Cyclin g1. Medical search

A cyclin G subtype that is constitutively expressed throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin G1 is considered a major transcriptional target of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and is highly induced in response to DNA damage.

A cyclin subtype that is found associated with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 5; cyclin G associated kinase, and PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2.

Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.

Abnormal concretion or calcified deposit that forms around the teeth or dental prostheses.

A 50-kDa protein that complexes with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2 in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle.

Material from which the casting mold is made in the fabrication of gold or cobalt-chromium castings. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p168)

A cyclin B subtype that colocalizes with MICROTUBULES during INTERPHASE and is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE.

A cyclin D subtype which is regulated by GATA4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. Experiments using KNOCKOUT MICE suggest a role for cyclin D2 in granulosa cell proliferation and gonadal development.

A broadly expressed type D cyclin. Experiments using KNOCKOUT MICE suggest a role for cyclin D3 in LYMPHOCYTE development.

A cyclin A subtype primarily found in male GERM CELLS. It may play a role in the passage of SPERMATOCYTES into meiosis I.

A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. They generally function as ENZYME ACTIVATORS that drive the CELL CYCLE through transitions between phases. A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators.

A widely-expressed cyclin A subtype that functions during the G1/S and G2/M transitions of the CELL CYCLE.

A cyclin subtype that is specific for CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 6. Unlike most cyclins, cyclin D expression is not cyclical, but rather it is expressed in response to proliferative signals. Cyclin D may therefore play a role in cellular responses to mitogenic signals.

An unusual cyclin subtype that is found highly expressed in terminally differentiated cells. Unlike conventional cyclins increased expression of cyclin G2 is believed to cause a withdrawal of cells from the CELL CYCLE.

A cyclin subtype that binds to the CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 3 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 8. Cyclin C plays a dual role as a transcriptional regulator and a G1 phase CELL CYCLE regulator.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

A cyclin B subtype that colocalizes with GOLGI APPARATUS during INTERPHASE and is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE.

A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21.

A cyclin subtype that is found associated with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 9. Unlike traditional cyclins, which regulate the CELL CYCLE, type T cyclins appear to regulate transcription and are components of positive transcriptional elongation factor B.

A cyclin subtype that is found as a component of a heterotrimeric complex containing cyclin-dependent kinase 7 and CDK-activating kinase assembly factor. The complex plays a role in cellular proliferation by phosphorylating several CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASES at specific regulatory threonine sites.

The period of the CELL CYCLE preceding DNA REPLICATION in S PHASE. Subphases of G1 include "competence" (to respond to growth factors), G1a (entry into G1), G1b (progression), and G1c (assembly). Progression through the G1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a key regulator of G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It partners with CYCLIN D to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. CDK4 activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16.

A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE; S CEREVISIAE; and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicated. It is achieved by bidirectional replication at multiple sites along each chromosome.

Product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. It is a nuclear phosphoprotein hypothesized to normally act as an inhibitor of cell proliferation. Rb protein is absent in retinoblastoma cell lines. It also has been shown to form complexes with the adenovirus E1A protein, the SV40 T antigen, and the human papilloma virus E7 protein.

A phosphoprotein phosphatase subtype that is comprised of a catalytic subunit and two different regulatory subunits. At least two genes encode isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit, while several isoforms of regulatory subunits exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mRNAs. Protein phosphatase 2 acts on a broad variety of cellular proteins and may play a role as a regulator of intracellular signaling processes.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

The period of the CELL CYCLE following DNA synthesis (S PHASE) and preceding M PHASE (cell division phase). The CHROMOSOMES are tetraploid in this point.

A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

The study of laws, theories, and hypotheses through a systematic examination of pertinent facts and their interpretation in the field of dentistry. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982, p674)

A cyclin subtype that is found abundantly in post-mitotic tissues. In contrast to the classical cyclins, its level does not fluctuate during the cell cycle.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)

A group of seed storage proteins restricted to the POACEAE family. They are rich in GLUTAMINE and PROLINE.

The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-1 genes, associated with various neoplasms when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(11;14) translocation, which is characteristic of mantle zone-derived B-cell lymphomas. The human c-bcl-1 gene is located at 11q13 on the long arm of chromosome 11.

A subunit of the interleukin-12 receptor. It plays a role in receptor signaling by associating with JANUS KINASE 2.

An E3 UBIQUITIN LIGASE that interacts with and inhibits TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53. Its ability to ubiquitinate p53 is regulated by TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF.

The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 associates with CYCLIN D and phosphorylates RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN during G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It helps regulate the transition to S PHASE and its kinase activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P18.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

A family of structurally-related proteins that were originally identified by their ability to complex with cyclin proteins (CYCLINS). They share a common domain that binds specifically to F-BOX MOTIFS. They take part in SKP CULLIN F-BOX PROTEIN LIGASES, where they can bind to a variety of F-BOX PROTEINS.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

In some animals, the jaws together with their horny covering. The beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. While the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (From Webster, 3d ed & Storer, et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p491, 755)

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Control of cell cycle progression by c-Jun is p53 dependent. (1/94)

The c-jun proto-oncogene encodes a component of the mitogen-inducible immediate-early transcription factor AP-1 and has been implicated as a positive regulator of cell proliferation and G1-to-S-phase progression. Here we report that fibroblasts derived from c-jun-/- mouse fetuses exhibit a severe proliferation defect and undergo a prolonged crisis before spontaneous immortalization. The cyclin D1- and cyclin E-dependent kinases (CDKs) and transcription factor E2F are poorly activated, resulting in inefficient G1-to-S-phase progression. Furthermore, the absence of c-Jun results in elevated expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and its target gene, the CDK inhibitor p21, whereas overexpression of c-Jun represses p53 and p21 expression and accelerates cell proliferation. Surprisingly, protein stabilization, the common mechanism of p53 regulation, is not involved in up-regulation of p53 in c-jun-/- fibroblasts. Rather, c-Jun regulates transcription of p53 negatively by direct binding to a variant AP-1 site in the p53 promoter. Importantly, deletion of p53 abrogates all defects of cells lacking c-Jun in cell cycle progression, proliferation, immortalization, and activation of G1 CDKs and E2F. These results demonstrate that an essential, rate-limiting function of c-Jun in fibroblast proliferation is negative regulation of p53 expression, and establish a mechanistic link between c-Jun-dependent mitogenic signaling and cell-cycle regulation. (+info)

Altered regulation of cyclin G in human breast cancer and its specific localization at replication foci in response to DNA damage in p53+/+ cells. (2/94)

Cyclin G, a recent addition to the cyclin family, was initially identified in screens for new src kinase family members and soon thereafter by differential screening for transcriptional targets of the tumor suppressor gene, p53. We have identified cyclin G as being overexpressed in breast and prostate cancer cells using differential display polymerase chain reaction screening. We demonstrate here that cyclin G is overexpressed in human breast and prostate cancer cells and in cancer cells in situ from tumor specimens. Cyclin G expression was tightly regulated throughout the cell cycle in normal breast cells, peaking at the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle with lower levels in G1. The cell cycle-dependent expression was absent in breast cancer cells. Following DNA damage in normal p53+/+ cells, cyclin G is triggered to cluster in discrete nuclear DNA replication foci that contain replication-associated proteins such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). While p53-/- cells displayed a faint cyclin G nuclear staining pattern, there was no increased expression and no change in distribution of the staining pattern after DNA damage. The specific subcellular localization of cyclin G at DNA replication foci provides an additional link between p53-mediated growth arrest and cell cycle regulation and suggests that cyclin G may act as an effector of p53-mediated events by functional association with replication foci protein(s). (+info)

G1 checkpoint protein and p53 abnormalities occur in most invasive transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. (3/94)

The G1 cell cycle checkpoint regulates entry into S phase for normal cells. Components of the G1 checkpoint, including retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, cyclin D1 and p16INK4a, are commonly altered in human malignancies, abrogating cell cycle control. Using immunohistochemistry, we examined 79 invasive transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder treated by cystectomy, for loss of Rb or p16INK4a protein and for cyclin D1 overexpression. As p53 is also involved in cell cycle control, its expression was studied as well. Rb protein loss occurred in 23/79 cases (29%); it was inversely correlated with loss of p16INK4a, which occurred in 15/79 cases (19%). One biphenotypic case, with Rb+p16- and Rb-p16+ areas, was identified as well. Cyclin D1 was overexpressed in 21/79 carcinomas (27%), all of which retained Rb protein. Fifty of 79 tumours (63%) showed aberrant accumulation of p53 protein; p53 staining did not correlate with Rb, p16INK4a, or cyclin D1 status. Overall, 70% of bladder carcinomas showed abnormalities in one or more of the intrinsic proteins of the G1 checkpoint (Rb, p16INK4a and cyclin D1). Only 15% of all bladder carcinomas (12/79) showed a normal phenotype for all four proteins. In a multivariate survival analysis, cyclin D1 overexpression was linked to less aggressive disease and relatively favourable outcome. In our series, Rb, p16INK4a and p53 status did not reach statistical significance as prognostic factors. In conclusion, G1 restriction point defects can be identified in the majority of bladder carcinomas. Our findings support the hypothesis that cyclin D1 and p16INK4a can cooperate to dysregulate the cell cycle, but that loss of Rb protein abolishes the G1 checkpoint completely, removing any selective advantage for cells that alter additional cell cycle proteins. (+info)

