Cyclin dependent kinase 3. Medical search

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21.

Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.

A cyclin subtype that has specificity for CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2. It plays a role in progression of the CELL CYCLE through G1/S and G2/M phase transitions.

A 50-kDa protein that complexes with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2 in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle.

A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. They generally function as ENZYME ACTIVATORS that drive the CELL CYCLE through transitions between phases. A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a key regulator of G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It partners with CYCLIN D to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. CDK4 activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that coordinates the activation of CYCLIN and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES during the CELL CYCLE. It interacts with active CYCLIN D complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 in proliferating cells, while in arrested cells it binds and inhibits CYCLIN E complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2.

A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE; S CEREVISIAE; and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.

A serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; and CELL DEATH of NERVE CELLS. It is closely related to other CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES but does not seem to participate in CELL CYCLE regulation.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

A cyclin subtype that is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE. It stimulates the G2/M phase transition by activating CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE.

A cyclin subtype that binds to the CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 3 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 8. Cyclin C plays a dual role as a transcriptional regulator and a G1 phase CELL CYCLE regulator.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

A cyclin subtype that is specific for CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 6. Unlike most cyclins, cyclin D expression is not cyclical, but rather it is expressed in response to proliferative signals. Cyclin D may therefore play a role in cellular responses to mitogenic signals.

The period of the CELL CYCLE preceding DNA REPLICATION in S PHASE. Subphases of G1 include "competence" (to respond to growth factors), G1a (entry into G1), G1b (progression), and G1c (assembly). Progression through the G1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.

A product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (GENES, P16). It is also called INK4 or INK4A because it is the prototype member of the INK4 CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITORS. This protein is produced from the alpha mRNA transcript of the p16 gene. The other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced beta transcript, is TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF. Both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions.

A group of cell cycle proteins that negatively regulate the activity of CYCLIN/CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE complexes. They inhibit CELL CYCLE progression and help control CELL PROLIFERATION following GENOTOXIC STRESS as well as during CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A broadly expressed type D cyclin. Experiments using KNOCKOUT MICE suggest a role for cyclin D3 in LYMPHOCYTE development.

A cyclin B subtype that colocalizes with MICROTUBULES during INTERPHASE and is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE.

Product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. It is a nuclear phosphoprotein hypothesized to normally act as an inhibitor of cell proliferation. Rb protein is absent in retinoblastoma cell lines. It also has been shown to form complexes with the adenovirus E1A protein, the SV40 T antigen, and the human papilloma virus E7 protein.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 associates with CYCLIN D and phosphorylates RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN during G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It helps regulate the transition to S PHASE and its kinase activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P18.

A potent inhibitor of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES in G1 PHASE and S PHASE. In humans, aberrant expression of p57 is associated with various NEOPLASMS as well as with BECKWITH-WIEDEMANN SYNDROME.

Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.

Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicated. It is achieved by bidirectional replication at multiple sites along each chromosome.

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

A cyclin D subtype which is regulated by GATA4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. Experiments using KNOCKOUT MICE suggest a role for cyclin D2 in granulosa cell proliferation and gonadal development.

A cyclin A subtype primarily found in male GERM CELLS. It may play a role in the passage of SPERMATOCYTES into meiosis I.

High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

An E2F transcription factor that interacts directly with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and CYCLIN A and activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F1 is involved in DNA REPAIR and APOPTOSIS.

A widely-expressed cyclin A subtype that functions during the G1/S and G2/M transitions of the CELL CYCLE.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

A cyclin subtype that is found associated with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 5; cyclin G associated kinase, and PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

A cyclin G subtype that is constitutively expressed throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin G1 is considered a major transcriptional target of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and is highly induced in response to DNA damage.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

A transcription factor that possesses DNA-binding and E2F-binding domains but lacks a transcriptional activation domain. It is a binding partner for E2F TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and enhances the DNA binding and transactivation function of the DP-E2F complex.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

The period of the CELL CYCLE following DNA synthesis (S PHASE) and preceding M PHASE (cell division phase). The CHROMOSOMES are tetraploid in this point.

A family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that control expression of a variety of GENES involved in CELL CYCLE regulation. E2F transcription factors typically form heterodimeric complexes with TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DP1 or transcription factor DP2, and they have N-terminal DNA binding and dimerization domains. E2F transcription factors can act as mediators of transcriptional repression or transcriptional activation.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

A cyclin B subtype that colocalizes with GOLGI APPARATUS during INTERPHASE and is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A cyclin subtype that is found associated with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 9. Unlike traditional cyclins, which regulate the CELL CYCLE, type T cyclins appear to regulate transcription and are components of positive transcriptional elongation factor B.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that bind to and are activated by MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS such as RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS and CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN. They are intracellular signaling kinases that play a role the regulation of cytoskeletal organization.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A cyclin subtype that is found as a component of a heterotrimeric complex containing cyclin-dependent kinase 7 and CDK-activating kinase assembly factor. The complex plays a role in cellular proliferation by phosphorylating several CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASES at specific regulatory threonine sites.

An unusual cyclin subtype that is found highly expressed in terminally differentiated cells. Unlike conventional cyclins increased expression of cyclin G2 is believed to cause a withdrawal of cells from the CELL CYCLE.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

An abundant 43-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase subtype with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and the RETINOID X RECEPTORS. It takes part in a SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway that is activated in response to cellular stress.

A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.

A protein serine-threonine kinase that catalyzes the PHOSPHORYLATION of I KAPPA B PROTEINS. This enzyme also activates the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B and is composed of alpha and beta catalytic subunits, which are protein kinases and gamma, a regulatory subunit.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

An E2F transcription factor that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F4 recruits chromatin remodeling factors indirectly to target gene PROMOTER REGIONS through RETINOBLASTOMA LIKE PROTEIN P130 and RETINOBLASTOMA LIKE PROTEIN P107.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.

A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.

A cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELLULAR PROLIFERATION. Overexpression of this enzyme has been shown to promote PHOSPHORYLATION of BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and chemoresistance in human acute leukemia cells.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Cell regulatory signaling system that controls progression through S PHASE and stabilizes the replication forks during conditions that could affect the fidelity of DNA REPLICATION, such as DNA DAMAGE or depletion of nucleotide pools.

A ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular SIGNAL PATHWAYS. Its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Proteins coded by oncogenes. They include proteins resulting from the fusion of an oncogene and another gene (ONCOGENE PROTEINS, FUSION).

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

A cyclin subtype that is found abundantly in post-mitotic tissues. In contrast to the classical cyclins, its level does not fluctuate during the cell cycle.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

An enzyme of the transferase class that uses ATP to catalyze the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to a phosphatidate. EC 2.7.1.107.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

A ubiquitously expressed regulatory protein that contains a retinoblastoma protein binding domain and an AT-rich interactive domain. The protein may play a role in recruiting HISTONE DEACETYLASES to the site of RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN-containing transcriptional repressor complexes.

A non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is localized to FOCAL ADHESIONS and is a central component of integrin-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. Focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with PAXILLIN and undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. Phosphorylated p125FAK protein binds to a variety of SH2 DOMAIN and SH3 DOMAIN containing proteins and helps regulate CELL ADHESION and CELL MIGRATION.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and ADP, and requires calcium and CALMODULIN. The 20-kDa light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. The enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are structurally distinguished from RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 70-KDA by their apparent molecular size and the fact they contain two functional kinase domains. Although considered RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, members of this family are activated via the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM and have been shown to act on a diverse array of substrates that are involved in cellular regulation such as RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 and CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A 44 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

A 195-kDa MAP kinase kinase kinase with broad specificity for MAP KINASE KINASES. It is found localized in the CYTOSKELETON and can activate a variety of MAP kinase-dependent pathways.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-1 genes, associated with various neoplasms when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(11;14) translocation, which is characteristic of mantle zone-derived B-cell lymphomas. The human c-bcl-1 gene is located at 11q13 on the long arm of chromosome 11.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

PKC beta encodes two proteins (PKCB1 and PKCBII) generated by alternative splicing of C-terminal exons. It is widely distributed with wide-ranging roles in processes such as B-cell receptor regulation, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation, insulin signaling, and endothelial cell proliferation.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A group of cyclic GMP-dependent enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues of proteins.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 9 in the region 9p21. This gene is either deleted or mutated in a wide range of malignancies. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995) Two alternatively spliced gene products are encoded by p16: CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16 and TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF.

A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is activated by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 43 and 48 KD exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from 3-phospho-D-glycerate in the presence of ATP to yield 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate and ADP. EC 2.7.2.3.

A casein kinase that was originally described as a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 30-40 kDa. Several ISOENZYMES of casein kinase I have been found which are encoded by separate genes. Many of the casein kinase I isoenzymes have been shown to play distinctive roles in intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

A protein kinase encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC28 gene and required for progression from the G1 PHASE to the S PHASE in the CELL CYCLE.

