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Cyclin D1Cyclin ACyclin ECyclin BCyclin B1Cyclin D2Cyclin D3Cyclin A1Cyclin A2Cyclin DCyclin G1Cyclin GCyclinsCyclin CCyclin-Dependent KinasesCyclin B2Cyclin TCyclin-Dependent Kinase 2Cyclin G2Cyclin HCell CycleCyclin-Dependent Kinase 4CDC2-CDC28 KinasesCDC2 Protein KinaseG1 PhaseCell Cycle ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27S PhaseRetinoblastoma ProteinCyclin IMitosisOncogene ProteinsGenes, bcl-1Protein-Serine-Threonine KinasesCyclin-Dependent Kinase 6PhosphorylationCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21Cell DivisionG2 PhaseCell ProliferationTumor Suppressor ProteinsCell Line, TumorRNA, MessengerE2F Transcription Factorscdc25 PhosphatasesMolecular Sequence DataProto-Oncogene ProteinsCell NucleusTumor Cells, CulturedMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticProliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenF-Box ProteinsProtamine KinaseG0 PhaseCell LineProtein BindingBlotting, WesternMaturation-Promoting FactorDown-RegulationImmunohistochemistryTranscription FactorsTransfectionPromoter Regions, GeneticCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16Nuclear ProteinsGene Expression RegulationTranscription Factor DP1ApoptosisCyclin-Dependent Kinase 9HeLa CellsStarfishSignal Transduction3T3 CellsRetinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1Tumor Suppressor Protein p53Transcription, GeneticE2F1 Transcription FactorDNA-Binding ProteinsRetinoblastoma-Like Protein p107Amino Acid SequenceBase SequenceCells, CulturedProtein KinasesUbiquitin-Protein Ligase ComplexesMutationRecombinant Fusion ProteinsCDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiaeS-Phase Kinase-Associated ProteinsEnzyme ActivationCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor ProteinsRNA, Small InterferingBreast NeoplasmsEnzyme InhibitorsOocytesLymphoma, Mantle-CellKi-67 AntigenNIH 3T3 CellsFibroblastsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Cyclin D1
Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.
Cyclin A
A cyclin subtype that has specificity for CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2. It plays a role in progression of the CELL CYCLE through G1/S and G2/M phase transitions.
Cyclin E
A 50-kDa protein that complexes with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2 in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Cyclin B
A cyclin subtype that is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE. It stimulates the G2/M phase transition by activating CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE.
Cyclin B1
A cyclin B subtype that colocalizes with MICROTUBULES during INTERPHASE and is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE.
Cyclin D2
A cyclin D subtype which is regulated by GATA4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. Experiments using KNOCKOUT MICE suggest a role for cyclin D2 in granulosa cell proliferation and gonadal development.
Cyclin D3
A broadly expressed type D cyclin. Experiments using KNOCKOUT MICE suggest a role for cyclin D3 in LYMPHOCYTE development.
Cyclin A1
A cyclin A subtype primarily found in male GERM CELLS. It may play a role in the passage of SPERMATOCYTES into meiosis I.
Cyclin A2
A widely-expressed cyclin A subtype that functions during the G1/S and G2/M transitions of the CELL CYCLE.
Cyclin D
A cyclin subtype that is specific for CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 6. Unlike most cyclins, cyclin D expression is not cyclical, but rather it is expressed in response to proliferative signals. Cyclin D may therefore play a role in cellular responses to mitogenic signals.
Cyclin G1
A cyclin G subtype that is constitutively expressed throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin G1 is considered a major transcriptional target of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and is highly induced in response to DNA damage.
Cyclin G
A cyclin subtype that is found associated with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 5; cyclin G associated kinase, and PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2.
Cyclins
A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. They generally function as ENZYME ACTIVATORS that drive the CELL CYCLE through transitions between phases. A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators.
Cyclin C
A cyclin subtype that binds to the CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 3 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 8. Cyclin C plays a dual role as a transcriptional regulator and a G1 phase CELL CYCLE regulator.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.
Cyclin B2
A cyclin B subtype that colocalizes with GOLGI APPARATUS during INTERPHASE and is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE.
Cyclin T
A cyclin subtype that is found associated with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 9. Unlike traditional cyclins, which regulate the CELL CYCLE, type T cyclins appear to regulate transcription and are components of positive transcriptional elongation factor B.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2
A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21.
Cyclin G2
An unusual cyclin subtype that is found highly expressed in terminally differentiated cells. Unlike conventional cyclins increased expression of cyclin G2 is believed to cause a withdrawal of cells from the CELL CYCLE.
Cyclin H
A cyclin subtype that is found as a component of a heterotrimeric complex containing cyclin-dependent kinase 7 and CDK-activating kinase assembly factor. The complex plays a role in cellular proliferation by phosphorylating several CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASES at specific regulatory threonine sites.
Cell Cycle
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a key regulator of G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It partners with CYCLIN D to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. CDK4 activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16.
CDC2-CDC28 Kinases
A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE; S CEREVISIAE; and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species.
CDC2 Protein Kinase
Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.
G1 Phase
The period of the CELL CYCLE preceding DNA REPLICATION in S PHASE. Subphases of G1 include "competence" (to respond to growth factors), G1a (entry into G1), G1b (progression), and G1c (assembly). Progression through the G1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.
Cell Cycle Proteins
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that coordinates the activation of CYCLIN and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES during the CELL CYCLE. It interacts with active CYCLIN D complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 in proliferating cells, while in arrested cells it binds and inhibits CYCLIN E complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2.
S Phase
Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicated. It is achieved by bidirectional replication at multiple sites along each chromosome.
Retinoblastoma Protein
Product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. It is a nuclear phosphoprotein hypothesized to normally act as an inhibitor of cell proliferation. Rb protein is absent in retinoblastoma cell lines. It also has been shown to form complexes with the adenovirus E1A protein, the SV40 T antigen, and the human papilloma virus E7 protein.
Cyclin I
A cyclin subtype that is found abundantly in post-mitotic tissues. In contrast to the classical cyclins, its level does not fluctuate during the cell cycle.
Mitosis
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.
Oncogene Proteins
Proteins coded by oncogenes. They include proteins resulting from the fusion of an oncogene and another gene (ONCOGENE PROTEINS, FUSION).
Genes, bcl-1
The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-1 genes, associated with various neoplasms when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(11;14) translocation, which is characteristic of mantle zone-derived B-cell lymphomas. The human c-bcl-1 gene is located at 11q13 on the long arm of chromosome 11.
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 associates with CYCLIN D and phosphorylates RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN during G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It helps regulate the transition to S PHASE and its kinase activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P18.
Phosphorylation
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.
Cell Division
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
G2 Phase
The period of the CELL CYCLE following DNA synthesis (S PHASE) and preceding M PHASE (cell division phase). The CHROMOSOMES are tetraploid in this point.
Cell Proliferation
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
Tumor Suppressor Proteins
Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.
Cell Line, Tumor
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
E2F Transcription Factors
A family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that control expression of a variety of GENES involved in CELL CYCLE regulation. E2F transcription factors typically form heterodimeric complexes with TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DP1 or transcription factor DP2, and they have N-terminal DNA binding and dimerization domains. E2F transcription factors can act as mediators of transcriptional repression or transcriptional activation.
cdc25 Phosphatases
A subclass of dual specificity phosphatases that play a role in the progression of the CELL CYCLE. They dephosphorylate and activate CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.
F-Box Proteins
A family of proteins that share the F-BOX MOTIF and are involved in protein-protein interactions. They play an important role in process of protein ubiquition by associating with a variety of substrates and then associating into SCF UBIQUITIN LIGASE complexes. They are held in the ubiquitin-ligase complex via binding to SKP DOMAIN PROTEINS.
Protamine Kinase
An aspect of protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) in which serine residues in protamines and histones are phosphorylated in the presence of ATP.
G0 Phase
A quiescent state of cells during G1 PHASE.
Cell Line
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Blotting, Western
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Maturation-Promoting Factor
Protein kinase that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms. In meiosis it induces immature oocytes to undergo meiotic maturation. In mitosis it has a role in the G2/M phase transition. Once activated by CYCLINS; MPF directly phosphorylates some of the proteins involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and the degradation of cyclins. The catalytic subunit of MPF is PROTEIN P34CDC2.
Down-Regulation
A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Transcription Factors
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
Transfection
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
Promoter Regions, Genetic
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16
A product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (GENES, P16). It is also called INK4 or INK4A because it is the prototype member of the INK4 CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITORS. This protein is produced from the alpha mRNA transcript of the p16 gene. The other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced beta transcript, is TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF. Both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions.
Nuclear Proteins
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
Gene Expression Regulation
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
Transcription Factor DP1
A transcription factor that possesses DNA-binding and E2F-binding domains but lacks a transcriptional activation domain. It is a binding partner for E2F TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and enhances the DNA binding and transactivation function of the DP-E2F complex.
Apoptosis
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9
A multifunctional CDC2 kinase-related kinase that plays roles in transcriptional elongation, CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and APOPTOSIS. It is found associated with CYCLIN T and is a component of POSITIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ELONGATION FACTOR B.
HeLa Cells
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
Starfish
Echinoderms having bodies of usually five radially disposed arms coalescing at the center.
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
3T3 Cells
Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.
Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1
A ubiquitously expressed regulatory protein that contains a retinoblastoma protein binding domain and an AT-rich interactive domain. The protein may play a role in recruiting HISTONE DEACETYLASES to the site of RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN-containing transcriptional repressor complexes.
Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.
Transcription, Genetic
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
E2F1 Transcription Factor
An E2F transcription factor that interacts directly with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and CYCLIN A and activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F1 is involved in DNA REPAIR and APOPTOSIS.
DNA-Binding Proteins
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p107
A negative regulator of the CELL CYCLE that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. It contains a conserved pocket region that binds E2F4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR and interacts with viral ONCOPROTEINS such as POLYOMAVIRUS TUMOR ANTIGENS; ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS; and PAPILLOMAVIRUS E7 PROTEINS.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Protein Kinases
A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes
Complexes of enzymes that catalyze the covalent attachment of UBIQUITIN to other proteins by forming a peptide bond between the C-terminal GLYCINE of UBIQUITIN and the alpha-amino groups of LYSINE residues in the protein. The complexes play an important role in mediating the selective-degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. The complex of enzymes can be broken down into three components that involve activation of ubiquitin (UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES), conjugation of ubiquitin to the ligase complex (UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES), and ligation of ubiquitin to the substrate protein (UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES).
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae
A protein kinase encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC28 gene and required for progression from the G1 PHASE to the S PHASE in the CELL CYCLE.
S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins
A family of structurally-related proteins that were originally identified by their ability to complex with cyclin proteins (CYCLINS). They share a common domain that binds specifically to F-BOX MOTIFS. They take part in SKP CULLIN F-BOX PROTEIN LIGASES, where they can bind to a variety of F-BOX PROTEINS.
Enzyme Activation
Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Proteins
A group of cell cycle proteins that negatively regulate the activity of CYCLIN/CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE complexes. They inhibit CELL CYCLE progression and help control CELL PROLIFERATION following GENOTOXIC STRESS as well as during CELL DIFFERENTIATION.
RNA, Small Interfering
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Enzyme Inhibitors
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
Oocytes
Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).
Ki-67 Antigen
A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.
NIH 3T3 Cells
A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)
Fibroblasts
Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Flow Cytometry
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
Meiosis
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.
Xenopus Proteins
Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc
Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-myc genes. They are normally involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Elevated and deregulated (constitutive) expression of c-myc proteins can cause tumorigenesis.
Xenopus
An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8
A CYCLIN C dependent kinase that is an important component of the mediator complex. The enzyme is activated by its interaction with CYCLIN C and plays a role in transcriptional regulation by phosphorylating RNA POLYMERASE II.
Precipitin Tests
Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.
Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.
DNA Replication
The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.
Gene Expression
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Cdh1 Proteins
Cdh1 is an activator of the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome, and is involved in substrate recognition. It associates with the complex in late MITOSIS from anaphase through G1 to regulate activity of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and to prevent premature DNA replication.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3
A cyclin-dependent kinase that forms a complex with CYCLIN C and is active during the G1 PHASE of the CELL CYCLE. It plays a role in the transition from G1 to S PHASE and in transcriptional regulation.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Carrier Proteins
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos
Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes (GENES, MOS). They function in the cell cycle to maintain MATURATION PROMOTING FACTOR in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time.
beta Catenin
A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.
Immunoblotting
Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.
Models, Biological
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Interphase
The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).
Threonine
An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression through the CELL CYCLE. They ensure that the cell has completed, in the correct order and without mistakes, all the processes required to replicate the GENOME and CYTOPLASM, and divide them equally between two daughter cells. If cells sense they have not completed these processes or that the environment does not have the nutrients and growth hormones in place to proceed, then the cells are restrained (or "arrested") until the processes are completed and growth conditions are suitable.
Up-Regulation
A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.
DNA Primers
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
Metaphase
The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.
RNA Interference
A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.
Neoplasm Proteins
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
E2F4 Transcription Factor
An E2F transcription factor that represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F4 recruits chromatin remodeling factors indirectly to target gene PROMOTER REGIONS through RETINOBLASTOMA LIKE PROTEIN P130 and RETINOBLASTOMA LIKE PROTEIN P107.
Ubiquitins
A family of proteins that are structurally-related to Ubiquitin. Ubiquitins and ubiquitin-like proteins participate in diverse cellular functions, such as protein degradation and HEAT-SHOCK RESPONSE, by conjugation to other proteins.
Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B
A transcriptional elongation factor complex that is comprised of a heterodimer of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 9 and one of several CYCLINS including TYPE T CYCLINS and cyclin K. It functions by phosphorylating the carboxy-terminal domain of RNA POLYMERASE II.
Centrosome
The cell center, consisting of a pair of CENTRIOLES surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material called the pericentriolar region. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).
Anaphase
The phase of cell nucleus division following METAPHASE, in which the CHROMATIDS separate and migrate to opposite poles of the spindle.
Trans-Activators
Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.
Transcriptional Activation
Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Cytoplasm
The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases
A subset of ubiquitin protein ligases that are formed by the association of a SKP DOMAIN PROTEIN, a CULLIN DOMAIN PROTEIN and a F-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN.
Cell Differentiation
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Purines
A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.
Tumor Markers, Biological
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.
Immunoprecipitation
The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.
Securin
Securin is involved in the control of the metaphase-anaphase transition during MITOSIS. It promotes the onset of anaphase by blocking SEPARASE function and preventing proteolysis of cohesin and separation of sister CHROMATIDS. Overexpression of securin is associated with NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION and tumor formation.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p18
An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing five ANKYRIN-LIKE REPEATS. Aberrant expression of this protein has been associated with deregulated EPITHELIAL CELL growth, organ enlargement, and a variety of NEOPLASMS.
Mice, Transgenic
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Binding Sites
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Nocodazole
Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.
Recombinant Proteins
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57
A potent inhibitor of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES in G1 PHASE and S PHASE. In humans, aberrant expression of p57 is associated with various NEOPLASMS as well as with BECKWITH-WIEDEMANN SYNDROME.
Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130
A negative regulator of the CELL CYCLE that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. RBL2 contains a conserved pocket region that binds E2F4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR and E2F5 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. RBL2 also interacts with viral ONCOPROTEINS such as POLYOMAVIRUS TUMOR ANTIGENS; ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS; and PAPILLOMAVIRUS E7 PROTEINS.
Luciferases
Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p19
An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing five ANKYRIN REPEATS. Aberrant expression of this protein has been associated with TESTICULAR CANCER.
Spindle Apparatus
A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.
Bromodeoxyuridine
A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.
Repressor Proteins
Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
Drosophila Proteins
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
Antineoplastic Agents
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
Ovum
A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.
Xenopus laevis
The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.
Phosphothreonine
The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Epithelial Cells
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Cdc20 Proteins
Highly conserved proteins that specifically bind to and activate the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome, promoting ubiquitination and proteolysis of cell-cycle-regulatory proteins. Cdc20 is essential for anaphase-promoting complex activity, initiation of anaphase, and cyclin proteolysis during mitosis.
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.
Serine
A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.
G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression of the CELL CYCLE through the G1 PHASE and allow transition to S PHASE when the cells are ready to undergo DNA REPLICATION. DNA DAMAGE, or the deficiencies in specific cellular components or nutrients may cause the cells to halt before progressing through G1 phase.
Genes, myc
Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. The proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is crucial for tumorigenicity. The human c-myc gene is located at 8q24 on the long arm of chromosome 8.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
Blotting, Northern
Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.
DNA, Complementary
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.
Embryo, Nonmammalian
The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.
Mice, Nude
Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.
Genes, cdc
Genes that code for proteins that regulate the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. These genes form a regulatory network that culminates in the onset of MITOSIS by activating the p34cdc2 protein (PROTEIN P34CDC2).
Two-Hybrid System Techniques
Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.
Prometaphase
The phase of cell nucleus division following PROPHASE, when the breakdown of the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE occurs and the MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS enters the nuclear region and attaches to the KINETOCHORES.
DNA Damage
Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).
Fungal Proteins
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
Histones
Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.
Ubiquitin
A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.
Mammary Glands, Animal
MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.
Cell Growth Processes
Processes required for CELL ENLARGEMENT and CELL PROLIFERATION.
Prophase
The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS starts to lose its identity, the SPINDLE APPARATUS appears, and the CENTRIOLES migrate toward opposite poles.
Protein Kinase Inhibitors
Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.
Prognosis
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5
A serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; and CELL DEATH of NERVE CELLS. It is closely related to other CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES but does not seem to participate in CELL CYCLE regulation.
Genes, Reporter
Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.
Cell Extracts
Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances.
Cloning, Molecular
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Proteolysis
Cleavage of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids either by PROTEASES or non-enzymatically (e.g., Hydrolysis). It does not include Protein Processing, Post-Translational.
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Phenotype
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