Ectopic expression of Cdc25A accelerates the G(1)/S transition and leads to premature activation of cyclin E- and cyclin A-dependent kinases. (4/94)

Human Cdc25 phosphatases play important roles in cell cycle regulation by removing inhibitory phosphates from tyrosine and threonine residues of cyclin-dependent kinases. Three human Cdc25 isoforms, A, B, and C, have been discovered. Cdc25B and Cdc25C play crucial roles at the G(2)/M transition. In the present study, we have investigated the function of human Cdc25A phosphatase. Cell lines that express human Cdc25A in an inducible manner have been generated. Ectopic expression of Cdc25A accelerates the G(1)/S-phase transition, indicating that Cdc25A controls an event(s) that is rate limiting for entry into S phase. Furthermore, we carried out a detailed analysis of the expression and activation of human Cdc25A. Activation of endogenous Cdc25A occurs during late G(1) phase and increases in S and G(2) phases. We further demonstrate that Cdc25A is activated at the same time as cyclin E- and cyclin A-dependent kinases. In vitro, Cdc25A dephosphorylates and activates the cyclin-Cdk complexes that are active during G(1). Overexpression of Cdc25A in the inducible system, however, leads to a premature activation of both cyclin E-Cdk2 and cyclin A-Cdk2 complexes, while no effect of cyclin D-dependent kinases is observed. Furthermore, Cdc25A overexpression induces a tyrosine dephosphorylation of Cdk2. These results suggest that Cdc25A is an important regulator of the G(1)/S-phase transition and that cyclin E- and cyclin A-dependent kinases act as direct targets. (+info)

A role of cyclin G in the process of apoptosis. (5/94)

Cyclin G was previously identified as a target gene of the p53 tumor suppresser protein, and levels of cyclin G are increased after induction of p53 by DNA damage. However, the function of cyclin G has not been established. To determine the effect of increased expression of cyclin G, retroviruses encoding cyclin G were constructed and used to infect three different murine cell lines. Cyclin G protein levels induced by the retroviruses were within the range seen after DNA damage induction of p53. In each case we observed that such over-expression of cyclin G augments the apoptotic process. TNF-alpha induction of apoptosis is increased by expression of cyclin G in NIH3T3 fibroblasts which express p53, as well as in 10.1 fibroblasts which contain no p53 allele. Additionally, we observed that while cyclin G expression is markedly reduced upon aggregate formation in embryonic carcinoma P19 cells, retrovirus-mediated over-expression of cyclin G enhances apoptotic cell death in aggregated P19 cells, and increases the extent of apoptosis caused by retinoic acid or serum starvation of these cells. These data demonstrate that cyclin G plays a facilitating role in modulating apoptosis induced by different stimuli. Moreover, we have discovered that cyclin G expression is rapidly induced in P19 cells after exposure to Bone Morphogenic Protein-4 (BMP-4), suggesting that cyclin G may mediate apoptotic signals generated by BMP-4. (+info)

Interferon-alpha inhibits proliferation in human T lymphocytes by abrogation of interleukin 2-induced changes in cell cycle-regulatory proteins. (6/94)

IFN-alpha exerts prominent regulatory functions on the immune system. One such effect is the inhibition of proliferation of in vitro stimulated T lymphocytes. The exact physiological function of this activity is not known, but it has been implicated in the antiviral effects of IFN, its antitumor action in T-cell malignancies, and the regulation of the in vivo T-cell response. Here, we have investigated the mechanism underlying the IFN-alpha-mediated growth inhibition of normal human PHA- and IL-2-stimulated T lymphocytes by an analysis of how IFN-alpha treatment influences known molecular events that normally accompany the transition from quiescence to proliferation in these cells. IFN-alpha treatment was found to profoundly block S-phase entry of stimulated T lymphocytes. This correlated with a strong inhibition of IL-2-induced changes in G1-regulatory proteins, including the prevented up-regulation of G1 cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases as well as an abrogation of mitogen-induced reduction of p27Kip1 levels. This latter effect was due to a maintained stability of the p27Kip1 protein in the IFN-alpha-treated cells. In line with these findings, phosphorylation of the pocket proteins was abrogated in IFN-alpha-treated cells. Furthermore, our data indicate that IFN-alpha has selective effects on the pathways that emerge from the IL-2 receptor because IFN-alpha treatment does not block IL-2-induced up-regulation of c-myc or Cdc25A. (+info)

Role of cell cycle regulatory proteins in cerebellar granule neuron apoptosis. (7/94)

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) undergo apoptosis when deprived of depolarizing concentrations of KCl, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet clear. Although caspases have been postulated to be involved in CGN cell death, inhibitors of caspases failed to prevent apoptosis under our culture conditions, suggesting an involvement of other molecules and pathways. We find that inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases--flavopiridol, olomoucine, and roscovitine--protect CGNs from KCl withdrawal-induced apoptosis, suggesting that cell cycle components play a significant role in the death of these neurons. Analysis of the different cell cycle regulatory elements in this model revealed that apoptosis is preceded by an increase in the level of cyclin E protein, with elevated nuclear levels of cyclin D1 and with enhanced activity of the cyclin D1- and E- associated kinases. In addition, there was a significant decrease in the level of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p27. In agreement with these changes, analysis of a major substrate of cyclin-activated cdks, retinoblastoma protein (Rb), showed an increase in the level of phosphorylated forms within 1 hr of KCl withdrawal. Moreover, the overall levels of Rb protein were significantly reduced within 6-12 hr of KCl withdrawal and did so by a caspase-independent mechanism. All of these responses were blocked by cdk inhibitors. These findings indicate that cdks act at an early step in the pathway by which KCl withdrawal induces apoptotic death of cerebellar granule cells and suggest that additional elements of the cell cycle machinery participate in this mechanism. (+info)

Distinct roles for PP1 and PP2A in phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. PP2a regulates the activities of G(1) cyclin-dependent kinases. (8/94)

The function of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) in controlling the G(1) to S transition is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation on serine and threonine residues. While the roles of cyclin-dependent kinases in phosphorylating and inactivating pRB have been characterized in detail, the roles of protein phosphatases in regulating the G(1)/S transition are not as well understood. We used cell-permeable inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A to assess the contributions of these phosphatases in regulating cyclin-dependent kinase activity and pRB phosphorylation. Treating asynchronously growing Balb/c 3T3 cells with PP2A-selective concentrations of either okadaic acid or calyculin A caused a time- and dose-dependent decrease in pRB phosphorylation. Okadaic acid and calyculin A had no effect on pRB phosphatase activity even though PP2A was completely inhibited. The decrease in pRB phosphorylation correlated with inhibitor-induced suppression of G(1) cyclin-dependent kinases including CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6. The inhibitors also caused decreases in the levels of cyclin D2 and cyclin E, and induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1). The decrease in cyclin-dependent kinase activities were not dependent on induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors since CDK inhibition still occurred in the presence of actinomycin D or cycloheximide. In contrast, selective inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 with tautomycin inhibited pRB phosphatase activity and maintained pRB in a highly phosphorylated state. The results show that protein phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase 2A, or 2A-like phosphatases, play distinct roles in regulating pRB function. Protein phosphatase 1 is associated with the direct dephosphorylation of pRB while protein phosphatase 2A is involved in pathways regulating G(1) cyclin-dependent kinase activity. (+info)

Horne MC, Goolsby GL, Donaldson KL, Tran D, Neubauer M, Wahl AF (1996). "Cyclin G1 and cyclin G2 comprise a new family of ... CCNG1 cyclin G1". Zhao L, Samuels T, Winckler S, Korgaonkar C, Tompkins V, Horne MC, Quelle DE (Jan 2003). "Cyclin G1 has ... Cyclin-G1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCNG1 gene. The eukaryotic cell cycle is governed by cyclin-dependent ... "Cyclin G1 overcomes radiation-induced G2 arrest and increases cell death through transcriptional activation of cyclin B1". Cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCNG1

G1/S-specific cyclin Cln3 is a protein that is encoded by the CLN3 gene. The Cln3 protein is a budding yeast G1 cyclin that ... This showed that the three G1 cyclins were responsible for controlling Start entry in budding yeast. The three G1 cyclins ... Although all three G1 cyclins are necessary for normal regulation of Start and the G1-S transition, Cln3 activity seems to be ... "Comparison of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G1 cyclins: Cln3 may be an upstream activator of Cln1, Cln2 and other cyclins". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cln3

Bose P, Simmons GL, Grant S (2013). "Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor therapy for hematologic malignancies". Expert Opin ... Jain SK, Bharate SB, Vishwakarma RA (2012). "Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition by flavoalkaloids". Mini Rev Med Chem. 12 (7): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid_alkaloid

It reduces the growth of new cells by inhibiting cyclin D1. As a result, cells arrest during G1 phase and enter apoptosis. ... "Endostatin causes G1 arrest of endothelial cells through inhibition of cyclin D1". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (19): 16464-9. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endostatin

For example, BCK2-null is synthetically lethal with G1 cyclin CLN3, and leads to a decrease in mRNA levels of another G1 cyclin ... A double deletion of BCK2 and G1 cyclin CLN3 results in inviability or extremely slow growth. This was found to be a result of ... Di Como CJ, Chang H, Arndt KT (April 1995). "Activation of CLN1 and CLN2 G1 cyclin gene expression by BCK2". Molecular and ... The SBF and MBF complexes, which includes protein Swi6, regulate late G1 and G1/S transition genes. Overexpression of Bck2 in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCK2

