Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
Cytosine nucleotides are organic compounds that consist of a nitrogenous base (cytosine), a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), and at least one phosphate group, playing crucial roles in genetic information storage, transmission, and expression within nucleic acids.
Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.
A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE.
Uridine is a nucleoside, specifically a derivative of pyrimidine, that is composed of a uracil molecule joined to a ribose sugar molecule through a β-N1 glycosidic bond, and has significant roles in RNA synthesis, energy transfer, and cell signaling.
The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. EC 3.5.4.5.
Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
The ester of diacylglycerol with the terminal phosphate of cytidine diphosphate. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in bacteria.
Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.
The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound.
A programmed mutation process whereby changes are introduced to the nucleotide sequence of immunoglobulin gene DNA during development.
Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
An enzyme which catalyzes the deamination of CYTOSINE resulting in the formation of URACIL. It can also act on 5-methylcytosine to form THYMIDINE.
Gene rearrangement of the B-lymphocyte which results in a substitution in the type of heavy-chain constant region that is expressed. This allows the effector response to change while the antigen binding specificity (variable region) remains the same. The majority of class switching occurs by a DNA recombination event but it also can take place at the level of RNA processing.
Catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleosides with the elimination of ammonia.
Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.
3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-4-methyl-5-(4,6,8,8-tetrahydroxy-3,5,7-trioxa-4,6,8-triphosphaoct-1-yl)thiazolium hydroxide, inner salt, P,P',P''-trioxide. The triphosphate ester of thiamine. In Leigh's disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation.
Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.
A nucleoside monophosphate sugar which donates N-acetylneuraminic acid to the terminal sugar of a ganglioside or glycoprotein.
A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a DEOXYRIBOSE containing a bond to a phosphate group.
Uracil nucleotides are chemical compounds that consist of a uracil base, a sugar molecule called ribose, and one or more phosphate groups, which play crucial roles in DNA replication, repair, and gene expression as well as in RNA synthesis.
Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE and phosphate attached that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).

Covalent modification of Lys19 in the CTP binding site of cytidine 5'-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase. (1/389)

Periodate oxidized CTP (oCTP) was used to investigate the importance of lysine residues in the CTP binding site of the cytidine 5'-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NeuAc) synthetase (EC 2.7.7.43) from Haemophilus ducreyi. The reaction of oCTP with the enzyme follows pseudo-first-order saturation kinetics, giving a maximum rate of inactivation of 0.6 min(-1) and a K(I) of 6.0 mM at pH 7.1. Mass spectrometric analysis of the modified enzyme provided data that was consistent with beta-elimination of triphosphate after the reaction of oCTP with the enzyme. A fully reduced enzyme-oCTP conjugate, retaining the triphosphate moiety, was obtained by inclusion of NaBH3CN in the reaction solution. The beta-elimination product of oCTP reacted several times more rapidly with the enzyme compared to equivalent concentrations of oCTP. This compound also formed a stable reduced morpholino adduct with CMP-NeuAc synthetase when the reaction was conducted in the presence of NaBH3CN, and was found to be a useful lysine modifying reagent. The substrate CTP was capable of protecting the enzyme to a large degree from inactivation by oCTP and its beta-elimination product. Lys19, a residue conserved in CMP-NeuAc synthetases, was identified as being labeled with the beta-elimination product of oCTP.  (+info)

Incorporation of 32Pi into nucleotides, polyphosphates, and other acid-soluble compounds by Myxococcus xanthus during myxospore formation. (2/389)

When glycerol was used to induce myxospore formation in Myxococcu xanthus in the presence of 32Pi, the label was incorporated into a variety of acid-soluble compounds. Incorporation into ribonucleotides was approximately fivefold greater than in vegetative cells or noninducible mutants grown in glycerol. The label was also incorporated into some unknown compounds and material tentatively identified as guanosine tetraphosphate. Marked accumulation into polyphosphates, which were present mainly in culture supernatants, occurred relatively late during myxospore formation. The kinetics of accumulation of some of these compounds and their distribution into acid-soluble cell extracts and culture supernatants are described and compared with those in vegetative cells and noninducible mutants.  (+info)

Rickettsia prowazekii transports UMP and GMP, but not CMP, as building blocks for RNA synthesis. (3/389)

Rickettsia prowazekii, the etiological agent of epidemic typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium and is apparently unable to synthesize ribonucleotides de novo. Here, we show that as an alternative, isolated, purified R. prowazekii organisms transported exogenous uridyl- and guanylribonucleotides and incorporated these labeled precursors into their RNA in a rifampin-sensitive manner. Transport systems for nucleotides, which we have shown previously and show here are present in rickettsiae, have never been reported in free-living bacteria, and the usual nucleobase and nucleoside transport systems are absent in rickettsiae. There was a clear preference for the monophosphate form of ribonucleotides as the transported substrate. In contrast, rickettsiae did not transport cytidylribonucleotides. The source of rickettsial CTP appears to be the transport of UMP followed by its phosphorylation and the amination of intrarickettsial UTP to CTP by CTP synthetase. A complete schema of nucleotide metabolism in rickettsiae is presented that is based on a combination of biochemical, physiological, and genetic information.  (+info)

Induction of gadd153 mRNA by nutrient deprivation is overcome by glutamine. (4/389)

The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible (gadd) genes are co-ordinately activated by a variety of genotoxic agents and/or growth-cessation signals. The regulation of gadd153 mRNA was investigated in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) cultured in a nutrient- and serum-deprived medium. The addition of glutamine alone to LLC-PK1 cells cultured in Earl's balanced salt solution (EBSS) is sufficient to suppress gadd153 mRNA expression, and the removal of only glutamine from Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) is also sufficient to induce gadd153 mRNA expression. Consistent with these findings, the inhibition of glutamine utilization with acivicin and 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) in cells grown in a glutamine-containing medium effectively induces gadd153 expression. Glutamine can be used as an energy source in cultured mammalian cells. However, it is unlikely that deficits in cellular energy stores (ATP) are coupled to gadd153 mRNA expression, because concentrations of ATP, UTP and GTP are all elevated in EBSS-exposed cells, and the addition of alpha-oxoglutarate to cells grown in EBSS has no effect on gadd153 mRNA expression. In contrast, concentrations of CTP decline substantially in EBSS and glutamine-deprived DMEM-cultured cells. Glutamine also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of protein and DNA. The addition of glutamine to cells grown in EBSS partly restores CTP concentrations. The addition of pyrimidine ribonucleosides (cytidine and uridine) to LLC-PK1 cells also restores CTP concentrations, in a manner commensurate with their relative abilities to overcome gadd153 expression. Finally, glutamine does not completely suppress DNA damage-induced gadd153 expression, suggesting that multiple signalling pathways lead to the expression of gadd153 mRNA under conditions of nutrient deprivation and DNA damage.  (+info)

A prototypical cytidylyltransferase: CTP:glycerol-3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase from bacillus subtilis. (5/389)

