Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2
Cyclin D1
Cyclin A
Cyclin E
Cyclins
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
CDC2-CDC28 Kinases
Cell Cycle
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5
Cell Cycle Proteins
Cyclin B
Cyclin C
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
CDC2 Protein Kinase
Cyclin D
G1 Phase
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Proteins
Cyclin D3
Cyclin B1
Retinoblastoma Protein
Phosphorylation
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57
Tumor Suppressor Proteins
S Phase
Cyclin D2
Cyclin A1
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
Protein Kinases
Purines
Cell Division
Apoptosis
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
E2F1 Transcription Factor
Cyclin A2
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
Cyclin G
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
Mitosis
Cyclin G1
MAP Kinase Signaling System
Transcription Factor DP1
Signal Transduction
Cells, Cultured
Blotting, Western
Enzyme Inhibitors
G2 Phase
E2F Transcription Factors
Transfection
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases
Mutation
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
Molecular Sequence Data
DNA-Binding Proteins
Carrier Proteins
Nuclear Proteins
Base Sequence
RNA, Messenger
Protein Kinase C
Transcription Factors
src-Family Kinases
Immunohistochemistry
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA Damage
Amino Acid Sequence
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
Cyclin B2
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1
Protein Binding
Enzyme Activation
Gene Expression Regulation
Transcription, Genetic
Cyclin T
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
p21-Activated Kinases
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
Cyclin H
Cyclin G2
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
3T3 Cells
Creatine Kinase
Models, Biological
Calcium
Casein Kinase II
eIF-2 Kinase
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Binding Sites
Cell Nucleus
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
MAP Kinase Kinase 1
Down-Regulation
Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases
Casein Kinases
Serine
Pyruvate Kinase
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
RNA, Small Interfering
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
Mice, Knockout
Thymidine Kinase
MAP Kinase Kinase 4
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Isoenzymes
Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)
I-kappa B Kinase
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
E2F4 Transcription Factor
Protein Structure, Tertiary
DNA Primers
1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase
Aurora Kinases
rho-Associated Kinases
Protein Kinase C-alpha
HeLa Cells
S Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Protein Kinase C-delta
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Substrate Specificity
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Proteins
Oncogene Proteins
Transcriptional Activation
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
Immunoblotting
Cyclin I
Flow Cytometry
Tyrosine
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Diacylglycerol Kinase
Precipitin Tests
Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1
Focal Adhesion Kinase 1
Neoplasm Proteins
Fibroblasts
Janus Kinase 2
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase
Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa
TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
Neurons
Threonine
Gene Expression
Cloning, Molecular
Protein Kinase C-epsilon
Cyclic AMP
MAP Kinase Kinase 2
Androstadienes
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1
Cell Survival
Up-Regulation
Genes, bcl-1
Protein Kinase C beta
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Cell Differentiation
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
RNA Interference
Protein Transport
Membrane Proteins
DNA
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
Phosphoprotein Phosphatases
Trans-Activators
Cell Membrane
Genes, p16
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
Casein Kinase I
NF-kappa B
MAP Kinase Kinase 6
Cyclin C/CDK8 and cyclin H/CDK7/p36 are biochemically distinct CTD kinases. (1/122)
Phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II is important for basal transcriptional processes in vivo and for cell viability. Several kinases, including certain cyclin-dependent kinases, can phosphorylate this substrate in vitro. It has been proposed that differential CTD phosphorylation by different kinases may regulate distinct transcriptional processes. We have found that two of these kinases, cyclin C/CDK8 and cyclin H/CDK7/p36, can specifically phosphorylate distinct residues in recombinant CTD substrates. This difference in specificity may be largely due to their varying ability to phosphorylate lysine-substituted heptapeptide repeats within the CTD, since they phosphorylate the same residue in CTD consensus heptapeptide repeats. Furthermore, this substrate specificity is reflected in vivo where cyclin C/ CDK8 and cyclin H/CDK7/p36 can differentially phosphorylate an endogenous RNA polymerase II substrate. Several small-molecule kinase inhibitors have different specificities for these related kinases, indicating that these enzymes have diverse active-site conformations. These results suggest that cyclin C/CDK8 and cyclin H/CDK7/p36 are physically distinct enzymes that may have unique roles in transcriptional regulation mediated by their phosphorylation of specific sites on RNA polymerase II. (+info)GAL4 is regulated by the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme-associated cyclin-dependent protein kinase SRB10/CDK8. (2/122)
