorial cortex. Interactions between these filaments lead to the constriction of a ring that pinches the dividing cell in the middle like an ever tightening purse string until cleavage is completed. Male meiosis was examined in mutants of the chickadee (chic) locus, a Drosophila gene that encodes profilin, a low molecular weight actin-binding protein that modulates F-actin polymerization. These mutants are severely defective in meiotic cytokinesis. Difficulties in meiotic cytokinesis are immediately obvious because of the characteristic appearance of spermatids directly after their formation at the so-called onion stage. Wild-type onion stage spermatids contain a single phase-light nucleus and a similarly sized phase-dark Nebenkern (a mitochondrial derivative). Failures in cytokinesis result in abnormally large Nebenkern ...
Frontiers | The functions of the cytoskeleton and associated proteins during mitosis and cytokinesis in plant cells | Plant...Frontiers | The functions of the cytoskeleton and associated proteins during mitosis and cytokinesis in plant cells | Plant...
In higher plants, microtubule-based and actin filament-based structures play important roles in mitosis and cytokinesis. Besides the mitotic spindle, the evolution of a band comprising cortical microtubules and actin filaments, namely, the preprophase band, is evident in plant cells. This band forecasts a specific division plane before the initiation of mitosis. During cytokinesis, another plant-specific cytoskeletal structure called the phragmoplast guides vesicles in the creation of a new cell wall. In addition, a number of cytoskeleton-associated proteins are reportedly involved in the formation and function of the preprophase band, mitotic spindle, and phragmoplast. This review summarizes current knowledge on the cytoskeleton-associated proteins that mediate the cytoskeletal arrays during mitosis and cytokinesis in plant cells and discusses the interaction between microtubules and actin filaments involved in mitosis and cytokinesis.
Quantitation of the distribution and flux of myosin-II during cytokinesis | BMC Molecular and Cell Biology | Full TextQuantitation of the distribution and flux of myosin-II during cytokinesis | BMC Molecular and Cell Biology | Full Text
During cytokinesis, the cells equator contracts against the cells global stiffness. Identifying the biochemical basis for these mechanical parameters is essential for understanding how cells divide. To achieve this goal, the distribution and flux of the cell division machinery must be quantified. Here we report the first quantitative analysis of the distribution and flux of myosin-II, an essential element of the contractile ring. The fluxes of myosin-II in the furrow cortex, the polar cortex, and the cytoplasm were examined using ratio imaging of GFP fusion proteins expressed in Dictyostelium. The peak concentration of GFP-myosin-II in the furrow cortex is 1.8-fold higher than in the polar cortex and 2.0-fold higher than in the cytoplasm. The myosin-II in the furrow cortex, however, represents only 10% of the total cellular myosin-II. An estimate of the minimal amount of this motor needed to produce the required force for cell cleavage fits well with this 10% value. The cell may, therefore, regulate
RNAiDB Tree ViewRNAiDB Tree View
DIC phenotype -- Reduced cleavage furrow ingression in second embryonic division; a phenotype not observed in either single (or36 mutation or zen-4 RNAi) treatments, cf RNAi [cgc4544]:air- ...
INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANICS OF CYTOKINETIC RING ASSEMBLY USING 3D MODELINGINSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANICS OF CYTOKINETIC RING ASSEMBLY USING 3D MODELING
During fission yeast cytokinesis, actin filaments nucleated by cortical formin Cdc12 are captured by myosin motors bound to a band of cortical nodes. The myosin motors exert forces that pull nodes together into a contractile ring. Cross-linking interactions help align actin filaments and nodes into …
Septin and Ras regulate cytokinetic abscission in detached cells | Cell Division | Full TextSeptin and Ras regulate cytokinetic abscission in detached cells | Cell Division | Full Text
Integrin-mediated adhesion is normally required for cytokinetic abscission, and failure in the process can generate potentially oncogenic tetraploid cells. Here, detachment-induced formation of oncogenic tetraploid cells was analyzed in non-transformed human BJ fibroblasts and BJ expressing SV40LT (BJ-LT) ± overactive HRas. In contrast to BJ and BJ-LT cells, non-adherent BJ-LT-Ras cells recruited ALIX and CHMP4B to the midbody and divided. In detached BJ and BJ-LT cells regression of the cytokinetic furrow was suppressed by intercellular bridge-associated septin; after re-adhesion these cells divided by cytofission, however, some cells became bi-nucleated because of septin reorganization and furrow regression. Adherent bi-nucleated BJ cells became senescent in G1 with p21 accumulation in the nucleus, apparently due to p53 activation since adherent bi-nucleated BJ-LT cells passed through next cell cycle and divided into mono-nucleated tetraploids; the two centrosomes present in bi-nucleated BJ cells
Most recent papers with the keyword Cytokinesis | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword Cytokinesis | Read by QxMD
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is well established that Hof1, Cyk3, and Inn1 contribute to septum formation and cytokinesis. Because hof1∆ and cyk3∆ single mutants have relatively mild defects but hof1∆ cyk3∆ double mutants are nearly dead, it has been hypothesized that these proteins contribute to parallel pathways. However, there is also evidence that they interact physically. In this study, we examined this interaction and its functional significance in detail. Our data indicate that the interaction (i) is mediated by a direct binding of the Hof1 SH3 domain to a proline-rich motif in Cyk3; (ii) occurs specifically at the time of cytokinesis but is independent of the (hyper)phosphorylation of both proteins that occurs at about the same time; (iii) is dispensable for the normal localization of both proteins; (iv) is essential for normal primary-septum formation and a normal rate of cleavage-furrow ingression; and (v) becomes critical for growth when either Inn1 or the type II myosin ...
Biology-Online • View topic - Unusual cell division- Identifying mutant protein and genesBiology-Online • View topic - Unusual cell division- Identifying mutant protein and genes
Cytokinesis is often mistakenly thought to be the final part of telophase; however, cytokinesis is a separate process that begins at the same time as telophase. Cytokinesis is technically not even a phase of mitosis, but rather a separate process, necessary for completing cell division. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow (pinch) containing a contractile ring develops where the metaphase plate used to be, pinching off the separated nuclei.[17] In both animal and plant cells, cell division is also driven by vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, which move along microtubules to the middle of the cell.[18] In plants this structure coalesces into a cell plate at the center of the phragmoplast and develops into a cell wall, separating the two nuclei. The phragmoplast is a microtubule structure typical for higher plants, whereas some green algae use a phycoplast microtubule array during cytokinesis.[19] Each daughter cell has a complete copy of the genome of its parent cell. The end of cytokinesis ...
Research - Skop LabResearch - Skop Lab
Cell division is required for the propagation of all living things. A critical phase of cell division occurs just after segregation of the duplicated genome, when the chromosomes, cytoplasm and organelles are partitioned to two daughter cells in a process termed cytokinesis. In animal cells, cytokinesis is driven by a cortical contraction that physically pinches the cell into two, and requires coordination of the mitotic spindle, actin cytoskeleton and plasma membrane. Failures in cytokinesis can cause cell death and age-related disorders, or lead to a genome amplification characteristic of many cancers. Although cytokinesis has been studied for over 125 years, little is known about the molecular factors and mechanisms involved. We are particularly interested in understanding how the cleavage furrow is established, how the completion of cytokinesis is achieved and what roles the spindle midzone and midbody play in cell division. My laboratory integrates multiple approaches in both mammalian and ...
Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. IV. Genes controlling bud emergence and cytokinesis<...Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. IV. Genes controlling bud emergence and cytokinesis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. IV. Genes controlling bud emergence and cytokinesis. AU - Hartwell, Leland. PY - 1971. Y1 - 1971. N2 - Temperature-sensitive mutations in one gene (cdc1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae confer a defect in bud emergence. Asynchronous cultures of cells defective in cdc1 collect uniformly as unbudded cells (or cells with very tiny buds) following a shift from the permissive to the restrictive temperature. Studies with synchronous cultures demonstrate that the thermolabile product of cdc1 completes its function (the execution point) for bud emergence at the time of bud emergence (0.2 fractions of a cell cycle). When this function is not completed at the restrictive temperature. cells complete DNA replication but do not undergo nuclear division. Temperature-sensitive mutations in four genes (cdc3, 10, 11, and 12) result in a defect in cytokinesis. At the restrictive temperature these mutant strains develop multiple elongated buds that ...