BACKGROUND: The formation of critical intermediates in the biosynthesis of lipids and complex carbohydrates is carried out by cytidylyltransferases, which utilize CTP to form activated CDP-alcohols or CMP-acid sugars plus inorganic pyrophosphate. Several cytidylyltransferases are related and constitute a conserved family of enzymes. The eukaryotic members of the family are complex enzymes with multiple regulatory regions or repeated catalytic domains, whereas the bacterial enzyme, CTP:glycerol-3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (GCT), contains only the catalytic domain. Thus, GCT provides an excellent model for the study of catalysis by the eukaryotic cytidylyltransferases. RESULTS: The crystal structure of GCT from Bacillus subtilis has been determined by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction using a mercury derivative and refined to 2.0 A resolution (R(factor) 0.196; R(free) 0.255). GCT is a homodimer; each monomer comprises an alpha/beta fold with a central 3-2-1-4-5 parallel beta sheet. Additional helices and loops extending from the alpha/beta core form a bowl that binds substrates. CTP, bound at each active site of the homodimer, interacts with the conserved (14)HXGH and (113)RTXGISTT motifs. The dimer interface incorporates part of a third motif, (63)RYVDEVI, and includes hydrophobic residues adjoining the HXGH sequence. CONCLUSIONS: Structure superpositions relate GCT to the catalytic domains from class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and thus expand the tRNA synthetase family of folds to include the catalytic domains of the family of cytidylyltransferases. GCT and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze analogous reactions, bind nucleotides in similar U-shaped conformations, and depend on histidines from analogous HXGH motifs for activity. The structural and other similarities support proposals that GCT, like the synthetases, catalyzes nucleotidyl transfer by stabilizing a pentavalent transition state at the alpha-phosphate of CTP.  (+info)

Identification of Arg-12 in the active site of Escherichia coli K1 CMP-sialic acid synthetase. (6/389)

Escherichia coli K1 CMP-sialic acid synthetase catalyses the synthesis of CMP-sialic acid from CTP and sialic acid. The active site of the 418 amino acid E. coli enzyme was localized to its N-terminal half. The bacterial CMP-sialic acid synthetase enzymes have a conserved motif, IAIIPARXXSKGLXXKN, at their N-termini. Several basic residues have been identified at or near the active site of the E. coli enzyme by chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis. Only one of the lysines in the N-terminal motif, Lys-21, appears to be essential for activity. Mutation of Lys-21 in the N-terminal motif results in an inactive enzyme. Furthermore, Arg-12 of the N-terminal motif appears to be an active-site residue, based on the following evidence. Substituting Arg-12 with glycine or alanine resulted in inactive enzymes, indicating that this residue is required for enzymic activity. The Arg-12-->Lys mutant was partially active, demonstrating that a positive charge is required at this site. Steady-state kinetic analysis reveals changes in k(cat), K(m) and K(s) for CTP, which implicates Arg-12 in catalysis and substrate binding.  (+info)

Cytidine 5'-triphosphate-dependent biosynthesis of isoprenoids: YgbP protein of Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methylerythritol. (7/389)

2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate has been established recently as an intermediate of the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway used for biosynthesis of terpenoids in plants and in many microorganisms. We show that an enzyme isolated from cell extract of Escherichia coli converts 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate into 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methylerythritol by reaction with CTP. The enzyme is specified by the hitherto unannotated ORF ygbP of E. coli. The cognate protein was obtained in pure form from a recombinant hyperexpression strain of E. coli harboring a plasmid with the ygbP gene under the control of a T5 promoter and lac operator. By using the recombinant enzyme, 4-diphosphocytidyl-[2-(14)C]2-C-methylerythritol was prepared from [2-(14)C]2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate. The radiolabeled 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methylerythritol was shown to be efficiently incorporated into carotenoids by isolated chromoplasts of Capsicum annuum. The E. coli ygbP gene appears to be part of a small operon also comprising the unannotated ygbB gene. Genes with similarity to ygbP and ygbB are present in the genomes of many microorganisms, and their occurrence appears to be correlated with that of the deoxyxylulose pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis. Moreover, several microorganisms have genes specifying putative fusion proteins with ygbP and ygbB domains, suggesting that both the YgbP protein and the YgbB protein are involved in the deoxyxylulose pathway. A gene from Arabidopsis thaliana with similarity to ygbP carries a putative plastid import sequence, which is well in line with the assumed localization of the deoxyxylulose pathway in the plastid compartment of plants.  (+info)

Effect of methotrexate on blood purine and pyrimidine levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (8/389)

OBJECTIVE: The mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of methotrexate (MTX) at low dose may relate to a decrease in availability of the purine precursor or it may depend on accumulation of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) and the anti-inflammatory nucleoside adenosine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible mechanism of action by analysis of changes in blood concentrations of purine and pyrimidine metabolites during MTX treatment. METHODS: Venous blood samples were collected from rheumatoid arthritis patients before and at different times for up to 7 days after the start of MTX treatment. Whole blood concentrations of adenosine, uridine, hypoxanthine, uric acid and erythrocyte nucleotides were measured by HPLC. RESULTS: The initial blood adenosine concentration was 0.073 +/- 0.013 microM and no differences were observed during MTX treatment. However, a decrease in uric acid concentration was observed from 205.5+/-13.5 to 160. 9+/-13.5 microM (P<0.05) within 24 h after MTX administration. The hypoxanthine concentration decreased in parallel with uric acid, while the uridine concentration decreased 48 h after MTX administration. No accumulation of AICAR-triphosphate (ZTP) was observed in the erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS: MTX decreases circulating purine and pyrimidine concentrations, and their availability for DNA and RNA synthesis, which may affect immune cell proliferation and protein (cytokine) expression. The absence of adenosine concentration changes and lack of ZTP formation is evidence against an AICAR/adenosine mechanism, although localized adenosine concentration changes cannot be excluded.  (+info)

Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is a nucleotide that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of RNA. It consists of a cytosine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. Cytidine triphosphate is one of the four main building blocks of RNA, along with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), and uridine triphosphate (UTP). These nucleotides are essential for various cellular processes, including energy transfer, signal transduction, and biosynthesis. CTP is also involved in the regulation of several metabolic pathways and serves as a cofactor for enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions. Like other triphosphate nucleotides, CTP provides energy for cellular functions by donating its phosphate groups in energy-consuming processes.

Cytosine nucleotides are the chemical units or building blocks that make up DNA and RNA, one of the four nitrogenous bases that form the rung of the DNA ladder. A cytosine nucleotide is composed of a cytosine base attached to a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA) and at least one phosphate group. The sequence of these nucleotides determines the genetic information stored in an organism's genome. In particular, cytosine nucleotides pair with guanine nucleotides through hydrogen bonding to form base pairs that are held together by weak interactions. This pairing is specific and maintains the structure and integrity of the DNA molecule during replication and transcription.

Carbon-Nitrogen (C-N) ligases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the joining of a carbon atom from a donor molecule to a nitrogen atom in an acceptor molecule through a process called ligase reaction. This type of enzyme plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and other biomolecules that contain both carbon and nitrogen atoms.

C-N ligases typically require ATP or another energy source to drive the reaction forward, as well as cofactors such as metal ions or vitamins to facilitate the chemical bond formation between the carbon and nitrogen atoms. The specificity of C-N ligases varies depending on the enzyme, with some acting only on specific donor and acceptor molecules while others have broader substrate ranges.