Phosphorylation of the yeast transcription factor GAL4 at S699 is required for efficient galactose-inducible transcription. We demonstrate that this site is a substrate for the RNA polymerase holoenzyme-associated CDK SRB10. S699 phosphorylation requires SRB10 in vivo, and this site is phosphorylated by purified SRB10/ SRB11 CDK/cyclin in vitro. RNA Pol II holoenzymes purified from WT yeast phosphorylate GAL4 at sites observed in vivo whereas holoenzymes from srb10 yeast are incapable of phosphorylating GAL4 at S699. Mutations at GAL4 S699 and srb10 are epistatic for GAL induction, demonstrating that SRB10 regulates GAL4 activity through this phosphorylation in vivo. These results demonstrate a function for the SRB10/ CDK8 holoenzyme-associated CDK that involves regulation of transactivators by phosphorylation during transcriptional activation. (+info)Transcription: Common cofactors and cooperative recruitment. (3/122)
Mammalian counterparts of the yeast SRB/MED transcriptional 'mediator' complex have recently been identified. These complexes define a common cofactor requirement for diverse transcriptional activators and underscore the conserved nature of the transcriptional machinery among eukaryotic organisms. (+info)Multiple signals regulate GAL transcription in yeast. (4/122)
Gal4p activates transcription of the Saccharomyces GAL genes in response to galactose and is phosphorylated during interaction with the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) holoenzyme. One phosphorylation at S699 is necessary for full GAL induction and is mediated by Srb10p/CDK8 of the RNA Pol II holoenzyme mediator subcomplex. Gal4p S699 phosphorylation is necessary for sensitive response to inducer, and its requirement for GAL induction can be abrogated by high concentrations of galactose in strains expressing wild-type GAL2 and GAL3. Gal4p S699 phosphorylation occurs independently of Gal3p and is responsible for the long-term adaptation response observed in gal3 yeast. SRB10 and GAL3 are shown to represent parallel mechanisms for GAL gene induction. These results demonstrate that Gal4p activity is controlled by two independent signals: one that acts through Gal3p-galactose and a second that is mediated by the holoenzyme-associated cyclin-dependent kinase Srb10p. Since Srb10p is regulated independently of galactose, our results suggest a function for CDK8 in coordinating responses to specific inducers with the environment through the phosphorylation of gene-specific activators. (+info)A regulatory shortcut between the Snf1 protein kinase and RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. (5/122)
RNA polymerase II holoenzymes respond to activators and repressors that are regulated by signaling pathways. Here we present evidence for a "shortcut" mechanism in which the Snf1 protein kinase of the glucose signaling pathway directly regulates transcription by the yeast holoenzyme. In response to glucose limitation, the Snf1 kinase stimulates transcription by holoenzyme that has been artificially recruited to a reporter by a LexA fusion to a holoenzyme component. We show that Snf1 interacts physically with the Srb/mediator proteins of the holoenzyme in both two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation assays. We also show that a catalytically hyperactive Snf1, when bound to a promoter as a LexA fusion protein, activates transcription in a glucose-regulated manner; moreover, this activation depends on the integrity of the Srb/mediator complex. These results suggest that direct regulatory interactions between signal transduction pathways and RNA polymerase II holoenzyme provide a mechanism for transcriptional control in response to important signals. (+info)Genetic analysis of the role of Pol II holoenzyme components in repression by the Cyc8-Tup1 corepressor in yeast. (6/122)