A premature-termination mutation in the Mus musculus cyclin-dependent kinase 3 gene. (1/18)

Our understanding of the mammalian cell cycle is due in large part to the analysis of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2 and CDK4/6. These kinases are regulated by E and D type cyclins, respectively, and coordinate the G(1)/S-phase transition. In contrast, little is known about CDK3, a homolog of CDK2 and cell division cycle kinase 2 (CDC2). Previous studies using ectopic expression of human CDK3 suggest a role for this kinase in the G(1)/S-phase transition, but analysis of the endogenous kinase has been stymied by the low levels of protein present in cells and by the absence of an identifiable cyclin partner. Herein we report the presence of a single point mutation in the CDK3 gene from several Mus musculus strains commonly used in the laboratory. This mutation results in the replacement of a conserved tryptophan (Trp-187) within kinase consensus domain IX with a stop codon. The protein predicted to be encoded by this allele is truncated near the T loop, which is involved in activation by CDK-activating kinase. This mutation also deletes motif XI known to be required for kinase function and is, therefore, expected to generate a null allele. In stark contrast, CDK3 from two wild-mice species (Mus spretus and Mus mus castaneus) lack this mutation. These data indicate that CDK3 is not required for M. musculus development and suggest that any functional role played by CDK3 in the G(1)/S-phase transition is likely to be redundant with another CDK. (+info)

ik3-1/Cables is a substrate for cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk 3). (2/18)

p70ik3-1 (a 70-kDa protein) contains a cyclin box, and binds to p35cdk3 in vivo and in vitro [Matsuoka, M., Matsuura, Y., Semba, K. & Nishimoto, I. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273, 442-447]. In spite of its structural similarity to cyclins, p70ik3-1 does not activate cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk3)-mediated phosphorylation of pRb, histone H1, or the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Here, we report that Ser274 of p70ik3-1 is phosphorylated by cdk2 or cdk3 bound to cyclin A and to cyclin E in vitro. We also found that in COS7 cells in which cyclin E and cdk3 were ectopically overexpressed, the phosphorylation level of Ser274 in coexpressed p70ik3-1 is upregulated. We therefore conclude that p70ik3-1 is a substrate for cdk3-mediated phosphorylation. (+info)

ik3-2, a relative to ik3-1/cables, is associated with cdk3, cdk5, and c-abl. (3/18)

A cDNA coding for ik3-2 (designated as ik3-2 from an interactor-2 with cdk3) was cloned by cross-hybridization with ik3-1 and RT-PCR. Analysis of amino acid sequence indicated that ik3-2 has the C-terminal cyclin-box-like region highly homologous to that of ik3-1 (identity in amino acids: 78%). On the other hand, the remainder of ik3-2 gene is not so similar to that of ik3-1. There are several regions other than the C-terminal cyclin-box-like region that are conserved between ik3-1 and ik3-2. In vivo binding assay indicated that like ik3-1, ik3-2 binds to cdk3, cdk5, and c-abl, although ik3-2 binds to cdk3 weakly as compared with ik3-1. The C-terminal cyclin-box-like region of ik3-2 (123 amino acids) is able to be associated with cdk5. Accordingly, ik3-2 is very similar to ik3-1 concerning its molecular interaction with other molecules, suggesting that ik3-2 function in the same biological field as ik3-1. Northern blot analysis indicated that ik3-2 is expressed ubiquitously all over tissues. (+info)

Cyclin C/cdk3 promotes Rb-dependent G0 exit. (4/18)

G0 is a physiological state occupied by resting or terminally differentiated cells that have exited the cell cycle. In contrast to the well-characterized cyclin/cdk-mediated inactivation of pRb that controls the G1/S transition, little is known about regulation of the G0/G1 transition. However, pRb is likely to participate in this process because its acute somatic inactivation is sufficient for G0-arrested cells to re-enter the cell cycle. One physiological regulator of this event may be cyclin C because its highest mRNA levels occur during G0 exit. Here we show that a non-cdk8-associated cellular pool of cyclin C combines with cdk3 to stimulate pRb phosphorylation at S807/811 during the G0/G1 transition, and that this phosphorylation is required for cells to exit G0 efficiently. Thus, G1 entry is regulated in an analogous fashion to S phase entry, but involves a distinct cyclin/cdk combination. (+info)

Cyclin C makes an entry into the cell cycle. (5/18)

From yeast to humans, cell cycle progression is orchestrated by the oscillation of kinase activities associated with cyclins. In an article published recently in Cell, Ren and Rollins investigate mechanisms controlling the G0/G1 transition in quiescent cells and identify new cyclin C/Cdk3 complexes as key regulators of cell cycle reentry in human cells. (+info)

Absolute quantification of multisite phosphorylation by selective reaction monitoring mass spectrometry: determination of inhibitory phosphorylation status of cyclin-dependent kinases. (6/18)

Multisite phosphorylation is an important mechanism for achieving intricate regulation of protein function. Here we extended the absolute quantification of abundance (AQUA) methodology and validated its applicability to quantitatively study multisite phosphorylation. As a test case, we chose the conserved inhibitory site of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), Cdk1, Cdk2, and Cdk3, which are important regulators of cell cycle transitions and apoptosis. Inhibitory phosphorylation at Thr(14) and Tyr(15) of the CDKs is modulated by complex regulatory mechanisms involving multiple kinases and phosphatases. Yet the resulting quantitative dynamics among the four possible phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated versions of CDKs (T14p-Y15p, T14p-Y15, T14-Y15p, and T14-Y15) has not been investigated to date. Hence we used the heavy isotope-labeled tryptic peptides spanning the inhibitory site as internal standards and quantified all four versions by LC-selected reaction monitoring. Quantification of the phosphorylation status of the inhibitory site in the cell extracts provided novel quantitative insights. 1) The transition to mitotic phase was dominated by the conversion of "T14p-Y15p" to the "T14-Y15" form, whereas the two monophosphorylated forms were considerably lower in abundance. 2) The amount of all four forms decreased during the progression of apoptosis but with differing kinetics. Analysis of immunoprecipitated Cdk1 and Cdk2 revealed that the inhibitory site phosphorylation state of both kinases at different stages of the cell cycle followed the same trend. Quantitative immunoblotting using antibodies to Cdk1 and Cdk2 and to the T14-Y15p form suggested that quantification by AQUA was reliable and accurate. These results highlight the utility of internal standard peptides to achieve accurate quantification of multisite phosphorylation status. (+info)

Cyclin-dependent kinase 3-mediated activating transcription factor 1 phosphorylation enhances cell transformation. (7/18)

(+info)

Cyclin C and cyclin dependent kinases 1, 2 and 3 in thrombin-induced neuronal cell cycle progression and apoptosis. (8/18)

(+info)

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.

Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.

It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.

See also: Cancer, Tumor

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1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

The prognosis for mantle-cell lymphoma is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 40%. Treatment options include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and autologous stem-cell transplantation. The disease often recurs after initial therapy, and subsequent treatments may be less effective.

Mantle-cell lymphoma can be difficult to distinguish from other types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, such as follicular lymphoma or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and a correct diagnosis is important for determining appropriate treatment.

Slide: Mantle Cell Lymphoma (Image courtesy of Nephron/Wikimedia Commons)

1. Tumor size and location: Larger tumors that have spread to nearby tissues or organs are generally considered more invasive than smaller tumors that are confined to the original site.
2. Cellular growth patterns: The way in which cancer cells grow and divide can also contribute to the overall invasiveness of a neoplasm. For example, cells that grow in a disorganized or chaotic manner may be more likely to invade surrounding tissues.
3. Mitotic index: The mitotic index is a measure of how quickly the cancer cells are dividing. A higher mitotic index is generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.
4. Necrosis: Necrosis, or the death of cells, can be an indication of the level of invasiveness of a neoplasm. The presence of significant necrosis in a tumor is often a sign that the cancer has invaded surrounding tissues and organs.
5. Lymphovascular invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded lymphatic vessels or blood vessels are considered more invasive than those that have not.
6. Perineural invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded nerve fibers are also considered more invasive.
7. Histological grade: The histological grade of a neoplasm is a measure of how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope. Higher-grade cancers are generally considered more aggressive and invasive than lower-grade cancers.
8. Immunohistochemical markers: Certain immunohistochemical markers, such as Ki-67, can be used to evaluate the proliferative activity of cancer cells. Higher levels of these markers are generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.

Overall, the degree of neoplasm invasiveness is an important factor in determining the likelihood of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body (metastasizing) and in determining the appropriate treatment strategy for the patient.

There are several types of colonic neoplasms, including:

1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that are usually precursors to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the colon.
3. Sarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the colon.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can affect the colon.

Colonic neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits. They are often diagnosed through a combination of medical imaging tests (such as colonoscopy or CT scan) and biopsy. Treatment for colonic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Overall, colonic neoplasms are a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals to be aware of their risk factors and to undergo regular screening for colon cancer to help detect and treat any abnormal growths or tumors in the colon.

Malignant prostatic neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). The most common type of malignant prostatic neoplasm is adenocarcinoma of the prostate, which accounts for approximately 95% of all prostate cancers. Other types of malignant prostatic neoplasms include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas.

Prostatic neoplasms can be diagnosed through a variety of tests such as digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options for prostatic neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options can include active surveillance, surgery (robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy or open prostatectomy), radiation therapy (external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy), and hormone therapy.

In summary, Prostatic Neoplasms are tumors that occur in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The most common types of malignant prostatic neoplasms are adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and other types include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas. Diagnosis is done through a variety of tests, and treatment options depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health.

SCC typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on the skin, and may be pink, red, or scaly. The cancer cells are usually well-differentiated, meaning they resemble normal squamous cells, but they can grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues if left untreated.

SCC is more common in fair-skinned individuals and those who spend a lot of time in the sun, as UV radiation can damage the skin cells and increase the risk of cancer. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes or organs, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and effectively.

Treatment for SCC usually involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, and may also include radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes for patients with SCC.