Nature 332, 800-805 Deshaies, R.J., Chau, V., and Kirschner, M.W. (1995). Ubiquitination of the G1 cyclin Cln2p by a Cdc34p- ... Phosphorylation of Sic1p by G1 cyclin/Cdk is required for its degradation and entry into S phase. Science 278, 455-460 Seol, J. ... which he showed mediates conjugation of ubiquitin onto G1 cyclin proteins in yeast cells. Upon starting his laboratory at ... they established that an early step in the release of Cdc14 from Net1 is the phosphorylation of Net1 by the mitotic cyclin-Cdk ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_J._Deshaies

"Reconstitution of G1 cyclin ubiquitination with complexes containing SCFGrr1 and Rbx1". Science. 284 (5414): 662-5. doi:10.1126 ... Maeda I, Ohta T, Koizumi H, Fukuda M (Apr 2001). "In vitro ubiquitination of cyclin D1 by ROC1-CUL1 and ROC1-CUL3". FEBS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBX1

Bose P, Simmons GL, Grant S (Jun 2013). "Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor therapy for hematologic malignancies". Expert ... Martin MP, Olesen SH, Georg GI, Schönbrunn E (Nov 2013). "Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor dinaciclib interacts with the ... Fu W, Ma L, Chu B, Wang X, Bui MM, Gemmer J, Altiok S, Pledger WJ (Jun 2011). "The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor SCH 727965 ... Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor dinaciclib interacts with the acetyl-lysine recognition site of bromodomains. Dinaciclib ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaciclib

... but p27Kip1 inhibits G1 cyclins and not cyclin B. There are several human diseases that are linked to p27Kip1 and other cyclin ... S-phase cyclins use RXL docking while G1 cyclins use LLPP docking. Sic1 phosphorylation increases when the RXL motif of Clb5 is ... Sic1 phosphorylation is initiated by the G1 cyclins, Cln1,2, and then completed by S-phase cyclins, Clb5,6 (Fig. 1). The ... At the START point in the yeast cell cycle, the G1-cyclins Cln3, Cln1 and Cln 2 activate Cdc28. The activated complex will ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic1

"CDK-Dependent Hsp70 Phosphorylation Controls G1 Cyclin Abundance and Cell-Cycle Progression". Cell. 151 (6): 1308-1318. doi: ... Subsequently, phosphorylation of chaperone protein HSP70 by a cyclin dependent kinase was shown to delay cell cycle progression ... in yeast and mammals by altering cyclin D1 stability (a key regulator of the cell cycle). Phosphorylation of HSP90 (another ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_code

December 2012). "CDK-dependent Hsp70 Phosphorylation controls G1 cyclin abundance and cell-cycle progression". Cell. 151 (6): ... Warrick JM, Chan HY, Gray-Board GL, Chai Y, Paulson HL, Bonini NM (December 1999). "Suppression of polyglutamine-mediated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsp70

The APC/CCdc20 does not recognize G1/S cyclins. Their concentration rises during G1, activating G1/S Cdks, which in turn ... The two main targets of the APC/C are the S/M cyclins and the protein securin. S/M cyclins activate cyclin-dependent kinases ( ... Multiple different mechanisms inhibit Cdks in G1: Cdk inhibitor proteins are expressed, and cyclin gene expression is down- ... It also targets S and M-phase (S/M) cyclins for destruction, which inactivates S/M cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and allows ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC20

1994). "p53-dependent inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activities in human fibroblasts during radiation-induced G1 arrest ... p21Cip1 (alternatively p21Waf1), also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a cyclin- ... "The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases". Cell. 75 (4): 805-16. doi:10.1016/ ... Yam CH, Ng RW, Siu WY, Lau AW, Poon RY (January 1999). "Regulation of cyclin A-Cdk2 by SCF component Skp1 and F-box protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P21

Xiao ZX, Ginsberg D, Ewen M, Livingston DM (1996). "Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related protein p107 by G1 cyclin- ... cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases". Oncogene. 15 (2): 143-57. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201252. PMID 9244350. Müller H, Moroni MC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E2F4

"Estrogen and progesterone promote breast cancer cell proliferation by inducing cyclin G1 expression". Brazilian Journal of ... Blackburn GL, Wang KA (September 2007). "Dietary fat reduction and breast cancer outcome: results from the Women's Intervention ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer

"Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related protein p107 by G1 cyclin-associated kinases". Proceedings of the National ... Retinoblastoma-like protein 1 has been shown to interact with: BEGAIN, BRCA1, BRF1, Cyclin A2, Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, E2F1 ... "Reversal of growth suppression by p107 via direct phosphorylation by cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4". Molecular and ... Shanahan F, Seghezzi W, Parry D, Mahony D, Lees E (Feb 1999). "Cyclin E associates with BAF155 and BRG1, components of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma-like_protein_1

Voit R, Hoffmann M, Grummt I (1999). "Phosphorylation by G1-specific cdk-cyclin complexes activates the nucleolar transcription ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBTF

2002). "Endostatin causes G1 arrest of endothelial cells through inhibition of cyclin D1". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (19): 16464-9. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XVIII,_alpha_1

However, as Cyclin A accumulates and binds to Cdk2, they form a complex and inhibit p27. The G1 phase cyclin-dependent kinase ... yet the primary cyclin utilized is cyclin B. Cyclin B will serve as reference for discussion of the G2/M checkpoint transition ... During the beginning of the G1 phase, growth factors and DNA damage signal for the rise of cyclin D levels, which then binds to ... Skotheim JM, Di Talia S, Siggia ED, Cross FR (July 2008). "Positive feedback of G1 cyclins ensures coherent cell cycle entry". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle_checkpoint

Skotheim, Jan M.; Talia, Stefano Di; Siggia, Eric D.; Cross, Frederick R. (2008). "Positive feedback of G1 cyclins ensures ... "DNA damage during S-phase mediates the proliferation-quiescence decision in the subsequent G1 via p21 expression". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_single-cell_imaging

Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) are a group of several different kinases involved in regulation of the cell cycle. They ... Garrington TP, Johnson GL (April 1999). "Organization and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways". ... Lim S, Kaldis P (August 2013). "Cdks, cyclins and CKIs: roles beyond cell cycle regulation". Development. 140 (15): 3079-3093. ... Canavese M, Santo L, Raje N (May 2012). "Cyclin dependent kinases in cancer: potential for therapeutic intervention". Cancer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase

Also, the mitotic regulator for G1 progression, cyclin D1 was found to be activated. Although there was no increase in any ... It was indicated through Western blot that cyclin D1 was upregulated from day 1 to day 60 post-infection. It was also indicated ... through immunohistochemical analysis that the areas that produced the most cyclin D1 were the vasculature and interstitial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_cruzi

Through the repression of expression of cyclin E and cyclin A, pRb is able to inhibit the G1/S transition. There are at least ... Some genes activated during the G1/S transition such as cyclin E are repressed by HDAC during early to mid-G1 phase. This ... One such example of E2F-regulated genes repressed by pRb are cyclin E and cyclin A. Both of these cyclins are able to bind to ... When E2F is free it activates factors like cyclins (e.g. cyclin E and cyclin A), which push the cell through the cell cycle by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein

... is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). It slows down the cell cycle by prohibiting progression from G1 phase to ... Zhao L, Samuels T, Winckler S, Korgaonkar C, Tompkins V, Horne MC, Quelle DE (January 2003). "Cyclin G1 has growth inhibitory ... p21 p53 Cyclin-dependent kinase Cyclin D GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000147889 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl ... through the regulatory roles of CDK4 and p53 in cell cycle G1 progression, share a common functionality in controlling the G1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P16

Cyclin E dsRNA arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase (before the S phase). Therefore, RNAi can target endogenous genes. In ... cyclin E dsRNA only diminished cyclin E RNA - a similar result was also shown using dsRNA corresponding to cyclin A which acts ... Cells transfected with cyclin E dsRNAs only showed degradation in cyclin E transcripts - the lacZ transcripts were stable. ... Sen GL, Blau HM (2005). "Argonaute2/RISC resides in sites of mammalian mRNA decay known as cytoplasmic bodies". Nature Cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-induced_silencing_complex

"The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases". Cell. 75 (4): 805-816. doi:10.1016/ ... Yue Xiong and David Beach as a cyclin-CDK-PCNA interacting protein (p21), and as a senescence derived inhibitor by Noda. ... "miR-6883 Family miRNAs Target CDK4/6 to Induce G1 Phase Cell-Cycle Arrest in Colon Cancer Cells". Cancer Research. 77 (24): ... "p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases". Nature. 366 (6456): 701-704. Bibcode:1993Natur.366..701X. doi:10.1038/366701a0 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafik_El-Deiry

Cln3 (yeast): The Saccharomyces cerevisiae G1 cyclin Cln3, a primary regulator of cell cycle entry. This disambiguation page ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cln3_(disambiguation)

1993). "The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases". Cell. 75 (4): 805-16. doi: ... 2005). "Binding of HTm4 to cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)-associated phosphatase (KAP).Cdk2.cyclin A complex enhances the ... "The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases". Cell. 75 (4): 805-16. doi:10.1016/ ... "Chromosomal mapping of the genes for the human cell cycle proteins cyclin C (CCNC), cyclin E (CCNE), p21 (CDKN1) and KAP (CDKN3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDKN3