What is the relationship between the processes of mitosis and cytokinesis? | Yahoo Answers - Definition of mitosis and...What is the relationship between the processes of mitosis and cytokinesis? | Yahoo Answers - Definition of mitosis and...
The cell grows larger, makes copies of all components, and then replicates the DNA. Replicated DNA is allocated equally to the new cells and the cell splits in half. This splitting is called cytokinesis. This division is a type of asexual reproduction, as each new cell contains an exact copy of the parent cell DNA. There are five steps to mitosis: These steps are defined by condensing DNA into chromosomes, followed by temporary removal of the nuclear membrane, separation of newly copied chromosomes, and movement of separated chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell.. During telophase, nuclear membranes are then reformed around each cluster of separated chromosomes. Cytokinesis occurs after telophase.. It should be noted that this process only occurs in somatic cells, with meiosis being the process for sex cells, such as eggs and sperm.. ...
RAB11FIP3 - Rab11 family-interacting protein 3 - Homo sapiens (Human) - RAB11FIP3 gene & proteinRAB11FIP3 - Rab11 family-interacting protein 3 - Homo sapiens (Human) - RAB11FIP3 gene & protein
Acts as a regulator of endocytic traffic by participating in membrane delivery. Required for the abcission step in cytokinesis, possibly by acting as an address tag delivering recycling endosome membranes to the cleavage furrow during late cytokinesis. Also required for the structural integrity of the endosomal recycling compartment during interphase. May play a role in breast cancer cell motility by regulating actin cytoskeleton. Acts as an adapter protein linking the dynein motor complex to various cargos and converts dynein from a non-processive to a highly processive motor in the presence of dynactin. Facilitates the interaction between dynein and dynactin and activates dynein processivity (the ability to move along a microtubule for a long distance without falling off the track) (PubMed:25035494).
What would happen if cytokinesis took place before mitosis? | Reference.comWhat would happen if cytokinesis took place before mitosis? | Reference.com
If cytokinesis took place before mitosis, the two daughter cells would end up with only half the required genetic material and, unable to function, would die. In eukaryotic cells, cytokinesis...
Download Cytokinesis in Animal Cells (Developmental and Cell Biology by R. Rappaport PDF - Cevisa BooksDownload Cytokinesis in Animal Cells (Developmental and Cell Biology by R. Rappaport PDF - Cevisa Books
The essence of cytokinesis in animal cells is the relocation of cell material out of the equatorial plane. Any mechanism that appears to move material in the opposite direction would seem to be working against the division mechanism. The earliest oil drop models of the cell surface that were developed at the end of the 19th century revealed that streaming movements were produced when drops of soap solution were applied to restricted parts of the oil drop surface. The streaming was directed away from the region where the soap lowered the surface tension. Heilbrunn, The Colloid Chemistry of Protoplasm (p. 256) Accurate descriptions of the events of mitosis and cytokinesis were available at a time when fascination with the mechanical forces that shape cells and organisms was widespread. Although the genetic basis of development was acknowledged, the physical basis for the arrangements and the form that typify cells and developing organisms was considered an equally important area of investigation ...
Calcium waves along the cleavage furrows in cleavage-stage Xenopus embryos and its inhibition by heparin. | JCBCalcium waves along the cleavage furrows in cleavage-stage Xenopus embryos and its inhibition by heparin. | JCB
Calcium signaling is known to be associated with cytokinesis; however, the detailed spatio-temporal pattern of calcium dynamics has remained unclear. We have studied changes of intracellular free calcium in cleavage-stage Xenopus embryos using fluorescent calcium indicator dyes, mainly Calcium Green-1. Cleavage formation was followed by calcium transients that localized to cleavage furrows and propagated along the furrows as calcium waves. The calcium transients at the cleavage furrows were observed at each cleavage furrow at least until blastula stage. The velocity of the calcium waves at the first cleavage furrow was approximately 3 microns/s, which was much slower than that associated with fertilization/egg activation. These calcium waves traveled only along the cleavage furrows and not in the direction orthogonal to the furrows. These observations imply that there exists an intracellular calcium-releasing activity specifically associated with cleavage furrows. The calcium waves occurred in ...
Chemical biology 05: Using small molecules to understand life processesChemical biology 05: Using small molecules to understand life processes
Anyway, what the oxidized product does is to stop the process of cytokinesis in place. So you can freeze frame the process of cytokinesis at any timepoint where you add a drop of the compound. If you wash it out, cytokinesis picks up where it left off.. The mechanism of action turns out to be that furrowstatin binds a protein called non-muscle myosin II. This showed that this motor protein is involved in cytokinesis, but is not involved in sister chromatid separation, since that process could continue in the presence of furrowstatin.. Once this was known, people started staining for non-muscle myosin II, and found that it co-localized with actin during cytokinesis. Then they stained for other things and found that anillin co-localized with actin as well, suggesting it might also be involved.. A phenotypic screen revealed a second tool compound, which caused a phenotype never before seen in nature: it made segregating chromosomes and microtubules explode into an astral shape, with the centromeres ...
Assessing Cell Fusion and Cytokinesis Failure as Mechanisms of Clone 9 Hepatocyte Multinucleation In Vitro - Current ProtocolsAssessing Cell Fusion and Cytokinesis Failure as Mechanisms of Clone 9 Hepatocyte Multinucleation In Vitro - Current Protocols
In this in vitro model of hepatocyte multinucleation, separate cultures of rat Clone 9 cells are labeled with either red or green cell tracker dyes (Red Cell Tracker CMPTX or Vybrant CFDA SE Cell Tracer), plated together in mixed‐color colonies, and treated with positive or negative control agents for 4 days
Cell Division | PPC Expert India - 91-9891609644Cell Division | PPC Expert India - 91-9891609644
Cytoplasm division occurs after telophase and it is called cytokinesis. In animal cells an invagination of the plasma membrane toward the cell center appears in the equator of the parent cell and then the cell is strangulated in that region and divided into two daughter cells. This type of division is called centripetal cytokinesis from outside.In plant cells the cytokinesis is not centripetal since the division happens from the inside. Membranous sacs full of pectin concentrate in the internal central region of the cell and propagate to the periphery toward the plasma membrane. The pectin-containing sacs fuse themselves and form a central structure called phragmoplast. On the phragmoplast cellulose deposition occurs and a true cell wall is created to separate the daughter cells. Plant cells thus present centrifugal cytokinesis ...
protein kinase activity involved in regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in cytokinesis Antibodies...protein kinase activity involved in regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in cytokinesis Antibodies...
Antibodies for proteins involved in protein kinase activity involved in regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in cytokinesis pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology Classification
Daughter cell separation is controlled by cytokinetic ring‐activated cell wall hydrolysis | The EMBO JournalDaughter cell separation is controlled by cytokinetic ring‐activated cell wall hydrolysis | The EMBO Journal
To properly form the daughter cell poles and drive outer membrane invagination, the divisome of gram‐negative bacteria orchestrates a high level of PG hydrolase activity at the division site shortly after it initiates septal PG biogenesis and cell constriction (Heidrich et al, 2001; Priyadarshini et al, 2006; Uehara and Park, 2008; Uehara et al, 2009). While investigating the regulation of a putative PG hydrolase involved in this process, we discovered an essential step in the activation of PG hydrolysis by the cytokinetic ring. We have shown that the E. coli LytM factors, EnvC and NlpD, are divisome‐associated activators of the three PG amidases, AmiA, AmiB and AmiC, required for septal PG splitting in E. coli. At high concentrations (4 μM) and long incubation times (⩾4 h), the amidases alone showed some PG cleavage activity in vitro (Figure 6A). This activity was dramatically enhanced when EnvC or NlpD were included in the reaction (Figures 6 and 7). EnvC specifically enhanced PG ...
cell cycle | PPC Expert India - 91-9891609644cell cycle | PPC Expert India - 91-9891609644
Cytoplasm division occurs after telophase and it is called cytokinesis. In animal cells an invagination of the plasma membrane toward the cell center appears in the equator of the parent cell and then the cell is strangulated in that region and divided into two daughter cells. This type of division is called centripetal cytokinesis from outside.In plant cells the cytokinesis is not centripetal since the division happens from the inside. Membranous sacs full of pectin concentrate in the internal central region of the cell and propagate to the periphery toward the plasma membrane. The pectin-containing sacs fuse themselves and form a central structure called phragmoplast. On the phragmoplast cellulose deposition occurs and a true cell wall is created to separate the daughter cells. Plant cells thus present centrifugal cytokinesis ...
