Cyclosporiasis
Cyclospora
Eucoccidiida
Food Parasitology
Ocimum basilicum
Coccidiosis
Foodborne Diseases
Eimeriida
Oocysts
Disease Outbreaks
Diarrhea
Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s. (1/46)
Cyclospora cayetanensis, a coccidian parasite that causes protracted, relapsing gastroenteritis, has a short recorded history. In retrospect, the first 3 documented human cases of Cyclospora infection were diagnosed in 1977 and 1978. However, not much was published about the organism until the 1990s. One of the surprises has been the fact that a parasite that likely requires days to weeks outside the host to become infectious has repeatedly caused foodborne outbreaks, including large multistate outbreaks in the United States and Canada. In this review, I discuss what has been learned about this enigmatic parasite since its discovery and what some of the remaining questions are. My focus is the foodborne and waterborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis that were documented from 1990 through 1999. The occurrence of the outbreaks highlights the need for health care personnel to consider that seemingly isolated cases of infection could be part of widespread outbreaks and should be reported to public health officials. Health care personnel should also be aware that stool specimens examined for ova and parasites usually are not examined for Cyclospora unless such testing is specifically requested and that Cyclospora infection is treatable with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. (+info)Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with basil in Missouri in 1999. (2/46)
During the summer of 1999, an outbreak of cyclosporiasis occurred among attendees of 2 events held on 24 July in different counties in Missouri. We conducted retrospective cohort studies of the 2 clusters of cases, which comprised 62 case patients. The chicken pasta salad served at one event (relative risk [RR], 4.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-10.01) and the tomato basil salad served at the other event (RR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.72-5.07) were most strongly associated with illness. The most likely vehicle of infection was fresh basil, which was included in both salads and could have been grown either in Mexico or the United States. Leftover chicken pasta salad was found to be positive for Cyclospora DNA by means of polymerase chain reaction analysis, and 1 sporulated Cyclospora oocyst was found by use of microscopy. This is the second documented outbreak of cyclosporiasis in the United States linked to fresh basil and the first US outbreak for which Cyclospora has been detected in an epidemiologically implicated food item. (+info)Reiter syndrome following protracted symptoms of Cyclospora infection. (3/46)
Two large outbreaks of diarrheal illness associated with Cyclospora cayetanensis, a coccidian parasite, provided an opportunity to evaluate clinical syndromes associated with this enteric pathogen. Reiter syndrome, a triad of ocular inflammation, inflammatory oligoarthritis, and sterile urethritis, has been associated with enteric infections. We describe the first case of Reiter syndrome following protracted symptoms of Cyclospora infection. (+info)The contrasting epidemiology of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium among outpatients in Guatemala. (4/46)
We compared epidemiologic characteristics of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora in surveillance data from outpatient departments in Guatemala. Routinely-submitted stool specimens were screened by microscopy. Age, sex, and symptom data were collected. Cyclospora was detected in 117 (2.1%) and Cryptosporidium in 67 (1.2%) of 5,520 specimens. The prevalence of Cyclospora peaked in the warmer months, while Cryptosporidium was most common in the rainy season. Both affected children more than adults, but Cryptosporidium affected children at a younger age than Cyclospora (median age 2 years versus 5 years; P < 0.001). Cyclospora showed a stronger association with diarrhea than Cryptosporidium, even when data were stratified by age. These contrasts may reflect differences in the relative importance of transmission modes, the frequency of exposure, and the development of immunity. (+info)Cyclospora cayetanensis in three populations at risk in Guatemala. (5/46)
In 1996 and 1997, outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis in North America were linked to Guatemalan raspberries. From April 1999 to April 2000, we undertook a survey for C. cayetanensis in raspberry farm workers, malnourished children, and human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS patients in Guatemala. Stool samples were analyzed using ethylacetate-formalin concentration, wet preparation, modified acid-fast staining method, and epifluorescence. Oocysts were found in 1.5% of the subjects, none of whom were raspberry farm workers. (+info)Cyclospora cayetanensis infections among diarrheal patients from Venezuela. (6/46)