Enforced expression of INK4 proteins can lead to G1 arrest by promoting redistribution of Cip/Kip proteins and blocking cyclin ... Kovalev GI, Franklin DS, Coffield VM, Xiong Y, Su L (September 2001). "An important role of CDK inhibitor p18(INK4c) in ... Fares J, Wolff L, Bies J (January 2011). Huret JL, Ohgami RS, Dal Cin P, Rivas JM, Dessen P (eds.). "CDKN2B (cyclin-dependent ... In cycling cells, there is a resassortment of Cip/Kip proteins between CDK4/5 and CDK2 as cells progress through G1. Their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INK4

... and p53-independent mechanisms and can arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints by deactivating cyclin/cyclin- ... DNA damage checkpoints occur at the G1/S and G2/M boundaries. An intra-S checkpoint also exists. Checkpoint activation is ... DNA damage checkpoint is a signal transduction pathway that blocks cell cycle progression in G1, G2 and metaphase and slows ... Shen L, Kondo Y, Rosner GL, Xiao L, Hernandez NS, Vilaythong J, et al. (September 2005). "MGMT promoter methylation and field ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

Cyclin. *Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein. *Cyclin-dependent kinase. *Cyclin. Lipid. *Phosphoinositide phospholipase C ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein

During G1 phase, the G1/S cyclin activity rises significantly near the end of the G1 phase. Complexes of cyclin that are active ... but not G1/S cyclins); and a high concentration of Cdk inhibitors is found during G1 phase. The restriction point (R) in the G1 ... At the G1/S checkpoint, formation of the G1/S cyclin with Cdk to form a complex commits the cell to a new division cycle. These ... G1 phase ends when the cell moves into the S phase of interphase. Around 30 to 40 percent of cell cycle time is spent in the G1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_phase

... has also been shown to directly inhibits CDK6 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 6) expression and decreases the level of ... By inhibiting the Cdc42/PAK signalling pathway, miR-137 decreases proliferation, invasion and G0/G1 cell cycle progression of ... induces cell cycle G1 arrest and inhibits invasion in colorectal cancer cells". Int J Cancer. 128 (6): 1269-79. doi:10.1002/ijc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-137

Cyclin E thus produced binds to CDK2, forming the cyclin E-CDK2 complex, which pushes the cell from G1 to S phase (G1/S, which ... In response to this trigger, cyclin D binds to existing CDK4/6, forming the active cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex. Cyclin D-CDK4/6 ... This check point is called the restriction point or START and is regulated by G1/S cyclins, which cause transition from G1 to S ... cyclins have no catalytic activity and CDKs are inactive in the absence of a partner cyclin. When activated by a bound cyclin, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

DP2 and DP1 are G protein-coupled receptors, with the DP2 receptor coupled to Gi alpha subunit-dependent depression of cellular ... Cyclin D1, Cdk4, and Insulin-like growth factor 1; and e) regulating agents such as HSP70, GPR78, Gadd153, Ubiquitin B, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins

Schwob, E; Böhm, T; Mendenhall, M. D.; Nasmyth, K (1994). "The B-type cyclin kinase inhibitor p40SIC1 controls the G1 to S ... "Genes involved in sister chromatid separation are needed for B-type cyclin proteolysis in budding yeast". Cell. 81 (2): 269-278 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Nasmyth

For example, Hsc70 regulates the nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1, which is a key player in G1 to S phase cell cycle ... Diehl, JA; Yang, W; Rimerman, RA; Xiao, H; Emili, A (March 2003). "Hsc70 regulates accumulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin D1- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA8

... cyclin - cyclin A - cyclin B - cyclin E - cyclin-dependent kinase - cycloleucine - cyclosporin - cyclosporine - cystatin - ... inhibitory gi G-protein - Inorganic chemistry - insect protein - Insulin - insulin receptor - insulin-like growth factor I - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Fan X, Brass LF, Poncz M, Spitz F, Maire P, Manning DR (October 2000). "The alpha subunits of Gz and Gi interact with the eyes ... "The Six1 homeoprotein stimulates tumorigenesis by reactivation of cyclin A1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ... Ford HL, Kabingu EN, Bump EA, Mutter GL, Pardee AB (October 1998). "Abrogation of the G2 cell cycle checkpoint associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox_protein_SIX1

Assembly of the pre-replication complex only occurs during late M phase and early G1 phase of the cell cycle when cyclin- ... In S. cerevisiae, CDKs prevent formation of the replication complex during late G1, S, and G2 phases by excluding MCM2-7 and ... Formation of the pre-replication complex during late M and early G1 phase is required for genome replication, but after the ... Nguyen VQ, Co C, Li JJ (June 2001). "Cyclin-dependent kinases prevent DNA re-replication through multiple mechanisms". Nature. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-replication_complex

It, combined with the Ras pathway, downregulate cyclin D1, a cyclin-dependent kinase, if they are not stimulated by the ... The G1 checkpoint is controlled most directly by mitogens: further cell cycle progression does not need mitogens to continue. ... In the presence of mitogens, sufficient cyclin D1 can be produced. This process cascades onwards, producing other cyclins which ... Smad proteins then trigger an increase in p15, which inhibits cyclin D1 and prevents cell cycle progression. In many cancers, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen

"Calmodulin is essential for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) activity and nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1-Cdk4 during G1". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFI27

... a well-studied cyclin-dependent protein kinase. Cdc14 antagonizes Cdk1 by stimulating proteolysis of its cyclin partner (cyclin ... Kipreos, ET (2004). "Developmental quiescence: Cdc14 moonlighting in G1". Nat Cell Biol. 6 (8): 693-695. doi:10.1038/ncb0804- ... It is possible that Cdc14 acts as a phosphatase on all Clb-Cdk1 targets, acting to reverse the effects of the mitotic cyclins. ... Furthermore, Cdc14 dephosphorylates the stoichiometric inhibitor of the mitotic cyclins, Sic1, stabilizing Sic1 protein. Cdc14 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdc14

Li H, Okamoto K, Peart MJ, Prives C (February 2009). "Lysine-independent turnover of cyclin G1 can be stabilized by B'alpha ... This is achieved by continuous control of cyclins or CDKs levels through ubiquitination and degradation. When cyclin E is ... SKP2 targets p27Kip-1, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDKs2/4 partner with the cyclins E/D, respectively, ... The level of cyclins, as the name suggests, are high only at certain time point during cell cycle. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin

Antiquitin may also play a protective role for DNA in cell growth, as the protein is found to be up-regulated during the G1-S ... Antiquitin is known to interact with: Cyclin A. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164904 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALDH7A1

Ki-67 protein is present during all active phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and mitosis), but is absent in resting ( ... "Initiation and termination of DNA replication during S phase in relation to cyclins D1, E and A, p21WAF1, Cdt1 and the p12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-67_(protein)

... allowing for transcription of the G1/S regulon, which includes the G1/S cyclins Cln1,2. G1/S cyclin-Cdk1 activity leads to ... E2F.2FpRb complexes Hyperphosphorylation cdc25 Maturation promoting factor CDK cyclin A cyclin B cyclin D cyclin E Wee (cell ... "Cyclin F regulates the nuclear localization of cyclin B1 through a cyclin-cyclin interaction". EMBO J. 19 (6): 1378-1388. doi: ... Skotheim JM, Di Talia S, Siggia ED, Cross FR (July 2008). "Positive feedback of G1 cyclins ensures coherent cell cycle entry". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_1

... cyclin E, cyclin A and cyclin B1, each in relation to DNA content Concurrent measurement of DNA content and of incorporation of ... Note the absence of a sub-G0/G1 peak. Apoptotic cells one day after apoptosis induction. Note the presence of a sub-G0/G1 peak ... Therefore, nuclei of apoptotic cells contain less DNA than nuclei of healthy G0/G1 cells, resulting in a sub-G0/G1 peak in the ... An arrest of cells in G0 or G1 is often seen as a result of lack of nutrients (growth factors), for example after serum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle_analysis

Schwob, E (1994-10-21). "The B-type cyclin kinase inhibitor p40SIC1 controls the G1 to S transition in S. cerevisiae". Cell. 79 ... Well-characterized cell cycle substrates of SCF complexes include: cyclin family proteins: Cyclin D, Cyclin E transcriptional ... SCF-fbxo4 plays a role in cell cycle control by targeting cyclin D1 for degradation. Cyclin F is an FBP that is associated with ... Mutations that prevent phosphorylation of Cyclin F alter the activity of SCF-Cyclin F, which likely affects downstream ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCF_complex

Flavell JR, Baumforth KR, Wood VH, Davies GL, Wei W, Reynolds GM, Morgan S, Boyce A, Kelly GL, Young LS, Murray PG (2008). " ... cyclin D1 and c-myc. Expression of ful-length PTPkappa in melanoma cells that normally lack its expression results in reduced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRK

... and p53-independent mechanisms and can arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints by deactivating cyclin/cyclin- ... DNA damage checkpoints occur at the G1/S and G2/M boundaries. An intra-S checkpoint also exists. Checkpoint activation is ... ISBN 978-1-58829-500-2.[page needed] Gartel AL, Tyner AL (June 2002). "The role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in ... Shen L, Kondo Y, Rosner GL, Xiao L, Hernandez NS, Vilaythong J, et al. (September 2005). "MGMT promoter methylation and field ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

Morris L, Allen KE, La Thangue NB (Apr 2000). "Regulation of E2F transcription by cyclin E-Cdk2 kinase mediated through p300/ ... "E2F4 and E2F5 play an essential role in pocket protein-mediated G1 control". Molecular Cell. 6 (3): 729-35. doi:10.1016/S1097- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E2F5