Adenocarcinoma is a term used to describe a variety of different types of cancer that arise in glandular tissue, including:

1. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer of the colon or rectum)
2. Breast adenocarcinoma (cancer of the breast)
3. Prostate adenocarcinoma (cancer of the prostate gland)
4. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cancer of the pancreas)
5. Lung adenocarcinoma (cancer of the lung)
6. Thyroid adenocarcinoma (cancer of the thyroid gland)
7. Skin adenocarcinoma (cancer of the skin)

The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Blood in the stool or urine
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Changes in bowel habits
4. Unusual vaginal bleeding (in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma)
5. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Coughing up blood (in the case of lung adenocarcinoma)

The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to kill cancer cells
3. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them
5. Immunotherapy, which involves using drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

The prognosis for adenocarcinoma is generally good if the cancer is detected and treated early, but it can be more challenging to treat if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

"Entrez Gene: CDK3 cyclin-dependent kinase 3". Bullrich F, MacLachlan TK, Sang N, et al. (1995). "Chromosomal mapping of members ... 2002). "ik3-1/Cables is a substrate for cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk 3)". Eur. J. Biochem. 268 (23): 6076-82. doi:10.1046/j. ... Meikrantz W, Schlegel R (1996). "Suppression of apoptosis by dominant negative mutants of cyclin-dependent protein kinases". J ... Ren S, Rollins BJ (2004). "Cyclin C/cdk3 promotes Rb-dependent G0 exit". Cell. 117 (2): 239-51. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00300 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_3

Cyclin D1, Cyclin D3, P16, PPM1B, and PPP2CA. Cell cycle Cyclin-dependent kinase Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 Mitosis The ... 2003). "Expression of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6, but Not Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4, Alters Morphology of Cultured Mouse ... "Both p16 and p21 families of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors block the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases by ... It is regulated by cyclins, more specifically by Cyclin D proteins and Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins. The protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_6

... "ik3-1/Cables is a substrate for cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk 3)". European Journal of Biochemistry. 268 (23): 6076-82. doi: ... "Specific regulation of E2F family members by cyclin-dependent kinases". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (7): 3867-75. doi: ... He Y, Cress WD (Jun 2002). "E2F-3B is a physiological target of cyclin A". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (26): 23493 ... This protein and another 2 members, E2F1 and E2F2, have an additional cyclin binding domain. This protein binds specifically to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E2F3

... "ik3-1/Cables is a substrate for cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk 3)". Eur. J. Biochem. 268 (23): 6076-82. doi:10.1046/j.0014- ... This protein and another 2 members, E2F1 and E2F3, have an additional cyclin binding domain. This protein binds specifically to ... Denis GV, Vaziri C, Guo N, Faller DV (2001). "RING3 kinase transactivates promoters of cell cycle regulatory genes through E2F ... Denis GV, Vaziri C, Guo N, Faller DV (August 2000). "RING3 kinase transactivates promoters of cell cycle regulatory genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E2F2

It was identified as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, and has been shown to interact with, and dephosphorylate CDK2 kinase ... 2005). "Binding of HTm4 to cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)-associated phosphatase (KAP).Cdk2.cyclin A complex enhances the ... "Dephosphorylation of Cdk2 Thr160 by the cyclin-dependent kinase-interacting phosphatase KAP in the absence of cyclin". Science ... Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDKN3 gene. The protein encoded by this gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDKN3

... has been shown to interact with: BRCA1, CDK2AP1, CDKN1B CDKN3, CEBPA, Cyclin A1, Cyclin E1, Flap ... CDK2 cyclin-dependent kinase 2". Echalier A, Endicott JA, Noble ME (March 2010). "Recent developments in cyclin-dependent ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, or Cdk2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of Ser/Thr protein kinases. This protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_2

"Entrez Gene: CDK4 cyclin-dependent kinase 4". "CDK4 - Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 - Homo sapiens (Human) - CDK4 gene & protein". ... 1995). "Identification of human cyclin-dependent kinase 8, a putative protein kinase partner for cyclin C". Proc. Natl. Acad. ... "The nuclear protein p34SEI-1 regulates the kinase activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 in a concentration-dependent manner". ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 also known as cell division protein kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK4 gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_4

CDK6; cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin D3 CDK7; cyclin H CDK8; cyclin C CDK9; cyclin T1, cyclin T2a, cyclin T2b, cyclin K CDK10 ... cyclin A, cyclin B CDK2; cyclin A, cyclin E CDK3; cyclin C CDK4; cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin D3 CDK5; CDK5R1, CDK5R2. See also ... A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) is a protein that interacts with a cyclin-CDK complex to block kinase activity, ... Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the families of protein kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase

"Molecular cloning of a cyclin-like protein associated with cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk 3) in vivo". Biochem. Biophys. Res. ... CABLES1 is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-binding protein that plays a role in proliferation and/or cell differentiation ( ... 2002). "ik3-1/Cables is a substrate for cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk 3)". Eur. J. Biochem. 268 (23): 6076-82. doi:10.1046/j. ... 2004). "Loss of cables, a cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory protein, is associated with the development of endometrial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CABLES1

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIR3DL1

... like other cyclin-dependent kinases, contains a T-loop, which, in the absence of an interacting cyclin, prevents substrate ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that ... De Bondt HL, Rosenblatt J, Jancarik J, Jones HD, Morgan DO, Kim SH (June 1993). "Crystal structure of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 ... Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P06493 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 1) at the PDBe-KB ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_1

"Entrez Gene: CDK10 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDC2-like) 10". Kasten M, Giordano A (Apr 2001). "Cdk10, a Cdc2-related kinase, ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 10 has been shown to interact with ETS2. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000185324 - Ensembl, May ... This kinase has been shown to play a role in cellular proliferation. Its function is limited to cell cycle G2-M phase. At least ... Cell division protein kinase 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK10 gene. The protein encoded by this gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_10

... ; CDK5". omim.org. Retrieved 2020-11-02. Tsai, Li-Huei. Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5 (Cdk5). Bibb JA ( ... membrane-associated neuronal kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase 5/p35-regulated kinase". The Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (12): ... The molecule belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase family. Kinases are enzymes that catalyze reactions of phosphorylation. ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is a protein, and more specifically an enzyme, that is encoded by the Cdk5 gene. It was discovered 15 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_5

... or CDK9 is a cyclin-dependent kinase associated with P-TEFb. The protein encoded by this gene is a ... Cyclin-Dependent+Kinase+9 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Drosophila Cyclin dependent ... "Entrez Gene: CDK9 cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDC2-related kinase)". MacLachlan TK, Sang N, De Luca A, Puri PL, Levrero M, ... Singh R, Bhardwaj VK, Das P, Purohit R (November 2019). "Natural analogues inhibiting selective cyclin-dependent kinase protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_9

"Identification of human cyclin-dependent kinase 8, a putative protein kinase partner for cyclin C". Proceedings of the National ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) family. CDK8 and cyclin C associate ... "Entrez Gene: CDK8 cyclin-dependent kinase 8". Nemet J, Jelicic B, Rubelj I, Sopta M (Feb 2014). "The two faces of Cdk8, a ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 has been shown to interact with: CCNC CREB binding protein CRSP3 MED1 MED12 MED14 MED16 MED17 MED21 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_8

... is a tight-binding inhibitor of several G1 cyclin/Cdk complexes and a negative regulator ... Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (p57, Kip2), also known as CDKN1C, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CDKN1C ... "Entrez Gene: CDKN1C cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (p57, Kip2)". Matsuoka S, Edwards MC, Bai C, Parker S, Zhang P, ... Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C has been shown to interact with: LIMK1, MYBL2, MyoD, and PCNA. ENSG00000129757 GRCh38: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_inhibitor_1C

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein is a protein which inhibits the enzyme cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). Several ... "Crystal structure of the p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor bound to the cyclin A-Cdk2 complex". Nature. 382 (6589): 325 ... Seven cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins have thus far been identified. They are named by the small letter "p" followed ... Cyclin-Dependent+Kinase+Inhibitor+Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_inhibitor_protein

... cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), with a regulatory subunit, cyclin. Once cyclin-dependent kinases bind to cyclin, the formed ... Cyclin Cyclin-dependent kinase Malumbres M, Barbacid M. Mammalian cyclin-dependent kinases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2005 Nov;30(11 ... Yu DS, Zhao R, Hsu EL, Cayer J, Ye F, Guo Y, Shyr Y, Cortez D. Cyclin-dependent kinase 9-cyclin K functions in the replication ... A cyclin-dependent kinase complex (CDKC, cyclin-CDK) is a protein complex formed by the association of an inactive catalytic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_complex

It was determined that he RV-cyclin bound to cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) and increased its activity. The genes IEGs are ... Birkenheuer, C; Brewster, C; Quackenbush, S; Rovnak, J (2015). "Retroviral Cyclin Controls Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8-Mediated ... "The retroviral cyclin of walleye dermal sarcoma virus binds cyclin-dependent kinases 3 and 8". Virology. 409 (2): 299-307. doi: ... The retroviral cyclin of walleye dermal sarcoma virus binds cylin-dependent kinases 3 and 8. Transgenic expression of walleye ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Quackenbush

"The p34cdc2-related cyclin-dependent kinase 11 interacts with the p47 subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 during ... "The C-terminal kinase domain of the p34cdc2-related PITSLRE protein kinase (p110C) associates with p21-activated kinase 1 and ... Dickinson LA, Edgar AJ, Ehley J, Gottesfeld JM (July 2002). "Cyclin L is an RS domain protein involved in pre-mRNA splicing". ... Bunnell BA, Heath LS, Adams DE, Lahti JM, Kidd VJ (October 1990). "Increased expression of a 58-kDa protein kinase leads to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC2L2