p53-dependent G2 arrest associated with a decrease in cyclins A2 and B1 levels in a human carcinoma cell line. (1/89)

In vivo transfer of wild-type (wt) p53 gene via a recombinant adenovirus has been proposed to induce apoptosis and increase radiosensitivity in several human carcinoma models. In the context of combining p53 gene transfer and irradiation, we investigated the consequences of adenoviral-mediated wtp53 gene transfer on the cell cycle and radiosensitivity of a human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma line (SCC97) with a p53 mutated phenotype. We showed that ectopic expression of wtp53 in SCC97 cells resulted in a prolonged G1 arrest, associated with an increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor WAF1/p21 target gene. A transient arrest in G2 but not in G1 was observed after irradiation. This G2 arrest was permanent when exponentially growing cells were transduced by Ad5CMV-p53 (RPR/INGN201) immediately after irradiation with 5 or 10 Gy. Moreover, levels of cyclins A2 and B1, which are known to regulate the G2/M transition, dramatically decreased as cells arrived in G2, whereas maximal levels of expression were observed in the absence of wtp53. In conclusion, adenoviral mediated transfer of wtp53 in irradiated SCC97 cells, which are mutated for p53, appeared to increase WAF1/p21 expression and decrease levels of the mitotic cyclins A2 and B1. These observations suggest that the G2 arrest resulted from a p53-dependent premature inactivation of the mitosis promoting factor.  (+info)

Membrane-anchored cyclin A2 triggers Cdc2 activation in Xenopus oocyte. (2/89)

In Xenopus oocyte, the formation of complexes between neosynthesized cyclins and Cdc2 contributes to Cdc2 kinase activation that triggers meiotic divisions. It has been proposed that cytoplasmic membranes could be involved in this process. To investigate this possibility, we have injected in the oocyte two undegradable human cyclin A2 mutants anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. They encode fusion proteins between the truncated cyclin A2-Delta152 and a viral or cellular ER-targeting domain. We show that both mutants are fully functional as mitotic cyclins when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, bind Cdc2 and activate M-phase promoting factor.  (+info)

Centrosome overduplication, increased ploidy and transformation in cells expressing endoplasmic reticulum-associated cyclin A2. (3/89)

Cyclin A2 is predominantly, but not exclusively, localized in the nucleus from G1/S transition onwards. It is degraded when cells enter mitosis after nuclear envelope breakdown. We previously showed that a fusion protein (S2A) between the hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen protein and a non-degradable fragment of human cyclin A2 (Delta152) resides in the endoplasmic reticulum membranes, escapes degradation and transforms normal rat fibroblasts. The present study investigates whether cytoplasmic cyclin A2 may play a role in oncogenesis. We show that the sequestration of non-degradable cyclin A2-Delta152 by a cellular ER targeting domain (PRL-A2) leads to cell transformation when coexpressed with activated Ha-ras. REF52 cells constitutively expressing PRL-A2 are found to have a high incidence of multinucleate giant cells, polyploidy and abnormal centrosome numbers, giving rise to the nucleation of multipolar spindles. Injection of these cells into athymic nude mice causes tumors, even in the absence of a cooperating Ha-ras oncogene. These results demonstrate that, independently of any viral context, an intracellular redistribution of non-degradable cyclin A2 is capable of deregulating the normal cell cycle to the point where it promotes aneuploidy and cancer.  (+info)

Murine spermatogonial stem cells: targeted transgene expression and purification in an active state. (4/89)

A 400 bp fragment of the spermatogonia-specific Stra8 locus was sufficient to direct gene expression to the germinal stem cells in transgenic mice. A fractionation procedure was devised, based on immunomagnetic sorting of cells in which the promoter drives the expression of a surface functionally neutral protein tag. The purified cells expressed the known molecular markers of spermatogonia Rbm, cyclin A2 and EP-Cam, and the beta1- and alpha6-integrins characteristic of the stem cell fraction. A 700-fold enrichment in stem cells was determined by the ability of the purified fractions to re-establish spermatogenesis in germ cell-depleted recipient testes.  (+info)

Increased hepatic Forkhead Box M1B (FoxM1B) levels in old-aged mice stimulated liver regeneration through diminished p27Kip1 protein levels and increased Cdc25B expression. (5/89)

Recent liver regeneration studies indicate that maintaining hepatic Forkhead Box M1B (FoxM1B) expression in 12-month-old (old-aged) Transthyretin-FoxM1B transgenic mice increases hepatocyte proliferation and expression of cell cycle regulatory genes. Because these transgenic CD-1 mice maintain FoxM1B levels during the aging process, we conducted the current study to determine whether adenovirus delivery of the FoxM1B gene (AdFoxM1B) is sufficient to stimulate liver regeneration in old-aged Balb/c mice. Here we show that AdFoxM1B infection of old-aged mice caused a significant increase in FoxM1B expression, hepatocyte DNA replication, and mitosis following partial hepatectomy. This stimulation in hepatocyte S-phase progression was associated with diminished protein expression and perinuclear localization of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27(Kip1) (p27) protein following partial hepatectomy. In contrast, old-aged mice infected with control virus displayed high hepatocyte levels of p27 protein, which had been localized to the nucleus prior to S-phase. Furthermore, we found that restoring FoxM1B expression did not influence p27 mRNA levels, and this new finding implicates FoxM1B in regulation of p27 protein levels. Likewise, AdFoxM1B-infected regenerating livers displayed elevated S-phase levels of Cdk2 kinase activity compared with old-aged mice infected with control virus. Furthermore, restoring FoxM1B expression in old-aged mice caused elevated levels of Cyclin B1, Cyclin B2, Cdc25B, Cdk1, and p55CDC mRNA as well as stimulating Cdc25B nuclear localization during liver regeneration, all of which are required for mitosis. These studies indicated that an acute delivery of the FoxM1B gene in old-aged mice is sufficient to re-establish proliferation of regenerating hepatocytes, suggesting that FoxM1B can be used for therapeutic intervention to alleviate the reduction in cellular proliferation observed in the elderly.  (+info)