It has also been shown that Cdk2 complexes with both cyclin A and cyclin E and this complex is critical for centrosome ... First, procentrioles begin to form near each preexisting centriole as the cell moves from the G1 phase to the S phase. During S ... by cyclin-dependent kinase 2-cyclin E and its role in centrosome duplication". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (24): ... "CDK2 cyclin dependent kinase 2 [Homo sapiens (human)]". Gene - NCBI. Retrieved 1 December 2019. Hinchcliffe EH, Li C, Thompson ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosome_cycle

The G1/S transition is regulated by cyclin E binding to Cdk2 which phosphorylates Rb as well (Merrick and Fisher, 2011). S ... Once these cells are formed they enter G1, the phase in which many of the proteins needed to replicate DNA are made. After G1, ... Transitions through the cell cycle from one phase to the next are regulated by cyclins binding their respective cyclin ... It has been found that various genes that encode the G1/S transition, such as D1, Cdk4, Rb proteins, E2Fs, and CKIs, can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal_cell_cycle

Romero OA, Setien F, John S, Gimenez-Xavier P, Gómez-López G, Pisano D, Condom E, Villanueva A, Hager GL, Sanchez-Cespedes M ( ... Shanahan F, Seghezzi W, Parry D, Mahony D, Lees E (February 1999). "Cyclin E associates with BAF155 and BRG1, components of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMARCA4

Dianov GL, Jensen BR, Kenny MK, Bohr VA (1999). "Replication protein A stimulates proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent ... Henneke G, Koundrioukoff S, Hübscher U (Jul 2003). "Phosphorylation of human Fen1 by cyclin-dependent kinase modulates its role ... Brosh RM, von Kobbe C, Sommers JA, Karmakar P, Opresko PL, Piotrowski J, Dianova I, Dianov GL, Bohr VA (Oct 2001). "Werner ... "Entrez Gene: FEN1 flap structure-specific endonuclease 1". Dianova II, Bohr VA, Dianov GL (Oct 2001). "Interaction of human AP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_structure-specific_endonuclease_1

Sarantopoulos J, Shapiro GI, Cohen RB, Clark JW, Kauh JS, Weiss GJ, Cleary JM, Mahalingam D, Pickard MD, Faessel HM, Berger AJ ... Singer JD, Gurian-West M, Clurman B, Roberts JM (September 1999). "Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEDD8

Getting started with cycling in Coventry.

https://www.coventry.gov.uk/cycling-1/cycling-getting-started/3

The Conquer mini exercise bike can be used to strengthen your legs or arms. It is also great for a cardio workout virtually anywhere you can fit a chair. Adjust the intensity by simply turning the resistance knob.The Conquer mini exercise bike can be used to strengthen your legs or arms. It is also great for a cardio w

https://roadbikeoutlet.com/products/conquer-portable-mini-resistance-exercise-bike-desk-stationary-cycling-1

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https://www.jbprofoto.com/Cycling-1/Janet-Memorioal-2018

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https://trade.msmugs.com/collections/cycling-1

Cyclin E-p27 opposition and regulation of the G1 phase of the cell cycle in the murine neocortical PVE: A quantitative analysis ... Cyclin E-p27 opposition and regulation of the G1 phase of the cell cycle in the murine neocortical PVE: A quantitative analysis ... Cyclin E-p27 opposition and regulation of the G1 phase of the cell cycle in the murine neocortical PVE: A quantitative analysis ... title = "Cyclin E-p27 opposition and regulation of the G1 phase of the cell cycle in the murine neocortical PVE: A quantitative ...

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/cyclin-e-p27-opposition-and-regulation-of-the-g1-phase-of-the-cel

The CCND2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called cyclin D2. Learn about this gene and related health conditions ... Cyclin D2 helps to regulate a step in the cycle called the G1-S transition, in which the cell moves from the G1 phase, when ... The CCND2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called cyclin D2. Cyclins are a family of proteins that control how ... Cyclin D2s role in the cell division cycle makes it a key controller of the rate of cell growth and division (proliferation) ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/ccnd2/

MECHANISM OF G1 CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITION FROM THE STRUCTURE OF THE CDK6-P16INK4A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR COMPLEX. ... MECHANISM OF G1 CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITION FROM THE STRUCTURES CDK6-P19INK4D INHIBITOR COMPLEX. ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=ANK&START=1130&END=1159&E_VALUE=7.59e-1&TYPE=SMART&BLAST=RKITPLMAAFRKGHVKVVRYLVKEVNQFPS

Endostatin causes G1 arrest of endothelial cells through inhibition of cyclin D1. Journal of biological chemistry, 2002, 277(19 ... Endostatin induces apoptosis and reduces cell proliferation and migration of endothelial cells through inhibition of cyclin D1 ...

https://www.emro.who.int/ar/emhj-volume-12-2006/volume-12-issue-1-2/serum-endostatin-and-vascular-endothelial-growth-factor-levels-in-patients-with-pre-eclampsia.html

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-12-2006/volume-12-issue-1-2/serum-endostatin-and-vascular-endothelial-growth-factor-levels-in-patients-with-pre-eclampsia.html

Cyclin D1 plays a key role in cell cycle regulation and progression of cells from G1 phase to S phase by activation of cyclin- ... as well as an overexpression of cyclin D1. [11] Chen et al noted that the association with cyclin D1 overexpression in hairy ... Cyclin D1 is overexpressed. Immunophenotyping helps differentiate MCL from other small B-cell lymphomas (see the Table, below). ... 11] Chen et al assessed expression of sox11 and evaluated its association with t(11;14) and overexpression of cyclin D1 in 211 ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/203085-173700/which-aggressive-induction-therapy-regimens-for-mantle-cell-lymphoma-mcl-are-recommended-by-nccn

Our aim was to examine the involvement of G1 cell-cycle regulators in cell growth dysregulation induced by HTLV-I. Compared to ... Activation of cyclin D1 and D2 promoters by human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax protein is associated with IL-2-independent ... Our data suggest that induction of cyclins D1 and D2 by Tax is involved in IL-2-independent cell-cycle progression as well as ... A Tax mutant that did not activate NF-{kappa}B failed to activate cyclin D1 and D2 promoters. Inhibitors of NF-{kappa}B ( ...

https://www.mdc-berlin.de/de/research/publications/activation-cyclin-d1-and-d2-promoters-human-t-cell-leukemia-virus-type-i-tax

This effect was accompanied by the decreased expression of G1-associated proteins including cyclin D1, CDK4, CDC25A, and Rb ... The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin has similar inhibitory effects on G1 cell cycle progression and expression of cyclin D1, CDK4, ... These results suggest that PI3K mediates G1 progression and cyclin expression through the activation of AKTI mTOR/p70S6K ... Levels of cyclin kinase inhibitor, p161NK4 were induced by the PI3K inhibitor, while levels of p21CIP1/WAF1 were decreased in ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=genetic&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=genetic&terms=3&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=KW&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=48&RecNo=476&View=f&

Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition (Homo sapiens) * CAK-mediated phosphorylation of Cyclin E:Cdk2 (Homo sapiens) ... Mitotic G1 phase and G1/S transition (Homo sapiens) * G0 and Early G1 (Homo sapiens) * p107 (RBL1) binds CyclinE/A:CDK2 (Homo ... G1/S DNA Damage Checkpoints (Homo sapiens) * p53-Dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint (Homo sapiens) * p53-Dependent G1 DNA ... p130 (RBL2) binds Cyclin E/A:CDK2 (Homo sapiens) * Cyclin E/A:CDK2 [nucleoplasm] (Homo sapiens) * CDK2 [nucleoplasm] (Homo ...

http://www.reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-68365

Cyclin G1 - Preferred Concept UI. M0529100. Scope note. A cyclin G subtype that is constitutively expressed throughout the cell ... A cyclin G subtype that is constitutively expressed throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin G1 is considered a major transcriptional ... a specific cyclin; not for cyclins present during G1 PHASE of the cell cycle. ... Cyclin G1 is considered a major transcriptional target of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and is highly induced in response to DNA ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=53631

Cln2 is a G1 cyclin involved in regulation of the cell cycle; activates Cdc28p kinase to promote the G1 to S phase trans... ... G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle Cellular Component. SIC1 Protein A time lapse experiment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ... G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle Cellular Component. SIC1 Protein A time lapse experiment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ... G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle Cellular Component. SIC1 Protein A time lapse experiment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ...

http://flagella.crbs.ucsd.edu/images?image_search_parms%5Bbiological_process%5D=regulation%20of%20transferase%20activity&advanced_search=Advanced+Search&per_page=10&page=4&per_page=10&page=11&per_page=10&page=9&per_page=10&page=5&per_page=10&page=2&per_page=10&page=11&per_page=10&page=8&per_page=10&page=7&per_page=10&page=9&per_page=10&page=7

Nonpathogenic MECP2 mutation or mutations in non-MECP2 genes (i.e., cyclin-dependent kinase 5, CDKL5; forkhead box protein G1, ...

https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NCT05420805

Results: Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated G0/G1 arrest. In silico docking studies predicted CDK1 and CDK6 as a possible ... Levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and CDK6, Bcl2 and BAX and cytochrome c were quantified by specific ELISA. ... C-glycosyl flavone from Urginea indica inhibits proliferation & angiogenesis & induces apoptosis via cyclin-dependent kinase 6 ... C-glycosyl flavone from Urginea indica inhibits proliferation & angiogenesis & induces apoptosis via cyclin-dependent kinase 6 ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/195475