Shi J, Feng Y, Goulet AC, Vaillancourt RR, Sachs NA, Hershey JW, Nelson MA (2003). "The p34cdc2-related cyclin-dependent kinase ... Sheffler DJ, Kroeze WK, Garcia BG, Deutch AY, Hufeisen SJ, Leahy P, Brüning JC, Roth BL (2006). "p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 ... "mTOR-dependent stimulation of the association of eIF4G and eIF3 by insulin". EMBO J. 25 (8): 1659-68. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj. ... 94 (1-3): 203-8. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.01.007. PMID 15862967. S2CID 9746088. Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, Haenig C, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF3F

Xu W, Ji JY (2011). "Dysregulation of CDK8 and Cyclin C in tumorigenesis". J Genet Genomics. 38 (10): 439-52. doi:10.1016/j.jgg ... Mediator can be divided into 4 main parts: The head, middle, tail, and the transiently associated CDK8 kinase module. Mediator ... Grueter CE (2013). "Mediator complex dependent regulation of cardiac development and disease". Genomics Proteomics ... Clark AD, Oldenbroek M, Boyer TG (2015). "Mediator kinase module and human tumorigenesis". Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 50 (5): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediator_(coactivator)

... a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, exerts its effects by transcriptional inhibition in leukemia cell lines and patient ... an inhibitor of the cyclin dependent kinase CDK9, and 3) Study how the DNA intercalating agent psoralen interacts with genomic ... be attributed to the weaker signal obtained for bio-AT7519 or because AT7519 can bind and inhibit other cyclin-dependent kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chem-seq

... binds to the cyclin-dependent kinase, cdc2". Blood. 90 (3): 1047-54. doi:10.1182/blood.V90.3.1047. PMID 9242535. McMahon LW, ... binds to the cyclin-dependent kinase, cdc2". Blood. 90 (3): 1047-54. doi:10.1182/blood.V90.3.1047. PMID 9242535. Suzuki Y, ... "The anti-apoptotic function of Hsp70 in the interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase-mediated death ... 7 (3): 264-5. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1996)7:3. 3.0.CO;2-0. PMID 8829660. S2CID 27932876. Gibson RA, Morgan NV, Goldstein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanconi_anemia,_complementation_group_C

Dutta discovered how the cell cycle factor p21 interacts with and inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases and PCNA, identifying the ... Takeda, DY; Wohlschlegel, JA; Dutta, A (19 January 2001). "A bipartite substrate recognition motif for cyclin-dependent kinases ... Vaziri, C; Saxena, S; Jeon, Y; Lee, C; Murata, K; Machida, Y; Wagle, N; Hwang, DS; Dutta, A (April 2003). "A p53-dependent ... Chen, J; Saha, P; Kornbluth, S; Dynlacht, BD; Dutta, A (September 1996). "Cyclin-binding motifs are essential for the function ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anindya_Dutta

"Neuron-specific phosphorylation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein by cyclin-dependent kinase 5". Journal of ... "In vitro phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of the amyloid precursor protein by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta". Journal ... 14 (3): 365-377. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.018. ISSN 1932-7420. PMID 21907142. He X, Chang WP, Koelsch G, Tang J (Jul 2002). " ... 1501 (2-3): 125-37. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(00)00014-4. PMID 10838186. Farzan M, Schnitzler CE, Vasilieva N, Leung D, Choe H ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-secretase_2

"Successful treatment of animal models of rheumatoid arthritis with small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors". J. ... Alvocidib (INN; also known as flavopiridol) is a flavonoid alkaloid CDK9 kinase inhibitor under clinical development by Tolero ... Protein kinase inhibitors, Orphan drugs, All stub articles, Antineoplastic and immunomodulating drug stubs). ... 3 (1): 91-98. "FDA grants orphan drug status to Alvocidib for AML". v t e (Articles without InChI source, Articles with changed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvocidib

"Successful treatment of animal models of rheumatoid arthritis with small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors". J. ... Alvocidib is a synthetic analog of rohitukine that acts as a CDK9 kinase inhibitor and is under clinical development for the ... 3 (2): 91-98.[unreliable source?] Zhang, Si; Tao, Shu-Hong; Qi, Shu-Hua; Xiao, Zhi-Hui; Li, Qing-Xin (2009). "Scyphiphorins C ... 180 (3): 1954-61. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1954. PMID 18209094. Ruef J, Meshel AS, Hu Z, Horaist C, Ballinger CA, Thompson LJ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schumanniophyton_problematicum

In eukaryotes, cyclin-dependent protein kinases interact with cyclins to regulate cell cycle progression, and are required for ... the cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit family is a family of proteins consisting of the regulatory subunits of cyclin- ... Six kinase units can be modelled to bind the hexameric structure, which may thus act as a hub for cyclin-dependent protein ... The proteins bind to a regulatory subunit, cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit (CKS), which is essential for their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_regulatory_subunit_family

... cyclin-dependent) promotes telomeric resection. This control is exerted by cyclin-dependent kinases, which phosphorylate parts ... Cyclin-dependent protein kinase such as cdk1 serve as a positive regulator of the HR pathway. This positive regulator promotes ... Any activity associated with the presence of cyclin dependent protein kinases inhibit the NHEJ pathway The presence of a ssDNA ... Cyclin-dependent protein kinase such as cdk1 in yeast serves as a negative regulator of the NHEJ pathway. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_end_resection

Zhu D, Dix DJ, Eddy EM (August 1997). "HSP70-2 is required for CDC2 kinase activity in meiosis I of mouse spermatocytes". ... as CDC2 in unable to form the required heterodimer with cyclin B1 for the meiotic cell cycle to progress beyond S phase. ... and caspase-dependent ATF5 degradation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (23): 19599 ... where it is necessary for the formation of the complex between CDC2 and cyclin B1. It later becomes incorporated into the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA1B

... has also been shown to directly inhibits CDK6 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 6) expression and decreases the level of ... Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2), TSSK6 (Testis-Specific Serine Kinase 6), NT5DC2 (Cytosolic 5'- ... It was observed that miR-137 expression is lost in Ras-dependent pancreatic cancer, and that restoration of its expression ... Serine/threonine-protein kinase D3). Neault et al. recently identified miR-137 as a senescence effector miRNA induced by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-137

Two key classes of regulatory molecules, cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), determine a cell's progress through the ... cyclin A, DNA polymerase, thymidine kinase, etc. Cyclin E thus produced binds to CDK2, forming the cyclin E-CDK2 complex, which ... Nigg EA (June 1995). "Cyclin-dependent protein kinases: key regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle". BioEssays. 17 (6): 471-80 ... October 2003). "Targets of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1". Nature. 425 (6960): 859-64. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..859U. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

... but their genetic information cannot be organized and separated into chromosomes due to inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase ... 15 (3): 197-210. doi:10.1038/nrm3756. PMID 24556841. S2CID 641731. Schoenfelder KP, Montague RA, Paramore SV, Lennox AL, ... 151 (3): 201-215. doi:10.1002/jez.1401510302. ISSN 0022-104X. Perrimon N, Engstrom L, Mahowald AP (September 1985). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mahowald

15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 forms an adduct with the IKK-β subunit of IκB kinase thereby inhibiting the kinases activity thereby ... DP2 and DP1 are G protein-coupled receptors, with the DP2 receptor coupled to Gi alpha subunit-dependent depression of cellular ... Cyclin D1, Cdk4, and Insulin-like growth factor 1; and e) regulating agents such as HSP70, GPR78, Gadd153, Ubiquitin B, and ... It (they) regulates signaling by: a) inhibiting the STAT3-Janus kinase pathway to block cellular pro-inflammatory responses; b ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins

"The nuclear protein p34SEI-1 regulates the kinase activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 in a concentration-dependent manner". ... p21 p53 Cyclin-dependent kinase Cyclin D GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000147889 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl ... "Entrez Gene: CDKN2A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (melanoma, p16, inhibits CDK4)". Nobori T, Miura K, Wu DJ, Lois A, ... p16 is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). It slows down the cell cycle by prohibiting progression from G1 phase to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P16

7SK associates with and inhibits the cyclin dependent kinase activity of P-TEFb through the action of the RNA binding proteins ... Yik JH, Chen R, Nishimura R, Jennings JL, Link AJ, Zhou Q (October 2003). "Inhibition of P-TEFb (CDK9/Cyclin T) kinase and RNA ... Yang Z, Zhu Q, Luo K, Zhou Q (November 2001). "The 7SK small nuclear RNA inhibits the CDK9/cyclin T1 kinase to control ... July 2003). "MAQ1 and 7SK RNA interact with CDK9/cyclin T complexes in a transcription-dependent manner". Molecular and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7SK_RNA

"Hsc70 regulates accumulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin D1-dependent protein kinase". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (5): 1764 ... For example, Hsc70 regulates the nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1, which is a key player in G1 to S phase cell cycle ... Hsp70 member proteins, including Hsp72, inhibit apoptosis by acting on the caspase-dependent pathway and against apoptosis- ... 3 (9): 839-43. doi:10.1038/ncb0901-839. PMID 11533664. S2CID 21164493. Zhang B, Rong R, Li H, Peng X, Xiong L, Wang Y, Yu X, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA8