The Cyc8-Tup1 corepressor complex is targeted to promoters by pathway-specific DNA-binding repressors, thereby inhibiting the transcription of specific classes of genes. Genetic screens have identified mutations in a variety of Pol II holoenzyme components (Srb8, Srb9, Srb10, Srb11, Sin4, Rgr1, Rox3, and Hrs1) and in the N-terminal tails of histones H3 and H4 that weaken repression by Cyc8-Tup1. Here, we analyze the effect of individual and multiple mutations in many of these components on transcriptional repression of natural promoters that are regulated by Cyc8-Tup1. In all cases tested, individual mutations have a very modest effect on SUC2 RNA levels and no detectable effect on levels of ANB1, MFA2, and RNR2. Furthermore, multiple mutations within the Srb components, between Srbs and Sin4, and between Srbs and histone tails affect Cyc8-Tup1 repression to the same modest extent as the individual mutations. These results argue that the weak effects of the various mutations on repression by Cyc8-Tup1 are not due to redundancy among components of the Pol II machinery, and they argue against a simple redundancy between the holoenzyme and chromatin pathways. In addition, phenotypic analysis indicates that, although Srbs8-11 are indistinguishable with respect to Cyc8-Tup1 repression, the individual Srbs are functionally distinct in other respects. Genetic interactions among srb mutations imply that a balance between the activities of Srb8 + Srb10 and Srb11 is important for normal cell growth. (+info)Roles of transcription factor Mot3 and chromatin in repression of the hypoxic gene ANB1 in yeast. (7/122)
The hypoxic genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are repressed by a complex consisting of the aerobically expressed, sequence-specific DNA-binding protein Rox1 and the Tup1-Ssn6 general repressors. The regulatory region of one well-studied hypoxic gene, ANB1, is comprised of two operators, OpA and OpB, each of which has two strong Rox1 binding sites, yet OpA represses transcription almost 10 times more effectively than OpB. We show here that this difference is due to the presence of a Mot3 binding site in OpA. Mutations in this site reduced OpA repression to OpB levels, and the addition of a Mot3 binding site to OpB enhanced repression. Deletion of the mot3 gene also resulted in reduced repression of ANB1. Repression of two other hypoxic genes in which Mot3 sites were associated with Rox1 sites was reduced in the deletion strain, but other hypoxic genes were unaffected. In addition, the mot3Delta mutation caused a partial derepression of the Mig1-Tup1-Ssn6-repressed SUC2 gene, but not the alpha2-Mcm1-Tup1-Ssn6-repressed STE2 gene. The Mot3 protein was demonstrated to bind to the ANB1 OpA in vitro. Competition experiments indicated that there was no interaction between Rox1 and Mot3, indicating that Mot3 functions either in Tup1-Ssn6 recruitment or directly in repression. A great deal of evidence has accumulated suggesting that the Tup1-Ssn6 complex represses transcription through both nucleosome positioning and a direct interaction with the basal transcriptional machinery. We demonstrate here that under repressed conditions a nucleosome is positioned over the TATA box in the wild-type ANB1 promoter. This nucleosome was absent in cells carrying a rox1, tup1, or mot3 deletion, all of which cause some degree of derepression. Interestingly, however, this positioned nucleosome was also lost in a cell carrying a deletion of the N-terminal coding region of histone H4, yet ANB1 expression remained fully repressed. A similar deletion in the gene for histone H3, which had no effect on repression, had only a minor effect on the positioned nucleosome. These results indicate that the nucleosome phasing on the ANB1 promoter caused by the Rox1-Mot3-Tup1-Ssn6 complex is either completely redundant with a chromatin-independent repression mechanism or, less likely, plays no role in repression at all. (+info)Characterization of CAF4 and CAF16 reveals a functional connection between the CCR4-NOT complex and a subset of SRB proteins of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. (8/122)
The CCR4-NOT transcriptional regulatory complex affects transcription both positively and negatively and consists of the following two complexes: a core 1 x 10(6) dalton (1 MDa) complex consisting of CCR4, CAF1, and the five NOT proteins and a larger, less defined 1.9-MDa complex. We report here the identification of two new factors that associate with the CCR4-NOT proteins as follows: CAF4, a WD40-containing protein, and CAF16, a putative ABC ATPase. Whereas neither CAF4 nor CAF16 was part of the core CCR4-NOT complex, both CAF16 and CAF4 appeared to be present in the 1.9-MDa complex. CAF4 also displayed physical interactions with multiple CCR4-NOT components and with DBF2, a likely component of the 1.9-MDa complex. In addition, both CAF4 and CAF16 were found to interact in a CCR4-dependent manner with SRB9, a component of the SRB complex that is part of the yeast RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. The three related SRB proteins, SRB9, SRB10, and SRB11, were found to interact with and to coimmunoprecipitate DBF2, CAF4, CCR4, NOT2, and NOT1. Defects in SRB9 and SRB10 also affected processes at the ADH2 locus known to be controlled by components of the CCR4-NOT complex; an srb9 mutation was shown to reduce ADH2 derepression and either an srb9 or srb10 allele suppressed spt10-enhanced expression of ADH2. In addition, srb9 and srb10 alleles increased ADR1(c)-dependent ADH2 expression; not4 and not5 deletions are the only other known defects that elicit this phenotype. These results suggest a close physical and functional association between components of the CCR4-NOT complexes and the SRB9, -10, and -11 components of the holoenzyme. (+info)There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:
1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.