"Cyclin D1 controls progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and its expression is strictly regulated by ... In growth plates, Cyclin D1 is specifically expressed in proliferating chondrocytes",-thus being transgenic in Cyclin D1 may ... "Expression of the Cyclin D1 gene and the activity of its promoter are increased by the β-catenin/Tcf-Lef complex.". Heres a ... "Expression of the Cyclin D1 gene and the activity of its promoter are increased by the β-catenin/Tcf-Lef complex. Sox9 ...

http://www.heightquest.com/2011/06/grow-taller-by-increasing-chromatin.html

PURPOSE: Cyclin D/CDK4/6 is critical in controlling the G1 to S checkpoint. CCND, the gene encoding cyclin D, is known to be ... combined with a cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i). Optimal treatment after progression on CDK4/6i is unknown. The ... and implicated in cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor (CDK 4/6i) resistance. Alisertib, a selective AURKA inhibitor, ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=es&q=au:Clark,+Amy+S

... cell cyclins, and cyclin-dependent kinases and modify the cellular environment in order to facilitate viral replication in a ... Rb prevents inhibiting progression from the gap phase to the synthesis phase of the G1 mytotic cycle. ... Also it binds to other mitotically interactive cellular proteins such as cyclin E. ...

http://info-tecuci.ro/hpv-virus-not-16-18-428100.php

Palbociclib targets a protein called cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), a trigger that normally enhances the G1 to S phase, thereby ... There are four distinct phases to cancer cell division: M (mitosis); G1 (growth); S (DNA synthesis); and G2 (growth). ...

https://www.caperay.com/blog/breast-cancer-drug-shows-great-promise/

http://emedicine.staging.medscape.com/article/203085-overview

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/203085-173678/what-is-the-efficacy-of-the-hyper-cvad-chemotherapy-regimen-followed-by-asct-in-the-treatment-of-mantle-cell-lymphoma-mcl

Prognostic Importance of Cell Cycle Regulators Cyclin D1 (CCND1) and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B/p27) in ... Promoter SNPs in G1/S checkpoint regulators and their impact on the susceptibility to childhood leukemia. Blood 2007 Jan 109 (2 ... Contribution of Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B Genotypes to Childhood Leukemia Risk. In vivo (Athens, Greece) 0 36 (4): ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/searchSummary.action?firstQuery=Neoplasms+and+CDKN1B&Mysubmit=Search

Cyclin D associated events in G1. *Platelet Adhesion to exposed collagen. *Signaling by Erythropoietin ...

https://hagrid.dbmi.pitt.edu/wiki-MPM/index.php/pair/view/8751/4067

Cyclin D1, encoded by the CCND1 gene, has a key role in the cell cycle. A recent meta-analysis comprising 12 case-control ... Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: ... The association of cyclin D1 G870A and E-cadherin C-160A polymorphisms with the risk of colorectal cancer in a case control ... El-Omar EM, Ng MT, Hold GL. Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor genes and risk of cancer. Oncogene. 2008;27:244-252. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/resources/books/2010_huge/chap13.htm

Levels of cyclin kinase inhibitor, p161NK4 were induced by the PI3K inhibitor, while levels of p21CIP1/WAF1 were decreased in the same experiment. (cdc.gov)
Prognostic Importance of Cell Cycle Regulators Cyclin D1 (CCND1) and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B/p27) in Sporadic Gastric Cancers. (cdc.gov)

In phase 1 cyclin E and p21 levels of mRNA expression are high, while those of mRNAs of p27, cdk2 and cyclin B are low. (elsevier.com)
In this phase the fraction of cells leaving the cycle after each mitesis, Q, is low and the duration of the G1 phase, T(G) 1 , is short. (elsevier.com)
In phase 2 levels of expression of cyclin E and p21 fall to asymptote while levels of expression of mRNA of the other three proteins reach their peaks. (elsevier.com)
In phase 3 levels of expression of cyclin E and p21 mRNAs remain low and those of the mRNAs of the other three proteins fall. (elsevier.com)
Cyclin D2 helps to regulate a step in the cycle called the G1-S transition, in which the cell moves from the G1 phase, when cell growth occurs, to the S phase, when the cell's DNA is copied (replicated) in preparation for cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
activates Cdc28p kinase to promote the G1 to S phase trans. (ucsd.edu)
Palbociclib targets a protein called cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), a trigger that normally enhances the G1 to S phase, thereby enabling the suppressor gene Rb to act as an inhibitor (see diagram left). (caperay.com)
Cell senescence via cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase was induced by NACC1 inhibition. (esmo.org)
Lobaplatin arrests cell cycle at G1 and G2/M phase. (medchemexpress.com)

The character of these phases can be understood in part as consequences of the reciprocal regulatory influence of p27 and cyclin E and of the rate limiting functions of p27 at the restriction point and of cyclin E at the G1 to S transition. (elsevier.com)

Cyclin G1 is considered a major transcriptional target of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and is highly induced in response to DNA damage. (bvsalud.org)

The CCND2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called cyclin D2. (medlineplus.gov)
Our findings link HTLV-I infection to changes in cellular D-type cyclin gene expression, transformation of T cells and subsequent development of T-cell leukemia. (mdc-berlin.de)
The molecular consequence of translocation is overexpression of the protein cyclin D1 (coded by the PRAD1 gene located close to the breakpoint). (medscape.com)
Gene inactivation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16INK4a, p15INK4b and p21WAF is frequently mediated by promoter gene methylation, whereas histone deacetylases (HDACs) control gene expression through their ability to deacetylate proteins. (bvsalud.org)

Cyclins are a family of proteins that control how cells proceed through the multi-step cycle of cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
This effect was accompanied by the decreased expression of G1-associated proteins including cyclin D1, CDK4, CDC25A, and Rb phosphorylation at Ser780, Ser795, and Ser807/811. (cdc.gov)

In this study, we demonstrate that the inhibition of PI3K activity by LY294002 inhibited ovarian cancer cell proliferation and induced the G1 cell cycle arrest. (cdc.gov)
Results: Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated G0/G1 arrest. (who.int)

Cyclin D2's role in the cell division cycle makes it a key controller of the rate of cell growth and division (proliferation) in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
The resulting buildup of cyclin D2 in cells triggers them to continue dividing when they otherwise would not have, leading to abnormal cell proliferation. (medlineplus.gov)
It is less clear how a buildup of cyclin D2 contributes to polydactyly, although the extra digits are probably related to abnormal cell proliferation in the developing hands and feet. (medlineplus.gov)

Our aim was to examine the involvement of G1 cell-cycle regulators in cell growth dysregulation induced by HTLV-I. Compared to uninfected cells, higher expression levels of cyclin D1 and D2 mRNA were detected in HTLV-I-infected T-cell lines, which were at least in part mediated by the viral transforming protein Tax since Tax activated both cyclin D1 and D2 promoters in the human T-cell line Jurkat. (mdc-berlin.de)

Each of the known mutations changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in the cyclin D2 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
De novo CCND2 mutations leading to stabilization of cyclin D2 cause megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)

Through depletion in cultured cells and a mouse model, ANRIL/p15 signaling was confirmed in cellular senescence via cyclin-dependent kinase activity and, subsequently, by phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. (bvsalud.org)

The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin has similar inhibitory effects on G1 cell cycle progression and expression of cyclin D1, CDK4, CDC25A, and Rb phosphorylation. (cdc.gov)

The cyclin D2 protein is regulated by a chemical signaling pathway called the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. (medlineplus.gov)
These results suggest that PI3K mediates G1 progression and cyclin expression through the activation of AKTI mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in the ovarian cancer cells. (cdc.gov)

One set of mRNAs (cyclin E and p21) are initially expressed at high levels but expression then falls to a low asymptote. (elsevier.com)
Our data suggest that induction of cyclins D1 and D2 by Tax is involved in IL-2-independent cell-cycle progression as well as IL-2-independent transformation of primary human T cells by HTLV-I. High expression levels of cyclin D1 and D2 mRNAs were also detected in some patients with ATL. (mdc-berlin.de)

A second set (p27, cyclin B and cdk2) are initially expressed at low levels but ascend to peak levels only to decline again. (elsevier.com)
Levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and CDK6, Bcl2 and BAX and cytochrome c were quantified by specific ELISA. (who.int)

Tsunekawa Y, Kikkawa T, Osumi N. Asymmetric inheritance of Cyclin D2 maintains proliferative neural stem/progenitor cells: a critical event in brain development and evolution. (medlineplus.gov)
Role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in G1 cell cycle progression in human ovarian cancer cells. (cdc.gov)