B-Myb overcomes a p107-mediated cell proliferation block by interacting with an N-terminal domain of p107. (6/89)

B-Myb is a cell-cycle regulated transcription factor which is implicated in cell proliferation and has an essential role in early embryonic development. In this study we examined the functions of B-Myb required to overcome G1 arrest in Saos-2 cells induced by the retinoblastoma-related p107 protein. Our results demonstrated that this activity was independent of B-Myb transactivation function, but correlated with its capacity to form an in vivo complex with p107. A large proportion of B-Myb formed complexes with p107 in cotransfected cells, however, B-Myb bound weakly to the related p130 protein and not at all to pRb. In contrast to the E2F transcription factors, which bind the p107 C-terminal pocket domain, B-Myb recognizes an N-terminal p107 region which overlaps the larger cyclin-binding domain. B-Myb and cyclin A2 formed mutually exclusive complexes with p107, and B-Myb enhanced the activity of co-transfected cyclin E kinase activity, implying that B-Myb affects the cell cycle by preventing sequestration of active cyclin/cdk2 complexes. This study defines a novel function of B-Myb and further suggests that the p107 N-terminus provides an interaction domain for transcription factors involved in cell cycle control.  (+info)

The cell cycle-regulated B-Myb transcription factor overcomes cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory activity of p57(KIP2) by interacting with its cyclin-binding domain. (7/89)

The cell cycle-regulated B-Myb transcription factor is required for early embryonic development and is implicated in regulating cell growth and differentiation. In addition to its transcriptional regulatory properties, recent data indicate that B-Myb can release active cyclin/Cdk2 activity from the retinoblastoma-related p107 protein by directly interacting with the p107 N terminus. As this p107 domain has homology to the cyclin-binding domains of the p21(Waf1/Cip1) family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs), we investigated in this study whether B-Myb could also interact with these CKIs. No in vivo interaction was found with either p21(Waf1/Cip1) or p27(KIP1), however, binding to p57(KIP2) was readily detectable in both in vivo and in vitro assays. The B-Myb-interacting region of p57(KIP2) mapped to the cyclin-binding domain. Consistent with this, B-Myb competed with cyclin A2 for binding to p57(KIP2), resulting in release of active cyclin/Cdk2 kinase. Moreover, B-Myb partially overcame the ability of p57(KIP2) to induce G1 arrest in Saos-2 cells. Despite similarities with previous p107 studies, the B-Myb domains required for interaction with p57(KIP2) were quite different from those implicated for p107. Thus, it is evident that B-Myb may promote cell proliferation by a non-transcriptional mechanism that involves release of active cyclin/Cdk2 from p57(KIP2) as well as p107.  (+info)

Synchronization of interphase events depends neither on mitosis nor on cdk1. (8/89)

Human HT2-19 cells with a conditional cdk1 mutation stop dividing upon cdk1 inactivation and undergo multiple rounds of endoreplication. We show herein that major cell cycle events remain synchronized in these endoreplicating cells. DNA replication alternates with gap phases and cell cycle-specific cyclin E expression is maintained. Centrosomes duplicate in synchrony with chromosome replication, giving rise to polyploid cells with multiple centrosomes. Centrosome migration, a typical prophase event, also takes place in endoreplicating cells. The timing of these events is unaffected by cdk1 inactivation compared with normally dividing cells. Nuclear lamina breakdown, in contrast, previously shown to be dependent on cdk1, does not take place in endoreplicating HT2-19 cells. Moreover, breakdown of all other major components of the nuclear lamina, like the inner nuclear membrane proteins and nuclear pore complexes, seems also to depend on cdk1. Interestingly, the APC/C ubiquitin ligase is activated in these endoreplicating cells by fzr but not by fzy. The oscillations of interphase events are thus independent of cdk1 and of mitosis but may depend on APC/Cfzr activity.  (+info)