Examples of C-N ligases include glutamine synthetase, which catalyzes the formation of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia, and asparagine synthetase, which catalyzes the formation of asparagine from aspartate and ammonia. Understanding the function and regulation of C-N ligases is important for understanding various biological processes and developing strategies to modulate them in disease states.

Cytidine is a nucleoside, which consists of the sugar ribose and the nitrogenous base cytosine. It is an important component of RNA (ribonucleic acid), where it pairs with guanosine via hydrogen bonding to form a base pair. Cytidine can also be found in some DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences, particularly in viral DNA and in mitochondrial DNA.

Cytidine can be phosphorylated to form cytidine monophosphate (CMP), which is a nucleotide that plays a role in various biochemical reactions in the body. CMP can be further phosphorylated to form cytidine diphosphate (CDP) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), which are involved in the synthesis of lipids, glycogen, and other molecules.

Cytidine is also available as a dietary supplement and has been studied for its potential benefits in treating various health conditions, such as liver disease and cancer. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits and establish safe and effective dosages.

Uridine is a nucleoside that consists of a pyrimidine base (uracil) linked to a pentose sugar (ribose). It is a component of RNA, where it pairs with adenine. Uridine can also be found in various foods such as beer, broccoli, yeast, and meat. In the body, uridine can be synthesized from orotate or from the breakdown of RNA. It has several functions, including acting as a building block for RNA, contributing to energy metabolism, and regulating cell growth and differentiation. Uridine is also available as a dietary supplement and has been studied for its potential benefits in various health conditions.

Nucleotides are the basic structural units of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil), a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA) and one to three phosphate groups. Nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another, forming long chains known as polynucleotides. The sequence of these nucleotides determines the genetic information carried in DNA and RNA, which is essential for the functioning, reproduction and survival of all living organisms.

Cytidine deaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of an amino group from cytidine, converting it to uridine. This reaction is part of the process of RNA degradation and also plays a role in the immune response to viral infections.

Cytidine deaminase can be found in various organisms, including bacteria, humans, and other mammals. In humans, cytidine deaminase is encoded by the APOBEC3 gene family, which consists of several different enzymes that have distinct functions and expression patterns. Some members of this gene family are involved in the restriction of retroviruses, such as HIV-1, while others play a role in the regulation of endogenous retroelements and the modification of cellular RNA.

Mutations in cytidine deaminase genes have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders. For example, mutations in the APOBEC3B gene have been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, while mutations in other members of the APOBEC3 family have been implicated in the development of lymphoma and other malignancies. Additionally, aberrant expression of cytidine deaminase enzymes has been observed in some autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, suggesting a potential role for these enzymes in the pathogenesis of these conditions.

Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) is a nucleotide that consists of a cytosine molecule attached to a ribose sugar molecule, which in turn is linked to a phosphate group. It is one of the four basic building blocks of RNA (ribonucleic acid) along with adenosine monophosphate (AMP), guanosine monophosphate (GMP), and uridine monophosphate (UMP). CMP plays a critical role in various biochemical reactions within the body, including protein synthesis and energy metabolism.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy molecule that stores and transports energy within cells. It is the main source of energy for most cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. ATP is composed of a base (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups. The bonds between these phosphate groups contain a significant amount of energy, which can be released when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken, resulting in the formation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This process is known as hydrolysis and can be catalyzed by various enzymes to drive a wide range of cellular functions. ATP can also be regenerated from ADP through various metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation, allowing for the continuous supply of energy to cells.

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a nucleotide that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, such as protein synthesis, signal transduction, and regulation of enzymatic activities. It serves as an energy currency, similar to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and undergoes hydrolysis to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) or guanosine monophosphate (GMP) to release energy required for these processes. GTP is also a precursor for the synthesis of other essential molecules, including RNA and certain signaling proteins. Additionally, it acts as a molecular switch in many intracellular signaling pathways by binding and activating specific GTPase proteins.

Cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) is a bioactive lipid molecule that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of other lipids and is also involved in cell signaling pathways. It is formed from the reaction between cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) and phosphatidic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase.

CDP-DAG is a critical intermediate in the biosynthesis of several important lipids, including phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL), and platelet-activating factor (PAF). These lipids are essential components of cell membranes and have various functions in cell signaling, energy metabolism, and other physiological processes.

CDP-DAG also acts as a second messenger in intracellular signaling pathways, particularly those involved in the regulation of gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. It activates several protein kinases, including protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, which phosphorylate and regulate various target proteins, leading to changes in their activity and function.

Abnormalities in CDP-DAG metabolism have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding the regulation and function of CDP-DAG and its downstream signaling pathways is an active area of research with potential therapeutic implications.

Cytidine diphosphate (CDP) is a nucleotide that is a constituent of coenzymes and plays a role in the synthesis of lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, which are important components of cell membranes. It is formed from cytidine monophosphate (CMP) through the addition of a second phosphate group by the enzyme CTP synthase. CDP can also be converted to other nucleotides, such as uridine diphosphate (UDP) and deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP), through the action of various enzymes. These nucleotides play important roles in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and other molecules in the cell.

Deamination is a biochemical process that refers to the removal of an amino group (-NH2) from a molecule, especially from an amino acid. This process typically results in the formation of a new functional group and the release of ammonia (NH3). Deamination plays a crucial role in the metabolism of amino acids, as it helps to convert them into forms that can be excreted or used for energy production. In some cases, deamination can also lead to the formation of toxic byproducts, which must be efficiently eliminated from the body to prevent harm.

Somatic hypermutation is a process that occurs in the immune system, specifically within B cells, which are a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. This process involves the introduction of point mutations into the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, which encode for the variable regions of antibodies.

Somatic hypermutation occurs in the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles in response to antigen stimulation. The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) enzyme is responsible for initiating this process by deaminating cytosines to uracils in the Ig genes. This leads to the introduction of point mutations during DNA replication and repair, which can result in changes to the antibody's binding affinity for the antigen.

The somatic hypermutation process allows for the selection of B cells with higher affinity antibodies that can better recognize and neutralize pathogens. This is an important mechanism for the development of humoral immunity and the generation of long-lived memory B cells. However, excessive or aberrant somatic hypermutation can also contribute to the development of certain types of B cell malignancies, such as lymphomas and leukemias.

A nucleoside is a biochemical molecule that consists of a pentose sugar (a type of simple sugar with five carbon atoms) covalently linked to a nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous base can be one of several types, including adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil. Nucleosides are important components of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, which are the genetic materials found in cells. They play a crucial role in various biological processes, including cell division, protein synthesis, and gene expression.

Cytosine deaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of cytosine residues in DNA or deoxycytidine residues in RNA, converting them to uracil or uridine, respectively. This enzyme plays a role in the regulation of gene expression and is also involved in the defense against viral infections in some organisms. In humans, cytosine deamination in DNA can lead to mutations and has been implicated in the development of certain diseases, including cancer.

Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching or class switch recombination (CSR), is a biological process that occurs in B lymphocytes as part of the adaptive immune response. This mechanism allows a mature B cell to change the type of antibody it produces from one class to another (e.g., from IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE) while keeping the same antigen-binding specificity.