Hennigan RF, Stambrook PJ (August 2001). "Dominant negative c-jun inhibits activation of the cyclin D1 and cyclin E kinase ... AP-1 functions are heavily dependent on the specific Fos and Jun subunits contributing to AP-1 dimers. The outcome of AP-1 ... Navas TA, Baldwin DT, Stewart TA (November 1999). "RIP2 is a Raf1-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase". The ... Manicassamy S, Gupta S, Huang Z, Sun Z (June 2006). "Protein kinase C-theta-mediated signals enhance CD4+ T cell survival by up ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP-1_transcription_factor

... cyclin - cyclin A - cyclin B - cyclin E - cyclin-dependent kinase - cycloleucine - cyclosporin - cyclosporine - cystatin - ... ribosomal protein S6 kinase - ribosome - RNA - RNA virus - RNA-binding protein - RNA-directed DNA polymerase - rod outer ... CDC28 protein kinase - cell - cell adhesion molecule - cell biology - cell cycle protein - cell membrane - cell membrane ... kinase - kinesin - kinetic energy - kinetic exclusion assay - kinetics - knock-out mouse - Krebs cycle lactalbumin - lactic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Cux transcription factor by cyclin A-Cdk1 modulates its DNA binding activity in G(2)". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (49): 45780-90. doi: ... attachment region upstream of the T cell receptor beta gene enhancer binds Cux/CDP and SATB1 and modulates enhancer-dependent ... 15 (3): 695-6. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1130. PMID 8468066. Glöckner G, Scherer S, Schattevoy R, Boright A, Weber J, Tsui LC, ... 196 (3): 541-56. doi:10.1002/jcp.10335. PMID 12891711. S2CID 2287673. Liu J, Barnett A, Neufeld EJ, Dudley JP (July 1999). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUTL1

Nguyen VQ, Co C, Li JJ (June 2001). "Cyclin-dependent kinases prevent DNA re-replication through multiple mechanisms". Nature. ... the pre-replication complex only occurs during late M phase and early G1 phase of the cell cycle when cyclin-dependent kinase ( ... The singular archaeal ORC protein recognizes the AT-rich tracts and binds DNA in an ATP-dependent fashion. Eukaryotes typically ... "DNA damage induces Cdt1 proteolysis in fission yeast through a pathway dependent on Cdt2 and Ddb1". EMBO Reports. 7 (11): 1134- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-replication_complex

It, combined with the Ras pathway, downregulate cyclin D1, a cyclin-dependent kinase, if they are not stimulated by the ... The overexpression of kinase activity in these cells aids in their proliferation. These are known as hormone-dependent breast ... In the presence of mitogens, sufficient cyclin D1 can be produced. This process cascades onwards, producing other cyclins which ... The protein kinase domain found on mitogenic receptors is often hyperactivated in cancer cells, remaining turned on even in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen

"Calmodulin is essential for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) activity and nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1-Cdk4 during G1". ... 15 (3): 162-78. doi:10.1007/s00335-003-2311-y. PMID 15014966. S2CID 8594824. Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, Wellenreuther R, ... 11 (3): 422-35. doi:10.1101/gr.GR1547R. PMC 311072. PMID 11230166. Simpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, Pepperkok R, Wiemann ... 1638 (3): 227-34. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(03)00087-5. PMID 12878323. Parker N, Porter AC (January 2004). "Identification of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFI27

Cyclins function as regulators of CDK kinases. Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation patterns which ... Simone C, Giordano A (2007). "Abrogation of signal-dependent activation of the cdk9/cyclin T2a complex in human RD ... This cyclin and its kinase partner CDK9 were found to be subunits of the transcription elongation factor p-TEFb. The p-TEFb ... "MAQ1 and 7SK RNA interact with CDK9/cyclin T complexes in a transcription-dependent manner". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (14): 4859-69 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_T2

... using cyclins and other proteins. As TFIIB has a similar structure to cyclin A it has been suggested that depleted levels of ... It has been suggested that the general transcription factor TFIIH could act as the kinase for this phosphorylation although ... "New core promoter element in RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription: sequence-specific DNA binding by transcription factor ... This is thought to be due to similarity TFIIB has to cyclin A. In order to undergo replication, viruses often stop host cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_B

... a well-studied cyclin-dependent protein kinase. Cdc14 antagonizes Cdk1 by stimulating proteolysis of its cyclin partner (cyclin ... It is possible that Cdc14 acts as a phosphatase on all Clb-Cdk1 targets, acting to reverse the effects of the mitotic cyclins. ... April 1999). "Exit from mitosis is triggered by Tem1-dependent release of the protein phosphatase Cdc14 from nucleolar RENT ... Furthermore, Cdc14 dephosphorylates the stoichiometric inhibitor of the mitotic cyclins, Sic1, stabilizing Sic1 protein. Cdc14 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdc14

... cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activators p35 and p39 interact with the alpha-subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II ... cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activators p35 and p39 interact with the alpha-subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK5R2 gene. The protein encoded by this ... "Entrez Gene: CDK5R2 cyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory subunit 2 (p39)". Dhavan R, Greer PL, Morabito MA, Orlando LR, Tsai ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK5R2

TGF-β signaling induces transcription of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p15Ink4B or p21Cip1, which, as a ... c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a MAP kinase activated by extracellular stress signals such as gamma-radiation, ultraviolet ... EVI1 does not bind other MAP kinases such as p38 or ERK. Among the many other observed defects, EVI1−/− mouse embryos have been ... Together, these two systems disrupt tyrosine kinase signaling and hematopoietic gene transcription. Despite the extensively ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECOM

... it travels to the nucleus via phosphorylation at the Thr-108 position via the mitogenic cyclin dependent kinase (CDK2).[ ... interacts with kinases including serine/threonine protein kinase (PKR). Further studies will need to be performed to better ... E4orf4 partners mainly with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and Src kinases to induce cell death. Modeling of this protein ... This includes presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles, double-membrane vesicles, and a dose-dependent decrease in ATP levels. Melanoma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticancer_gene

SKP2 targets p27Kip-1, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDKs2/4 partner with the cyclins E/D, respectively, ... This is achieved by continuous control of cyclins or CDKs levels through ubiquitination and degradation. When cyclin E is ... The level of cyclins, as the name suggests, are high only at certain time point during cell cycle. ... Moreover, ubiquitination can also act to turn on/off the kinase activity of a protein. The critical role of phosphorylation is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin

"Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 is a drug target for visceral leishmaniasis". Nature. 560 (7717): 192-197. Bibcode:2018Natur.560.. ... 3. Apply insect repellent to exposed skin and under the ends of sleeves and pant legs. Follow the instructions on the label of ... 3. Spray living/sleeping areas with an insecticide to kill insects. 4. If you are not sleeping in a well-screened or air- ... 93 (3): 319-23. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90037-8. PMID 10492770. Thakur CP, Pandey AK, Sinha GP, Roy S, Behbehani K, Olliaro P ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis

This protein belongs to a kinase family that includes serine/arginine-rich protein-specific kinases and cyclin-dependent ... kinases (CDKs). This protein is regarded as a CDK-like kinase (Clk) with homology to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs ... Serine/threonine-protein kinase PRP4 homolog is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRPF4B gene. Pre-mRNA splicing ... 2002). "Mammalian PRP4 Kinase Copurifies and Interacts with Components of Both the U5 snRNP and the N-CoR Deacetylase Complexes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRPF4B

Cyclin D, Cyclin E transcriptional regulators: Myc, E2f1, p130 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs): p27Kip1, p21, Wee1 ... βTRCP recognizes these substrates after they are phosphorylated by Polo-like kinase 1 or Cyclin B-CDK1. Fbw7, which is the ... Schwob, E (1994-10-21). "The B-type cyclin kinase inhibitor p40SIC1 controls the G1 to S transition in S. cerevisiae". Cell. 79 ... SCF-fbxo4 plays a role in cell cycle control by targeting cyclin D1 for degradation. Cyclin F is an FBP that is associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCF_complex

Accumulation of cyclin B increases the activity of the cyclin dependent kinase Cdk1 human homolog Cdc2 as cells prepare to ... The cell cycle is driven by proteins called cyclin dependent kinases that associate with cyclin regulatory proteins at ... Chk1 is an effector protein kinase that maintains mitotic cyclin in an inactive state and is phosphorylated by rad3 between S ... pathways which activate the Chk2 and Chk1 kinases, respectively. These kinases act upstream of Cdc25 and Wee1, the direct ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2-M_DNA_damage_checkpoint

Tyrosine kinases are enzymes that add phosphates to tyrosine residues, and are the opposing enzymes to PTPs. PTPs are known to ... cyclin D1 and c-myc. Expression of ful-length PTPkappa in melanoma cells that normally lack its expression results in reduced ... soluble version of the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa stimulates neurite outgrowth via a Grb2/MEK1-dependent ... "Genome-wide review of transcriptional complexity in mouse protein kinases and phosphatases". Genome Biol. 7 (1): R5. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRK

... phosphorylates hSPT5 and RNA polymerase II carboxyl-terminal domain independently of cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase ... A dose-dependent response was not observed, raising questions about the robustness of the findings. Genes,+tat at the US ... of cellular CDK9 and cyclin T1, and hence increases the production of full-length viral RNA. Tat protein also associates with ... 13 (3): 355-63. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01286.x. PMID 21951552. Jeang KT (June 1997). "HIV-1 TAT: Structure and Function ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_(HIV)