Inhibition of cytokinesis by microinjection of anti-ECT | Open-iInhibition of cytokinesis by microinjection of anti-ECT | Open-i
Inhibition of cytokinesis by microinjection of anti-ECT2 antibodies. (A) Affinity-purified anti-ECT2 antibodies specific to the NH2-terminal domain (αECT2-N),
Myc-DDK-tagged ORF clone of Homo sapiens dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (DOCK1) as transfection-ready DNA - RC219945 - 10 µg -...Myc-DDK-tagged ORF clone of Homo sapiens dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (DOCK1) as transfection-ready DNA - RC219945 - 10 µg -...
Myc-DDK-tagged ORF clone of Homo sapiens dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (DOCK1) as transfection-ready DNA - 10 µg - OriGene - cdna clones
IMG 0002 - envelope absent(x250 Chromosome Figure 1-3 Metaphase Darkly stained chromosomes positioned by microtubular framework...IMG 0002 - envelope absent(x250 Chromosome Figure 1-3 Metaphase Darkly stained chromosomes positioned by microtubular framework...
View Notes - IMG_0002 from BIO 102 at Harvard. envelope absent. (x250) Chromosome Figure 1-3 Metaphase Darkly stained chromosomes positioned by microtubular framework to align at cell equator.
Difference between revisions of Talk:2013 Group 2 Project - CellBiologyDifference between revisions of "Talk:2013 Group 2 Project" - CellBiology
Peer Marking Introduction concisely describes what cytokinesis briefly is about. It does not use complex terms that will confuse the reader and even provides a nice picture. The history does list important events and is referenced correctly but clearly is lacking a few more recent key events (ends in 1972). Not quite sure what "ZEN-4 is required for cytokinesis9778533" is for, but that should be noted in the discussion page and not left there. The Assembly of the Central Spindle section does provide helpful information on the topic and linking important terms to the Glossary was a brilliant and helpful formatting decision. The diagram provided also aids in the understanding as there are several complex terms used in this section. The following sections in the Mechanism subheading provide appropriate information but it was incredibly difficult to read due to the huge wall of text each subsection had. Adding some pictures and diagrams would do a much better job at engaging the reading and probably ...
George von DassowGeorge von Dassow
The act of division itself - cytokinesis - is probably the single most complicated mechanical act an animal cell ever performs on its own. To pinch itself in two, the cell first has to sort replicated chromosomes, then figure out where its middle is, assemble contractile proteins at the cell surface around that equator (and nowhere else), then squeeze the equator smaller and smaller to partition surface, organelles, and cytoplasm into two new daughter cells. Finally the daughters have to sever their connection and re-establish their own internal organization. Throughout cytokinesis, the cell has to ensure that each half of itself will end up with a complete set of chromosomes, one microtubule organizing center apiece, and of course portions of every other organelle ...
Cooperation between mitotic kinesins controls the late stages of cytokinesisCooperation between mitotic kinesins controls the late stages of cytokinesis
Cell division is regulated by protein kinases of the Cdk, Polo, and Aurora families. Although it has long been established that temporal control is central to the coordinated action of these kinases, the importance of spatial regulation has only recently been appreciated and is still poorly understo …
Nuclear migration protein nudCNuclear migration protein nudC
This gene encodes a nuclear distribution protein that plays an essential role in mitosis and cytokinesis. The encoded protein is involved in spindle formation during mitosis and in microtubule organization during cytokinesis. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012 ...
The midbody is a microtubule-rich structure that forms between dividing cells - Suppression of KRas-mutant cancer through the...The midbody is a microtubule-rich structure that forms between dividing cells - Suppression of KRas-mutant cancer through the...
The midbody is a microtubule-rich structure that forms between dividing cells during final stages of cytokinesis. forwent neurite or develop outgrowth in newly-born neurons (Pollarolo et al., 2011). Finally, during the early advancement of from human being embryonic come cells (hESCs) possess fewer MBs as likened to hESCs (Kuo et al. 2012) Additionally, MBs accumulate in the basal area of seminiferous tubules in testes, where germline cells reside (Kuo et Fingolimod al. 2012). Controversial to this Somewhat, another trend that offers been noticed is definitely the capability for different cell types to launch MBs at different frequencies. For example, proliferating cells (such as come cells) have a tendency to launch MBs at a higher price, while malignancy cells show up to retain them (Ettinger et al., 2011). Furthermore, it is definitely known that post-mitotic intracellular MBs can become degraded via picky macroautophagy. This autophagic destruction of MBs is definitely required to prevent ...
Pav [MKLP1] functions in the formation and maintenance | Open-iPav [MKLP1] functions in the formation and maintenance | Open-i
Pav [MKLP1] functions in the formation and maintenance of the central spindle bundling during cytokinesis. (A) Cells with binuclei are abundant after Pav RNAi.
NOTES: Class IX, BIOLOGY, MitosisNOTES: Class IX, BIOLOGY, "Mitosis"
The division of cytoplasm is called cytokinesis. It begins at the last stages of nuclear division. In plant cell, cytoplasm divides by formation of cell plate which is also called phragmoplast. It gradually extends outward and finally two daughter cells are separated ...
cell plate, Bis2a 15.0 the cell cycle, By OpenStax | Jobilize LLCcell plate, Bis2a 15.0 the cell cycle, By OpenStax | Jobilize LLC
a structure formed during plant-cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles fusing at the metaphase plate; will ultimately lead to formation of a cell wall to separate the two daughter cells
RNAiDB Tree ViewRNAiDB Tree View
early embryonic: Most embryos seem to lack pulling forces on the spindles resulting in nearly symmetric first division, and often a failure of cytokinesis in the AB daughter. Although division of the two daughter cells is asynchronous, polarity seems to be compromised, since the P1 spindle does not show noticable rotation in most cases ...
DOCK9 Gene - GeneCards | DOCK9 Protein | DOCK9 AntibodyDOCK9 Gene - GeneCards | DOCK9 Protein | DOCK9 Antibody
Complete information for DOCK9 gene (Protein Coding), Dedicator Of Cytokinesis 9, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium
DOCK10 Gene - GeneCards | DOC10 Protein | DOC10 AntibodyDOCK10 Gene - GeneCards | DOC10 Protein | DOC10 Antibody
Complete information for DOCK10 gene (Protein Coding), Dedicator Of Cytokinesis 10, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human Gene Compendium
Mitotic kinesin-like protein 2 binds and colocalizes with papillomavir by Ting Yu, Yu-Cai Peng et al."Mitotic kinesin-like protein 2 binds and colocalizes with papillomavir" by Ting Yu, Yu-Cai Peng et al.
MKlp2 is a kinesin-like motor protein of the central mitotic spindle required for completion of cytokinesis. Papillomavirus E2 is a sequence specific DNA binding protein that regulates viral transcription and replication and is responsible for partitioning viral episomes into daughter cells during cell division. We demonstrate that MKlp2 specifically associates with the E2 protein during mitosis. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show viral genomes are in complex with MKlp2 only within this stage of cell cycle. By immunofluorescence, a subpopulation of papillomavirus E2 colocalizes with MKlp2 in the midbody/midplate during late mitosis. We conclude that during specific stages of mitosis, the papillomavirus E2 protein binds to MKlp2, and infer that association with this motor protein ensures viral genome partitioning during cytokinesis.