During immunoglobulin class switching, the constant region genes of the heavy chain undergo a DNA recombination event, which results in the deletion of the original constant region exons and the addition of new constant region exons downstream. This switch allows the B cell to express different effector functions through the production of antibodies with distinct constant regions, tailoring the immune response to eliminate pathogens more effectively. The process is regulated by various cytokines and signals from T cells and is critical for mounting an effective humoral immune response.

Nucleoside deaminases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the removal of an amino group (-NH2) from nucleosides, converting them to nucleosides with a modified base. This modification process is called deamination. Specifically, these enzymes convert cytidine and adenosine to uridine and inosine, respectively. Nucleoside deaminases play crucial roles in various biological processes, including the regulation of gene expression, immune response, and nucleic acid metabolism. Some nucleoside deaminases are also involved in the development of certain diseases and are considered as targets for drug design and discovery.

Uridine Triphosphate (UTP) is a nucleotide that plays a crucial role in the synthesis and repair of DNA and RNA. It consists of a nitrogenous base called uracil, a pentose sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups. UTP is one of the four triphosphates used in the biosynthesis of RNA during transcription, where it donates its uracil base to the growing RNA chain. Additionally, UTP serves as an energy source and a substrate in various biochemical reactions within the cell, including phosphorylation processes and the synthesis of glycogen and other molecules.

Cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) is a biomolecule that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major component of cellular membranes. It is formed from the reaction between cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and choline, catalyzed by the enzyme CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase. CDP-choline serves as an essential intermediate in the Kennedy pathway of phosphatidylcholine synthesis. This molecule is also involved in various cellular processes, including signal transduction and neurotransmitter synthesis. CDP-choline has been studied for its potential therapeutic benefits in several neurological disorders due to its role in supporting membrane integrity and promoting neuronal health.

Thiamine triphosphate (TTP) is not a widely recognized or used medical term in the context of defining a specific disease, condition, or diagnostic marker. However, thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including nerve function and energy metabolism.

Thiamine triphosphate (TTP) is a biochemical compound formed from thiamine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). TTP acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and neurotransmitters. Its exact physiological role and significance are still under investigation, but it is believed to have a role in neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, and energy homeostasis.

In summary, Thiamine Triphosphate (TTP) is a biochemical compound that plays a role in various metabolic processes, particularly in the nervous system. However, it does not have a specific medical definition as a disease or condition.

Cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid, often abbreviated as CMP-Neu5Ac or CMP-NANA, is a nucleotide sugar that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates known as glycoconjugates. These molecules are important components of cell membranes and have various functions, including cell recognition and communication.

CMP-Neu5Ac is formed from N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme CMP-sialic acid synthetase. Once synthesized, CMP-Neu5Ac serves as the activated donor of Neu5Ac residues in the process of glycosylation, where Neu5Ac is added to the non-reducing end of oligosaccharide chains on glycoproteins and gangliosides. This reaction is catalyzed by sialyltransferases, a family of enzymes that use CMP-Neu5Ac as their substrate.

Abnormal levels or functions of CMP-Neu5Ac and its associated enzymes have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodevelopmental disorders, and microbial infections. Therefore, understanding the biology of CMP-Neu5Ac and its role in glycosylation is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to target these conditions.

Deoxyribonucleotides are the building blocks of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). They consist of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). A deoxyribonucleotide is formed when a nucleotide loses a hydroxyl group from its sugar molecule. In DNA, deoxyribonucleotides link together to form a long, double-helix structure through phosphodiester bonds between the sugar of one deoxyribonucleotide and the phosphate group of another. The sequence of these nucleotides carries genetic information that is essential for the development and function of all known living organisms and many viruses.

Uracil nucleotides are chemical compounds that play a crucial role in the synthesis, repair, and replication of DNA and RNA. Specifically, uracil nucleotides refer to the group of molecules that contain the nitrogenous base uracil, which is linked to a ribose sugar through a beta-glycosidic bond. This forms the nucleoside uridine, which can then be phosphorylated to create the uracil nucleotide.

Uracil nucleotides are important in the formation of RNA, where uracil base pairs with adenine through two hydrogen bonds during transcription. However, uracil is not typically found in DNA, and its presence in DNA can indicate damage or mutation. When uracil is found in DNA, it is usually the result of a process called deamination, where the nitrogenous base cytosine is spontaneously converted to uracil. This can lead to errors during replication, as uracil will pair with adenine instead of guanine, leading to a C-to-T or G-to-A mutation.

To prevent this type of mutation, cells have enzymes called uracil DNA glycosylases that recognize and remove uracil from DNA. This initiates the base excision repair pathway, which removes the damaged nucleotide and replaces it with a correct one. Overall, uracil nucleotides are essential for proper cellular function, but their misincorporation into DNA can have serious consequences for genome stability.

Pyrimidine nucleotides are organic compounds that play crucial roles in various biological processes, particularly in the field of genetics and molecular biology. They are the building blocks of nucleic acids, which include DNA and RNA, and are essential for the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information within cells.

Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. Pyrimidine nucleotides are derivatives of pyrimidine, which contain a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one of three pyrimidine bases: cytosine (C), thymine (T), or uracil (U).

* Cytosine is present in both DNA and RNA. It pairs with guanine via hydrogen bonding during DNA replication and transcription.
* Thymine is exclusively found in DNA, where it pairs with adenine through two hydrogen bonds.
* Uracil is a pyrimidine base that replaces thymine in RNA molecules and pairs with adenine via two hydrogen bonds during RNA transcription.

Pyrimidine nucleotides, along with purine nucleotides (adenine, guanine, and their derivatives), form the fundamental units of nucleic acids, contributing to the structure, function, and regulation of genetic material in living organisms.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

RNA editing is a process that alters the sequence of a transcribed RNA molecule after it has been synthesized from DNA, but before it is translated into protein. This can result in changes to the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein or to the regulation of gene expression. The most common type of RNA editing in mammals is the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine (A) to inosine (I), catalyzed by a family of enzymes called adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs). Inosine is recognized as guanosine (G) by the translation machinery, leading to A-to-G changes in the RNA sequence. Other types of RNA editing include cytidine (C) to uridine (U) deamination and insertion/deletion of nucleotides. RNA editing is a crucial mechanism for generating diversity in gene expression and has been implicated in various biological processes, including development, differentiation, and disease.