Rex Rabbit Pieced Clip Scarf by Surell at GiltRex Rabbit Pieced Clip Scarf by Surell at Gilt
Surell Rex Rabbit Pieced Clip Scarf Clip scarf Plush throughout Measurements: Length 27½", width 4½" Real dyed rabbit fur, imported from China Please note, due to the presence of dyed rabbit fur, this product cannot be shipped internationally Material: Shell: 100% rabbit fur; Lining: 100% polyester Care: Dry clean Brand: Surell Origin: Imported
https://www.gilt.com/brand/surell/product/1190114699-surell-rex-rabbit-pieced-clip-scarf
Rex For Sale | Rabbits | Breed Information | OmletRex For Sale | Rabbits | Breed Information | Omlet
The first known Rex rabbits were bred in a village called Louché-Pringé in France in 1919, and they were the castor colour.|/p| |p|Rex rabbits have hair that is velvet like and stands out against the body instead of lying flat. It is thought that this was caused by a recessive mutation seen in wild rabbits.|/p| |p|The Rex rabbit was first shown at an international rabbit show in Paris in 1924. Since 1925 it has been recognised as a standard breed across Europe.
https://www.omlet.co.uk/breeds/rabbits/rex/
Rex For Sale | Rabbits | Breed Information | OmletRex For Sale | Rabbits | Breed Information | Omlet
The first known Rex rabbits were bred in a village called Louché-Pringé in France in 1919, and they were the castor colour. Rex rabbits have hair that is
https://www.omlet.us/breeds/rabbits/rex/
Are rex rabbits more prone to illness than others? [Archive] - Rabbits United ForumAre rex rabbits more prone to illness than others? [Archive] - Rabbits United Forum
Just wondered as I am still reeling from the death of dear little Middy, who suffered GI problems and died within a day last week. I feel so bad about it. (http://forums.rabbitrehome.org.uk/showthread.php?t=161037) I keep reading about bunnies living on average 8-10 years. Mine was a house bun - she was well cared for and seemed happy and healthy most of the time and we cared for her well, or so I thought. I had a lop for a while and she fell into a terrible state with stasis but pulled
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Cyclin E2 promotes whole genome doubling in breast cancer | Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchCyclin E2 promotes whole genome doubling in breast cancer | Garvan Institute of Medical Research
Genome doubling is an underlying cause of cancer cell aneuploidy and genomic instability, but few drivers have been identified for this process. Due to their physiological roles in the genome reduplication of normal cells, we hypothesised that the oncogenes cyclins E1 and E2 may be drivers of genome doubling in cancer. We show that both cyclin E1 (CCNE1) and cyclin E2 (CCNE2) mRNA are significantly associated with high genome ploidy in breast cancers. By live cell imaging and flow cytometry, we show that cyclin E2 overexpression promotes aberrant mitosis without causing mitotic slippage, and it increases ploidy with negative feedback on the replication licensing protein, Cdt1. We demonstrate that cyclin E2 localises with core preRC (pre-replication complex) proteins (MCM2, MCM7) on the chromatin of cancer cells. Low CCNE2 is associated with improved overall survival in breast cancers, and we demonstrate that low cyclin E2 protects from excess genome rereplication. This occurs regardless of p53 status,
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Fun with Words: ReduplicationFun with Words: Reduplication
Credit to the Phrase Finder website for much of the information on this topic.. I love words, and one of the great joys of maintaining this blog is getting to learn about, think about, and write about them. I find particular (and perhaps unusual) joy in learning the names of various wordy phenomena. For example, Ive written previously about feghoots, eggcorns, mondegreens, paraprosdokians, back formations, portmanteau, and scesis onomatons, to name a few. All of these are terms Ive learned via blogging. Today well add another fun wordy word: reduplication.. Like most of these concepts, you are probably already familiar with reduplication. You just dont likely know that there is a name for it. Reduplication refers to words formed through repetition of sounds. Examples include okey-dokey, film-flam, and pitter-patter. English is replete with these playful coinages. Many are baby words: tum-tum, pee-pee, boo-boo. Some are recent slang terms: bling-bling, hip hop, cray-cray. Many are quite old: ...
https://blog.writeathome.com/index.php/2013/05/reduplication/?replytocom=17451
activity 9activity 9
We want to be very clear, just having routers, switches http://www.passexamway.com and a lab workbook is not enough to pass your Cisco exam. 300-115 pdf download Just focus on over study material for the preparation of CCNA 300-115 dumps Routing and Switching 200-125 Cisco Certified Network Associate.200-125 test dump Of course, Cisco 200-125 dumps are not 200-125 vce intended for people who didnt study CCNA 200-125 at all.we want to make sure we cover the various concepts that we could see on our Cisco CCNA exam.210-260 premium vce file It is actually suggesting that the applicants preparing 210-260 iins for CCNA Routing and Switching 200-125 Cisco Certified Network Associate, use both the preparation approaches. This will help all applicants to earn the assistances of both the approaches.200-125 Cisco 200-125 dumps only help you cisco to reinforce what you have learned and gives you an idea of how the exam is like.300-115 switch exam ...
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What is the Cisco CCNA Certification? - Best Value SchoolsWhat is the Cisco CCNA Certification? - Best Value Schools
The Cisco CCNA certification, which stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate, refers to a wide range of technical specializations that Cisco offers the IT world. These industry standard certifications are favored by organizations because they demonstrate the job candidates technical acumen and competency. Eligibility Cisco offers two entry-level certifications: the Cisco Certified Entry Level Technician ...
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What Everybody Else Does When It Comes to Write My Essay and What You Need to Be Doing Different - Hesen AlmusaferWhat Everybody Else Does When It Comes to Write My Essay and What You Need to Be Doing Different - Hesen Almusafer
Pertaining to the 200-125 CCNA important exercises, you will use equipped solutions in combination with mobile check ups. I will give you a complete present because of the audit, which posesses a series of selections that are undoubtedly exams • eBooks • Develop a trial run course Arranging analysis: The principle plan is definitely expected to always be personally likely by CCNA to observe likewise the move to 200-125 Estruendo qualified network personnel It is usually one tool for forms that can be finalized by checks, almost any terms for CCNA Mobiles number of eyewear together with uploading 200-125 Carbonilla Experienced Network on the webpage. Similar to an electric query, these modes carries a large number of men and women. The average person within the exam can be investigating these matters online and is certainly worrying.300-115 official cert guide download This specific video sequence prepares one to pass typically the Cisco 200-125 CCNA Course-plotting and Moving over exam. Is ...
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Luxury Room - Hesen AlmusaferLuxury Room - Hesen Almusafer
Pertaining to the 200-125 CCNA important exercises, you will use equipped solutions in combination with mobile check ups. I will give you a complete present because of the audit, which posesses a series of selections that are undoubtedly exams • eBooks • Develop a trial run course Arranging analysis: The principle plan is definitely expected to always be personally likely by CCNA to observe likewise the move to 200-125 Estruendo qualified network personnel It is usually one tool for forms that can be finalized by checks, almost any terms for CCNA Mobiles number of eyewear together with uploading 200-125 Carbonilla Experienced Network on the webpage. Similar to an electric query, these modes carries a large number of men and women. The average person within the exam can be investigating these matters online and is certainly worrying.300-115 official cert guide download This specific video sequence prepares one to pass typically the Cisco 200-125 CCNA Course-plotting and Moving over exam. Is ...
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CCNA Security Training in Brisbane | Dreamworld ITCCNA Security Training in Brisbane | Dreamworld IT
Be a CCNA certified with dream world certification training courses, with regular live mentor sessions and support from subject matter experts helps get your certification preparation.
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CCNA Security 640-554 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test | InformITCCNA Security 640-554 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test | InformIT
The exciting new CCNA Security 640-554 Official Cert Guide, Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test is a digital-only certification preparation product combining an eBook with enhanced Pearson IT Certification Practice Test.
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Tài liệu Network Associate chọn lọc - TaiLieu.VNTài liệu Network Associate chọn lọc - TaiLieu.VN
This book is intended to help you continue on your exciting new path toward obtaining your CCNP and CCIE certification. Before reading this book, it is important to have at least read the Sybex CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide. You can take the tests in any order, but the CCNA exam should probably be your first test. Many questions in the Support exam are built upon the CCNA material. However, we have done everything possible to make sure that you can pass the Support exam by reading this book and practicing with Cisco routers.... ...
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CCNA: Network Media Types > Twisted-Pair Cable | Cisco PressCCNA: Network Media Types > Twisted-Pair Cable | Cisco Press
When used as a networking medium, UTP cable has four pairs of either 22- or 24-gauge copper wire. UTP used as a networking medium has an impedance of 100 ohms; this differentiates it from other types of twisted-pair wiring such as that used for telephone wiring, which has impedance of 600 ohms. UTP cable offers many advantages. Because UTP has an external diameter of approximately 0.43 cm (0.17 inches), its small size can be advantageous during installation. Because it has such a small external diameter, UTP does not fill up wiring ducts as rapidly as other types of cable. This can be an extremely important factor to consider, particularly when installing a network in an older building. UTP cable is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of networking media. In fact, UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling. And because UTP can be used with most of the major networking architectures, it continues to grow in popularity.. Disadvantages also are involved in using ...
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Cisco CCNA and CCDA Offers | Global KnowledgeCisco CCNA and CCDA Offers | Global Knowledge
Global Knowledges Associate level bundles are a great way to kick start your training for a career in networking. Cisco is the biggest provider of networking infrastructures and a Cisco certification immediately provides employers with an indicator of your technical expertise
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Konfigurere og sikre LAN (CCNA 2)Konfigurere og sikre LAN (CCNA 2)
Samfunnet vårt domineres i stadig større grad av digitale løsninger og vi genererer mer data for hver dag som går. For de aller fleste virksomheter skaper dette mange muligheter, men det gjør oss også sårbare.. Derfor er behovet for kompetanse innenfor IT-sikkerhet sterkt økende, og mulighetene på arbeidsmarkedet er store for de med kompetanse innenfor dette feltet.. I dette kurset får du økt kunnskap om nettverk og IT-sikkerhet med utgangspunkt i Ciscos CCNA-program.. Du lærer om hvordan du bygger nettverk på en sikker måte, noe som har blitt enda viktigere de siste årene ettersom det har blitt vanlig for ansatte å ta med sine datamaskiner og andre enheter hjem fra jobb. Hvis du ønsker å jobbe innenfor IT-sikkerhet vil denne ti-ukers bootcampen gi deg et godt grunnlag for å lykkes. Og ettersom bootcampen foregår på deltid passer det perfekt også for deg i full jobb som ønsker å bygge på kompetanse.. ...
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Chapter 20 | Shikkaku TranslationsChapter 20 | Shikkaku Translations
Chapter 20 The Head of the Irz Village My meeting with the head of the village, an old-aged female elf known as Shione-san, was quickly allowed. Sitting on the seat offered to me, I met her who was sitting across the table.
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Chapter 20 | Shikkaku TranslationsChapter 20 | Shikkaku Translations
Chapter 20 The Head of the Irz Village My meeting with the head of the village, an old-aged female elf known as Shione-san, was quickly allowed. Sitting on the seat offered to me, I met her who was sitting across the table.
https://shikkakutranslations.org/kuro-no-maou/kuro-no-maou-volume-2-everyday-life-in-a-different-world/chapter-20/?replytocom=306
Cyclin A2Cyclin A2
The cyclin A2-CDK2 complex eventually phosphorylates E2F, turning off cyclin A2 transcription. E2F promotes cyclin A2 ... cyclin A1 is expressed during meiosis and embryogenesis while cyclin A2 is expressed in dividing somatic cells. Cyclin A2 ... Cyclin A2 is synthesized at the onset of S phase and localizes to the nucleus, where the cyclin A2-CDK2 complex is implicated ... Also in mice, cyclin A2 was found to be an RNA binding protein that controls the translation of Mre11 mRNA. Cyclin A2 (Ccna2) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_A2