Racgap1 - Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Racgap1 gene & proteinRacgap1 - Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Racgap1 gene & protein
Component of the centralspindlin complex that serves as a microtubule-dependent and Rho-mediated signaling required for the myosin contractile ring formation during the cell cycle cytokinesis. Required for proper attachment of the midbody to the cell membrane during cytokinesis. Plays key roles in controlling cell growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells through mechanisms other than regulating Rac GTPase activity. Also involved in the regulation of growth-related processes in adipocytes and myoblasts. May be involved in regulating spermatogenesis and in the RACGAP1 pathway in neuronal proliferation. Shows strong GAP (GTPase activation) activity towards CDC42 and RAC1 and less towards RHOA. Essential for the early stages of embryogenesis. May play a role in regulating cortical activity through RHOA during cytokinesis. May participate in the regulation of sulfate transport in male germ cells.
BC » Feature Archive » Science SaturdayBC » Feature Archive » Science Saturday
Beckman scholars from five New England colleges and universities-Boston College, Boston University, Smith College, Wellesley College, and Yale University-assembled in the Merkert Chemistry Center on January 23 to discuss their research projects in the fields of biochemistry, chemistry, and the biological and medical sciences. The scholarship program, which is funded by the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation, supports research by undergraduates-71 from 40 institutions at present-who work with a faculty mentor full-time during two summers and part-time during the intervening academic year. The 15 students meeting at Boston College, including the Universitys four current Beckman scholars, discussed topics ranging from the "Role of myosin II in cytokinetic contractile ring formation in fission yeast" to "Identifying mechanisms for polymeric degradation by endophytic fungi." Above, reviewing a poster presentation in the Merkert foyer are, from left, Courtney McKee 11 ("Studies on the nuclear ...
Asymmetric Inheritance of Oxidatively Damaged Proteins During Cytokinesis | ScienceAsymmetric Inheritance of Oxidatively Damaged Proteins During Cytokinesis | Science
Carbonylated proteins were visualized in single cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealing that they accumulate with replicative age. Furthermore, carbonylated proteins were not inherited by daughter cells during cytokinesis. Mother cells of a yeast strain lacking the sir2 gene, a life-span determinant, failed to retain oxidatively damaged proteins during cytokinesis. These findings suggest that a genetically determined, Sir2p-dependent asymmetric inheritance of oxidatively damaged proteins may contribute to free-radical defense and the fitness of newborn cells. ...
Annexin 11 is required for midbody formation and completion of the terminal phase of cytokinesis | Journal of Cell Biology |...Annexin 11 is required for midbody formation and completion of the terminal phase of cytokinesis | Journal of Cell Biology |...
The discovery of an essential role for annexin 11 in cell division is unexpected when considered in the broader context of annexin biology. Although annexins are now firmly implicated in various cellular activities, including endocytosis, calcium signaling, and apoptosis, no member of this protein family has been demonstrated to function in the cell cycle. The membrane binding and vesicle fusogenic properties that define annexins in biochemical terms could provide clues as to the possible role of annexin 11 in the last stage of cytokinesis. Before cells can be completely separated in a process known as abscission, the actomyosin constriction ring at the cleavage furrow has to be disassembled and the central spindle must separate. During this series of events, it is likely that the plasma membrane must be tightly attached to the midbody microtubules for abscission to be successfully completed. CHO1 has previously been suggested to be responsible for this connection (Kuriyama et al., 2002), but ...
The Cell Cycle - Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, CytokinesisThe Cell Cycle - Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
... - Cell Division of somatic cells. Study notes for basic courses in human biology and anatomy and physiology e.g. for training in nursing, therapies and other health sciences.
Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 4Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 4
This gene is a member of the dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) family and encodes a protein with a DHR-1 (CZH-1) domain, a DHR-2 (CZH-2) domain and an SH3 domain. This membrane-associated, cytoplasmic protein functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor and is involved in regulation of adherens junctions between cells. Mutations in this gene have been associated with ovarian, prostate, glioma, and colorectal cancers. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described, but only one has been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008 ...
dock4 Protein, dedicator of cytokinesis 4 - Creative BioMartdock4 Protein, dedicator of cytokinesis 4 - Creative BioMart
This gene is a member of the dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) family and encodes a protein with a DHR-1 (CZH-1) domain, a DHR-2 (CZH-2) domain and an SH3 domain. This membrane-associated, cytoplasmic protein functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor and is involved in regulation of adherens junctions between cells. Mutations in this gene have been associated with ovarian, prostate, glioma, and colorectal cancers. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described, but only one has been fully characterized.
Omeros Announces Successful Completion of PDE10 Phase 1 Multiple Ascending Dose TrialOmeros Announces Successful Completion of PDE10 Phase 1 Multiple Ascending Dose Trial
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VIDEO: Newly discovered form of cell division may help ward off cancer : Spoonful of MedicineVIDEO: Newly discovered form of cell division may help ward off cancer : Spoonful of Medicine
Cell biologists have long thought that cytokinesis, the final step of cell division in which the cytoplasm and its contents are split, is necessary for the proper assortment of chromosomes. Disrupt this process, the prevailing wisdom held, and aneuploidy will result, with cancerous implications. But a team led by Mark Burkard at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has discovered a new type of cell division, dubbed klerokinesis, that protects cells from failed cytokinesis.. Using live-cell imaging, the researchers watched retinal pigment epithelial cells for five days after they had chemically inhibited cytokinesis. Reporting today at the American Society for Cell Biologys annual meeting in San Francisco, they showed that many cells managed to split into two during the first growth phase of the next cell cycle-not during mitosis-allowing each to recover a normal chromosome set. Burkard says that therapeutic strategies that boost this type of nonmitotic cell fission could prevent cancer in ...
PtdIns(4,5)P2 functions at the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. - PubMed - NCBIPtdIns(4,5)P2 functions at the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
VCAC: Cellular Processes: Mitosis: The Movie -- NarrativeVCAC: Cellular Processes: Mitosis: The Movie -- Narrative
Mitosis-- Movie Narrative (Advanced Look). Cell division is required for an organism to grow, mature, and maintain tissues. During the mitotic phase, a cell will undergo mitosis to form two new nuclei and then divide to form two new individual cells during cytokinesis. Mitosis is the process of dividing the duplicated DNA of a cell into two new nuclei. Mitosis is split into distinct stages. The first stage is prophase; the DNA condenses, organizes, and the classic chromosome structure appears. Next comes prometaphase where microtubules attach to the chromosomes. This step is followed by metaphase where the chromosomes align. Metaphase is followed by anaphase where the chromosomes separate. Finally, during telophase nuclear membranes reappear around the two sets of chromosomes. Mitosis is now complete. After mitosis two new cells are formed by a process called cytokinesis.. Mitosis is only one part of what is called the cell cycle. For many eukaryotic cells, a cell is duplicated every 24 hours. ...
Mitochondria, 400X sec - PetroArc InternationalMitochondria, 400X sec - PetroArc International
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, and each set ends up in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often accompanied or followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle: the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell. The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to spindle fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two ...
4.2 Meiosis - BIOLOGY4IBDP4.2 Meiosis - BIOLOGY4IBDP
Cell undergoes first division/meiosis I/cytokinesis; chromosomes separate again; two cells from first division undergo second division/meiosis II/cytokinesis; one cell has given rise to four cells; diploid number/2n becomes haploid number/n; haploid cell contains only one chromosome from each original homologous pair; different haploid cells form because of random orientation during meiosis are basis for first variety; mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes in any haploid cell is different; ...
Cell Cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Cancer, Chromosomes by Shiley Biology on PreziCell Cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Cancer, Chromosomes by Shiley Biology on Prezi
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Endo Pharmaceuticals Announces Successful Completion of Tender Offer for Indevus Pharm... ( CHADDS FORD Pa. March 19 /- Endo...Endo Pharmaceuticals Announces Successful Completion of Tender Offer for Indevus Pharm... ( CHADDS FORD Pa. March 19 /- Endo...
Health,...CHADDS FORD Pa. March 19 /- Endo Pharmaceutic... ...Endo also announced that to complete the acquisition of 100% of the c...,Endo,Pharmaceuticals,Announces,Successful,Completion,of,Tender,Offer,for,Indevus,Pharmaceuticals,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news,latest medicine news
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Caring for animals can be an extremely fulfilling and rewarding career. From working in kennels and catteries to pet shops, rescue centres or sanctuaries, there is a wide range of careers available on successful completion of your course. With access to animal collections on campus you will gain the practical training you need to pursue a career in this exciting industry.. There are one- and two-year options available with the Level 3 pathway and we will work with you to decide which is best for you.. We offer three options for you to start your studies in the animal management industry depending on your GCSE results. Our Level 3 course offers you the choice of university study or employment on successful completion of your course. Our Level 2 and Level 1 courses are ideal should your GCSEs not be what you expected, with the option to progress to Level 2 or Level 3.. ...