... (CTP) is a pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate. CTP, much like ATP, consists of a ribose sugar, and three ... CTP synthase Cytidine Cytosine Pyrimidine biosynthesis Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Jones RL (2000). Biochemistry & molecular ...
Verschuur AC, Van Gennip AH, Muller EJ, Voûte PA, Vreken P, Van Kuilenburg AB (January 1999). "Cytidine triphosphate synthase ... Thomas PE, Lamb BJ, Chu EH (April 1988). "Purification of cytidine-triphosphate synthetase from rat liver, and demonstration of ... Higgins MJ, Graves PR, Graves LM (October 2007). "Regulation of human cytidine triphosphate synthetase 1 by glycogen synthase ... Higgins MJ, Loiselle D, Haystead TA, Graves LM (June 2008). "Human cytidine triphosphate synthetase 1 interacting proteins". ...
Pyrimidine biosynthesis Lieberman I (October 1956). "Enzymatic amination of uridine triphosphate to cytidine triphosphate". The ... CTP (cytidine triphosphate) synthetase catalyzes the last committed step in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis: ATP + UTP + ... Kizaki H, Williams JC, Morris HP, Weber G (November 1980). "Increased cytidine 5'-triphosphate synthetase activity in rat and ... Kassel KM, Higgins MJ, Hines M, Graves LM (October 2010). "Regulation of human cytidine triphosphate synthetase 2 by ...
Brown GM (1958). "Requirement of cytidine triphosphate for the biosynthesis of phosphopantetheine". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80 (12): ...
Ruffner BW, Anderson EP (November 1969). "Adenosine triphosphate: uridine monophosphate-cytidine monophosphate ...
... increased blood lead and cytidine triphosphate". Pediatric Research. 16 (4 Pt 1): 331-334. doi:10.1203/00006450-198204000-00019 ...
It reacts with cytidine triphosphate to form cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol. Its hydroxyl group reacts with serine to form ... Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferases (CPCT) transform PChol to CDP-choline (CDP-Chol) with cytidine triphosphate (CTP). CDP- ...
UMP can then be converted to the nucleotide cytidine triphosphate (CTP). The reaction of PRPP, glutamine, and ammonia forms 5- ... or guanosine triphosphate (GTP). PRPP plays a role in purine salvage pathways by reacting with free purine bases to form ... Phosphoribosyl-1-amine, a precursor to inosinate (IMP), which can ultimately be converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ...
1996.) "Isolation, characterization and expression of the gene encoding cytidine triphosphate synthetase from Giardia ... "Nucleotide Variation in the Cytidine Triphosphate Synthetase Gene of Giardia duodenalis". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. ...
UTP can then be aminated through catalysis by cytidine triphosphate synthetase to from CTP. The reaction of orotic acid ( ... Three key pyrimidine nucleosides include uridine, cytidine and thymidine, and they play major roles in nucleic acid ...
UTP can be converted to CTP (cytidine-triphosphate) in a reaction catalyzed by CTP synthetase. Thymidine synthesis first ... Pyrimidine nucleosides include cytidine, uridine, and thymidine. The synthesis of any pyrimidine nucleotide begins with the ... Once the nucleotides are synthesized they can exchange phosphates among one another in order to create mono-, di-, and tri-phosphate ... The conversion of a nucleoside-diphosphate (NDP) to a nucleoside-triphosphate (NTP) is catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate ...
The structure of aspartate transcarbamylase, I. A molecular twofold axis in the complex with cytidine triphosphate. Proc Natl ...
A molecular twofold axis in the complex with cytidine triphosphate". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 58 (5): 1859-1861. Bibcode: ...
The four NTPs are adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), guanoside-5'-triphosphate (GTP), uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP), and cytidine ... Because nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) need to attach to the OH- molecule on the 3' end of the RNA, transcription always ... triphosphate (CTP). The attachment of NTPs onto the 3' end of the RNA transcript provides the energy required for this ...
Anderson E, Brockman R (1964). "Feedback onhibition of uridine kinase by cytidine triphosphate and uridine triphosphate". ... UCK2 is one of two human uridine-cytidine kinases. The other UCK protein is uridine-cytidine kinase 1, which shares about 70% ... and greater efficiencies for uridine and cytidine substrates than did UCK1. Both uridine-cytidine kinases, however, plays a ... "Phosphorylation of uridine and cytidine nucleoside analogs by two human uridine-cytidine kinases". Molecular Pharmacology. 59 ( ...
... with adenosine triphosphate or guanosine triphosphate donating the phosphate group. Since cytidine triphosphate is generated by ... Cytidine monophosphate, also known as 5'-cytidylic acid or simply cytidylate, and abbreviated CMP, is a nucleotide that is used ... It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside cytidine. CMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, ... As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix cytidylyl-. CMP can be phosphorylated to cytidine diphosphate by the enzyme ...
... cytidine triphosphate (CTP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Other inhibitors/regulators are glycine and alanine. Alanine, ...
... cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate Cytidine triphosphate 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C- ... 1999). "Cytidine 5'-triphosphate-dependent biosynthesis of isoprenoids: YgbP protein of Escherichia coli catalyzes the ... Kuzuyama T; Takagi M; Kaneda K; Dairi T; Seto H (2000). "Formation of 4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol from 2- ...
... cytidine triphosphate, and thymidine triphosphate. OMP decarboxylase has been a frequent target for scientific investigation ... The function of this enzyme is essential to the de novo biosynthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides uridine triphosphate, ...
... may refer to: Cyclohexylthiophthalimide, used in the production of rubber Cytidine triphosphate, a pyrimidine nucleotide ...
... from the bacterium Escherichia coli uses cytidine triphosphate (CTP) as an energy donor, ... whilst the human isoform uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those ... L-cysteine The nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) involved in the reaction varies from species to species. ...
When viperin is bound to SAM and Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) or uridine triphosphate (UTP) is used as a substrate, different ...
... such as guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP), thymidine triphosphate (TTP ... and triphosphates (NTP) in a reversible manner to produce nucleotide triphosphates. Many NDP serve as acceptor while NTP are ... when guanosine triphosphate (GTP) produced in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle is converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Other ... In Eukaryotic systems, the role of the NDK is to synthesize nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is ...
... which nucleoside diphosphate kinase can phosphorylate into cytidine triphosphate or deoxycytidine triphosphate. ... The nucleosides cytidine and deoxycytidine can be salvaged along the uracil pathway by cytidine deaminase, which converts them ... Alternatively, uridine-cytidine kinase can phosphorylate them into cytidine monophosphate (CMP) or deoxycytidine monophosphate ... Uridine kinase (aka uridine-cytidine kinase) can then phosphorylate the 5'-carbon of this nucleoside into uridine monophosphate ...
As cytidine triphosphate (CTP), it can act as a co-factor to enzymes, and can transfer a phosphate to convert adenosine ... The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, it forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was ... diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In DNA and RNA, cytosine is paired with guanine. However, it is inherently ...