Cyclin ACyclin A
Cyclin A2 is expressed in dividing somatic cells. Cyclin A, along with the other members of the cyclin family, regulates cell ... Cyclin A remains associated with CDK1 from late S into late G2 phase when it is replaced by cyclin B. Cyclin A/CDK1 is thought ... Cyclin A is the only cyclin that regulates multiple steps of the cell cycle. Cyclin A can regulate multiple cell cycle steps ... P21 is a CDK inhibitor that binds to several cyclin/CDK complexes, including cyclin A-CDK2/1 and cyclin D/CDK4, and blocks the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_A
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
Gopinathan L, Tan SL, Padmakumar VC, Coppola V, Tessarollo L, Kaldis P (July 2014). "Loss of Cdk2 and cyclin A2 impairs cell ... Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 has been shown to interact with: BRCA1, CDK2AP1, CDKN1B CDKN3, CEBPA, Cyclin A1, Cyclin E1, Flap ... Likewise, abnormal expression of cyclin A2 is associated with chromosomal instability and tumor proliferation, while inhibition ... "Entrez Gene: CDK2 cyclin-dependent kinase 2". Echalier A, Endicott JA, Noble ME (March 2010). "Recent developments in cyclin- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_2
ITGB3BPITGB3BP
... has been shown to interact with: CD61, Cyclin A2, NFKB1, RXRA, RXRG, and THRA. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... Ohtoshi A, Maeda T, Higashi H, Ashizawa S, Yamada M, Hatakeyama M (2000). "beta3-endonexin as a novel inhibitor of cyclin A- ... "beta3-endonexin as a novel inhibitor of cyclin A-associated kinase". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 267 (3): 947-52. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITGB3BP
Jun dimerization proteinJun dimerization protein
... involves downregulation of cyclin-A2". Oncogene. 29 (47): 6245-6256. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.355. PMC 3007677. PMID 20802531. ... JDP2 induces cell cycle arrest through cyclin D, p53, and cyclin A transcription, by increasing JUNB, JUND, and Fra2, and by ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_dimerization_protein
Jyotsna DhawanJyotsna Dhawan
... represses cyclin A2 expression, and promotes myogenic differentiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 ( ... epigenetic control of cellular quiescence by the tumor suppressor PRDM2/RIZ at a bivalent domain in the cyclin a gene". Nucleic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotsna_Dhawan
WTAP (gene)WTAP (gene)
2007). "Wilms' tumor 1-associating protein regulates G2/M transition through stabilization of cyclin A2 mRNA". Proc. Natl. Acad ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTAP_(gene)
Cyclin-dependent kinaseCyclin-dependent kinase
In mammalian cells, CDK1, with its partners cyclin A2 and B1, alone can drive the cell cycle. Another one, CDK7, is involved ... CDK6; cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin D3 CDK7; cyclin H CDK8; cyclin C CDK9; cyclin T1, cyclin T2a, cyclin T2b, cyclin K CDK10 ... cyclin A, cyclin B CDK2; cyclin A, cyclin E CDK3; cyclin C CDK4; cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin D3 CDK5; CDK5R1, CDK5R2. See also ... Furthermore, cyclin binding determines the specificity of the cyclin-CDK complex for particular substrates. Cyclins can ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase
RASSF1RASSF1
When expressed normally, RASSF1A causes repression of cyclin A2 and cyclin D1, leading to cell cycle arrest. RASSF1A also plays ... The protein was also shown to inhibit the accumulation of cyclin D1, and thus induce cell cycle arrest. Seven alternatively ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASSF1
CDC6CDC6
... has been shown to interact with ORC1L, ORC2L, Cyclin A2, PPP2R3B, MCM3, PPP2R3A, MCM7 and PSKH1. Cdc6, the family of ... Petersen, B O; Lukas J; Sørensen C S; Bartek J; Helin K (January 1999). "Phosphorylation of mammalian CDC6 by cyclin A/CDK2 ... The subcellular translocation of this protein during the cell cycle is regulated through its phosphorylation by cyclin- ... 1999). "Phosphorylation of mammalian CDC6 by cyclin A/CDK2 regulates its subcellular localization". EMBO J. 18 (2): 396-410. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC6
Transcription factor JunTranscription factor Jun
... c-jun expression in conjunction with tylophorine promotes G1 arrest in carcinoma cells through the downregulation of cyclin A2 ... C-jun regulates the transcriptional level of cyclin D1, which is a major Rb kinase. Rb is a growth suppressor, and it is ... This results in activated c-jun and its downstream targets such as RACK1 and cyclin D1. RACK1 can enhance JNK activity, and ... Therefore, c-jun is required for maintaining sufficient cyclin D1 kinase activity and allowing cell cycle progression. In cells ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor_Jun
PyroptosisPyroptosis
In gastric cancer cells, presence of GSDMD can inhibit cyclin A2/CDK2 complexes, leading to cell cycle arrest and thus inhibit ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroptosis
SAMHD1SAMHD1
Retroviral restriction ability of SAMHD1 is regulated by phosphorylation, for this purpose SAMHD1 associates with the cyclin A2 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMHD1
TMEM155TMEM155
Cytogenetic band: 4q27 TMEM155 is neighbored by TMEM155 is neighbored on chromosome 4 by CCNA2, a gene encoding for cyclin A2, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMEM155
Retinoblastoma-like protein 1Retinoblastoma-like protein 1
... has been shown to interact with: BEGAIN, BRCA1, BRF1, Cyclin A2, Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, E2F1 ... "Reversal of growth suppression by p107 via direct phosphorylation by cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4". Molecular and ... Shanahan F, Seghezzi W, Parry D, Mahony D, Lees E (Feb 1999). "Cyclin E associates with BAF155 and BRG1, components of the ... Faha B, Ewen ME, Tsai LH, Livingston DM, Harlow E (Jan 1992). "Interaction between human cyclin A and adenovirus E1A-associated ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma-like_protein_1
G0 phaseG0 phase
... such as cyclin A2, cyclin B1, cyclin E2, and survivin, and upregulation of genes involved in the regulation of transcription ... Immunoprecipitation kinase assays revealed that cyclin C has Rb kinase activity. Furthermore, unlike cyclins D and E, cyclin ... Further observations revealed that levels of cyclin C mRNA are highest when human cells exit G0, suggesting that cyclin C may ... confirmed the suspicion that cyclin C promotes G0 exit as repression of endogenous cyclin C by RNAi in mammalian cells ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G0_phase
CCN1CCN1
... may refer to: Cyclin A2 - a protein in the cyclin family CYR61 - a protein in the CCN family This disambiguation page ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCN1
E2F1E2F1
... promoter[PAX8] => E2F1 E2F1 has been shown to interact with: ARID3A, CUL1, Cyclin A1, Cyclin A2, GTF2H1, MDM4, NCOA6, NDN ... Yang R, Müller C, Huynh V, Fung YK, Yee AS, Koeffler HP (March 1999). "Functions of cyclin A1 in the cell cycle and its ... Xu M, Sheppard KA, Peng CY, Yee AS, Piwnica-Worms H (December 1994). "Cyclin A/CDK2 binds directly to E2F-1 and inhibits the ... This protein and another 2 members, E2F2 and E2F3, have an additional cyclin binding domain. This protein binds preferentially ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E2F1
Christian BréchotChristian Bréchot
Delayed early embryonic lethality following disruption of the murine cyclin A2 gene. Nature Genetics. 1997, 15: 83-86. Barba, G ... Wang, J., Chenivesse, X., Heinglein, B., and Brechot, C. Hepatitis B virus integration in a cyclin A gene in hepatocellular ... in particular through the identification of human cyclin A at the genomic insertion site of HBV in an HCC. Bréchot directed ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bréchot
Let-7 microRNA precursorLet-7 microRNA precursor
... including cyclin A2, CDC34, Aurora A and B kinases (STK6 and STK12), E2F5, and CDK8, among others. Subsequent experiments ... Another oncogene, high mobility group A2 (HMGA2), has also been identified as a target of let-7. Let-7 directly inhibits HMGA2 ... Motoyama K, Inoue H, Nakamura Y, Uetake H, Sugihara K, Mori M (2008). "Clinical significance of high mobility group A2 in human ... "Antiproliferative effects by Let-7 repression of high-mobility group A2 in uterine leiomyoma". Mol Cancer Res. 6 (4): 663-73. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let-7_microRNA_precursor
G2 phaseG2 phase
However, cyclin A2/CDK complexes do not function strictly as activators of cyclin B1/CDK1 in G2, as CDK2 has been shown to be ... Downregulation of cyclin A2 in U2OS cells delays cyclin-B1/CDK1 activation by increasing Wee1 activity and lowering Plk1 and ... FoxM1 and B-Myb by upstream G1 and G1/S cyclin-CDK complexes. Increased levels of cyclin B1 cause rising levels of cyclin B1- ... Cyclin A2/CDK2 activity begins in early S phase and increases during G2. Cdc25B has been shown to dephosphorylate Tyr15 on CDK2 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_phase
Proliferating cell nuclear antigenProliferating cell nuclear antigen
Annexin A2, CAF-1, CDC25C, CHTF18, Cyclin D1, Cyclin O, Cyclin-dependent kinase 4, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C, DNMT1 ... "Association of proliferating cell nuclear antigen with cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins in normal and transformed human T ... Webb G, Parsons P, Chenevix-Trench G (1991). "Localization of the gene for human proliferating nuclear antigen/cyclin by in ... Matsuoka S, Yamaguchi M, Matsukage A (April 1994). "D-type cyclin-binding regions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen". J. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferating_cell_nuclear_antigen
Intracranial aneurysmIntracranial aneurysm
... collagen type 1 A2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endothelin receptor A and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor. Recently, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_aneurysm
BEN domainBEN domain
Rampalli S, Pavithra L, Bhatt A, Kundu TK, Chattopadhyay S (October 2005). "Tumor suppressor SMAR1 mediates cyclin D1 ... SMAR1 is the target of prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) induced growth arrest. NACC1, a novel member of the POZ/BTB (Pox virus and Zinc ... MAR-binding protein that down-regulates Cyclin D1 expression by recruiting HDAC1-mSin3A co-repressor complex at Cyclin D1 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEN_domain
GranulinGranulin
Hoque M, Young TM, Lee CG, Serrero G, Mathews MB, Pe'ery T (March 2003). "The growth factor granulin interacts with cyclin T1 ... Other studies have suggested tumor necrosis factor and EPH receptor A2 as potential progranulin facilitators. After binding to ... Granulin has also been shown to interact with Cyclin T1 and TRIB3. Although progranulin expression increases as cells mature, ... Progranulin can promote cyclin D1 expression in breast cancer lines and phosphorylation of proteins through extracellular ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulin
Replication protein A2Replication protein A2
RPA2 has been shown to interact with: Cyclin O, DNA-PKcs, Ku70, MEN1, RPA3, Replication protein A1, STAT3, TP53BP1 and Uracil- ... "Entrez Gene: RPA2 Replication protein A2, 32kDa". Otterlei M, Warbrick E, Nagelhus TA, Haug T, Slupphaug G, Akbari M, Aas PA, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_protein_A2
List of MeSH codes (D12.776)List of MeSH codes (D12.776)
... cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 MeSH D12.776.624.776.355.700 - cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57 See List of MeSH ... MeSH D12.776.070.400.200.100 - apolipoprotein A1 MeSH D12.776.070.400.200.150 - apolipoprotein A2 See List of MeSH codes ( ... cyclin-dependent kinase 5 MeSH D12.776.167.200.067.900 - cyclin-dependent kinase 9 MeSH D12.776.167.200.580.500 - cdc2 protein ... cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p15 MeSH D12.776.624.776.355.200 - cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 MeSH D12.776.624.776 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)
CKAP5CKAP5
Basto R, Gergely F, Draviam VM, Ohkura H, Liley K, Raff JW (2007). "Hsp90 is required to localise cyclin B and Msps/ch-TOG to ... protein tumor overexpressed gene binds to the RNA trafficking protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2". Mol. Biol. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKAP5
Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirusKaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
June 2012). "The ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase A2 is a cellular receptor for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus". Nature ... cyclin-D, a G protein-coupled receptor, interferon regulatory factor and Flice inhibitory protein (FLIP), as well as DNA ... Crucial for the entry of KSHV into cells are the EPH receptor A2, Hrs,TSG101, and a few integrins (whose identity has yet to be ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi's_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus
Retinoblastoma proteinRetinoblastoma protein
One such example of E2F-regulated genes repressed by pRb are cyclin E and cyclin A. Both of these cyclins are able to bind to ... Within 72-96 hours of active pRb induction in A2-4 cells, the target DNA replication factor proteins-MCMs, RPA34, DBF4, RFCp37 ... When E2F is free it activates factors like cyclins (e.g. cyclin E and cyclin A), which push the cell through the cell cycle by ... antagonizing transcription factor ARID4A Aryl hydrocarbon receptor BRCA1 BRF1 C-jun C-Raf CDK9 CUTL1 Cyclin A1 Cyclin D1 Cyclin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein
Cyclopentenone prostaglandinsCyclopentenone prostaglandins