Blue Horizon Announces the Purchase of a Re-Newable Diesel Demonstration Plant, Successful Completion of Financing and the Sale...Blue Horizon Announces the Purchase of a Re-Newable Diesel Demonstration Plant, Successful Completion of Financing and the Sale...
Blue Horizon Industries Inc. announced today that its wholly owned subsidiary Blue Horizon Bio-Diesel Inc has successfully completed financing and the purchase of a re-newable diesel demonstration plant. ...
Successful Completion of First Round of Sampling - The Poultry SiteSuccessful Completion of First Round of Sampling - The Poultry Site
CHINA - The first round of sampling of the China component of the Emerging Pandemic Threats Plus (EPT+) Project was successfully completed in January.
CBSE Sample Paper for Class 11 Biology (Solved) - Set E | AglaSem SchoolsCBSE Sample Paper for Class 11 Biology (Solved) - Set E | AglaSem Schools
Differentiate cytokinesis in plant cell and cytokinesis in animal cell. 2. Section-C. 11. Define guttation, hydathodes and transpiration. 3. 12. Draw a labelled diagram of closed circulatory system of earthworm. 3. 13. Draw labelled diagram of T.S. of dicot root. 3. 14. Differentiate male and female Ascaris. 3. 15. Explain the different categories of animals based on the presence or absence of coelom. 3. 16. Enumerate the important universal rules of nomenclature. 3. 17. How chromosomes are classified based on the position of centromere ? 3. 18. What is night blindness ? What lacks in the eye in this condition ? Give one remedy. ...
septin ring QuickView - Correlation Engineseptin ring QuickView - Correlation Engine
A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament-forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. This type of septin structure is obse…
Citron Explains Change Of Heart On Jumia Technologies, $100 Price TargetCitron Explains Change Of Heart On Jumia Technologies, $100 Price Target
Citron Research has gone from bearish to bullish on Jumia Technologies, a Berlin-based e-commerce company operating in Africa. The Citron Bullish Case: Citron Research flagged problems at Jumia Technologies (NYSE: JMIA) in May 2019 that it said included financial discrepancies, fraudulent orders and company inefficiencies.Jumia has changed its business and seen higher adoption due to the pandemic, which is helping the e-commerce company head for profitability in an emerging market, according to Citron.Their positioning in Africa alone (e.g., logistics, technology, employees, brand) should be worth minimum $7 billion or $100 per share, Citron said in a new report. Jumia is shipping 20 million packages a year to cities and rural areas across 11 countries.Jumia is at the epicenter of this movement and the only scaled e-commerce player in Africa, the report said. Related Link: Jumias Stock Surges To Close The Week After Citron TurnE-Commerce in Emerging Markets: The Citron report highlights
New cell division mechanism discoveredNew cell division mechanism discovered
Researchers have discovered that chromosomes play an active role in animal cell division. This occurs at a precise stage - cytokinesis - when the cell splits into two new daughter cells.
Cell Cycle Control | SpringerLinkCell Cycle Control | SpringerLink
All organisms must control their cell division. Unicellular organisms have to coordinate nuclear division, cytokinesis (cell separation) and DNA synthesis so that the correct order of events is...
3.01 Cell Division Essay - 335 Words3.01 Cell Division Essay - 335 Words
Stage Number of Cells in Part 1 Number of Cells in Part 2 Interphase 11 9 Prophase 7 4 Metaphase 5 3 Anaphase 9 7 Telophase 4 3 Cytokinesis 2 2 Create a
M EIOSIS Chapter 11. R EVIEW Cell has issues when it grows larger in size Not enough DNA Nutrients and wastes cannot pass the...M EIOSIS Chapter 11. R EVIEW Cell has issues when it grows larger in size Not enough DNA Nutrients and wastes cannot pass the...
M ITOSIS Almost every cell of the body uses mitosis to divide the nucleus Somatic cells - cells that are not sex cells/gametes Exs) liver cell, bone cell, brain cell etc. AS LONG AS IT IS NOT SPERM OR EGGS IT USES MITOSIS Cell grows (G1), synthesizes DNA (S), makes molecules and organelles (G2) and then is ready for cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis)
Switch to Europe/Worldwide websiteSwitch to Europe/Worldwide website
CDC11 is a component of Septins. Septins are GTPases involved in cytokinesis. They assemble early in the cell cycle as a patch at the incipient bud…
Unit: Cell Growth and Division | Wards ScienceUnit: Cell Growth and Division | Ward's Science
This unit covers instructional content including Chromosome Structure, Limits to Cell Growth, Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Cytokinesis, Regulation of the Cell Cycle, and Cell Differentiation.
What Stages Represent the Beginning and the End of the Cell Cycle? | Reference.comWhat Stages Represent the Beginning and the End of the Cell Cycle? | Reference.com
The cell cycle is a five-stage process that begins with the prophase stage and ends with the cytokinesis stage. In between the beginning and end stages, the dividing cell passes through the stages of...
Key tests for Vega igniters / ESRIN / About Us / ESAKey tests for Vega igniters / ESRIN / About Us / ESA
ESAs Vega launcher passed an important milestone last week with the successful completion of key tests on the solid rocket motor igniters.
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Successful FDA Inspection at AXIS Clinicals USASuccessful FDA Inspection at AXIS Clinicals USA
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AgroPages-EuroChem Completes Acquisition of K+S Nitrogen-Agricultural newsAgroPages-EuroChem Completes Acquisition of K+S Nitrogen-Agricultural news
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Assignment 1 (Due: before July 14, 2009, 13:00hrs)Assignment 1 (Due: before July 14, 2009, 13:00hrs)
Read three published scientific papers (of varying quality) and write a short report for each of them. Successful completion of this paper is compulsory to do t
Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction - ppt video online downloadChapter 9 Cellular Reproduction - ppt video online download
Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation
Braingenie | Mitosis and CytokinesisBraingenie | Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Engaging math & science practice! Improve your skills with free problems in Mitosis and Cytokinesis and thousands of other practice lessons.
P73502312 Blu/Citron/Pink Saucony Endorphin-Donna Scarpe Il Più EconomicoP73502312 Blu/Citron/Pink Saucony Endorphin-Donna Scarpe Il Più Economico
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Definition > Equator of a celestial...Definition > Equator of a celestial...
The equator of a celestial body is a great circle on the surface of a celestial body considered as an ellipsoid of revolution, perpendicular to its axis of rotation. (See celestial equator)....