... the two substrates of this enzyme are cytidine triphosphate, or CTP, and phosphatidate, whereas its two products are ... is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CDP-diacylglycerol from cytidine triphosphate and phosphatidate. CTP + ... Petzold GL, Agranoff BW (1967). "The biosynthesis of cytidine diphosphate diglyceride by embryonic chick brain". Journal of ... Carter JR, Kennedy EP (1966). "Enzymatic synthesis of cytidine diphosphate diglyceride". Journal of Lipid Research. 7 (5): 678- ...
Cytidine triphosphate Arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate This set index page lists chemical structure articles associated ...
... adenosine triphosphate is used everywhere in preference to guanosine triphosphate, cytidine triphosphate, uridine triphosphate ... to give the cytidine ribonucleotides. Photoanomerization with UV light allows for inversion about the 1' anomeric centre to ... have demonstrated high yielding routes to cytidine and uridine ribonucleotides built from small 2- and 3-carbon fragments such ... "Potentially prebiotic synthesis of pyrimidine beta-D-ribonucleotides by photoanomerization/hydrolysis of alpha-D-cytidine-2'- ...
... adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP)- ... Pi Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) is derived from cytidine triphosphate (CTP) with subsequent loss of two phosphates. The atoms ... UMP is phosphorylated by two kinases to uridine triphosphate (UTP) via two sequential reactions with ATP. First, the ... They provide chemical energy-in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates, ...
... under high cytidine triphosphate or guanosine triphosphate conditions the translation initiation site is upstream of that used ...
Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is a pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate. CTP, much like ATP, consists of a ribose sugar, and three ... CTP synthase Cytidine Cytosine Pyrimidine biosynthesis Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Jones RL (2000). Biochemistry & molecular ...
A formation of 5′-triphosphate form of uridine and cytidine nucleosides are an essential requirement in gene replication. in ... A formation of 5′-triphosphate form of uridine and cytidine nucleosides are an essential requirement in gene replication. ... Intro Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2) is an enzyme that catalyses the Kv3 modulator 3 conversion of uridine and cytidine to ... Launch Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2) can be an enzyme that catalyses the transformation of uridine and cytidine with their ...
You are using . If you find that the function is abnormal, please change your browser and try again.. It is highly recommended that you use a faster and more secure Google Chrome. ...
The organic product acivicin inhibits the glutaminase activity of cytidine triphosphate. * Post author By gasyblog ... The organic product acivicin inhibits the glutaminase activity of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) synthetase and it is a potent ...
CYTIDINE-5-TRIPHOSPHATE. C9 H16 N3 O14 P3. PCDQPRRSZKQHHS-XVFCMESISA-N. Ligand Interaction. ...
... cytidine 5-monophosphate CMP cytidine 5-triphosphate CTP debye unit D decompose decomp. decomposed decompd. decomposing ... cubic feet per minute (unit) cfm curie (unit) Ci current density c.d. cyclic AMP cAMP cyclic GMP cGMP cytidine 5-diphosphate ... adenosine 5-diphosphate ADP adenosine 5-monophosphate AMP adenosine triphosphatase ATPase adenosine 5-triphosphate ATP ... triphosphate UTS UV photoelectron spectroscopy UPS volt (unit) V volume vol. watt (unit) W weber (unit) Wb week (unit) wk ...
... conversion of phosphocholine to CDP-choline in the presence of cytidine triphosphate (CTP); and transfer of the phosphocholine ... We found that the levels of [3H]CDP-choline labeled with [3H]cytidine were significantly higher in NMDA-treated cells compared ... Kennedy EP, Weiss SB ( 1956) The function of cytidine coenzymes in the biosynthesis of phospholipides. J Biol Chem 222: 193-214 ... This was confirmed further with experiments using [3H]cytidine instead of [3H]Cho as radiolabel. In these experiments, cells ...
After column purification, we tailed cDNA sequences with cytidine triphosphate and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Last ...
CTP (Cytidine 5-triphosphate, disodium salt hydrate). Alfa Aesar. J62238. DpnI. NEB. R0176S. ... UTP Na3 (Uridine 5- triphosphate, trisodium salt hydrate). Acros Organics 226310010. Water, nuclease-free. Thermo. R0581. ...
Cytidine triphosphate. Systematic Name:. ({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2- ...
2020). ParB spreading on DNA requires cytidine triphosphate in vitro. eLife 9, e 53515. ... A) NTPase activities of ParBF (0.84 μM) in the presence of 100 μM ribonucleoside triphosphates were measured in the CTPase ... Substrate specificity was examined comparing Pi release from four ribonucleoside triphosphates. Attempt to examine inhibition ...
is the concentration of the deoxynucleoside triphosphates (adenosine-, thymidine-, cytidine- and guanosine-) of which the is an ... whereas lamivudine triphosphate (3TC-TP) and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP) were unaffected (see also [40], [43]). ... For zidovudine triphosphate (AZT-TP), we predict that this selective advantage, as well as the minimal concentration required ... in the above equation refer to the concentration of adenosine triphosphate and pyrophosphate and the parameters and denote the ...
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) have been shown to exert their effects by different pathways even ... ATCase catalyzes the carbamoylation of aspartate by carbamoylphosphate (CP). The enzyme is inhibited by cytosine triphosphate ( ... CTP) and activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It consists of 2 catalytic (C) trimers held together by 3 dimers of ...
... choline and cytidine 5-triphosphate. - Radiochemical purity: It was purified by ionic exchange chormatography and the ... The [3H]cytidine moiety, in all the organs examined, appears to be incorporated into the nucleic acid fraction via the cytidine ... Plasma levels of cytidine increased markedly and remained elevated for at least 60 minutes after injection. Levels of cytidine ... As CDP-choline is rapidly transformed to cytidine monophosphate (also known as CMP, cytidine 3-(dihydrogen phosphate)) and P- ...
5] Giménez R, Soler S, Aguilar J. Cytidine diphosphate choline administration activates brain cytidine triphosphate: ... Synephrine Hydrochloride, Choline Bitartrate, Octopamine Hydrochloride, Folic Acid, Cytidine Diphosphate, Choline Sodium Salt ...
Lamivudine is phosphorylated intracellularly to the triphosphate which competes with the naturally occurring cytidine ... Lamivudine (la miv ue deen) is an L-enantiomer and substituted analogue of cytidine (2,3-dideoxy-3-3-thiacytidine: 3TC) and ... triphosphate for incorporation into the growing HIV or HBV DNA chain by the viral polymerase, thereby inhibiting polymerase (or ...
Bioynthesis proceeds by condensation of phosphatidic acid and cytidine triphosphate with elimination of pyrophosphate via the ... with the release of cytidine monophosphate (CMP). Finally, phosphatidylglycerol is formed by the action of specific ...
cytidine 5-triphosphate, CTP(4-) Locations in the PathwayBrowser for Species: Homo sapiens. Bos taurus. Caenorhabditis elegans ... Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Bos taurus) * (d)NDP + ATP <=> (d)NTP + ADP (NME4) (Bos taurus) * (d)NTP [ ... Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Sus scrofa) * (d)NDP + ATP <=> (d)NTP + ADP (NME4) (Sus scrofa) * (d)NTP [ ... Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Danio rerio) * (d)NDP + ATP <=> (d)NTP + ADP (NME4) (Danio rerio) * (d)NTP ...
... in the largest biology dictionary online. Free learning resources for students covering all major areas of biology. ... cytidine diphosphate (CDP, i.e. cytidine with two phosphate groups), and cytidine triphosphate (CTP, i.e. cytidine with three ... An example of a nucleotide wherein three phosphate groups are attached to cytidine is cytidine triphosphate (CTP), one of the ... Cytidine can form cytidine monophosphate (CMP, i.e. cytidine with a single phosphate group), ...