2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.
3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.
4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.
5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.
Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.
Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.
It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.
Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.
Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.
In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.
It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.
See also: Cancer, Tumor
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1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.
Types of Neoplasms
There are many different types of neoplasms, including:
1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.
Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms
The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.
Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms
The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms
The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:
1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
Prevention of Neoplasms
While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:
1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.
It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.
There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:
1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:
1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.
Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.
The prognosis for mantle-cell lymphoma is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 40%. Treatment options include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and autologous stem-cell transplantation. The disease often recurs after initial therapy, and subsequent treatments may be less effective.
Mantle-cell lymphoma can be difficult to distinguish from other types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, such as follicular lymphoma or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and a correct diagnosis is important for determining appropriate treatment.
Slide: Mantle Cell Lymphoma (Image courtesy of Nephron/Wikimedia Commons)
1. Tumor size and location: Larger tumors that have spread to nearby tissues or organs are generally considered more invasive than smaller tumors that are confined to the original site.
2. Cellular growth patterns: The way in which cancer cells grow and divide can also contribute to the overall invasiveness of a neoplasm. For example, cells that grow in a disorganized or chaotic manner may be more likely to invade surrounding tissues.
3. Mitotic index: The mitotic index is a measure of how quickly the cancer cells are dividing. A higher mitotic index is generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.
4. Necrosis: Necrosis, or the death of cells, can be an indication of the level of invasiveness of a neoplasm. The presence of significant necrosis in a tumor is often a sign that the cancer has invaded surrounding tissues and organs.
5. Lymphovascular invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded lymphatic vessels or blood vessels are considered more invasive than those that have not.
6. Perineural invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded nerve fibers are also considered more invasive.
7. Histological grade: The histological grade of a neoplasm is a measure of how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope. Higher-grade cancers are generally considered more aggressive and invasive than lower-grade cancers.
8. Immunohistochemical markers: Certain immunohistochemical markers, such as Ki-67, can be used to evaluate the proliferative activity of cancer cells. Higher levels of these markers are generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.
Overall, the degree of neoplasm invasiveness is an important factor in determining the likelihood of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body (metastasizing) and in determining the appropriate treatment strategy for the patient.
There are several types of colonic neoplasms, including:
1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that are usually precursors to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the colon.
3. Sarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the colon.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can affect the colon.
Colonic neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits. They are often diagnosed through a combination of medical imaging tests (such as colonoscopy or CT scan) and biopsy. Treatment for colonic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.
Overall, colonic neoplasms are a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals to be aware of their risk factors and to undergo regular screening for colon cancer to help detect and treat any abnormal growths or tumors in the colon.
Malignant prostatic neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). The most common type of malignant prostatic neoplasm is adenocarcinoma of the prostate, which accounts for approximately 95% of all prostate cancers. Other types of malignant prostatic neoplasms include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas.
Prostatic neoplasms can be diagnosed through a variety of tests such as digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options for prostatic neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options can include active surveillance, surgery (robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy or open prostatectomy), radiation therapy (external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy), and hormone therapy.
In summary, Prostatic Neoplasms are tumors that occur in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The most common types of malignant prostatic neoplasms are adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and other types include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas. Diagnosis is done through a variety of tests, and treatment options depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health.
SCC typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on the skin, and may be pink, red, or scaly. The cancer cells are usually well-differentiated, meaning they resemble normal squamous cells, but they can grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues if left untreated.
SCC is more common in fair-skinned individuals and those who spend a lot of time in the sun, as UV radiation can damage the skin cells and increase the risk of cancer. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes or organs, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and effectively.