ActinActin
Maturation promoting factorMaturation promoting factor
JADE1JADE1
Cell cortexCell cortex
MitosisMitosis
Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (INGEB), SarajevoInstitute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (INGEB), Sarajevo
IQGAP1IQGAP1
TelophaseTelophase
EchinobaseEchinobase
James SpudichJames Spudich
Red algaeRed algae
Central spindleCentral spindle
DOCK8 deficiencyDOCK8 deficiency
Motor proteinMotor protein
PRC1PRC1
Dock10Dock10
Cell polarityCell polarity
Cleavage furrowCleavage furrow
Aurora A kinaseAurora A kinase
RHOARHOA
Dock3Dock3
Trypanosoma bruceiTrypanosoma brucei
Dock6Dock6
Actomyosin ringActomyosin ring
RACGAP1RACGAP1
Dock2Dock2
Dock4Dock4
Cytochalasin BCytochalasin B
ANLNANLN
Dock180Dock180
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
CytokinesisTelophaseMitosisSpindle ApparatusMyosin Type IICell DivisionActomyosinAnaphaseContractile ProteinsSchizosaccharomycesSeptinsAurora Kinase BAurora KinasesMicrotubulesSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsCell Cycle ProteinsMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsActinsKinesinCell Nucleus DivisionCentrosomeProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesPolyploidyCell CycleMutationHeLa CellsChromosome SegregationMicroscopy, FluorescenceDictyosteliumProtein TransportCytoskeletal ProteinsCell PolarityGTPase-Activating ProteinsGreen Fluorescent ProteinsMicrofilament ProteinsCytoskeletonSpermatocytesRNA InterferenceRecombinant Fusion ProteinsHeterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More RingsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsProfilinsMyosinsTime-Lapse ImagingBrachiariarhoA GTP-Binding ProteinFungal ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataGuanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsActin CytoskeletonModels, BiologicalAmino Acid Sequencerho GTP-Binding ProteinsMicroscopy, VideoCaenorhabditis elegansCell NucleusCaenorhabditis elegans ProteinsNocodazoleProtozoan ProteinsGTP PhosphohydrolasesSaccharomycetalesMeiosisTubulinSaccharomyces cerevisiaeMetaphaseDrosophila ProteinsEndosomal Sorting Complexes Required for TransportGTP Phosphohydrolase ActivatorsPhenotypeProtein BindingProtein Structure, TertiaryTrypanosoma brucei bruceiEmbryo, NonmammalianLuminescent ProteinsAurora Kinase CPlant CellsTwo-Hybrid System TechniquesQa-SNARE ProteinsTetraploidyChitin SynthaseCyclin BChromosomesSequence Homology, Amino AcidCDC2 Protein KinaseInterphasePhosphorylationrab GTP-Binding ProteinsMyosin Heavy ChainsGametogenesis, PlantGenes, FungalPolar BodiesCell MembraneFluorescence Recovery After PhotobleachingDrosophila melanogasterRho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsRNA, Small InterferingDrosophilaProtein KinasesCell LineEndosomesCell WallMyosin Light ChainsCentriolesOrganellesBasal Bodies
What would happen if cytokinesis took place before mitosis? | Reference.comWhat would happen if cytokinesis took place before mitosis? | Reference.com
Myosins motor - behind the wheel in embryonic cytokinesis | DevelopmentMyosin's motor - behind the wheel in embryonic cytokinesis | Development
British Library EThOS: Control of cleavage furrow formation during cytokinesis in human cellsBritish Library EThOS: Control of cleavage furrow formation during cytokinesis in human cells
Ruling out BRCA2 in cytokinesis | Journal of Cell ScienceRuling out BRCA2 in cytokinesis | Journal of Cell Science
Cytokinesis signaling visualized in vitro, using Xenopus cell-free system Cytokinesis signaling visualized in vitro, using Xenopus cell-free system
Frontiers | The functions of the cytoskeleton and associated proteins during mitosis and cytokinesis in plant cells | Plant...Frontiers | The functions of the cytoskeleton and associated proteins during mitosis and cytokinesis in plant cells | Plant...
Assessing Cell Fusion and Cytokinesis Failure as Mechanisms of Clone 9 Hepatocyte Multinucleation In Vitro - Current ProtocolsAssessing Cell Fusion and Cytokinesis Failure as Mechanisms of Clone 9 Hepatocyte Multinucleation In Vitro - Current Protocols
protein kinase activity involved in regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in cytokinesis Antibodies...protein kinase activity involved in regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in cytokinesis Antibodies...
Myc-DDK-tagged ORF clone of Homo sapiens dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (DOCK1) as transfection-ready DNA - RC219945 - 10 µg -...Myc-DDK-tagged ORF clone of Homo sapiens dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (DOCK1) as transfection-ready DNA - RC219945 - 10 µg -...
Cytokinesis in development and disease: Variations on a common theme<...Cytokinesis in development and disease: Variations on a common theme<...
Most recent papers with the keyword Cytokinesis | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword Cytokinesis | Read by QxMD
Inhibition of cytokinesis by microinjection of anti-ECT | Open-iInhibition of cytokinesis by microinjection of anti-ECT | Open-i
DOCK9 Gene - GeneCards | DOCK9 Protein | DOCK9 AntibodyDOCK9 Gene - GeneCards | DOCK9 Protein | DOCK9 Antibody
Cytokinesis - WikipediaCytokinesis - Wikipedia
New horizons for cytokinesis. - PubMed - NCBINew horizons for cytokinesis. - PubMed - NCBI
Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 11 (Q5JSL3) | InterPro | EMBL-EBIDedicator of cytokinesis protein 11 (Q5JSL3) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
The myriad roles of Anillin during cytokinesis. - PubMed - NCBIThe myriad roles of Anillin during cytokinesis. - PubMed - NCBI
cytokinesis: abnormal | SGDcytokinesis: abnormal | SGD
BRCA2 Heterozygosity Delays Cytokinesis in Primary Human FibroblastsBRCA2 Heterozygosity Delays Cytokinesis in Primary Human Fibroblasts
New horizons for cytokinesisNew horizons for cytokinesis
Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Mitosis with Fluorescence Microscopy - CytokinesisMolecular Expressions Cell Biology: Mitosis with Fluorescence Microscopy - Cytokinesis
Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Mitosis with Fluorescence Microscopy - CytokinesisMolecular Expressions Cell Biology: Mitosis with Fluorescence Microscopy - Cytokinesis
A Platform for Signaling Cytokinesis | Science SignalingA Platform for Signaling Cytokinesis | Science Signaling
Balance of actively generated contractile and resistive forces controls cytokinesis dynamics | PNASBalance of actively generated contractile and resistive forces controls cytokinesis dynamics | PNAS
How Does Cytokinesis Differ in Plants and Animals? | Reference.comHow Does Cytokinesis Differ in Plants and Animals? | Reference.com
Live Cell Interferometry Quantifies Dynamics of Biomass Partitioning during CytokinesisLive Cell Interferometry Quantifies Dynamics of Biomass Partitioning during Cytokinesis
JCI - p27Kip1 controls cytokinesis via the regulation of citron kinase activationJCI - p27Kip1 controls cytokinesis via the regulation of citron kinase activation
Mitosis and Cytokinesis | ProtocolMitosis and Cytokinesis | Protocol
Asymmetric Inheritance of Oxidatively Damaged Proteins During Cytokinesis | ScienceAsymmetric Inheritance of Oxidatively Damaged Proteins During Cytokinesis | Science
WikiGenes - CytokinesisWikiGenes - Cytokinesis
Cell Cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Cancer, Chromosomes by Shiley Biology on PreziCell Cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Cancer, Chromosomes by Shiley Biology on Prezi
How Gef1 controls cytokinesis | Journal of Cell ScienceHow Gef1 controls cytokinesis | Journal of Cell Science
Low and high voltage electron microscopy of mitosis and cytokinesis in maize rootsLow and high voltage electron microscopy of mitosis and cytokinesis in maize roots
Shs1 Plays Separable Roles in Septin Organization and Cytokinesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae | GeneticsShs1 Plays Separable Roles in Septin Organization and Cytokinesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Genetics
Extensive Crosstalk Between O-GlcNAcylation and Phosphorylation Regulates Cytokinesis | Science SignalingExtensive Crosstalk Between O-GlcNAcylation and Phosphorylation Regulates Cytokinesis | Science Signaling
Centrosome-Dependent Exit of Cytokinesis in Animal Cells | ScienceCentrosome-Dependent Exit of Cytokinesis in Animal Cells | Science
Untying the Gordian Knot of Cytokinesis | JCBUntying the Gordian Knot of Cytokinesis | JCB
Dock4 - Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 4 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Dock4 gene & proteinDock4 - Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 4 - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Dock4 gene & protein
Cell Division: Mitosis & Cytokinesis DVD | DVDs | Books & Media | Science | Education Supplies | NascoCell Division: Mitosis & Cytokinesis DVD | DVDs | Books & Media | Science | Education Supplies | Nasco
Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 2Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 2
Myosin II localization during cytokinesis occurs by a mechanism that does not require its motor domain | PNASMyosin II localization during cytokinesis occurs by a mechanism that does not require its motor domain | PNAS