This methodology was also used to prepare a substrate-intermediate analog of the reaction catalyzed by cytidine triphosphate ... Attempts to prepare nucleoside triphosphates by subjecting unprotected ribonucleosides and 2-deoxyribonucleosides to activated ... Nucleoside polyphosphates and their conjugates, such as nucleoside triphosphates, nucleoside tetraphosphates, sugar nucleotides ... and triphosphates and a wide variety of acceptors. Finally an entirely new approach to the synthesis of nucleoside ...
C9H13N3Na3O14P3 MRNA Vaccine Raw Materials Cytidine-5-Triphosphate Trisodium Salt. HPLC: ≥99% ... GpppA 100mM Solution Cap Analogs Guanosine-5-Triphosphate-5-Adenosine HPLC ≥95%. Colorless M7G(5)PPP(5)(2-OMeA)PG NH4 ... PUTP 100mM Solution mRNA Vaccine Raw Materials Pseudouridine 5-Triphosphate CAS 1175-34-4. HPLC: ≥99% ...
Synthesis of a Fluorescent Cytidine TNA Triphosphate Analogue. Methods Mol Biol. 2019; 1973:27-37. Mei H, Chaput J. PMID: ... Synthesis and polymerase activity of a fluorescent cytidine TNA triphosphate analogue. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jun 02; 45(10): ... Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-α-l-threofuranosyl Nucleoside Triphosphates. J Org Chem. 2018 08 17; 83(16):8840-8850. Bala S, Liao JY, ... A Tool for the Import of Natural and Unnatural Nucleoside Triphosphates into Bacteria. J Am Chem Soc. 2018 01 31; 140(4):1447- ...
224 sigma aldrich C1506-25MG Cytidine 5?-triphosphate disodium salt. 225 sigma aldrich 7021-1KG D-(+)-Glucose. 226 - - -. 227 ... 98 sigma aldrich A3377-1G Adenosine 5?-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate. 99 sigma aldrich A9187 Adenosine 5?-triphosphate ... 290 sigma aldrich G8877-25MG Guanosine 5?-triphosphate sodium salt hydrate. 291 sigma aldrich G8877 Guanosine 5?-triphosphate ... 618 sigma aldrich U6625-25MG Uridine 5?-triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate. 619 sigma aldrich V7259-10UG Vascular Endothelial ...
... and a very similar enzyme cytidine triphosphate synthase 2 (CTPS2), control the final step in the production of the cytidine ... The drug STP938 is an inhibitor of an enzyme called cytidine triphosphate synthase 1 (CTPS1). CTPS1, ... triphosphate (CTP). CTP is an essential building block of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Studies of ...
Cytidine triphosphate. 2730± 0 uM. K12 NCM3722. Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; ... Cytidine triphosphate. 1400± 0 uM. K12 NCM3722. Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; ... Cytidine triphosphate. 1150± 0 uM. K12 NCM3722. Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; ...
Cytidine. triphosphate. H. +. CDP. Stearoyl-CoA. CoA. TG(14:1(9Z)/14:1(9Z)/18:0). H. 2. O. H. +. Stearic acid. DG(14:1(9Z)/14:1 ... Cytidine. triphosphate. Hydrogen Ion. CDP. Stearoyl-CoA. Coenzyme A. TG(14:1(9Z)/14:1(9Z)/18:0). Water. Hydrogen Ion. Stearic ...
scientific article published on 11 October 2011
Cytidine monophosphate. Cortisol. Cytidine triphosphate. Cortisone. Cytidine triphosphate. Creatine. Cytosine. Creatinine. ...
Kim, J. H., Kim, S. E., Song, D. S., Kim, H. Y., Yoon, E. L., Kim, T. H., Jung, Y. K., Suk, K. T., Jun, B. G., Yim, H. J., Kwon, J. H., Lee, S. W., Kang, S. H., Kim, M. Y., Jeong, S. W., Jang, J. Y., Yoo, J. J., Kim, S. G., Jin, Y. J., Cheon, G. J., & 20 othersKim, B. S., Seo, Y. S., Kim, H. S., Sinn, D. H., Chung, W. J., Kim, H. Y., Lee, H. A., Nam, S. W., Kim, I. H., Suh, J. I., Kim, J. H., Chae, H. B., Sohn, J. H., Cho, J. Y., Kim, Y. J., Yang, J. M., Park, J. G., Kim, W., Cho, H. C. & Kim, D. J., 2022 May 1, In: Journal of Clinical Medicine. 11, 9, 2463.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review ...
  • Introduction Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2) is an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of uridine and cytidine to their monophosphate form of uridine and cytidine in an alternative salvage pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis [1]. (nanoker-society.org)
  • CDP-diacylglycerol then reacts with glycerol-3-phosphate via phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase to form 3-sn-phosphatidyl-1'-sn-glycerol 3'-phosphoric acid, with the release of cytidine monophosphate (CMP). (hmdb.ca)
  • Cytidine can form cytidine monophosphate (CMP, i.e. cytidine with a single phosphate group), cytidine diphosphate (CDP, i.e. cytidine with two phosphate groups), and cytidine triphosphate (CTP, i.e. cytidine with three phosphate groups). (biologyonline.com)
  • Cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) is a type I interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that exerts antiviral effects. (bvsalud.org)
  • Synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides also follows different reactions, producing uridine monophosphate (UMP), which is converted to uridine triphosphate (UTP) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP). (lecturio.com)
  • Myeloid-specific ablation of LPS-induced cytidine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2), which is rate limiting for mtDNA synthesis, reduced ARDS severity without a direct effect on IL-6. (lu.se)
  • CTP synthase Cytidine Cytosine Pyrimidine biosynthesis Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Jones RL (2000). (wikipedia.org)
  • Bioynthesis proceeds by condensation of phosphatidic acid and cytidine triphosphate with elimination of pyrophosphate via the action of phosphatidate cytidyltransferase (or CDP-synthase). (hmdb.ca)
  • This methodology was also used to prepare a substrate-intermediate analog of the reaction catalyzed by cytidine triphosphate synthase (CTPS) a recognized target for the development of antineoplastic, antiviral and antiprotozoal agents. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • The drug STP938 is an inhibitor of an enzyme called cytidine triphosphate synthase 1 (CTPS1). (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • CTPS1, and a very similar enzyme cytidine triphosphate synthase 2 (CTPS2), control the final step in the production of the cytidine triphosphate (CTP). (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Cytidine triphosphate synthase is the rate limiting step in the de novo synthesis pathway and is catalyzed by two isoforms, CTPS1 and CTPS2 2 . (springernature.com)
  • Phosphatidylglycerol is formed from phosphatidic acid by a sequence of enzymatic reactions that proceeds via the intermediate, cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol). (hmdb.ca)
  • Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is a pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • A pyrimidine nucleoside is one in which the nucleobase is a pyrimidine, such as cytosine in cytidine. (biologyonline.com)
  • Cytidine is a nucleoside consisting of cytosine and ribose sugar linked by β-N 1 -glycosidic bond. (biologyonline.com)
  • KP-1461 , a cytidine analogue belonging to the class of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, has a potential use as a treatment for HIV/AIDS. (biologyonline.com)
  • Definition noun plural: cytidines cy·ti·dine, ˈsaɪtɪdiːn A pyrimidine nucleoside that has cytosine attached to the pentose sugar ribose Details Overview A nucleoside is a nucleobase with a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose). (biologyonline.com)
  • Nucleoside polyphosphates and their conjugates, such as nucleoside triphosphates, nucleoside tetraphosphates, sugar nucleotides, dinucleoside pyro- and higher order polyphosphates, 2',3'-cyclic nucleoside monophosphates, and 2´-deoxynucleoside-5´-tetraphosphates in which a fluorescent label is attached to the terminal phosphate have many biological roles and have been developed into drugs. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • The procedure is rapid, produces a wide variety of nucleoside polyphosphates and their conjugates in high yield, does not require protection and subsequent deprotection of the nucleotide donors or acceptors and can be used to activate nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates and a wide variety of acceptors. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • Attempts to prepare nucleoside triphosphates by subjecting unprotected ribonucleosides and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides to activated cyclic trimetaphosphate failed. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • Based on these promising results, TmNMPKs were applied in enzymatic cascade reactions for nucleoside 5'-triphosphate synthesis using four modified pyrimidine nucleosides and four purine NMPs as substrates, and we determined that base- and sugar-modified substrates were accepted. (bvsalud.org)