The prevalence and importance of Cyclospora cayetanensis as an enteropathogen among 71 patients (22-45 years old) with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 132 children with diarrhea (0-12 years old) from Venezuela was assessed retrospectively. Two to three stool samples from each patient attending our parasitology laboratory for parasitologic and medical assistance were examined. For identification of the coccidium, modified Ziehl-Neelsen carbolfuchsin staining of formalin-ether stool concentrates was used, and for other intestinal parasites, iron-hematoxylin-stained smears and formalin-ether concentrates were examined. Cyclospora oocysts were found in seven (9.8%) of 71 AIDS patients and seven (5.3%) of 132 children with diarrhea. Other pathogenic parasites were present in most of the patients (9 of 14, 64.3%) shedding oocysts. Cyclosporiasis predominated in children 2-5 years of age with respect to those < or = one year of age (P < 0.05). The findings suggest that C. cayetanensis is common in diarrheal patients from Venezuela. However, the role of the parasite as the causal agent of diarrhea in these patients is uncertain. (+info)Epidemiologic differences between cyclosporiasis and cryptosporidiosis in Peruvian children. (7/46)
We compared the epidemiologic characteristics of cyclosporiasis and cryptosporidiosis in data from a cohort study of diarrhea in a periurban community near Lima, Peru. Children had an average of 0.20 episodes of cyclosporiasis/year and 0.22 episodes of cryptosporidiosis/year of follow-up. The incidence of cryptosporidiosis peaked at 0.42 for 1-year-old children and declined to 0.06 episodes/child-year for 5- to 9-year-old children. In contrast, the incidence of cyclosporiasis was fairly constant among 1- to 9-year-old children (0.21 to 0.28 episodes/child-year). Likelihood of diarrhea decreased significantly with each episode of cyclosporiasis; for cryptosporidiosis, this trend was not statistically significant. Both infections were more frequent during the warm season (December to May) than the cooler season (June to November). Cryptosporidiosis was more frequent in children from houses without a latrine or toilet. Cyclosporiasis was associated with ownership of domestic animals, especially birds, guinea pigs, and rabbits. (+info)Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2000. (8/46)
An outbreak of cyclosporiasis occurred in attendees of a wedding reception held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 10, 2000. In a retrospective cohort study, 54 (68.4%) of the 79 interviewed guests and members of the wedding party met the case definition. The wedding cake, which had a cream filling that included raspberries, was the food item most strongly associated with illness (multivariate relative risk, 5.9; 95% confidence interval, 3.6 to 10.5). Leftover cake was positive for Cyclospora DNA by polymerase chain reaction analyses. Sequencing of the amplified fragments confirmed that the organism was Cyclospora cayetanensis. The year 2000 was the fifth year since 1995 that outbreaks of cyclosporiasis definitely or probably associated with Guatemalan raspberries have occurred in the spring in North America. Additionally, this is the second documented U.S. outbreak, and the first associated with raspberries, for which Cyclospora has been detected in the epidemiologically implicated food item. (+info)Cyclosporiasis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microscopic examination of stool samples. Treatment typically involves the use of antiparasitic medications such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or albendazole.
Prevention measures for cyclosporiasis include proper food handling and preparation practices, as well as avoiding consumption of untreated water. In areas where the infection is common, boiling or chlorination of water can also help reduce the risk of transmission.
In conclusion, cyclosporiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis that is transmitted through contaminated food and water. It can cause a range of symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Diagnosis is made through laboratory tests, and treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications. Prevention measures include proper food handling and preparation practices, as well as avoiding consumption of untreated water.
Eimeria species are obligate intracellular parasites that infect the epithelial cells lining the intestinal tract of animals, causing damage to the gut mucosa and leading to diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and even death. The disease can be acute or chronic, depending on the severity of the infection and the host's immune response.
There are several species of Eimeria that can infect ruminants, with different species affecting different parts of the intestinal tract. For example, Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii infect the caecum and abomasum, respectively, while Eimeria ellipsoidalis and Eimeria falciformis infect the small intestine.