... and cyclin-dependent kinases have a promising potential for applications against several neurodegenerative diseases such as ... A property common to most cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors? Leclerc S, Garnier M, Hoessel R, Marko D, Bibb JA, Snyder GL, ... and cyclin-dependent kinases have a promising potential for applications against several neurodegenerative diseases such as ... Synthesis of novel 5-substituted indirubins as protein kinases inhibitors. Beauchard A, Ferandin Y, Frère S, Lozach O, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14761195

Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 3 (CDKN3) Polyclonal Antibody (Human), APC-Cy7. 4-PAC368Hu01-APC-Cy7 Cloud-Clone * 685.20 EUR ... Human Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 3 (CDKN3) ELISA Kit. SEC368Hu-10x96wellstestplate Cloud-Clone 10x96-wells test plate. ... Human Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 3 (CDKN3) ELISA Kit. SEC368Hu-1x48wellstestplate Cloud-Clone 1x48-wells test plate. ... Human Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 3 (CDKN3) ELISA Kit. SEC368Hu-1x96wellstestplate Cloud-Clone 1x96-wells test plate. ...

https://glideruniversity.org/human-cdkn3cyclin-dependent-kinase-inhibitor-3-elisa-kit/

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500]. *Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3 [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646. ... A cyclin-dependent kinase that forms a complex with CYCLIN C and is active during the G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It plays a ... "Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3" by people in this website by year, ...

https://profiles.musc.edu/display/87531/

CircTP53 promotes colorectal cancer by acting as a miR-876-3p sponge to increase cyclin-dependent kinase-like 3 expression. ... CircTP53 promotes colorectal cancer by acting as a miR-876-3p sponge to increase cyclin-de ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/mdl-33232736

Antibody Details for Cdk6 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6) Ab-3. WBI Title. Validation Status. Band Result. Date. Dilution. ...

https://discover.nci.nih.gov/abminer/antibodyDetail.do?antibodyId=41

Smad3 phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases.. Liu F. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev; 2006; 17(1-2):9-17. PubMed ID: 16289004 ... PINCH-1 promotes tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by interacting with integrin-linked kinase.. Li Y; Dai C; Wu C; ... signaling promotes motility and invasiveness of gastric cancer cells through TGF-beta-mediated activation of the ALK5-Smad 3 ... Acta Pharmacol Sin; 2007 Mar; 28(3):382-91. PubMed ID: 17303001. [TBL] ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=16290023&mod=related&page=1&proj=

Cyclin-dependent kinase (3) Cytochrome C (2) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (6) Defensin (5) ...

https://www.eurogentec.com/en/catalog/c135~peptides?catalog_product.ProductAttribute.209=31926

PIP3 is generated as a result of BCR-dependent PI3K activation. BTK also hydrolyzes PIP2 into DAG and IP3. IP3 induces release ... B-cell receptor signaling activates PI3K-mediated activation of the kinase AKT, which activates many downstream signaling ... IkB kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; FoxO, Forkhead box transcription factors; GSK3b, glycogen synthase 3-beta; p21 ... protein kinase B; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202969-clinical

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500]. *Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646. ... Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21. ... "Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2" was a major ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.323]. *Proline-Directed Protein Kinases [D08.811.913.696.620.682. ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Cyclin-Dependent%20Kinase%202

... cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; Cyp51, sterol 14α-demethylase; Dnaja4, DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member A4; ... mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7; Msmo1, methylsterol monooxygenase 1; Myd, myeloid differentiation; ns, not ... Epub 2020 Nov 3. Authors Olga Protchenko 1 , Ethan Baratz 1 , Shyamalagauri Jadhav 1 , Fengmin Li 1 , Minoo Shakoury-Elizeh 1 ... 3 , James E Cox 4 , J Alan Maschek 4 , Vladimir A Tyurin 5 , Yulia Y Tyurina 5 , Hülya Bayir 5 , Allegra T Aron 6 , Christopher ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32438524

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases [D12.776.167.200] * CDC2-CDC28 Kinases [D12.776.167.200.067] * Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 [D12.776. ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.750] * Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3 [D08.811.913.696.620.682. ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.875] * Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 [D08.811.913.696.620.682. ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinases [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500] * CDC2-CDC28 Kinases [D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.500] ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D056849

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor A. *Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, isoforms 1/2/3 ... two of which encode structurally related isoforms known to function as inhibitors of CDK4 kinase. The remaining transcript ...

https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/data-and-resources/biomarkers/cdkn2a-p16/

... and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (P21) were analyzed. The sequences of the used primers are presented in Table 1. ... cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-1A, SOX9 = transcription factor SOX9. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD. * represents p ... cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-1A, SOX9 = transcription factor SOX9. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD. * represents p ... Hypoxia Promotes the Differentiated Human Articular Chondrocyte Phenotype through SOX9-dependent and -independent Pathways. J. ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/43/2/48/htm

9. The lethal effects of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in human leukemia cells proceed through a ... Vascular endothelial growth factor induces protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent Akt/PKB activation and phosphatidylinositol 3- ... Migration inhibitory factor mediates angiogenesis via mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol kinase.. Amin ... necrosis factor-alpha induces insulin resistance in endothelial cells via a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=15292252&mod=related&page=1&outid=&proj=

3) promotes myeloid leukemic cell lines to differentiate terminally into monocytes/macrophages. It has been reported that ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 * DNA-Binding Proteins / metabolism* * Drug Synergism * Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide ... Sp1 and NF-Y synergistically mediate the effect of vitamin D(3) in the p27(Kip1) gene promoter that lacks vitamin D response ... Vitamin D(3) promotes myeloid leukemic cell lines to differentiate terminally into monocytes/macrophages. It has been reported ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10542271/

REMARK 900 HUMAN CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2 REMARK 900 RELATED ID: 1B39 RELATED DB: PDB REMARK 900 HUMAN CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE ... REMARK 900 HUMAN CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2 REMARK 900 RELATED ID: 1HCL RELATED DB: PDB REMARK 900 HUMAN CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE ... CYCLIN COMPLEXED TO HUMAN CYCLIN DEPENDANT REMARK 900 KINASE 2 REMARK 900 RELATED ID: 1FIN RELATED DB: PDB REMARK 900 CYCLIN A ... CYCLIN A/CDK2 COMPLEX REMARK 900 RELATED ID: 1JSV RELATED DB: PDB REMARK 900 THE STRUCTURE OF CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2 REMARK ...

http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/send-pdb?id=1w0x

CDC2 Protein Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5; Cyclin-Dependent ... Extracts of the cultures were screened for inhibition of human cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-1 and -5 and glycogen synthase ... Abstract: Indigoids, a class of bis-indoles, represent a promising protein kinase inhibitor scaffold. Oxidation of indole by ... Title: Generation of new protein kinase inhibitors utilizing cytochrome p450 mutant enzymes for indigoid synthesis. ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=610230

... a potent and selective class of Cyclin-dependent Kinase inhibitors identified through Structure-based hybridisation ... High-Resolution Crystal Structures of Human Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 with and without ATP: Bound Waters and Natural Ligand as ... Imidazo[1,2-A]Pyridines: A Potent and Selective Class of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors Identified Through Structure-Based ... Imidazopyridines: a potent and selective class of Cyclin-dependent Kinase inhibitors identified through Structure-based ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1OIR

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity regulates pain signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 17;103(3): 791-796. ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 modulates nociceptive signaling through direct phosphorylation of transient receptor potential ... Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity during pain signaling through transcriptional ... Activation of cyclin-dependent 5 mediates orofacial mechanical hyperalgesia. Mol Pain. 2013 Dec 21;9: 66. ...

https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/research/conducted-at-nidcr/investigators/ashok-kulkarni

... cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) are involved in the pathogenesis of ... Serine/threonine kinases are protein kinases that take part in the regulation of cellular functions. At least protein kinase C ... The success of the neurotrophic factor treatment is dependent on a successful injection of protein or viral vector, and the ... PKC is an interesting kinase considering this project. It has been shown that PKC activation prevents the formation of amyloid ...

https://ethesis.helsinki.fi/repository/handle/123456789/8/browse?rpp=20&sort_by=1&type=title&etal=-1&starts_with=S&order=ASC

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.451 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.67.875 ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.323 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.387 ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.515 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.547 ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.200.67.900 D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.500.750 Cyclin-Dependent ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2016.txt

... cdk2/cyclin A, cdk2/cyclin E, cdk4/cyclin D1 and cdk5-p35 respectively. Selective over a range of other protein kinases (IC50 & ... IC50 values are 6, 6, 9, > 10,000, and 6 nM for cdc2/cyclin B, ... Purvalanol B is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. ... CGP60474 is a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK ... Purvalanol B is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. IC50 values are 6, 6, 9, > 10,000, and 6 nM for cdc2/cyclin B, cdk2/cyclin ...

https://www.adooq.com/purvalanol-b.html

... gngm cyclin-dependent kinase 6 inhibitor p18 gene,cyclin-dependent kinase 6 inhibitor p18 gene,C1707118,cyclin-dependent kinase ... bpoc cyclin-dependent kinase 6 gene,cyclin-dependent kinase 6 gene,C1413287,cdk6,gngm aldr6r,aldr6r,C1825995,kidney- protein 32 ... orgf cell division protein kinase 7,cell division protein kinase 7,C1413288,cyclin-dependent kinase 7 gene,gngm calsperin, ... related kinase 9,nima - related kinase 9,C1425629,nercc1,gngm nima - related kinase 8,nima - related kinase 8,C1421969,nphp9, ...

https://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/LSG/Projects/CSpell/docs/designDoc/UDF/Dictionary/Sources/DinaData/umls_anatomy_merged.txt