Treatment for SCC usually involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, and may also include radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes for patients with SCC.
Adenocarcinoma is a term used to describe a variety of different types of cancer that arise in glandular tissue, including:
1. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer of the colon or rectum)
2. Breast adenocarcinoma (cancer of the breast)
3. Prostate adenocarcinoma (cancer of the prostate gland)
4. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cancer of the pancreas)
5. Lung adenocarcinoma (cancer of the lung)
6. Thyroid adenocarcinoma (cancer of the thyroid gland)
7. Skin adenocarcinoma (cancer of the skin)
The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:
1. Blood in the stool or urine
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Changes in bowel habits
4. Unusual vaginal bleeding (in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma)
5. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Coughing up blood (in the case of lung adenocarcinoma)
The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
Treatment options for adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:
1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to kill cancer cells
3. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them
5. Immunotherapy, which involves using drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.
The prognosis for adenocarcinoma is generally good if the cancer is detected and treated early, but it can be more challenging to treat if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 8
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme
Sandra Quackenbush
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
Cyclin-dependent kinase
MED17
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1
Cyclin-dependent kinase 10
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6
Cyclin-dependent kinase 7
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5
Cyclin-dependent kinase 9
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C
Cyclin-dependent kinase complex
CRSP3
MED26
Cyclin dependent kinase like 1
MED24
MED16
MED6
Kinase
MED14
CCNC (gene)
Seliciclib
MED12
MED1
SMARCB1
Dinaciclib
DNA repair
G1 phase
HSPA1B
MiR-137
Cell cycle
Anthony Mahowald
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins
P16
7SK RNA
HSPA8
AP-1 transcription factor
CUTL1
Pre-replication complex
Mitogen
IFI27
Cyclin T2
Transcription factor II B
Mediator (coactivator)
Cdc14
CDK5R2
MECOM
Anticancer gene
Ubiquitin
Visceral leishmaniasis
Alvocidib
PRPF4B
SCF complex
G2-M DNA damage checkpoint
PTPRK
Tat (HIV)
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3 | Profiles RNS
Inhibitor10
- In the course of our investigations to discover new CDK8 inhibitors, we designed and synthesized tricyclic pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzoxazepin-5(6H)-one derivatives, by introduction of chemical complexity in the multi-kinase inhibitor Sorafenib taking into account the flexibility of the P-loop motif of CDK8 protein observed after analysis of structural information of co-crystallized CDK8 inhibitors. (nih.gov)
- 17. CR8, a potent and selective, roscovitine-derived inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. (nih.gov)
- 2007) The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Dacapo promotes replication licensing during Drosophila endocycles. (nih.gov)
- 107 received EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) monotherapy (T), 53 received EGFR-TKI + bevacizumab (T + A), and 36 received EGFR-TKI + bevacizumab + chemotherapy (T + A + C). The endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR) and adverse events (AEs). (bvsalud.org)
- Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor proteins. (lookformedical.com)
- It is an endogenous inhibitor of RAF KINASES and may play a role in regulating SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. (lookformedical.com)
- A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that coordinates the activation of CYCLIN and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES during the CELL CYCLE. (lookformedical.com)
- A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. (lookformedical.com)
- Because a variety of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) assist the effects of EZH2 and cyclin D1, the researchers wanted to see if targeting CDKs in ATRTs with the multi-CDK inhibitor TG02 could have therapeutic effects. (physiciansweekly.com)
- E2F-6: a novel member of the E2F family is an inhibitor of E2F-dependent transcription. (nih.gov)
Phosphorylation7
- 10. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for distinct cyclin-dependent kinase activities using phosphorylation-site-specific anti-pRB monoclonal antibodies. (nih.gov)
- Phosphorylation of the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 by Cyclin-dependent Kinase 5 affects Chemo-nociception. (nih.gov)
- Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. (lookformedical.com)
- Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) coordinate hundreds of molecular events during the cell cycle via Ser/Thr phosphorylation. (eu.org)