  • Abstract Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 is an enzyme that is overexpressed in abnormal cell growth and its implication is considered a hallmark of malignancy. (nanoker-society.org)
  • CTP cytidine 50 -triphosphate protein kinase CUA cost utility analysis ES embryonic stem cells For personal use only. (web.app)
  • Cytidine, just as the other nucleosides, can give rise to nucleotides. (biologyonline.com)
  • An example of a nucleotide wherein three phosphate groups are attached to cytidine is cytidine triphosphate (CTP), one of the building blocks of RNA synthesis. (biologyonline.com)
  • Nucleosides such as cytidine can be produced by de novo synthesis pathways in the liver. (biologyonline.com)
  • Apart from nucleic acid synthesis, cytidine appears to control neuronal-glial glutamate cycling, with supplementation decreasing midfrontal/cerebral glutamate/glutamine levels. (biologyonline.com)
  • CDP-choline was prepared by the Radiochemical Center of Amercham by an enzymatic process from phosphoryl (14C-methyl) choline and cytidine 5'-triphosphate. (europa.eu)
  • The enzyme is inhibited by cytosine triphosphate (CTP) and activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (europa.eu)
  • Protein activation and expression were analysed by western blotting, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate levels by HPLC, ribonucleotide reductase activity by 14 C-cytidine incorporation into nascent DNA and cell-cycle distribution by FACS. (nature.com)
  • Lamivudine is phosphorylated intracellularly to the triphosphate which competes with the naturally occurring cytidine triphosphate for incorporation into the growing HIV or HBV DNA chain by the viral polymerase, thereby inhibiting polymerase (or reverse transcriptase) activity and causing chain termination. (nih.gov)
  • It is a transition state analog inhibitor of cytidine deaminase . (biologyonline.com)
  • Lamivudine (la miv' ue deen) is an L-enantiomer and substituted analogue of cytidine (2',3'-dideoxy-3'-3-thiacytidine: 3TC) and is active against both HIV and HBV in vitro and in vivo. (nih.gov)
  • Another cytidine analogue is zebularine . (biologyonline.com)
  • Deoxycytidine differs from cytidine by having a hydroxyl group replaced by hydrogen at the 2′ position of the sugar moiety. (biologyonline.com)
  • 3′,4′-didehydro-3′-deoxycytidine duphosphate is a metabolite of 3′,4′-didehydro-3′-deoxycytidine triphosphate that has been proven to have antiviral properties. (santiago-lab.com)
  • The current biocatalytic method of industrial Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) production suffers from reaction rate loss. (bvsalud.org)
  • This molecule is naturally produced in mammals through the dehydration of cytidine triphosphate (CTP), which is catalyzed by the enzyme viperin. (santiago-lab.com)
  • The organic product acivicin inhibits the glutaminase activity of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) synthetase and it is a potent lead compound for medication discovery in the region of neglected tropical diseases, specifically trypanosomaisis. (gasyblog.com)
  • All information about Cytidine 5''-triphosphate disodium salt is provided in the MSDS. (alsachim.com)
  • Cytidine 5′-diphosphate disodium(CAT: I025443) is a compound that serves as a substrate for CDP (nucleoside diphosphate) kinase (EC 2.7.4.6). (musechem.com)
  • Cytidine 5′-diphosphate disodium plays a crucial role in supporting these biochemical processes by providing the necessary building blocks for nucleic acid synthesis. (musechem.com)
  • Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). (nih.gov)
  • It is found in the genetic material DNA and RNA, and is also in molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that provide energy to cells. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the main source of energy in cells. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - the main energy molecule of cells, made up of an adenosine molecule attached to three phosphate groups. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Its triphosphate form, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is extensively utilized in cellular processes as the basic form of chemical energy. (biologywise.com)
  • This gene encodes an enzyme responsible for the catalytic conversion of UTP (uridine triphosphate) to CTP (cytidine triphospate). (nih.gov)
  • Phosphate groups are also found in other energy molecules that are less common than ATP, such as guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP), and uridine triphosphate (UTP). (biologydictionary.net)
  • Nucleoside triphosphates that can be used in DNA synthesis for real-time PCR, cDNA synthesis, and DNA sequencing. (watson-bio.com)
  • This incorporation is increased in the presence of nucleoside triphosphates and an energy-regenerating system. (rupress.org)
  • This enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of nucleoside diphosphates, including cytidine 5′-diphosphate (CDP), to generate the corresponding nucleoside triphosphates (CTP in this case). (musechem.com)
  • CTP synthase Cytidine Cytosine Pyrimidine biosynthesis Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Jones RL (2000). (wikipedia.org)
  • 3. Reversal by cytidine of cyclopentenyl cytosine-induced toxicity in mice without compromise of antitumor activity. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Measurement of cyclopentenyl cytosine 5'-triphosphate in vitro and in vivo by multidimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. (nih.gov)
  • 14. In vitro inhibition of cytidine triphosphate synthetase activity by cyclopentenyl cytosine in paediatric acute lymphocytic leukaemia. (nih.gov)
  • CTP (cytidine 5'-triphosphate) is an extremely stable nucleotide with more than 99% purity. (huana-biomedical.com)
  • It is found in DNA as a nucleotide, cytidine. (biologywise.com)
  • ParB spreading on DNA requires cytidine triphosphate in vitro. (jic.ac.uk)
  • Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is a pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 28 exposed workers, the concentration of erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotides (uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose and cytidine 5'-triphosphate) correlated inversely with P5N activity and positively with PbB. (bmj.com)
  • RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the changes of mRNA and protein expression of cytidine triphosphate: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha (CCTα), a key regulatory enzyme in PC biosynthesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • CDP-DG is produced in metabolic pathways through the reaction of cytidine 5'-triphosphate and PA which releases a phosphate group. (avantilipids.com)
  • Our outcomes established that your extensively employed way of utilizing Cytidine 5′-triphosphate chemical structure PTFE pipes pertaining to ball-mill homogenization is not suitable for evaluating Δ13C of C4 plants, as it might bring about significant mistakes. (talazoparibinhibitor.com)
  • Observation of an ethylene glycol molecule bound sufficiently close to the γ-phosphate in StTdcD complexes with triphosphate nucleotides supports direct in-line phosphoryl transfer. (rcsb.org)
  • DOLK catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to dolichol following biosynthesis of dolichol, generating dolichol phosphate (Dol-P). Dol-P is a lipid carrier of the oligosaccharide precursor in N-glycosylation and as a donor of glucose and mannose for several glycosylation pathways 1,2,8,12 . (cdghub.com)
  • Here we show that the metabolism of all cells is coordinated by the availability of a core building block of the cell's genome, cytidine triphosphate (CTP). (academie-sciences.fr)