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D056849

... sensitized to the effects of DNA-damaging agents as a result of the failure to induce expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase ... Role of the tyrosine kinase pyk2 in the integrin-dependent activation of human neutrophils by TNF. ... Role of the tyrosine kinase pyk2 in the integrin-dependent activation of human neutrophils by TNF. ... Tyrphostin A9 emerged as the most potent and selective of 51 tyrosine kinase inhibitors tested against the TNF-induced ...

https://www.jci.org/104/3

7. Takatsuka H, Umeda-Hara C, Umeda M (2015) Cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinases CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 are essential for ... 2008) Targeted degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor ICK4/KRP6 by RING-type E3 ligases is essential for mitotic ... 2012) Genetic framework of cyclin-dependent kinase function in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 22: 1030-1040. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel. ... Článek Aurora kinase A is essential for meiosis in mouse oocytes Článek Pathways and signatures of mutagenesis at targeted DNA ...

https://www.prolekare.cz/casopisy/plos-genetics/2021-4-28/the-canonical-snap-is-essential-for-gametophytic-development-in-arabidopsis-132689

Tags: Test Tube Tuesday, neuroscience, neurons, ALS, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, tau, cyclin-dependent kinase, brain, spinal cord ... Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Bajaj NP. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord ...

https://irp.nih.gov/blog/post/2019/11/reining-in-runaway-enzyme-halts-neuronal-destruction

The regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity through inhibitory phosphorylation seems to play an important role in ... Inhibitory phosphorylation of a mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase regulates the morphogenesis, cell size and virulence of the ... virulence and multistress tolerance ofBeauveria bassianaby balancing cell cycle-required cyclin-dependent kinase 1 activity ... cell polarity and virulence in the phytopathogenic fungusUstilago maydisdepends on an essential cyclin-dependent kinase from ...

https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/crossref-citedby/28422

This gene encodes a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase family. The protein promotes entry into S phase, in part by ... CDK3/cyclin-C mediated RB1 phosphorylation is required for G0-G1 transition. Promotes G1-S transition probably by contributing ... Interacts with CCNC/cyclin-C during interphase. Phosphorylates histone H1, ATF1, RB1 and CABLES1. ATF1 phosphorylation triggers ... The protein also associates with cyclin C and phosphorylates the retinoblastoma 1 protein to promote exit from G0. [provided by ...

https://pharos.nih.gov/targets/CDK3

A cyclin-dependent kinase that forms a complex with CYCLIN C and is active during the G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It plays a ... A cyclin-dependent kinase that forms a complex with CYCLIN C and is active during the G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It plays a ... Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3 - Preferred Concept UI. M0529505. Scope note. ... Cyclin Dependent Kinase 3. Tree number(s):. D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.646.500.812. D12.776.167.200.387. D12.776.476.563. ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=53613

Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 3(CDKN3) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. (glideruniversity.org)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 3 (CDKN3) in Tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. (glideruniversity.org)
It has been reported that overexpression of the cdk inhibitor p27(Kip1) results in the differentiation of the myelomonocytic U937 cell line and that this gene is the target of vitamin D(3). (nih.gov)
Indigoids, a class of bis-indoles, represent a promising protein kinase inhibitor scaffold. (nih.gov)
Purvalanol B is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. (adooq.com)
CGP60474 is a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). (adooq.com)
TG003 is a potent, specific, reversible, and ATP competitive inhibitor of Cdc2 like kinase(Clk). (adooq.com)
2008) Targeted degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor ICK4/KRP6 by RING-type E3 ligases is essential for mitotic cell cycle progression during Arabidopsis gametogenesis. (prolekare.cz)
It is an endogenous inhibitor of RAF KINASES and may play a role in regulating SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. (lookformedical.com)
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that coordinates the activation of CYCLIN and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES during the CELL CYCLE. (lookformedical.com)
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. (lookformedical.com)

Indirubins inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and CDK5/p25, two protein kinases involved in abnormal tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
3. Smad3 phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases. (nih.gov)
18. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent Akt/PKB activation and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase-mediates PKC delta phosphorylation: role of PKC in angiogenesis. (nih.gov)
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 modulates nociceptive signaling through direct phosphorylation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1. (nih.gov)
CDK3/cyclin-C mediated RB1 phosphorylation is required for G0-G1 transition. (nih.gov)
Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. (lookformedical.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) coordinate hundreds of molecular events during the cell cycle via Ser/Thr phosphorylation. (eu.org)
Docking motifs control the timing of cell cycle events by enabling preferential interaction and phosphorylation of substrates by a specific cyclin/Cdk complex. (eu.org)
This study showed that silica exposure induced phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) and Akt in human embryo lung fibroblasts (HELFs). (cdc.gov)

At least three alternatively spliced variants encoding distinct proteins have been reported, two of which encode structurally related isoforms known to function as inhibitors of CDK4 kinase. (nih.gov)
High-throughput screening identified the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and bisanilinopyrimidine series as inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4. (rcsb.org)
Our results indicated that inactivation of PI-3K, Akt, or p70S6K could inhibit silica -induced overexpression of cyclin DI and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and decreased expression of E2F-4. (cdc.gov)

Generation of new protein kinase inhibitors utilizing cytochrome p450 mutant enzymes for indigoid synthesis. (nih.gov)

A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. (lookformedical.com)
This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)
A group of cell cycle proteins that negatively regulate the activity of CYCLIN/CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE complexes. (lookformedical.com)
Cyclins use the conserved hydrophobic pocket (hp) to bind docking motifs on partner proteins. (eu.org)

1. p38 MAPK mediates gamma-irradiation-induced endothelial cell apoptosis, and vascular endothelial growth factor protects endothelial cells through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt-Bcl-2 pathway. (nih.gov)
4. Bcl-xL mediates a survival mechanism independent of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway in prostate cancer cells. (nih.gov)
17. Migration inhibitory factor mediates angiogenesis via mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol kinase. (nih.gov)
Activation of cyclin-dependent 5 mediates orofacial mechanical hyperalgesia. (nih.gov)

calcium/calmodulin dependent protein k. (gsea-msigdb.org)

The c-raf Kinases are MAP kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 1 and MAP KINASE KINASE 2. (lookformedical.com)
With cell cycle progression, different cyclins bind to Cdks to control their function by providing docking sites for substrates and also by modulating Cdk active site specificity. (eu.org)
Cyclins show cross-specificity, for instance Cyclins E and D also bind RxL motifs ( Guiley,2019 ). (eu.org)

Using the cocrystal structures of various indirubins with GSK-3beta, CDK2 and CDK5/p25, we have modeled the binding of indirubins within the ATP-binding pocket of these kinases. (nih.gov)

Keywords: Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), Canine inflammatory mammary cancer (IMC), Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), Steroid hormones, Mice model, Xenograft Background substances block tumor growth and inhibit metastasis in The relationship between cancer and nutrition has been animal models [6, 7]. (deepdyve.com)

Consistent with the roles of these transcription factors, treatment with vitamin D(3) stimulated the DNA binding activities of these factors to each element and induced the change of one NF-Y subunit. (nih.gov)

It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. (harvard.edu)
Interacts with CCNC/cyclin-C during interphase. (nih.gov)
It interacts with active CYCLIN D complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 in proliferating cells, while in arrested cells it binds and inhibits CYCLIN E complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2. (lookformedical.com)

14. Insulin-like growth factor-1 regulates endogenous RUNX2 activity in endothelial cells through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ERK-dependent and Akt-independent signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity during pain signaling through transcriptional activation of p35. (nih.gov)

6. Differential activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt survival pathway by ionizing radiation in tumor and primary endothelial cells. (nih.gov)
16. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces insulin resistance in endothelial cells via a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. (nih.gov)
Effects of indole-3-carbinol on steroid hormone profile and tumor progression in a mice model of. (deepdyve.com)
Results: Indole-3-carbinol treatment decreased tumor proliferation and increased apoptosis, although tumor embolization and liver metastasis were observed in some animals. (deepdyve.com)
Conclusions: Our data reveal for the first time that the ingestion of indole-3-carbinol, as administered, diminishes proliferation and increases apoptosis of tumor cells in an experimental model of inflammatory breast cancer, although this effect could not be enough to avoid the appearance of tumor embolization and metastasis. (deepdyve.com)
BMC Cancer (2018) 18:626 Page 2 of 9 as colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, carcinoma, following a protocol previously established cervix carcinoma and hepatocarcinoma indicated that [37] as follows: Fragments (3 mm × 2 mm of diameter) I3C suppresses cell proliferation and induces apop- from canine primary mammary tumor obtained at tosis [17, 21-25]. (deepdyve.com)

Pharmacological inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and cyclin-dependent kinases have a promising potential for applications against several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
9. The lethal effects of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in human leukemia cells proceed through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent process. (nih.gov)
Search for new bioactive compounds, the main aim of the present work is preparation of fluorinated 3-substituted amino-1,2,4-triazino[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazo- lones in view of their pharmacological properties. (scirp.org)

Extracts of the cultures were screened for inhibition of human cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-1 and -5 and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). (nih.gov)

Doxorubicin induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and atrophy through cyclin-dependent kinase 2-mediated activation of forkhead box O1. (harvard.edu)
2. Opposite effects of Ha-Ras and Ki-Ras on radiation-induced apoptosis via differential activation of PI3K/Akt and Rac/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. (nih.gov)
7. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling blocks growth, promotes apoptosis, and enhances sensitivity of small cell lung cancer cells to chemotherapy. (nih.gov)
Hypoxia-acidosis-mediated cell death was independent of p53: equivalent apoptosis occurred in cardiac myocytes isolated from wild-type and p53 knockout mice, and hypoxia caused no detectable change in p53 abundance or p53-dependent transcription. (jci.org)