- Docking motifs control the timing of cell cycle events by enabling preferential interaction and phosphorylation of substrates by a specific cyclin/Cdk complex. (eu.org)
- Inhibition of DNA binding by the phosphorylation of poly ADP-ribose polymerase protein catalysed by protein kinase C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187 , 730-736. (nih.gov)
- Activation of the ATM kinase by ionizing radiation and phosphorylation of p53. (nih.gov)
Inhibitors of cyclin-depende6
- 14. Small molecules as inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases. (nih.gov)
- 3. Biaryl purine derivatives as potent antiproliferative agents: inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases. (nih.gov)
- 5. Heterobiaryl purine derivatives as potent antiproliferative agents: inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases. (nih.gov)
- 8. Roscovitine-derived, dual-specificity inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases and casein kinases 1. (nih.gov)
- 11. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases. (nih.gov)
- 12. 8-Azapurines as new inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases. (nih.gov)
Protein11
- 4. Cyclin-dependent kinase and protein kinase C inhibitors: a novel class of antineoplastic agents in clinical development. (nih.gov)
- It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. (harvard.edu)
- The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin family of proteins. (prosci-inc.com)
- The encoded protein interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase 8 and induces the phophorylation of the carboxy-terminal domain of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II. (prosci-inc.com)
- This gene encodes a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) family. (nih.gov)
- The STB identified the CDK8 amplification and Ras mutation as providing a rationale for clinical trials with CDK inhibitors or MEK (mitogen-activated or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase) and PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitors, respectively. (nih.gov)
- Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. (lookformedical.com)
- 8 Active and inactive Cyclin-dependent protein kinase structures. (pipoforex.com)
- Interaction between replication protein A and p53 is disrupted after UV damage in a DNA repair-dependent manner. (nih.gov)
- Ataxia telangiectasia mutant protein activates c-Abl tyrosine kinase in response to ionizing radiation. (nih.gov)
- Single-stranded-DNA binding alters human replication protein A structure and facilitates interaction with DNA-dependent protein kinase. (nih.gov)
CDK25
- 15. A convenient synthesis and molecular modeling study of novel purine and pyrimidine derivatives as CDK2/cyclin A3 inhibitors. (nih.gov)
- Growth arrest was attributed to inhibition of G1-phase cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) activity. (nih.gov)
- Human myt1 is a cell cycle-regulated kinase that inhibits cdc2 but not cdk2 activity. (nih.gov)
- In the present study, we show that BRMS1 is a novel substrate of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2) that is phosphorylated on serine 237 (S237). (edu.au)
- CDK2 limits the highly energetic secretory program of mature β cells by restricting PEP cycle-dependent K(ATP) channel closure. (nih.gov)
CDK83
- CDK8 is a cyclin-dependent kinase that forms part of the mediator complex, and modulates the transcriptional output from distinct transcription factors involved in oncogenic control. (nih.gov)
- The first patient had metastatic colorectal cancer in which we identified somatic point mutations in NRAS, TP53, AURKA, FAS, and MYH11, plus amplification and overexpression of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8). (nih.gov)
- Robin Weinmann has worked on the regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 and 19 (CDK8 / CDK19) activity in the mediator complex at the University of Bayreuth where he obtained his Master's degree. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Proteins4
- A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. (lookformedical.com)
- This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)
- A group of cell cycle proteins that negatively regulate the activity of CYCLIN/CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE complexes. (lookformedical.com)
- Cyclins use the conserved hydrophobic pocket (hp) to bind docking motifs on partner proteins. (eu.org)
20192
Mediates1
- Notch signaling mediates G1/S cell-cycle progression in T cells via cyclin D3 and its dependent kinases. (umassmed.edu)
Interacts1
- It interacts with active CYCLIN D complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 in proliferating cells, while in arrested cells it binds and inhibits CYCLIN E complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2. (lookformedical.com)
Mitotic cyclins1
- 2006) Bruno inhibits the expression of mitotic cyclins during the prophase I meiotic arrest of Drosophila oocytes. (nih.gov)
Progression4