6-epoxisoprostane A2. In cells, COX-1 and COX-2 metabolize arachidonic acid to PGH2 which is then converted to PGE2 by any one ... Cyclin D1, Cdk4, and Insulin-like growth factor 1; and e) regulating agents such as HSP70, GPR78, Gadd153, Ubiquitin B, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins
Schumanniophyton problematicumSchumanniophyton problematicum
... and the iridoid glycosides scyphiphorin A1-A2 and scyphiphorin B1-B2. Alvocidib is a synthetic analog of rohitukine that acts ... "Successful treatment of animal models of rheumatoid arthritis with small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors". J. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schumanniophyton_problematicum
Biochemical cascadeBiochemical cascade
... mitogens promote a relatively rapid G1-S transition through cooperative action of cyclin D-CDK4/6 and cyclin E-CDK2 to ... platelet-derived thromboxane A2 (TxA2) (TP receptor) and ADP (P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors) that is either released from damaged ... In the absence of mitogenic signals, cyclin-CDKs and the G1-S transition are suppressed by cell cycle inhibitors including Ink4 ... This reduces the sensitivity of stem cells to mitogenic signals by inhibiting cyclin-CDK complexes. As a result, either stem ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade
YWHAZYWHAZ
Du X, Harris SJ, Tetaz TJ, Ginsberg MH, Berndt MC (July 1994). "Association of a phospholipase A2 (14-3-3 protein) with the ... Also, 14-3-3ζ can negatively regulate the G2-M phase checkpoint by binding and sequestering the cyclin-dependent kinases to the ... UTR of human surfactant protein A2 mRNA". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 309 (2): L147 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWHAZ
Histone acetylation and deacetylationHistone acetylation and deacetylation
This superfamily includes the factors Gcn5 which is included in the SAGA, SLIK, STAGA, ADA, and A2 complexes, Gcn5L, p300/CREB- ... mice were found to die during embryogenesis and showed a drastic reduction in the production but increased expression of Cyclin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation
CondensinCondensin
For instance, Cdk1 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 1) activates condensin I, whereas CK2 (Casein kinase 2) negatively regulate its ... Á, Contessoto VG, van Heesbeen RGHP, van den Broek B, Mhaskar AN, Teunissen H, St Hilaire BG, Weisz D, Omer AD, Pham M, Colaric ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensin
Mir-663 microRNA precursor familyMir-663 microRNA precursor family
Transfection with miR-663 also sees a resultant upregulation of cyclin B. Resveratrol, a natural phenol and antioxidant, ... "Proto-oncogenic isoform A2 of eukaryotic translation elongation factor eEF1 is a target of miR-663 and miR-744". British ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-663_microRNA_precursor_family
Ceramide kinaseCeramide kinase
Additionally, production of C-1-P appears to result in increased expression of Cyclin D. CERK has demonstrated an ability to ... Once localized, to the trans-golgi CERK activates cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) that has localized to the trans-golgi. ... Gijón MA, Leslie CC (June 1997). "Phospholipases A2". Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 8 (3): 297-303. doi:10.1006/scdb.1997.0151. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide_kinase
Human papillomavirus infectionHuman papillomavirus infection
p53 also upregulates the p21 protein, which blocks the formation of the cyclin D/Cdk4 complex, thereby preventing the ... 2012). "The S100A10 subunit of the annexin A2 heterotetramer facilitates L2-mediated human papillomavirus infection". PLOS ONE ... and annexin A2 leading to entry of the virions into basal epithelial cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and/or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection
CSNK1DCSNK1D
... cyclin-dependent kinase 2/cyclin E (CDK2/E) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5/p35 (CDK5/p35), CDC-like kinase 2 (CLK2), protein ... Alquezar C, Salado IG, de la Encarnación A, Pérez DI, Moreno F, Gil C, de Munain AL, Martínez A, Martín-Requero Á (April 2016 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNK1D
GRB2GRB2
EPH receptor A2, ETV6, Epidermal growth factor receptor, Erythropoietin receptor, FRS2, Fas ligand, GAB1, GAB2, Glycoprotein ... "Direct binding of the signal-transducing adaptor Grb2 facilitates down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB2
CDK1/Cyclin A2-H21A 2020 Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd.
Construct: N-GST-3C-CDK1(1-297end)/pFastBacHTB-N-6His-TEV-Cyclin A2(174-432) ... Alias: Cyclin-dependent kinase 1,CDK1,Cell division control protein 2 homolog,Cell division protein kinase 1,p34 protein kinase ... Cyclin which controls both the G1/S and the G2/M transition phases of the cell cycle. Functions through the formation of ... The cyclin subunit confers the substrate specificity of these complexes and differentially interacts with and activates CDK1 ...
https://en.wuxibiortus.com/Products_Details/3.html
CyclinA2 Protein(C78-30BG) - SignalChem Online StoreCyclinA2 Protein(C78-30BG) - SignalChem Online Store
Recombinant full-length human CyclinA2 was expressed by baculovirus in Sf9 insect cells using an N-terminal GST tag. Species : ... 1. Murphy, M.et.al: Delayed early embryonic lethality following disruption of the murine cyclin A2 gene. Nature Genet. 15: 83- ... CyclinA2 is an essential component of all embryonic and somatic cell cycles in mammals (1). CyclinA2 is highly expressed in the ... Scientific Background :CyclinA2 belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family whose members are characterized by a dramatic ...
https://shop.signalchem.com/products/c78-30bg
RCSB PDB - 6P3W: Crystal structure of the Cyclin A-CDK2-ORC1 complexRCSB PDB - 6P3W: Crystal structure of the Cyclin A-CDK2-ORC1 complex
Crystal structure of the Cyclin A-CDK2-ORC1 complex ... Cyclin-A2. B,. E [auth D]. 257. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 ... The complex of Cyclin A with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) controls the DNA replication activity through phosphorylation of ... The complex of Cyclin A with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) controls the DNA replication activity through phosphorylation of ... The structure revealed that the ORC1 peptide interacts with a hydrophobic groove, termed cyclin binding groove (CBG), of Cyclin ...
https://www.rcsb.org/structure/6P3W
Anti-Cyclin A1 antibody (ab53699) | AbcamAnti-Cyclin A1 antibody (ab53699) | Abcam
Rabbit polyclonal Cyclin A1 antibody. Validated in WB, ELISA, IHC, ICC/IF and tested in Human. Cited in 24 publication(s). ... I attach you a picture of wb in which the anti-cyclin A E23.1 ab38 is a good antibody to recognize the cyclin A2 on wb but the ... Anti-Cyclin A1 + Cyclin A2 antibody [EPR18054] (ab185619) *Research with confidence - consistent and reproducible results with ... Secondly, It seems that you are Co-IPing the cyclin A1/ A2 with your protein of interest so the problem might be with the co-Ip ...
https://www.abcam.com/cyclin-a1-antibody-ab53699.html
SWISS-MODEL Template Library | 1oiy
STRUCTURE OF HUMAN THR160-PHOSPHO CDK2/CYCLIN A COMPLEXED WITH A 6-CYCLOHEXYLMETHYLOXY-2-ANILINO-PURINE INHIBITOR ... CELL DIVISION PROTEIN KINASE 2; CYCLIN A2. Oligo-state. hetero-oligomer. SMTL ID. 1oiy.2. Ligands. 4-(6-CYCLOHEXYLMETHOXY-9H- ... STRUCTURE OF HUMAN THR160-PHOSPHO CDK2/CYCLIN A COMPLEXED WITH A 6-CYCLOHEXYLMETHYLOXY-2-ANILINO-PURINE INHIBITOR; X-RAY ...
https://swissmodel.expasy.org/templates/1oiy
Search Ageing-Associated Genes in HumansSearch Ageing-Associated Genes in Humans
cyclin A2. CCNA2. 250. CDC42. cell division cycle 42. CDC42. 201. CDK1. cyclin-dependent kinase 1. CDK1. ... cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (p15, inhibits CDK4). CDKN2B. 88. CEBPA. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alpha. ... cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A. CDKN2A. 288. CDKN2B. ... cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1). CDKN1A. 226. ...
https://genomics.senescence.info/genes/query.php?show=4&sort=2
Global Gene Expression of Cultured Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Focus on Cell Cycle and Proliferation Status in Improving the...Global Gene Expression of Cultured Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Focus on Cell Cycle and Proliferation Status in Improving the...
cyclin A2). ENSG00000145386. The protein forms complex with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) to promotes transition through G1/ ... Cyclin A2 is an RNA binding protein that controls Mre11 mRNA translation. Science. 2016;353:1549-52 ... Charrier-Savournin FB, Chateau MT, Gire V, Sedivy J, Piette J, Dulic V. p21-Mediated nuclear retention of cyclin B1-Cdk1 in ... cyclin B1). ENSG00000134057. Activated gene product complexes with cdk1 to form the maturation promoting factor (MPF). The ...
https://medsci.org/v18p1519.htm
SCOPe 2.08: Domain d2c4gb1: 2c4g B:175-309SCOPe 2.08: Domain d2c4gb1: 2c4g B:175-309
PDB Description: structure of cdk2-cyclin a with pha-533514. PDB Compounds: (B:) cyclin a2. SCOPe Domain Sequences for d2c4gb1: ... Protein Cyclin A [47956] (2 species). *. Species Human (Homo sapiens) [TaxId:9606] [47957] (89 PDB entries). Uniprot P20248 175 ... Fold a.74: Cyclin-like [47953] (1 superfamily). core: 5 helices; one helix is surrounded by the others. ... Superfamily a.74.1: Cyclin-like [47954] (4 families) duplication: consists of two domains of this fold. ...
http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=129810
Study on the Mechanisms and Experimental Verification of Cuscuta-Salvia (Tusizi-Danshen) in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary...Study on the Mechanisms and Experimental Verification of Cuscuta-Salvia (Tusizi-Danshen) in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary...
Cyclin-A2. 195. PTPN1. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1. 3.4 Choosing of the candidate targets of PCOS ...
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-642886/v1
Gene Networks and microRNAs Implicated in Aggressive Prostate Cancer | Cancer Research | American Association for Cancer...Gene Networks and microRNAs Implicated in Aggressive Prostate Cancer | Cancer Research | American Association for Cancer...
Cyclin A2 NM_001237 50 0.482 1.30E-08 2.03E-06 54 ... Cyclin A2 NM_001237 50 0.482 1.30E-08 2.03E-06 54 ... The prognostic value and overexpression of cyclin A is correlated with gene amplification of both cyclin A and cyclin E in ... Cyclin B2 NM_004701 20 0.416 1.40E-06 6.11E-05 196 ... Cyclin B2 NM_004701 20 0.416 1.40E-06 6.11E-05 196 ... Reliability of cyclin A assessment on tissue microarrays in breast cancer compared to conventional histological slides ...
https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/69/24/9490/552818/Gene-Networks-and-microRNAs-Implicated-in
CYCA2;4 gene cDNA ORF clone, Arabidopsis thaliana(thale cress) - GenScriptCYCA2;4 gene cDNA ORF clone, Arabidopsis thaliana(thale cress) - GenScript
4 Cyclin A2;4 available at GenScript, starting from $99.00. ... Cyclin A2;4. Comment. Comment: REVIEWED REFSEQ: This record has ... Arabidopsis thaliana Cyclin A2;4 (CYCA2;4), mRNA.. pcDNA3.1-C-(k)DYK or customized vector. 7-9. $258.30. $369.00. ... CYCA2;4 ( NM_106686.3 ) cDNA ORF clone, Arabidopsis thaliana(thale cress) -, NP_178153.1 Arabidopsis thaliana Cyclin A2;4 ( ...
https://www.genscript.com/gene/arabidopsis-thaliana/844377/cyca24.html
Stránka 45: doc. MVDr. Aleš Hampl, CSc. - Publikace | Lékařská fakulta Masarykovy univerzity | MED MUNIStránka 45: doc. MVDr. Aleš Hampl, CSc. - Publikace | Lékařská fakulta Masarykovy univerzity | MED MUNI
The appearance of truncated cyclin A2 correlates with differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells ANGER M. BRYJA V. JIRMANOVÁ ... The role of p27(Kip1) in maintaining the levels of D-type cyclins in vivo BRYJA V. PACHERNÍK J. FALDÍKOVÁ L. KREJČÍ P. POGUE R ... The role of p27(Kip1) in maintaining the levels of D-type cyclins in vivo BRYJA Vítězslav PACHERNÍK Jiří FALDÍKOVÁ Ludmila ... Temporal distribution of CDK4, CDK6, D-type cyclins, and p27 in developing mouse oocytes DVOŘÁK Petr HAMPL Aleš KOHOUTEK J. ...
https://www.med.muni.cz/o-fakulte/zamestnanci/47170-ales-hampl/publikace?page=45
Ki Summary
CDK2-CyclinA , CDK2/A , CDK2/Cyclin A , Cyclin A2/dependent kinase 2 , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2) , Cyclin-Dependent ... Cdk2/Cyclin A kinase was purified from insect cells coinfected with Cyclin A/Cdk2 baculovirus. ... CDK2 , CDK2-Kinase , Cell division protein kinase 2 , Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) , Protein cereblon/Cyclin-dependent ...
https://bindingdb.org/rwd/jsp/dbsearch/Summary_ki.jsp?entryid=3495&ki_result_id=63183&reactant_set_id=63184&energyterm=kJ%2Fmole&kiunit=nM&icunit=nM
4-(4-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online4-(4-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online
UCyclin-dependent kinase 2. Not Available. Humans. UCyclin-A2. Not Available. Humans. ...
https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB08178
Definition of a FoxA1 cistrome that is crucial for G |sub|1|/sub| to S-phase cell-cycle transit in castration-resistant...
Gene expression profiling revealed novel mechanism of action of Taxotere and Furtulon in prostate cancer cells | BMC Cancer |...Gene expression profiling revealed novel mechanism of action of Taxotere and Furtulon in prostate cancer cells | BMC Cancer |...
NM_001237.1 cyclin A2 (CCNA2) -1.2 -5.7 -12.1 NC NC -2.1 -1.1 -8.6 -13.9 ... NM_000389.1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1) 1.3 9.8 8.6 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 8.0 7.5 ... AF112857.1 cyclin E2 splice variant 1 mRNA 1.2 -3.5 -3.2 NC -2.0 -1.6 -1.4 -7.0 -8.6 ... NM_004702.1 cyclin E2 (CCNE2) 1.6 -5.3 -3.2 NC -2.3 -1.7 -1.7 -4.9 -8.0 ...