7. Takatsuka H, Umeda-Hara C, Umeda M (2015) Cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinases CDKD;1 and CDKD;3 are essential for preserving mitotic activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. (prolekare.cz)
Cyclins Cln1-3 are triggers for G1 and G1/S, while among B-type cyclins Clb5 and Clb6 drive S phase, Clb3 and Clb4 are specific for early mitotic events, and Clb1 and Clb2 complete the progression to mitosis. (eu.org)

Indirubins, a family of bis-indoles isolated from various natural sources, are potent inhibitors of several kinases, including GSK-3. (nih.gov)

Molecular Microbiology (2017) 104 (3): 487. (biologists.com)

Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms. (lookformedical.com)
These changes were blocked by overexpression of dominant-negative mutants of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (Delta p85) or Akt (DN-Akt), respectively. (cdc.gov)

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. (lookformedical.com)
The sequential attachment of different cyclins to Cdks represents the periodic driving force that ensures a controlled progression through the cell cycle. (eu.org)

2021 Mar;73(3):1176-1193. (nih.gov)
Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB 2021 7 36 (3): 304-311. (cdc.gov)

Synthesis and Structure-Activity relationships of cyclin-dependent kinase 11 inhibitors based on a diaminothiazole scaffold. (harvard.edu)
Kopel P, Trávníček Z , Kvítek L, Černošek Z, Wrzeszcz G, Marek J: Synthesis and characterization of Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of trithiocyanuric acid: The structure of { N,N' -bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine}- (trithiocyanurato) nickel(II). (upol.cz)

The transcriptional activity of this construct was activated by vitamin D(3). (nih.gov)
A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators. (lookformedical.com)

Fulvestrant plus palbociclib versus fulvestrant plus placebo for treatment of hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer that progressed on previous endocrine therapy (PALOMA-3): final analysis of the multicentre, double-blind, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. (cdc.gov)

To identify the sequences required for the positive regulation of p27(Kip1) transcription by vitamin D(3), a 3.6-kilobase 5'-flanking region of the human p27(Kip1) gene was examined by transiently transfecting luciferase reporter constructs into U937 cells. (nih.gov)
We conclude that vitamin D(3) stimulates transcription of the p27(Kip1) gene by a novel mechanism involving Sp1 and NF-Y, but not the vitamin D receptor, during the early stages of U937 cell differentiation. (nih.gov)
This gene encodes a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase family. (nih.gov)
IL1B), early growth response gene 3 (EGR3), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) resolved within four months of insulin therapy and were also observed in T2D suggesting that they resulted from hyperglycemia. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Genetic Association of rs2237572 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 Gene with Breast Cancer in Iraq. (cdc.gov)

Here a single Cdk, Cdk1, associates with different cyclins to mediate all major cell cycle transitions. (eu.org)

Although there can be functional overlap, the various cyclin/Cdk complexes are specialized for optimum performance of discrete tasks. (eu.org)

8. VEGF induces Tie2 shedding via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt dependent pathway to modulate Tie2 signaling. (nih.gov)

The classical cyclin docking motif pattern is mainly derived from peptides bound to Cyclin A as there are several complex structures available. (eu.org)

19. Sonic hedgehog signaling promotes motility and invasiveness of gastric cancer cells through TGF-beta-mediated activation of the ALK5-Smad 3 pathway. (nih.gov)
15. Cardiotrophin-1 phosphorylates akt and BAD, and prolongs cell survival via a PI3K-dependent pathway in cardiac myocytes. (nih.gov)
This suggested that phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K)/AP-1 pathway was likely responsible for cell cycle changes. (cdc.gov)

13. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT-mediated activation of estrogen receptor alpha: a new model for anti-estrogen resistance. (nih.gov)

Cyclins may use additional surfaces to dock substrates, as with the mammalian Cyclin D-specific ( DOC_CYCLIN_D_Helix_1 ) and the budding yeast Cln2-specific leucine- and proline-rich LP ( DOC_CYCLIN_yCln2_LP_2 ) motifs. (eu.org)

3. Akt down-regulation of p38 signaling provides a novel mechanism of vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated cytoprotection in endothelial cells. (nih.gov)
Limited evidence suggests that these mechanisms have parallels in mammalian cyclin-Cdk regulation. (eu.org)

The protein also associates with cyclin C and phosphorylates the retinoblastoma 1 protein to promote exit from G0. (nih.gov)

Illera, Juan 2018-06-04 00:00:00 Background: Indole-3-carbinol, derived from Cruciferous vegetables is an estrogen receptor antagonist considered a preventive agent that is naturally present in diet. (deepdyve.com)
Thus, some authors showed that pany, BioPath Stores, Cambridge) before they were sub- I3C might be useful as supplement of tamoxifen prevent- cutaneously implanted into the ventral side of 3 female ing or treating estrogen-dependent tumors [27, 28]. (deepdyve.com)

Oral Care-BC was a phase 3 multicenter randomized clinical trial that assessed the effectiveness of professional oral care (POC) in preventing oral mucositis in patients treated with EVE and EXE for hormone-receptor-positive HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Breast cancer research : BCR 2008 10 (3): R47. (cdc.gov)

A cyclin-dependent kinase that forms a complex with CYCLIN C and is active during the G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. (musc.edu)

CircTP53 promotes colorectal cancer by acting as a miR-876-3p sponge to increase cyclin-dependent kinase-like 3 expression. (bvsalud.org)
17. PINCH-1 promotes tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by interacting with integrin-linked kinase. (nih.gov)
Vitamin D(3) promotes myeloid leukemic cell lines to differentiate terminally into monocytes/macrophages. (nih.gov)

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (musc.edu)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are central regulatory enzymes of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (eu.org)
studies suggest that certain endocrine cells may be particularly dependent on the p27 protein to control cell division. (medlineplus.gov)

In solution, store at -20ºC and use within 3 months to prevent loss of potency. (adooq.com)

This modeling approach provided some insight into the molecular basis of indirubins' action and selectivity and allowed us to forecast some improvements of this family of bis-indoles as kinase inhibitors. (nih.gov)
Future clinical trials will be needed to clarify the usefulness of indole-3-carbinol in this cancer and to understand the molecular mechanisms involved. (deepdyve.com)

cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 3. (gsea-msigdb.org)

3 Section on Human Iron MetabolismNICHD, NIHBethesdaMD. (nih.gov)
Methods: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of indole-3-carbinol on a SCID mice xenograft model of canine inflammatory mammary cancer, using equivalent human oral dose as a preventive therapy in humans for 3 weeks. (deepdyve.com)

A ubiquitously expressed raf kinase subclass that plays an important role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. (lookformedical.com)

Control, kinase-inactive indirubins were obtained by introduction of a methyl substitution on N1. (nih.gov)
3. McCormick S (2004) Control of male gametophyte development. (prolekare.cz)

Epub 2020 Nov 3. (nih.gov)

2012) Genetic framework of cyclin-dependent kinase function in Arabidopsis. (prolekare.cz)

Anatomy15

Organisms8

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs164

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

A premature-termination mutation in the Mus musculus cyclin-dependent kinase 3 gene. (1/18)

ik3-1/Cables is a substrate for cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk 3). (2/18)

ik3-2, a relative to ik3-1/cables, is associated with cdk3, cdk5, and c-abl. (3/18)

Cyclin C/cdk3 promotes Rb-dependent G0 exit. (4/18)

Cyclin C makes an entry into the cell cycle. (5/18)

Absolute quantification of multisite phosphorylation by selective reaction monitoring mass spectrometry: determination of inhibitory phosphorylation status of cyclin-dependent kinases. (6/18)

Cyclin-dependent kinase 3-mediated activating transcription factor 1 phosphorylation enhances cell transformation. (7/18)

Cyclin C and cyclin dependent kinases 1, 2 and 3 in thrombin-induced neuronal cell cycle progression and apoptosis. (8/18)

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2

Cyclin D1

Cyclin A

Cyclin E

Cyclins

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27

CDC2-CDC28 Kinases

Cell Cycle

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5

Cell Cycle Proteins

Cyclin B

Cyclin C

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

CDC2 Protein Kinase

Cyclin D

G1 Phase

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Proteins

Cyclin D3

Cyclin B1

Retinoblastoma Protein

Phosphorylation

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57

Tumor Suppressor Proteins

S Phase

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

Cyclin D2

Cyclin A1

Microtubule-Associated Proteins

Protein Kinases

Cell Proliferation

Purines

Cell Division

Apoptosis

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

E2F1 Transcription Factor

Cyclin A2

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Cyclin G

Cell Line, Tumor

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Mitosis

Cyclin G1

MAP Kinase Signaling System

Transcription Factor DP1

Signal Transduction

Cells, Cultured

Blotting, Western

Enzyme Inhibitors

G2 Phase

E2F Transcription Factors

Transfection

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

Mutation

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Molecular Sequence Data

Cell Line

DNA-Binding Proteins

Carrier Proteins

Nuclear Proteins

Base Sequence

RNA, Messenger

Protein Kinase C

Transcription Factors

src-Family Kinases

Immunohistochemistry

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

DNA Damage

Antineoplastic Agents

Amino Acid Sequence

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Cyclin B2

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

Protein Binding