Cytokinesis in Bacteria | Microbiology and Molecular Biology ReviewsCytokinesis in Bacteria | Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
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CytokinesisTelophaseMitosisSpindle ApparatusMyosin Type IICell DivisionActomyosinAnaphaseContractile ProteinsSchizosaccharomycesSeptinsAurora Kinase BAurora KinasesMicrotubulesSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsCell Cycle ProteinsMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsActinsKinesinCell Nucleus DivisionCentrosomeProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesPolyploidyCell CycleMutationHeLa CellsChromosome SegregationMicroscopy, FluorescenceDictyosteliumProtein TransportCytoskeletal ProteinsCell PolarityGTPase-Activating ProteinsGreen Fluorescent ProteinsMicrofilament ProteinsCytoskeletonSpermatocytesRNA InterferenceRecombinant Fusion ProteinsHeterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More RingsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsProfilinsMyosinsTime-Lapse ImagingBrachiariarhoA GTP-Binding ProteinFungal ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataGuanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsActin CytoskeletonModels, BiologicalAmino Acid Sequencerho GTP-Binding ProteinsMicroscopy, VideoCaenorhabditis elegansCell NucleusCaenorhabditis elegans ProteinsNocodazoleProtozoan ProteinsGTP PhosphohydrolasesSaccharomycetalesMeiosisTubulinSaccharomyces cerevisiaeMetaphaseDrosophila ProteinsEndosomal Sorting Complexes Required for TransportGTP Phosphohydrolase ActivatorsPhenotypeProtein BindingProtein Structure, TertiaryTrypanosoma brucei bruceiEmbryo, NonmammalianLuminescent ProteinsAurora Kinase CPlant CellsTwo-Hybrid System TechniquesQa-SNARE ProteinsTetraploidyChitin SynthaseCyclin BChromosomesSequence Homology, Amino AcidCDC2 Protein KinaseInterphasePhosphorylationrab GTP-Binding ProteinsMyosin Heavy ChainsGametogenesis, PlantGenes, FungalPolar BodiesCell MembraneFluorescence Recovery After PhotobleachingDrosophila melanogasterRho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsRNA, Small InterferingDrosophilaProtein KinasesCell LineEndosomesCell WallMyosin Light ChainsCentriolesOrganellesBasal Bodies
Mitosis and cytokinesisCytoplasmActinAnaphaseNucleiTelophaseDefect in cytokinesisCellsEmbryonicPathwaysConstrictionAssayRegulateEukaryoticEct2TemporallyFormationDrivenDedicatorCleavageAbscissionFissionRole in cytokinesisSteps of cytokinesisStages of cytokinesisFailure of cytokinesisInterphaseSpindleRegulate cytokinesisActomyosinMicrotubuleSignaling pathwayMeioticContractileMicronucleusMyosinCompletionMembranesAnimal cell cytokinesisMembraneOccursNucleusCytoskeletonArabidopsisHorizons for cytokinesisProcessesMechanismInitiationCell divisionMeiosisFurrowFibroblastsInhibit cytokinesisSupport cytokinesisDefective cytokinesisLead to genomic instabilityGenes
Mitosis and cytokinesis5
Cytoplasm2
Actin4
Anaphase1
Nuclei1
  • The presence of cells with more than two nuclei may indicate inhibition of multiple rounds of cytokinesis with anti-ECT2-DH. (nih.gov)
Telophase1
Defect in cytokinesis1
Cells9
  • If cytokinesis took place before mitosis, the two daughter cells would end up with only half the required genetic material and, unable to function, would die. (reference.com)
  • Plant cells divide through the process of mitosis, followed by cytokinesis. (reference.com)
  • Expression of an ECT2 derivative, containing the NH(2)-terminal domain required for the midbody localization but lacking the COOH-terminal catalytic domain, strongly inhibits cytokinesis.Moreover, microinjection of affinity-purified anti-ECT2 antibody into interphase cells also inhibits cytokinesis.These results suggest that ECT2 is an important link between the cell cycle machinery and Rho signaling pathways involved in the regulation of cell division. (nih.gov)
  • Animal cells divide into two daughter cells by the formation of an actomyosin-based contractile ring through a process called cytokinesis. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, microinjection of affinity-purified anti-ECT2 antibody into interphase cells also inhibits cytokinesis. (nih.gov)
  • To further examine the involvement of ECT2 in cytokinesis, we inhibited ECT2 function by microinjection of affinity-purified anti-ECT2 antibodies into asynchronously growing HeLa cells (Fig. 4). (nih.gov)
  • The adhesion-dependence for cytokinesis may help to protect against proliferation of detached cells that have a suppressed G1/S checkpoint, e.g. due to virus infection or mutation [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Failure in the cytokinesis process can cause regression of the cleavage furrow and the generation of bi-nucleated cells [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In spite of the uncompleted cytokinesis the detached cells enter a new round of the cell cycle, in which the midbody is dissolved early in G1 [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Embryonic1
  • In the animal, these 'motor-dead' mutations lead to adult sterility and embryonic inviability, and fail to support cytokinesis. (biologists.org)
Pathways2
  • As such, the molecular pathways governing cytokinesis are highly complex, involving a large number of components forming intricate interactive networks. (elsevier.com)
  • Although many of the structural elements of cytokinesis have been identified, little is known about the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying this process. (nih.gov)
Constriction1
Assay2
Regulate1
  • To rule out the possibility that anti-ECT2 cross-reacted with other molecules that regulate cytokinesis, we prepared a second affinity-purified antibody that specifically recognizes the NH2-terminal domain of ECT2. (nih.gov)
Eukaryotic1
  • Cytokinesis is a crucial step in cell proliferation, and remarkably, it is also an important mechanism for developmental regulation in the generation of diverse cell types in eukaryotic organisms. (elsevier.com)
Ect24
  • Human ECT2 is an exchange factor for Rho GTPases, phosphorylated in G2/M phases, and involved in cytokinesis. (nih.gov)
  • Here we show that the human ECT2 is involved in the regulation of cytokinesis. (nih.gov)
  • Expression of an ECT2 derivative, containing the NH(2)-terminal domain required for the midbody localization but lacking the COOH-terminal catalytic domain, strongly inhibits cytokinesis. (nih.gov)
  • Inhibition of cytokinesis by microinjection of anti-ECT2 antibodies. (nih.gov)
Temporally1
Formation1
  • During cytokinesis, the formation of a new cell plate is accomplished by a dynamic AF- and MT-based structure known as the phragmoplast. (frontiersin.org)
Driven1
  • In this paper, a mathematical model of contractile ring-driven cytokinesis is presented by using both phase-field and immersed-boundary methods in a three-dimensional domain. (readbyqxmd.com)
Dedicator4
Cleavage14
Abscission11
  • Further analysis revealed that p27CK- expression caused a cytokinesis and abscission defect in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. (jci.org)
  • After furrow ingression is completed, there is a period (from 1.5 to 5 hours) during which daughter cells are still linked by a cytoplasmic bridge before cytokinesis is complete (abscission). (sciencemag.org)
  • It has been postulated that termination of cytokinesis (abscission) depends on the migration of a centriole to the intercellular bridge and then back to the cell center. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • These findings show that centrioles are highly mobile during cytokinesis and suggest that the repositioning of a centriole to the intercellular bridge is not essential for controlling abscission. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • In addition, a diffusion-based assay that precisely discerns the timing of abscission and cell separation shows that BRCA2 does not have a role in these final stages of cytokinesis. (biologists.org)
  • Loss of midbody MTs accompanies the abscission stage of cytokinesis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • They all induced cytokinesis failure at the point of abscission, consistent with inhibition of dynamin while not affecting other cell cycle stages. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In addition, ESCRT proteins have an established role in the final stage of cytokinesis, abscission, although the functional mechanisms by which they mediate daughter cell separation have yet to be demonstrated biochemically in vivo. (gla.ac.uk)
  • and although Plk1 proteolysis facilitates abscission complex assembly, Plk1 re-emerges at the midbody late during cytokinesis. (gla.ac.uk)
  • When a cell divides, it produces two daughter cells initially connected by a cytokinesis bridge, which is eventually cut through abscission. (pasteur.fr)
  • Membrane bending and scission during ILV formation is topologically similar to cytokinesis in that both events require the abscission of a membrane neck that is oriented away from the cytoplasm. (elsevier.com)
Fission5