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-5-7/tables/3
British Library EThOS: The functional role of ZONAB in endothelial cellsBritish Library EThOS: The functional role of ZONAB in endothelial cells
I have identified key cell-cycle regulatory genes that are deregulated by ZONAB depletion such as cyclin A2 and polo like ...
https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.798756
Frontiers | Psoralen Induced Liver Injury by Attenuating Liver Regenerative CapabilityFrontiers | Psoralen Induced Liver Injury by Attenuating Liver Regenerative Capability
... cycle arrest may play an important role in the progression of hepatotoxicity associated with the upregulation of cyclin E1 and ... In addition, psoralen in both the mouse livers and L02 cells upregulated cyclin E1 and p27 protein levels. The 2/3 partial ... In addition, psoralen in both the mouse livers and L02 cells upregulated cyclin E1 and p27 protein levels. The 2/3 partial ... cyclin E1, cyclin A2, CDK1, and p27. (B) Relative protein levels of cyclin D1, cyclin E1, cyclin A2, CDK1, and p27. The density ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.01179/full
The deubiquitylase USP7 is a novel cyclin F-interacting protein and regulates cyclin F protein stability | Aging
Here, we identify the deubiquitylase USP7 as a novel cyclin F-interacting protein. We observe that USP7 stabilizes cyclin F ... unlike canonical and transcriptional cyclins, does not bind or activate any cyclin-dependent kinases. Instead, it harbors an F- ... Cyclin F abundance and activity are tightly regulated throughout the cell cycle. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating ... Additionally, our data suggest that USP7 is also involved in the regulation of cyclin F mRNA. Pharmacological inhibition of the ...
https://www.aging-us.com/article/204372/text
Transcriptome analysis reveals differences in mechanisms regulating cessation of luteal function in pregnant and non-pregnant...Transcriptome analysis reveals differences in mechanisms regulating cessation of luteal function in pregnant and non-pregnant...
Thus, the cyclin A2 (CCNA2), an important positive regulator of cell cycle progression, was more highly expressed in the CL of ...
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-017-4084-9
Find Research outputs - Taipei Medical University
Gut microbiota lipopolysaccharide accelerates inflamm-aging in mice | BMC Microbiology | Full TextGut microbiota lipopolysaccharide accelerates inflamm-aging in mice | BMC Microbiology | Full Text
... while cyclin-dependent kinase-2 and cyclin E levels were lower in aged mice than in young mice. The lipopolysaccharide fraction ... Furthermore, St Gelais et al. [34] also reported several SAMHD1-interacting cellular proteins such as cyclin A2, cyclin B1, ... Cribier A, Descours B, Valadão AL, Laguette N, Benkirane M. Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 by cyclin A2/CDK1 regulates its ... regulates cell proliferation by cyclin A2/CDK1 [13]. Furthermore, SAMHD1 is suggested to regulate the cell cycle by the ...
https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12866-016-0625-7
Butyl octyl phthalate interacts with estrogen receptor α in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells to promote cancer developmentButyl octyl phthalate interacts with estrogen receptor α in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells to promote cancer development
... cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1), cyclin A2 (CCNA2), progesterone receptor (PGR), splicing factor, proline- and glutamine-rich ( ...
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/wasj.2021.92?text=fulltext
Orsola Di Martino - Research output - Research Profiles at Washington University School of MedicineOrsola Di Martino - Research output - Research Profiles at Washington University School of Medicine
DeCSDeCS
Cyclin A2 - Preferred Concept UI. M0529051. Scope note. A widely-expressed cyclin A subtype that functions during the G1/S and ... ciclina A2. Scope note:. Ciclina de subtipo A ampliamente expresada que actúa durante las transiciones G1/S y G2/M del CICLO ... A widely-expressed cyclin A subtype that functions during the G1/S and G2/M transitions of the CELL CYCLE.. ...
https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=53624
GSE2770 IL12 AND TGFB VS IL4 TREATED ACT CD4 TCELL 6H UPGSE2770 IL12 AND TGFB VS IL4 TREATED ACT CD4 TCELL 6H UP
cyclin A2 [Source:HGNC Symbol;Acc:HGNC.... CDC123. 8872. CDC123. cell division cycle 123 [Source:HGNC S.... ...
https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/GSE2770_IL12_AND_TGFB_VS_IL4_TREATED_ACT_CD4_TCELL_6H_UP.html
CCNA2 and DTNBP1 Interaction - Wiki-PiCCNA2 and DTNBP1 Interaction - Wiki-Pi
cyclin A2. dystrobrevin binding protein 1. Image. No pdb structure. Gene Ontology Annotations. Cellular Component. *Female ... Phosphorylation of proteins involved in the G2/M transition by Cyclin A:Cdc2 complexes ...
https://hagrid.dbmi.pitt.edu/wiki-pi/index.php/pair/view/890/84062
SeneQuest
cyclin A2. U: 3. D: 18. CD40. CD40 antigen. U: 1. CDK2. cyclin-dependent kinase 2. U: 2 ...
https://senequest.net/search?type=go_term&search=protein%20domain%20specific%20binding
IMP: Integrative Multi-species Prediction
cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1). 0.911. CCNA2. cyclin A2. 0.877. ...
http://imp.princeton.edu/predictions/process/human-context-global/4851/?gene=19875
Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences - Research output - University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Campos-Barros, Á., Benito-Sanz, S., Ross, J. L., Zinn, A. R. & Heath, K. E., May 1 2007, In: American Journal of Medical ... Distinct roles for the mammalian A-type cyclins during oogenesis. Persson, J. L., Zhang, Q., Wang, X. Y., Ravnik, S. E., ...
https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/organisations/southwestern-graduate-school-of-biomedical-sciences-2/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle
CDK2KinasesCDK1ProteinSubunitDependent kinaseMRNAMitosisInteractsGenesInhibitionEmbryonicProgressionProteinsComplexesReplicationCellMotifFunctionalMolecularSymbolSimilarCellsCdk1Binding proteinUnchanged D-type cyclinsKinase inhibitorRole of cyclinPhosphorylationInducesSkp2Inhibition of cyclinSubstratesCDKsInhibitorsActivatesGeneGerm cellsAntibodyCdc2DeregulationTranscriptionKip1TransitionMammalianPromoterRegulatesMurineRegulationProliferationInhibitsAnnexinOryzaExpressionCell routineIsolationDeletion
CDK213
  • Functions through the formation of specific serine/threonine protein kinase holoenzyme complexes with the cyclin-dependent protein kinases CDK1 or CDK2. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • The cyclin subunit confers the substrate specificity of these complexes and differentially interacts with and activates CDK1 and CDK2 throughout the cell cycle. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • CyclinA2 binds and activates CDC2 or CDK2 and thus promotes both cell cycle G1/S and G2/M transitions. (signalchem.com)
  • It has been shown that the direct interaction between the Cyclin A-CDK2 complex and origin recognition complex subunit 1 (ORC1) mediates the localization of ORC1 to centrosomes, where ORC1 inhibits cyclin E-mediated centrosome reduplication. (rcsb.org)
  • Here we report the crystal structure of Cyclin A-CDK2 complex bound to a peptide derived from ORC1 at 2.54 å resolution. (rcsb.org)
  • Cdk2/Cyclin A kinase was purified from insect cells coinfected with Cyclin A/Cdk2 baculovirus. (bindingdb.org)
  • Cyclin E/CDK2 prevents oxidative stress-mediated Ras-induced senescence by phosphorylating MYC. (proteopedia.org)
  • NPM1 phosphorylation by cyclin E/CDK2 promotes its dissociates from unduplicated centrosomes, thus initiating centrosome duplication. (proteopedia.org)
  • Cyclin E/CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPAT at G1-S transition and until prophase stimulates the NPAT-mediated activation of histone gene transcription during S phase. (proteopedia.org)
  • Zhao J, Kennedy BK, Lawrence BD, Barbie DA, Matera AG, Fletcher JA, Harlow E. NPAT links cyclin E-Cdk2 to the regulation of replication-dependent histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)
  • Cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation of p220(NPAT) by cyclin E/Cdk2 in Cajal bodies promotes histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)
  • This phosphorylation can be inhibited by treatment with roscovitine (Shuman phosphorylated with purified, active cdk2/cyclin A2 (Signalchem). (cmerp.net)
  • Cyclin A2, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E2, CDK2, and CDK4) were significantly involved in the regulation of cell cycle downstream of TSPAN12. (molcells.org)
Kinases6
  • Progression of cell cycle is regulated by sequential expression of cyclins, which associate with distinct cyclin kinases to drive the transition between different cell cycle phases. (rcsb.org)
  • Cyclin F, unlike canonical and transcriptional cyclins, does not bind or activate any cyclin-dependent kinases. (aging-us.com)
  • Orderly progression through the cell cycle is driven by the periodic oscillations in the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) [ 1 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • Senescence is induced by p16 through inhibition of the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6, which would otherwise phosphorylate and inactivate the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Reciprocal activation by cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 7 is directed by substrate specificity determinants outside the T loop. (proteopedia.org)
  • Western blot analysis showed that several cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) (e.g. (molcells.org)
CDK15
  • CDK1/Cyclin A2-H21A_2020 Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • CDK1/CDC2-cyclin-B controls pronuclear union in interphase fertilized eggs (PubMed:18480403, PubMed:20360007). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • During G2 and early mitosis, CDC25A/B/C-mediated dephosphorylation activates CDK1/cyclin complexes which phosphorylate several substrates that trigger at least centrosome separation, Golgi dynamics, nuclear envelope breakdown and chromosome condensation (PubMed:18480403, PubMed:20360007). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • CDK1-cyclin-B complex phosphorylates NCKAP5L and mediates its dissociation from centrosomes during mitosis (PubMed:26549230). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus. (proteopedia.org)
Protein6
  • CyclinA2 belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle and function as regulators of CDKs. (signalchem.com)
  • In addition, psoralen in both the mouse livers and L02 cells upregulated cyclin E1 and p27 protein levels. (frontiersin.org)
  • Sharma SS , Pledger WJ , Kondaiah P , . The deubiquitylase USP7 is a novel cyclin F-interacting protein and regulates cyclin F protein stability. (aging-us.com)
  • Here, we identify the deubiquitylase USP7 as a novel cyclin F-interacting protein. (aging-us.com)
  • We observe that USP7 stabilizes cyclin F protein and that this function is independent of the deubiquitylase activity of USP7. (aging-us.com)
  • Interestingly, the expression level of sterile α-motif domain- and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) in the colon was higher in aged mice than in young mice, while cyclin-dependent kinase-2 and cyclin E levels were lower in aged mice than in young mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Subunit2
  • Instead, it harbors an F-box motif and primarily functions as the substrate recognition subunit of the Skp1-Cul1-F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, SCF Cyclin F . By targeting specific proteins for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, cyclin F plays a critical role in the regulation of centrosomal duplication, DNA replication and repair, and maintenance of genomic stability. (aging-us.com)
  • Within this complex, cyclin F functions as the substrate-recognition subunit and targets specific proteins for ubiquitylation, and subsequent degradation [ 5 ]. (aging-us.com)
Dependent kinase1
  • In this study, we investigated how TSPAN12 regulates OC cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo and found that it contributed to tumor proliferation and poor prognosis in this disease through cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) pathways. (molcells.org)
MRNA3
  • Arabidopsis thaliana Cyclin A2;4 (CYCA2;4), mRNA. (genscript.com)
  • Additionally, our data suggest that USP7 is also involved in the regulation of cyclin F mRNA. (aging-us.com)
  • Pharmacological inhibition of the deubiquitylase activity of USP7 resulted in downregulation of cyclin F mRNA. (aging-us.com)
Mitosis1
  • activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase. (proteopedia.org)
Interacts3
  • The structure revealed that the ORC1 peptide interacts with a hydrophobic groove, termed cyclin binding groove (CBG), of Cyclin A via a KXL motif. (rcsb.org)
  • Using its F-box, cyclin F interacts with Skp1, which simultaneously recruits Cul1 (and RBX1 with Cul1): together they assemble into a functional SCF Cyclin F (Skp1-Cul1-F box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex [ 4 , 5 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • Cyclin F functionally interacts with these substrates and interaction partners to chiefly regulate genomic and chromosomal stability. (aging-us.com)
Genes1
  • I have identified key cell-cycle regulatory genes that are deregulated by ZONAB depletion such as cyclin A2 and polo like kinase. (bl.uk)
Inhibition1
  • the decrease of liver regenerative and compensatory capabilities induced by hepatocellular cycle arrest may play an important role in the progression of hepatotoxicity associated with the upregulation of cyclin E1 and p27, as well as the inhibition of mTOR signalling and mitochondrial injury. (frontiersin.org)