Coccidiosis is typically diagnosed through fecal examination, where the presence of oocysts (eggs) in the feces is indicative of an infection. Treatment options include anticoccidial drugs, which can be administered orally or parenterally, and supportive care to manage symptoms such as diarrhea and dehydration.
Prevention is key to managing coccidiosis, and this includes the use of vaccines, cleanliness and hygiene practices, and controlling the parasite's environmental survival. In some cases, a combination of these methods may be necessary to effectively prevent and control coccidiosis in ruminant populations.
Foodborne diseases, also known as food-borne illnesses or gastrointestinal infections, are conditions caused by eating contaminated or spoiled food. These diseases can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can be present in food products at any stage of the food supply chain.
Examples of common foodborne diseases include:
1. Salmonella: Caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica, this disease can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.
2. E. coli: Caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, this disease can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia.
3. Listeria: Caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, this disease can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and stiffness in the neck.
4. Campylobacter: Caused by the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni, this disease can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.
5. Norovirus: This highly contagious virus can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps.
6. Botulism: Caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, this disease can cause symptoms such as muscle paralysis, respiratory failure, and difficulty swallowing.
Foodborne diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including stool samples, blood tests, and biopsies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or other supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention is key to avoiding foodborne diseases, and this includes proper food handling and preparation practices, as well as ensuring that food products are stored and cooked at safe temperatures.
There are several types of diarrhea, including:
1. Acute diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is short-term and usually resolves on its own within a few days. It can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, food poisoning, or medication side effects.
2. Chronic diarrhea: This type of diarrhea persists for more than 4 weeks and can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease.
3. Diarrhea-predominant IBS: This type of diarrhea is characterized by frequent, loose stools and abdominal pain or discomfort. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, and certain foods.
4. Infectious diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection and can be spread through contaminated food and water, close contact with an infected person, or by consuming contaminated food.
Symptoms of diarrhea may include:
* Frequent, loose, and watery stools
* Abdominal cramps and pain
* Bloating and gas
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever and chills
* Headache
* Fatigue and weakness
Diagnosis of diarrhea is typically made through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment for diarrhea depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, fluid replacement, and dietary changes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications.
Prevention of diarrhea includes:
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly storing and cooking food to prevent contamination
* Drinking safe water and avoiding contaminated water sources
* Avoiding raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea
Complications of diarrhea can include:
* Dehydration: Diarrhea can lead to a loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can cause dehydration. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
* Electrolyte imbalance: Diarrhea can also cause an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, which can lead to serious complications.
* Inflammation of the intestines: Prolonged diarrhea can cause inflammation of the intestines, which can lead to abdominal pain and other complications.
* Infections: Diarrhea can be a symptom of an infection, such as a bacterial or viral infection. If left untreated, these infections can lead to serious complications.
* Malnutrition: Prolonged diarrhea can lead to malnutrition and weight loss, which can have long-term effects on health and development.
Treatment of diarrhea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include:
* Fluid replacement: Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and replace lost electrolytes.
* Anti-diarrheal medications: Over-the-counter or prescription medications to slow down bowel movements and reduce diarrhea.
* Antibiotics: If the diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
* Rest: Getting plenty of rest to allow the body to recover from the illness.
* Dietary changes: Avoiding certain foods or making dietary changes to help manage symptoms and prevent future episodes of diarrhea.
It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:
* Severe diarrhea that lasts for more than 3 days
* Diarrhea that is accompanied by fever, blood in the stool, or abdominal pain
* Diarrhea that is severe enough to cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
* Diarrhea that is not responding to treatment
Prevention of diarrhea includes:
* Good hand hygiene: Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food.
* Safe food handling: Cooking and storing food properly to prevent contamination.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea, such as rotavirus.
Overall, while diarrhea can be uncomfortable and disruptive, it is usually a minor illness that can be treated at home with over-the-counter medications and plenty of fluids. However, if you experience severe or persistent diarrhea, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may require more formal treatment.