[5] [6] The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of Ser/Thr protein kinases . (wikipedia.org)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key players in cell cycle regulation. (frontiersin.org)
Each cell cycle phase, as well as transitions from one phase to the other, are tightly regulated by interactions between cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) ( Johnson and Walker, 1999 ). (frontiersin.org)
Cyclin D family binds and activates cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4, CDK6), which regulates the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, p107, and p130 (1). (novusbio.com)
8. Cyclin-dependent kinases as potential targets for colorectal cancer: past, present and future. (nih.gov)
12. The Roles of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Cell-Cycle Progression and Therapeutic Strategies in Human Breast Cancer. (nih.gov)
14. Investigational drugs targeting cyclin-dependent kinases for the treatment of cancer: an update on recent findings (2013-2016). (nih.gov)
Reciprocal activation by cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 7 is directed by substrate specificity determinants outside the T loop. (proteopedia.org)
Cyclins regulate transitions between cell cycle phases by acting as regulatory subunits of the cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk). (bdbiosciences.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) is a member of a family of cdc2-related cell cycle protein kinases. (bdbiosciences.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are commonly known by their role in cell cycle regulation which affects cancer mechanism. (iospress.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is definitely a family of serine/threonine kinases. (immune-source.com)
The eukaryotic cell cycle is governed by cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) whose activities are regulated by cyclins and CDK inhibitors. (nih.gov)
It is divided into four phases: G1, S, G2, and M. Passage * through the cell cycle is strictly regulated by a molecular * interaction network, which involves the periodic synthesis and * destruction of cyclins that bind and activate cyclindependent * kinases that are present in nonlimiting amounts. (nih.gov)
Primary drivers of the G1/S transition are the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their activating partners, the G1 cyclins. (nih.gov)
In our future research we want to understand more thoroughly how cell cycle cyclin-Cdk-Cks complexes are recruited to specific promoters, how they regulate gene expression by phosphorylating RNA polymerase II and study other promoter-specific kinases capable of phosphorylating RNA-polymerase II. (nih.gov)
This work changed our current understanding of how the first step in the cell cycle is regulated and greatly expanded our view of the function of cell cycle-related cyclin-dependent kinases. (nih.gov)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are among the central regulators of cell growth and proliferation. (nih.gov)
Genetic analysis of mammalian cyclin-dependent kinases and their inhibitors (2000). (wikipedia.org)

Rb phosphorylation, and therefore the accumulation of E2F during G1 phase, directly mediate the upregulation of Cyclin E in late G1 phase, which binds and activates CDK2. (frontiersin.org)
Cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of the exocyst subunit Exo84 in late G1 phase suppresses exocytic secretion and cell growth in yeast. (siftdesk.org)
In this study, using exocytic secretion, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) assay, immunoprecipitation, and microscopy, we demonstrate that the exocyst subunit Exo84, which is known to be phosphorylated in mitosis, can also be phosphorylated directly by Cdk1 in the late G1 phase. (siftdesk.org)
Of note, we found that the Cdk1-mediated Exo84 phosphorylation impairs exocytic secretion in the late G1 phase. (siftdesk.org)
Orc1 reappears bound to chromatin in late G1-phase cells (16). (nih.gov)
In the late G1 phase, CDK2/cyclin E complexes regulate the transition from G1 to S phase (21,22). (immune-source.com)

15. Targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) but not CDK4/6 or CDK2 is selectively lethal to MYC-dependent human breast cancer cells. (nih.gov)
ORC is phosphorylated by Cdk1/cyclin A during G2/M and released from chromatin. (nih.gov)
Xic1, a Cdk specific inhibitor, is present prior to S-phase, and presumably inhibits the ORC associated Cdk1/cyclin A activity, thereby allowing ORC to bind to chromatin. (nih.gov)
controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus. (proteopedia.org)
Finally CDK1/cyclin B complexes are involved in the progression of mitosis (25). (immune-source.com)
The authors report a mathematical model of the G1 to S network * that newly takes into account nucleo/cytoplasmic localization, * the role of the cyclin-dependent kinase Sic1 in facilitating * nuclear import of its cognate Cdk1-Clb5, Whi5 control, and carbon * source regulation of Sic1 and Sic1- containing complexes. (nih.gov)

Their direct interaction with cyclins allow progression through G1 phase, transitions to S and G2 phase and finally through mitosis (M). While CDK activation is important in cell renewal, its aberrant expression can lead to the development of malignant tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
PARP14 regulates cyclin D1 expression to promote cell-cycle progression. (nih.gov)
Our work uncovers a new role for PARP14 in promoting cell-cycle progression through both cyclin D1 and the p53 pathway. (nih.gov)
Cyclin D3 is a member of Cyclin D family which mediates cell cycle progression through the G1 phase. (novusbio.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors, which act by inhibiting progression from the G1 to S phases of the cell cycle, include palbociclib, ribociclib, abemaciclib, and trilaciclib. (nih.gov)
Role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in G1 cell cycle progression in human ovarian cancer cells. (cdc.gov)
The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin has similar inhibitory effects on G1 cell cycle progression and expression of cyclin D1, CDK4, CDC25A, and Rb phosphorylation. (cdc.gov)
These results suggest that PI3K mediates G1 progression and cyclin expression through the activation of AKTI mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in the ovarian cancer cells. (cdc.gov)
Cyclin E-Cdk2 kinase is active in the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle and is important, as is Cyclin A-Cdk2, for the progression from G1 to S phase. (bdbiosciences.com)
The antiproliferative effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 are mediated primarily by inhibition of G1 to S progression of the cell cycle due, in large part, to decreased cyelin dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) activity and induction of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs), p21Cip1 and p27(ip1. (nih.gov)
Then CDK2/cyclin A complexes takes on an important part in S phase progression. (immune-source.com)
It plays a role in progression of the CELL CYCLE through G1/S and G2/M phase transitions. (nih.gov)

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 , also known as cell division protein kinase 2 , or Cdk2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene . (wikipedia.org)
Cdk2 (blue) and its binding partner, cyclin A (red). (wikipedia.org)
Cdk2 becomes active when a cyclin protein (either A or E) binds at the active site located between the N and C lobes of the kinase. (wikipedia.org)
Due to the location of the active site, partner cyclins interact with both lobes of Cdk2. (wikipedia.org)
It is important to note that throughout this activation process, cyclins binding to Cdk2 do not undergo any conformational change. (wikipedia.org)
Along with CDK4/6, CDK2 and CDK3 are also activated during G1 phase. (frontiersin.org)
2001). WEE1-mediated phosphorylation of CDK2 is enhanced in the presence of CABLES1, which can form a complex with CDK2 bound to cyclin E (CCNE) or cyclin A (CCNA) (Wu et al. (reactome.org)
Cyclin E/CDK2 prevents oxidative stress-mediated Ras-induced senescence by phosphorylating MYC. (proteopedia.org)
NPM1 phosphorylation by cyclin E/CDK2 promotes its dissociates from unduplicated centrosomes, thus initiating centrosome duplication. (proteopedia.org)
Zhao J, Kennedy BK, Lawrence BD, Barbie DA, Matera AG, Fletcher JA, Harlow E. NPAT links cyclin E-Cdk2 to the regulation of replication-dependent histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)
Cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation of p220(NPAT) by cyclin E/Cdk2 in Cajal bodies promotes histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)
Cdk2 is expressed earlier in the cell cycle than cdc2 and forms complexes with cyclins A, E, D1, and D3. (bdbiosciences.com)
It is not known if the D cyclins can form active complexes with Cdk2. (bdbiosciences.com)
One substrate for cyclin E-Cdk2 is a Nuclear Protein mapped to the Ataxia Telangiectasia locus, NPAT. (bdbiosciences.com)
This protein associates with cyclin E-Cdk2 and can be phosphorylated by Cdk2. (bdbiosciences.com)
NPAT protein levels peak at the G1/S boundary and overexpression of NPAT accelerates S phase entry, especially after coexpression of cyclin E-Cdk2. (bdbiosciences.com)
Since Cdk2 activation by cyclin-activating kinase (CAK) and the Cdc25A phosphatase requires nuclear translocation of Cdk2, cytoplasmic sequestration of Cdk2 would effectively prevent cyclin E-Cdk2 activity. (nih.gov)
The 1,25-(OH)2D3- mediated decrease in Cdk2 nuclear localization and subsequent decreased cyclin E-Cdk2 association and activation may also act to inhibit p27 degradation, which requires phosphorylation by cyclin E-Cdk2. (nih.gov)
Specifically, CDK2 plays an indispensable role in cell division especially in the G1/S phase and DNA damage repair. (iospress.com)
En 2003 demostrou que a encima CDK2, que se cría imprescindible na división celular, non se necesitaba para o inicio da replicación . (wikipedia.org)

In general, cyclins directly bind CDKs and induce the formation of cyclin-CDK complexes. (frontiersin.org)
The temporal expression of cyclins is tightly regulated and plays a critical role in controlling the enzymatic activity of the cdks. (bdbiosciences.com)
Forming a complex with cyclins, CDKs tightly control the LY2835219 cell cycle (19,20). (immune-source.com)

9. Mechanistic insights into avian reovirus p17-modulated suppression of cell cycle CDK-cyclin complexes and enhancement of p53 and cyclin H interaction. (nih.gov)
17. ATP-noncompetitive inhibitors of CDK-cyclin complexes. (nih.gov)
2. We do not know the extensive docking mechanisms different cyclin-Cdk complexes use to recognize this wide range of target substrates. (nih.gov)
The second part of his work found that intrinsic cyclin-Cdk activity increases for complexes expressed later in the cell cycle, while weak kinase activity of earlier expressed complexes is compensated by specific docking allowing them to target key subsets of Cdk targets early in the cell cycle. (nih.gov)
The discovery of this completely novel helix-based docking mechanism for cyclin-Cdk complexes revealed new possibilities for novel cancer therapies. (nih.gov)