- Previous studies in hepatocyte-derived cell lines and the whole liver established that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) can disrupt G1-phase cell cycle progression following exposure to persistent AhR agonists, such as TCDD (dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin). (nih.gov)
- With cell cycle progression, different cyclins bind to Cdks to control their function by providing docking sites for substrates and also by modulating Cdk active site specificity. (eu.org)
- The sequential attachment of different cyclins to Cdks represents the periodic driving force that ensures a controlled progression through the cell cycle. (eu.org)
- Cyclins Cln1-3 are triggers for G1 and G1/S, while among B-type cyclins Clb5 and Clb6 drive S phase, Clb3 and Clb4 are specific for early mitotic events, and Clb1 and Clb2 complete the progression to mitosis. (eu.org)
Synthesis6
- 16. 3-Acyl-2,6-diaminopyridines as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: synthesis and biological evaluation. (nih.gov)
- 1. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective and potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. (nih.gov)
- 2. Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of 2,6,9-trisubstituted purines targeting multiple cyclin-dependent kinases. (nih.gov)
- 6. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N9-cis-cyclobutylpurine derivatives for use as cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (nih.gov)
- 10. Synthesis and biological activities of 4-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole Pim kinase inhibitors. (nih.gov)
- Synthesis and Structure-Activity relationships of cyclin-dependent kinase 11 inhibitors based on a diaminothiazole scaffold. (harvard.edu)
Regulation2
Complexes2
Overexpression1
- Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms. (lookformedical.com)
Induces1
- Doxorubicin induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and atrophy through cyclin-dependent kinase 2-mediated activation of forkhead box O1. (harvard.edu)
Regulate1
- Cyclin-dependent kinases regulate the antiproliferative function of Smads. (nih.gov)
Mediator2
Specificity1
- The c-raf Kinases are MAP kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 1 and MAP KINASE KINASE 2. (lookformedical.com)
Cip12
- Assessment of the regenerative process in wild-type, p21(Cip1) knockout, and p27(Kip1) knockout mice confirmed that TCDD-induced inhibition of liver regeneration is entirely dependent on p21(Cip1) expression. (nih.gov)
- Analysis of the transcriptional response determined that increased p21(Cip1) expression during liver regeneration involved an AhR-dependent mechanism. (nih.gov)
Descriptor1
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ouhsc.edu)
20181
- Sci Rep. Jan 19;8(1):1177, 2018. (nih.gov)
Inhibition1
- 19. Specific inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases and cell proliferation by harmine. (nih.gov)
CDKs1
- Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are central regulatory enzymes of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (eu.org)
Homolog1
- Previously, cyclin D1 and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase linked in numerous malignancies, were identified as major drivers of tumorigenicity in ATRTs in genetic studies. (physiciansweekly.com)
Apoptosis1
- Additionally, quercetin limited aHSC proliferation by inducing a G1 arrest as evidenced by decreased expression of cyclin D1、D2、A、B1、E. Moreover quercetin and gallic acid induced aHSC apoptosis via Fas/Fas ligand-mediated extrinsic pathway. (ncl.edu.tw)
Substrates1
- Cyclins may use additional surfaces to dock substrates, as with the mammalian Cyclin D-specific ( DOC_CYCLIN_D_Helix_1 ) and the budding yeast Cln2-specific leucine- and proline-rich LP ( DOC_CYCLIN_yCln2_LP_2 ) motifs. (eu.org)
Transcriptional1
- A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators. (lookformedical.com)
Cancers1
- The requirement for cyclin E in c-Myc overexpressing breast cancers. (harvard.edu)
Transitions1
- Here a single Cdk, Cdk1, associates with different cyclins to mediate all major cell cycle transitions. (eu.org)
Activation1
- 2010) Activation state-dependent binding of small molecule kinase inhibitors: structural insights from biochemistry. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
Activity1
- FKBP39 controls nutrient dependent Nprl3 expression and TORC1 activity in Drosophila. (nih.gov)
Growth1
- NSun2 Promotes Cell Growth via Elevating Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1 Translation. (oajrc.org)
Chemical1
- 15. [Chemical inhibitors of cyclic-dependent kinases: preclinical and clinical study]. (nih.gov)
Discovery1
- 1. Recent advances and new directions in the discovery and development of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. (nih.gov)
Member1
- It is also called INK4 or INK4A because it is the prototype member of the INK4 CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITORS. (lookformedical.com)
Full1
- 17. Coming full circle: cyclin-dependent kinases as anti-cancer drug targets. (nih.gov)
Important1
- A ubiquitously expressed raf kinase subclass that plays an important role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. (lookformedical.com)