Cyclosporiasis
Orange County Health Department
Cyclospora
Nitazoxanide
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Human parasite
List of pollution-related diseases
List of ICD-9 codes 001-139: infectious and parasitic diseases
Coccidia
Apicomplexa
Notifiable diseases in the United States
List of MeSH codes (C03)
CDC - Cyclosporiasis
Cyclosporiasis | CDC Yellow Book 2024
Update: Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis -- United States and Canada,
1997
Outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis -- United States, 1997
Texas Health Department to Investigate Rise in Cyclosporiasis Cases - NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth
Cyclosporiasis - Infectious Diseases - Merck Manuals Professional Edition
Outbreak of Cyclosporiasis in a U.S. Air Force Training Population, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX, 2018 | Health.mil
Stuckylife |: Cyclo-sporiasis!
Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora cayetanensis)| CDC
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TABLE 1i. Weekly cases* of notifiable diseases, United States, U.S. Territories, and Non-U.S. Residents weeks ending April 20,...
Outbreaks7
- The apicomplexan parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis causes seasonal foodborne outbreaks of the gastrointestinal illness cyclosporiasis. (nih.gov)
- a review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s. (cdc.gov)
- Since April 1997, CDC has received reports of outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the United States and Canada (1,2). (cdc.gov)
- Editorial Note: The investigations described in this report indicate that fresh raspberries imported from Guatemala are the probable vehicle of infection for most of the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis identified in 1997. (cdc.gov)
- Both foodborne and waterborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have previously been reported in the United States during spring and summer months (2-4). (cdc.gov)
- Sporadic outbreaks of cyclosporiasis, a common cause of protracted diarrhoea in underdeveloped countries, are often undetected and undiagnosed in industrial countries. (nih.gov)
- Foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the United States have been linked to various types of imported fresh produce. (cdc.gov)
Cryptosporidiosis1
- In hosts with depressed cell-mediated immunity as occurs in AIDS, cyclosporiasis may cause severe, intractable, voluminous diarrhea resembling cryptosporidiosis. (merckmanuals.com)
Clusters of cases of cyclosporiasis3
- As of June 11, there have been 21 clusters of cases of cyclosporiasis reported from eight states (California, Florida, Maryland, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, Rhode Island, and Texas) and one province in Canada (Ontario). (cdc.gov)
- Fresh raspberries were not served at two events in restaurants in Florida that have been associated with clusters of cases of cyclosporiasis (persons were exposed on March 19 and April 10, respectively, in two different cities). (cdc.gov)
- In April and May 1997, CDC received reports of seven event-associated clusters of cases of cyclosporiasis from five states (California, Florida, Nevada, New York, and Texas). (cdc.gov)
Infection3
- People living or traveling in countries where cyclosporiasis is endemic may be at increased risk for infection. (cdc.gov)
- Cyclospora cayetanensis is a single-celled parasite that causes an intestinal infection called cyclosporiasis . (cdc.gov)
- Cyclosporiasis is infection with the protozoan Cyclospora cayetanensis . (merckmanuals.com)
Centers for Diseas2
- Prior to the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic, annually reported cases were increasing in the USA, leading the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to develop a genotyping tool to complement cyclosporiasis outbreak investigations. (nih.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), State and Local Health Departments, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are investigating an increase in reported cases of cyclosporiasis. (cdc.gov)
Symptom of cyclosporiasis1
- The most common symptom of cyclosporiasis is watery diarrhea, which can be profuse. (cdc.gov)
Nationally notifiable disease1
- Cyclosporiasis is a nationally notifiable disease. (cdc.gov)
Outbreak in 19961
- An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. (cdc.gov)
Foodborne2