  • Cytokinesis largely resembles the prokaryotic process of binary fission, but because of differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and functions, the mechanisms differ. (wikipedia.org)
  • To further our understanding of exocytosis during cytokinesis, we investigate Rng15 in fission yeast, a popular model organism for cytokinesis. (osu.edu)
  • Through this investigation, we will have a better understanding of the role of exocytosis in the delivery of materials during fission yeast cytokinesis. (osu.edu)
  • Initially, ESCRT function in fission yeast cytokinesis was examined by characterising formation of the specialised medial cell wall, the septum, in individual ESCRT deletion strains. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe uses two distinct mechanisms of cytokinesis depending on the mode of cell cycle regulation. (nus.edu.sg)
Role in cytokinesis1
Steps of cytokinesis2
  • The need for several intracellular transport routes probably reflects the complex events that occur during the late cytokinesis steps such as local remodelling of the plasma membrane composition, removal of components required for earlier steps of cytokinesis and membrane sealing that leads to daughter cell separation. (biochemsoctrans.org)
  • In this mini-review, I will focus on recent evidence showing that endocytic pathways, such as the Rab35-regulated recycling pathway, contribute to the establishment of a PtdIns(4,5) P 2 lipid domain at the intercellular bridge which is involved in the localization of cytoskeletal elements essential for the late steps of cytokinesis. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Stages of cytokinesis1
Failure of cytokinesis2
Interphase2
Spindle9
  • Animal cell cytokinesis starts with the stabilization of microtubules and reorganization of the mitotic spindle to form the central spindle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Depletion of WHAMM by microinjection of specific short interfering (si)RNA into the oocyte cytoplasm resulted in failure of spindle migration, disruption of asymmetric cytokinesis and a decrease in the first polar body extrusion rate during meiotic maturation. (springer.com)
  • Taken together, our data suggest that WHAMM is required for peripheral spindle migration and asymmetric cytokinesis during mouse oocyte maturation. (springer.com)
  • The coupling of cytokinesis and chromosome segregation to the mitotic spindle ensures that nuclear and cytoplasmic division are tightly coordinated. (bl.uk)
  • Using live-cell time-lapse microscopy, I found that Ect2 concentrates not only at the spindle midzone but also accumulates at equatorial plasma membrane during cytokinesis. (bl.uk)
  • Here we report that separated centrioles that migrate from the cell pole are very mobile during cytokinesis and their movements can be characterized as 1) along the nuclear envelope, 2) irregular, and 3) along microtubules forming the spindle axis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • Finally, the authors show that, in contrast to results from a previous study, BRCA2 does not localise to the spindle midzone or midbody, two structures of the mitotic spindle that play important roles during cytokinesis. (biologists.org)
  • Our results also indicated that the central spindle and the contractile ring are interdependent structures that interact throughout cytokinesis. (washington.edu)
  • MKlp1(S911A) targets to the central spindle but is prematurely imported into the nucleus and fails to support cytokinesis. (ox.ac.uk)
Regulate cytokinesis3
Actomyosin4
  • These simple but informative micromanipulation experiments have demonstrated that an actomyosin contractile ring is the driving force of cytokinesis and have led to some initial speculations about the nature of the signal inducing cytokinesis. (rupress.org)
  • Successful cytokinesis relies on the assembly and activation of an actomyosin-based contractile ring and membrane deposition/fusion in a spatially and temporally precise manner. (elsevier.com)
  • During mitosis, it divides using actomyosin ring constriction of which is coordinated with the formation of new membrane/cell wall during cytokinesis. (nus.edu.sg)
  • In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cytokinesis requires the assembly and constriction of an actomyosin-based contractile ring (CR). (readbyqxmd.com)
Microtubule2
Signaling pathway1
  • implicated cholesterol-, sphingolipid-, and signaling molecule-rich plasma membrane microdomains (thought to form signaling platforms involved in various cellular processes) in assembly of a signaling pathway critical to cytokinesis. (sciencemag.org)
Meiotic4
Contractile2
  • Contractile FtsZ rings forming around the cell equator are thought to play a key role in bacterial cytokinesis. (embopress.org)
  • In this paper, a mathematical model of contractile ring-driven cytokinesis is presented by using both phase-field and immersed-boundary methods in a three-dimensional domain. (readbyqxmd.com)
Micronucleus1
  • Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Cytome Assays for the Determination of Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Cecal Water in Rats and Fecal Water. (mo-skm.info)
Myosin3
  • Finally, we propose that, in addition to myosin II, a Laplace pressure, resulting from material properties and the geometry of the dividing cell, generates force to help drive furrow ingression late in cytokinesis. (pnas.org)
  • Puzzlingly, cytokinesis in some cell types proceeds fairly normally without myosin II. (pnas.org)
  • A ) Schematic cartoon showing localizations of myosin II, RacE, dynacortin, and cortexillin I. ( B ) A cartoon of the shape changes of wild-type cytokinesis. (pnas.org)
Completion2
Membranes1
Animal cell cytokinesis1
Membrane4
  • M. M. Ng, F. Chang, D. R. Burgess, Movement of membrane domains and requirement of membrane signaling molecules for cytokinesis. (sciencemag.org)
  • Once moved to opposite poles, a nuclear membrane forms around each group, and the cell is ready to proceed to cytokinesis. (reference.com)
  • We will finally review recent evidence showing a tight coupling between membrane traffic and cytokinesis in complex processes, such as during the establishment of de novo apico-basal polarity. (pasteur.fr)
  • Other enzymes or organelles such as cilia can be anchored to this scaffolding in order to control the deformation of the external cell membrane, which allows endocytosis and cytokinesis. (wikipedia.org)
Occurs3
Nucleus2
Cytoskeleton1
  • The cytoskeleton globally reorganizes between mitosis (M phase) and cytokinesis (C phase), which presumably requires extensive regulatory changes. (mcponline.org)
Arabidopsis1
  • We show here that two structurally related genes, MYB3R1 and MYB3R4, which encode homologs of NtmybA1 and NtmybA2, play a partially redundant role in positively regulating cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. (cpib.ac.uk)
Horizons for cytokinesis1
  • New horizons for cytokinesis. (nih.gov)
Processes1
  • Our findings indicate that two localized cell wall deposition processes, tip growth and cytokinesis, previously believed to be functionally and evolutionarily distinct, share common and plant-specific MT regulatory components. (plantcell.org)
Mechanism5
Initiation1
Cell division3
  • While much is known about cytokinesis, the final stage of cell-division cycle, our knowledge on roles of vesicle trafficking during cytokinesis is limited. (osu.edu)
  • rather, it blocked cytokinesis, uncoupling mitosis from cell division. (rupress.org)
  • Cytokinesis is a stage in cell division. (seattlepi.com)
Meiosis2
Furrow1
  • RhoA Recruits Ect2 and Anillin to the Cortex where they interact to Maintain Furrow Ingression during Cytokinesis. (concordia.ca)
Fibroblasts1
  • We demonstrate that unmodified primary human fibroblasts derived from heterozygous BRCA2 mutation carriers show significantly prolonged cytokinesis. (hindawi.com)
Inhibit cytokinesis1
  • 2007b ), does not inhibit cytokinesis, whereas the V-ATPase inhibitor concanamycin A, which blocks trafficking at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), severely impairs cell plate formation. (plantphysiol.org)
Support cytokinesis1
  • In the animal, these 'motor-dead' mutations lead to adult sterility and embryonic inviability, and fail to support cytokinesis. (biologists.org)
Defective cytokinesis1
  • Together, these results show that multinucleated neurons arising from defective cytokinesis can extend multiple cilia. (mysciencework.com)
Lead to genomic instability2
Genes4
  • We have screened a collection of 1955 homozygous mutant male sterile lines for those with multinucleate spermatids, and thereby identified mutations in 19 genes required for cytokinesis. (washington.edu)
  • These include 16 novel loci and three genes, diaphanous, four wheel drive, and pebble, already known to be involved in Drosophila cytokinesis. (washington.edu)
  • Genes controlling bud emergence and cytokinesis. (biologists.org)
  • In addition, a kn heterozygous mutation enhanced cytokinesis defects resulting from heterozygous or homozygous mutations in the MYB3R1 and MYB3R4 genes. (cpib.ac.uk)
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