The relationship between Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors 2B Antisense RNA 1 ( CDKN2B-AS1 ) variants rs1333049 G/C and rs4977574 A/G and the risk of coronary heart disease is unclear. (nih.gov)
1. Promising Anticancer Activity of Multitarget Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors against Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. (nih.gov)
2. Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitors including palbociclib as anticancer drugs. (nih.gov)
5. Cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitors as anticancer drugs. (nih.gov)
7. Pharmacological cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors: Implications for colorectal cancer. (nih.gov)
13. Cell cycle arrest induced in human breast cancer cells by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: a comparison of the effects exerted by roscovitine and olomoucine. (nih.gov)
20. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 Inhibitors in Cell Cycle Dysregulation for Breast Cancer Treatment. (nih.gov)
Cooperativity Between Orthosteric Inhibitors and Allosteric Inhibitor 8-Anilino-1-Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid (ANS) in Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2. (nih.gov)
Cyclin-dependent * kinase inhibitors contribute to cell cycle control. (nih.gov)

This effect was accompanied by the decreased expression of G1-associated proteins including cyclin D1, CDK4, CDC25A, and Rb phosphorylation at Ser780, Ser795, and Ser807/811. (cdc.gov)
It is founded that D-type cyclins form a complex with CDK4 and/or CDK6, which could phosphorylate Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) family early in the G1 phase (21,22). (immune-source.com)

Overexpression of cyclin D3 is associated with poor clinical outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cases (5). (novusbio.com)
Flow cytometry analyses revealed cycles were arrested at G1 phase after TUSC7 overexpression. (nih.gov)
The molecular consequence of translocation is overexpression of the protein cyclin D1 (coded by the PRAD1 gene located close to the breakpoint). (medscape.com)

Thus, in the present study, tissue-specific expressions of cyclin D1 and D3 genes were examined in several tissues derived from adult male mice, and stage-specific expression of cyclin genes was studied in brain, liver, and kidney of developing mice from embryonic day 13 to postnatal day 11. (elsevier.com)
In conclusion, this study indicates that cyclin D1 and D3 genes are differentially expressed in vivo in a tissue-specific, developmental stage-dependent, and cell cycle-dependent manner. (elsevier.com)
Catenin, APC, SMAD3/4, Tp53, and Cyclin D1 Genes in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (cdc.gov)

The CCND2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called cyclin D2. (medlineplus.gov)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin family and contains the cyclin box. (nih.gov)
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs8102137, located 6 Kb upstream from the cyclin E1 gene (CCNE1) on chromosome 19q12, has recently been identified as a risk factor for bladder cancer (OR, p=1.7x10-11). (nih.gov)

3. P276-00, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, modulates cell cycle and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo in mantle cell lymphoma cell lines. (nih.gov)
SiRNA-mediated transient silencing of PDE4D expression reduced cell proliferation and triggered apoptosis, with an increased number of cells found in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, as shown by DELFIA proliferation assay and flow cytometry experiments. (univaq.it)

Consistent with the effects of sesaminol, the depletion of ANT2 caused a reduction in cyclin D1 with decreases in its mRNA levels, mTORC1 inhibition and the proteasomal degradation of its protein, suggesting that sesaminol negatively regulates the function of ANT2. (nature.com)
Cyclin D3 expression has been linked to inhibition of granulocyte differentiation and activation of various transcription factors, such as transcription factor 5 (3, 4). (novusbio.com)
10. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition: an opportunity to target protein-protein interactions. (nih.gov)
In agreement, Western blot experiments revealed inhibition of cyclin D1, as well an increase in p21, p27 and p53 protein expression. (univaq.it)

Expression of cyclin D1 is under tight cellular regulation that is controlled by many signaling pathways. (nih.gov)

Mitotic cyclins stably associate with this protein and function as regulatory subunits. (abnova.com)

Using luciferase assays, we show that PARP14 specifically regulates cyclin D1 3'UTR mRNA stability. (nih.gov)

This protein is a catalytic subunit of the highly conserved protein kinase complex known as M-phase promoting factor (MPF), which is essential for G1/S and G2/M phase transitions of eukaryotic cell cycle. (abnova.com)

Recombinant protein encompassing a sequence within the center region of human Cyclin D3. (novusbio.com)

activates Cdc28p kinase to promote the G1 to S phase trans. (ucsd.edu)

May be involved in the control of the cell cycle at the G1/S (start) and G2/M (mitosis) transitions. (abcam.com)
Thus, hamster ORC activity was absent during mitosis and early G1 phase, and reappeared as cells progressed through G1 phase. (nih.gov)
Orc1 and Mcm3 were easily eluted from chromatin during mitosis and early G1 phase, but became stably bound during mid-G1 phase, concomitant with the appearance of the origin decision point (i.e. assembly of a functional pre-replication complex at ori -b). (nih.gov)

O seu descubrimento foi publicado en Nature en 1982 nun artigo chamado A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder-carcinoma oncogene . (wikipedia.org)

As a postdoctoral fellow supported by the Human Frontier Science Program fellowship in the laboratory of Jan Skotheim at Stanford University, Dr. Kõivomägi's work focused on the biochemical basis of G1/S control in budding yeast and mammalian cells. (nih.gov)

Furthermore, we screened other ANT2-binding compounds and found that the proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist troglitazone also reduced cyclin D1 expression in a multifaceted manner, analogous to that of the sesaminol treatment and ANT2 depletion. (nature.com)
Depletion of PARP14 leads to decreased cyclin D1 protein levels. (nih.gov)

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 is structured in two lobes. (wikipedia.org)
4. In vitro antitumor properties of a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, P276-00. (nih.gov)
6. Potentiation of anticancer effect of valproic acid, an antiepileptic agent with histone deacetylase inhibitory activity, by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor P276-00 in human non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines. (nih.gov)
18. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor therapy for hematologic malignancies. (nih.gov)
19. Cyclin-dependent kinase pathways as targets for cancer treatment. (nih.gov)
Abemaciclib is the newest cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor to gain Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, specifically as monotherapy for hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer previously treated with chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. (nih.gov)
Efficacy of Milcicilib (PHA-848125AC), a pan-cyclin D -dependent kinase inhibitor in tow phase II studies with Thymic carcinoma and B3 thymoma patients. (businesswire.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a key regulator of G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE . (bvsalud.org)
A cyclin subtype that has specificity for CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2 . (nih.gov)

It partners with CYCLIN D to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN . (bvsalud.org)
Our previous work identified a novel helix-based docking mechanism for cyclin D, a key driver of cell cycle entry whose major target is the retinoblastoma protein Rb. (nih.gov)

This assay has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Cyclin D3 (CCND3). (biomatik.com)
No significant cross-reactivity or interference between Cyclin D3 (CCND3) and analogues was observed. (biomatik.com)

Mechanistically, we found that PARP14 controls cyclin D1 mRNA levels. (nih.gov)

Levels of cyclin kinase inhibitor, p161NK4 were induced by the PI3K inhibitor, while levels of p21CIP1/WAF1 were decreased in the same experiment. (cdc.gov)

CCND1 is a member of the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. (nih.gov)

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Information Science2

Control of cell cycle progression by c-Jun is p53 dependent. (1/94)

Altered regulation of cyclin G in human breast cancer and its specific localization at replication foci in response to DNA damage in p53+/+ cells. (2/94)

G1 checkpoint protein and p53 abnormalities occur in most invasive transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. (3/94)

Ectopic expression of Cdc25A accelerates the G(1)/S transition and leads to premature activation of cyclin E- and cyclin A-dependent kinases. (4/94)

A role of cyclin G in the process of apoptosis. (5/94)

Interferon-alpha inhibits proliferation in human T lymphocytes by abrogation of interleukin 2-induced changes in cell cycle-regulatory proteins. (6/94)

Role of cell cycle regulatory proteins in cerebellar granule neuron apoptosis. (7/94)

Distinct roles for PP1 and PP2A in phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. PP2a regulates the activities of G(1) cyclin-dependent kinases. (8/94)

Cyclin G1

Cyclin G

Cyclin D1

Dental Calculus

Cyclin E

Dental Casting Investment

Cyclin B1

Cyclin D2

Cyclin D3

Cyclin A1

Cyclins

Cyclin A2

Cyclin D

Cyclin G2

Cyclin C

Cell Cycle

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Cyclin B2

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2

Cyclin T

Cyclin H

G1 Phase

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4

CDC2-CDC28 Kinases

CDC2 Protein Kinase

S Phase

Retinoblastoma Protein

Protein Phosphatase 2

Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

G2 Phase

Central Nervous System Stimulants

Mitosis

Dental Research

Cyclin I

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21

Phosphorylation

Cell Line, Tumor

Cell Division

NIH 3T3 Cells

Prolamins

Genes, bcl-1

Interleukin-12 Receptor beta 2 Subunit

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2

Cerebral Arteries

Cell Nucleus

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6

Molecular Sequence Data

Down-Regulation

Transfection

RNA, Messenger

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary

Protein Binding

Cell Line

Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex

Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic

S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

DNA Damage

3T3 Cells

Amino Acid Sequence

Phosphoprotein Phosphatases

Nuclear Proteins

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Beak

Apoptosis

Abdomen, Acute

Gene Expression Regulation

Tumor Suppressor Proteins

Detergents

Transcriptional Activation

Transcription Factors

Up-Regulation

Fibroblasts

Enzyme Inhibitors

Retroviridae

HeLa Cells

Control of cell cycle progression by c-Jun is p53 dependent. (1/94)

Altered regulation of cyclin G in human breast cancer and its specific localization at replication foci in response to DNA damage in p53+/+ cells. (2/94)