- In 1996, a total of 978 laboratory-confirmed cases of cyclosporiasis in the United States and Canada were reported in association with a widespread foodborne outbreak (3). (cdc.gov)
- 9 Cyclosporiasis is a waterborne and foodborne illness associated with contaminated water or fresh produce, usually imported. (health.mil)
Illness7
- Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by the microscopic parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis . (cdc.gov)
- Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by consuming food or water contaminated with the cyclospora parasite. (nbcdfw.com)
- Crucial lessons learned during this cyclosporiasis outbreak included the importance of maintaining clinical suspicion for cyclosporiasis in persistent gastrointestinal illness and obtaining confirmatory laboratory testing for expedited diagnosis and treatment. (health.mil)
- Diarrheal disease due to the protozoan Cyclospora cayetanensis had not been previously reported among American military trainees in the U.S. This report describes the life cycle of the protozoan and highlights the difficult nature of source finding and the importance of clinical suspicion for cyclosporiasis in persistent gastrointestinal illness. (health.mil)
- Healthcare providers should consider a diagnosis of cyclosporiasis in patients with prolonged or remitting-relapsing diarrheal illness. (cdc.gov)
- Consider a diagnosis of cyclosporiasis in patients who have prolonged or remitting-relapsing diarrheal illness. (cdc.gov)
- Cyclospora cayetanensis is a microscopic parasite that can cause an intestinal illness in people called cyclosporiasis. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole1
- The treatment of choice for cyclosporiasis is trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). (cdc.gov)
Infectious Diseases1
- Health departments that identify cases of cyclosporiasis should contact CDC's Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, telephone (770) 488-7760. (cdc.gov)
Endemic3
- Persons living or traveling in the tropics and subtropics may be at increased risk because cyclosporiasis is endemic in some countries in these zones. (cdc.gov)
- Some infected persons are asymptomatic, particularly in settings where cyclosporiasis is endemic. (cdc.gov)
- Travelers to cyclosporiasis-endemic areas should be told that food and water precautions for Cyclospora are similar to those for other intestinal pathogens, except that Cyclospora is unlikely to be killed by routine chemical disinfection or sanitizing methods. (cdc.gov)
Incubation period2
Symptoms1
- Symptoms of cyclosporiasis begin an average of 7 days (range: 2 days to ≥2 weeks) after ingestion of the parasite. (cdc.gov)
Sporadic2
Occurs2
Gastroenteritis1
- C. cayetanensis is a coccidian protozoan parasite that causes protracted, relapsing gastroenteritis known as cyclosporiasis. (health.mil)
Parasite1
- Cyclospora cayetanensis , a coccidian protozoan parasite, causes cyclosporiasis. (cdc.gov)
Cases3
- These clusters were associated with events (e.g., receptions, banquets, or time-place-related exposures {meals in the same restaurant on the same day}) that occurred during March 19-May 25 and comprise approximately 140 laboratory-confirmed and 370 clinically defined cases of cyclosporiasis. (cdc.gov)
- Department officials said they received reports of 90 cases of cyclosporiasis in Texas this year, with 78 coming in the last two weeks. (nbcdfw.com)
- CDC will continue to work with federal, state, and local partners in the investigation to determine whether this conclusion applies to the increase in cases of cyclosporiasis in other states. (marlerblog.com)
Coccidian1
- Cyclosporiasis is caused by an obligate intracellular coccidian protozoa. (merckmanuals.com)
Prevention1
- Advice for consumers about prevention and recognition of cyclosporiasis can be found here . (cdc.gov)
Seasonal2
United States1
- In the spring and summer of 1996, an outbreak of cyclosporiasis in the United States and Canada was linked to eating raspberries imported from Guatemala (3). (cdc.gov)
Future1
- This report shares recommendations for future cyclosporiasis outbreak investigations. (health.mil)
Days1
- 160mg TMP and 800mg SMX PO BID for 7 to 10 days for cyclosporiasis or for 10 days. (wikem.org)
Fresh1
- Fred has now filed a cyclosporiasis lawsuit against Taylor Fresh Foods, supplier of the Taylor Farms brand salad mix, and Darden Corporation, owner of the Olive Garden and Red Lobster restaurant chains. (pritzkerlaw.com)