Embryonic2
  • CyclinA2 is an essential component of all embryonic and somatic cell cycles in mammals (1). (signalchem.com)
  • 1. Murphy, M.et.al: Delayed early embryonic lethality following disruption of the murine cyclin A2 gene. (signalchem.com)
Progression1
  • Among the cyclins that play a crucial role in cell-cycle progression, is cyclin F. It is most similar to cyclin A, both in terms of amino acid sequence and the cyclic pattern of expression during the cell cycle [ 3 ]. (aging-us.com)
Proteins2
  • The activity of CDKs, in turn, is controlled by their binding to allosteric regulatory proteins called cyclins. (aging-us.com)
  • Instead, cyclin F is the founding member of the F-box family of proteins, whose 69 members share a conserved F-box domain [ 4 ]. (aging-us.com)
Complexes1
  • This study provides a structural basis of the specific ORC1-cyclins recognition, with implication in development of novel inhibitors against the cyclin/CDK complexes. (rcsb.org)
Replication3
  • Cyclin A also plays a major role in the control of DNA replication (3). (signalchem.com)
  • 3. Girard, F. et.al: Cyclin A is required for the onset of DNA replication in mammalian fibroblasts. (signalchem.com)
  • Cyclin A2/E1 activation defines a hepatocellular carcinoma subclass with a rearrangement signature of replication stress. (cdc.gov)
Cell4
  • Cyclin which controls both the G1/S and the G2/M transition phases of the cell cycle. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • 2. Yang, R.et.al: Characterization of a second human cyclin A that is highly expressed in testis and in several leukemic cell lines. (signalchem.com)
  • Cyclin F abundance and activity are tightly regulated throughout the cell cycle. (aging-us.com)
  • A widely-expressed cyclin A subtype that functions during the G1/S and G2/M transitions of the CELL CYCLE . (bvsalud.org)
Motif1
  • Distinct from other identified CBG-binding sequences, an arginine residue flanking the KXL motif of ORC1 inserts into a neighboring acidic pocket, contributing to the strong ORC1-Cyclin A association. (rcsb.org)
Functional1
  • The C-terminal regulatory domain of p53 contains a functional docking site for cyclin A. J Mol Biol. (proteopedia.org)
Molecular2
  • However, the molecular basis underlying the specific recognition between ORC1 and cyclins remains elusive. (rcsb.org)
  • However, the molecular mechanisms regulating cyclin F are scantily understood. (aging-us.com)
Symbol1
Similar1
Cells2
  • Recombinant full-length human CyclinA2 was expressed by baculovirus in Sf9 insect cells using an N-terminal GST tag. (signalchem.com)
  • CyclinA2 is highly expressed in the testis and certain myeloid leukemia cells (2). (signalchem.com)
Cdk14
  • controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus. (proteopedia.org)
  • This important unnecessary PD 169316 function in mammalian advancement offers been connected to reduced transcription of genetics that encode mitotic government bodies cyclin A, cyclin N1, and Cdk1, ensuing in cell routine police arrest in G2 stage. (health-media.net)
  • CDK1 is also called Cell division control protein 2 (Cdc2) or p34 protein kinase, and is regulated by cyclins A, B, and E. The CDK1/cyclin A complex controls G2 phase entry and progression while the CDK1/cyclin B complex is critical for G2 to M phase transition. (umbc.edu)
  • Cyclin N1 encoded by the gene can be a regulatory subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase complicated (CDK1) that manages the changeover from stage G 2 of the cell routine into stage Meters [35]. (gpr109a.info)
Binding protein1
  • Exendin-4 stimulated cyclin A2 promoter activity via the cAMP-cAMP response element binding protein pathway. (medscape.com)
Unchanged D-type cyclins1
  • Mice treated with exendin-4 showed increased β-cell proliferation, elevated islet protein levels of cyclin A2 with unchanged D-type cyclins, elevated PDX-1 and Skp2 levels, and reduced p27 levels. (medscape.com)
Kinase inhibitor3
  • Changes in islet protein levels of cyclins and of two critical cell cycle regulators cyclin kinase inhibitor p27 and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) were assessed in mice treated with exendin-4 and in a mouse model with specific upregulation of nuclear cAMP signaling exhibiting increased β-cell proliferation (CBP-S436A mouse). (medscape.com)
  • cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B [Sour. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2C [Sou. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Role of cyclin1
  • To understand how two different segregation patterns take place in the same cell, Wassmann and colleagues investigated the role of cyclin A2 in mouse oocytes. (cell.com)
Phosphorylation4
  • Beyond the explanation of existing observations, this model suggests the existence of unknown interactions, such as the need for a functional interaction between Cyclin B and retinoblastoma protein (Rb) de-phosphorylation. (aimsciences.org)
  • Direct binding of cyclin D to the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and pRb phosphorylation by the cyclin D-dependent kinase CDK4. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Phosphorylation on Ser-1180 by SRPK2 up-regulates its stimulatory effect on cyclin A1. (arigobio.com)
  • Evidence has established that members of the cyclin D family function to regulate phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product, thereby activating E2F transcription factors. (scbt.com)
Induces1
  • Cyclin A2 induces entry into meiosis I and is required for sister separation in meiosis II, and it is therefore essential for generating fertilizable oocytes of correct ploidy in mammals. (cell.com)
Skp25
  • CBP-S436A islets exhibited elevated cyclin A2, reduced p27, and no changes in D-type cyclins, PDX-1, or Skp2. (medscape.com)
  • In cultured islets, exendin-4 increased cyclin A2 and Skp2 and reduced p27. (medscape.com)
  • We after that confirmed that the APC/C substrates SKP2, cyclin A2, cyclin Deb1 had been degraded in EMT-transformed cells. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • Quantitative real-time PCR and also western soak up research says cyclin D1, E1, SKP2, as well as pRB had been down-regulated upon SMO inhibition together with cyclopamine. (healthweblognews.info)
  • Cyclin D1, cyclin E1, SKP2, as well as pRb have been revealed to advertise G1-S point progression [45-48]. (healthweblognews.info)
Inhibition of cyclin3
  • Therefore, cyclin A2 is a candidate target gene for PLZF and inhibition of cyclin A expression may contribute to the growth suppressive properties of PLZF. (elsevier.com)
  • TGF-beta1 effects on proliferation of rat intestinal epithelial cells are due to inhibition of cyclin D1 expression. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Structure Activity Relationship of Xanthones for Inhibition of Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 from Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L. (openaccesspub.org)
Substrates3
  • We apply this method to one of the RBR-type ligases, Parkin, and to one of the RING-type ligases, TRIM28, and identify previously unknown substrates for TRIM28 including cyclin A2 and TFIIB. (creative-diagnostics.com)
  • They identify known substrates, validating the utility of the approach, and find that TRIM28 targets Cyclin A and TFIIB for degradation. (creative-diagnostics.com)
  • Central towards the checkpoint control may be the ubiquitin pathway comprising an E3 ligase, the APC/C, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2C, and their mitotic substrates securin and cyclin-B1 (23). (world-of-links.com)
CDKs2
  • CDKs belong to a large family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate cyclins. (umbc.edu)
  • In contrast, tumor-suppressive miRNAs disrupt the expressions of oncogenic mRNAs such as those of cyclins, CDKs, and genes that are directly and indirectly involved in growth factor-mediated signaling pathways and inhibit cell proliferation and survival [ 16 ]. (genominfo.org)
Inhibitors1
  • Using this system, we uncovered a cell cycle promoting role of K19 which includes a novel interaction with the cell cycle regulator cyclin D3 and show that K19 may be used to improve therapeutic strategy for cancer treatments involving CDK inhibitors. (dimetecnologia.com)
Activates1
  • In contrast RARα-PLZF, a fusion protein generated in t(11;17)(q23;q21)-APL activates cyclin A2 transcription and allows expression of cyclin A in anchorage-deprived NIH3T3 cells. (elsevier.com)
Gene2
  • In addition, we describe mutant line 146 which contains a 4.8 Kb intra-gene deletion within the Sugary-1 gene and line 916 in which an 8.6 Kb deletion knocks out a Cyclin A2 gene. (usda.gov)
  • The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members function as regulators of the cell cycle. (nih.gov)
Germ cells1
  • activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase. (proteopedia.org)
Antibody3
  • The immunoprecipitation was performed with an antibody realizing cyclin A2, adopted simply by recognition of ubiquitinated aminoacids with an anti-ubiquitin antibody endogenously. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • m-IgG Fc BP-HRP is the preferred secondary detection reagent for cyclin D2 Antibody (DCS-3) for WB and IHC(P) applications. (scbt.com)
  • This reagent is now offered in a bundle with cyclin D2 Antibody (DCS-3) ( see ordering information below ). (scbt.com)
Cdc21
  • M represents cdc2 kinase, X represents the fraction of active * (phosphorylated) cyclin protease, and * represents the fraction * of inactive enzymes. (nih.gov)
Deregulation1
  • Deregulation of cyclin A2 by RARα-PLZF may represent an oncogenic mechanism of this chimeric protein and contribute to the aggressive clinical phenotype of t(11;17)(q23;q21)-associated APL. (elsevier.com)
Transcription2
  • PDX-1 knockdown reduced exendin-4-stimulated cAMP synthesis and cyclin A2 transcription. (medscape.com)
  • This model is not sensitive to small changes in the parameters used and it reproduces the observed behavior of the transcription factor E2F and different Cyclins in continuous or regulated cycling conditions. (aimsciences.org)
Kip11
  • ErbB2/neu kinase modulates cellular p27(Kip1) and cyclin D1 through multiple signaling pathways. (vanderbilt.edu)
Transition2
  • Cyclin which controls both the G1/S and the G2/M transition phases of the cell cycle. (nih.gov)
  • CDK3 is regulated by cyclin C and it phosphorylates pRB specifically during the G0/G1 transition. (umbc.edu)
Mammalian1
  • 1. A distinct expression pattern of cyclin K in mammalian testes suggests a functional role in spermatogenesis. (nih.gov)
Promoter1
  • PLZF can bind and repress the cyclin A2 promoter while expression of cyclin A2 reverts the growth suppressed phenotygpe of myeloid cells expressing PLZF. (elsevier.com)
Regulates1
  • Regulates cyclin A1, but not cyclin A2, expression in leukemia cells. (arigobio.com)
Murine3
  • 6. Cyclin K-containing kinase complexes maintain self-renewal in murine embryonic stem cells. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Developmentally regulated expression of cyclin D3 and its potential in vivo interacting proteins during murine gametogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • 19. Isolation of the murine cyclin B2 cDNA and characterization of the lineage and temporal specificity of expression of the B1 and B2 cyclins during oogenesis, spermatogenesis and early embryogenesis. (nih.gov)
Regulation2
  • Cyclin A2, displaying down-regulation in the initial time factors of G1, is normally essential in S stage regulation, in complicated using a Donepezil hydrochloride cdk, and it is energetic until mitosis [18]. (lunararchives.com)
  • Our own discoveries report that cyclopamine offered cell cycle public arrest through down-regulation involving cyclins plus pRb. (healthweblognews.info)
Proliferation7
  • Cyclin A2 over expression in primary islets increased proliferation and reduced p27. (medscape.com)
  • In Min6 cells, cyclin A2 knockdown prevented exendin-4-stimulated proliferation. (medscape.com)
  • Cyclin A2 is required for β-cell proliferation, exendin-4 stimulates cyclin A2 expression via the cAMP pathway, and exendin-4 stimulation of cAMP requires PDX-1. (medscape.com)
  • 3. Involvement of the D-type cyclins in germ cell proliferation and differentiation in the mouse. (nih.gov)
  • Repair of cyclin A2 manifestation attenuates the advertising of apoptosis as well as the inhibition of proliferation by PDZRN3 depletion To determine if the rules of apoptosis by PDZRN3 can be mediated by cyclin A2, the consequences were examined by us of restoration of cyclin A2 expression in PDZRN3-depleted C2C12 myoblasts. (catwebsite.org)
  • Body2D-E).2D-E). To help expand explore the system where Annexin A2 marketed the cell proliferation, we investigated the cell routine by PI stream and staining cytometric analysis. (bioscience2006.org)
  • Additionally, a key observation of the current study uncovered that overexpressed lncRNA CEBPA-AS1 inhibited cell proliferation and migration while marketing cell apoptosis through the Notch signaling pathway by mediating NCOR2, matching to diminished appearance of Cyclin D1, MMP-2, and Bcl-2/Bax. (aacc2020.com)
Inhibits3
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Leukemia translocation protein PLZF inhibits cell growth and expression of cyclin A'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. (elsevier.com)
  • Leukemia translocation protein PLZF inhibits cell growth and expression of cyclin A . Oncogene , 18 (4), 925-934. (elsevier.com)
  • Leukemia translocation protein PLZF inhibits cell growth and expression of cyclin A. / Yeyati, Patricia L. (elsevier.com)
Annexin13
  • Taken jointly, these data claim that Annexin A2 has an important function in NSCLCs development, which could provide as a potential prognosis marker along with a book therapeutic focus on for NSCLCs. (bioscience2006.org)
  • Outcomes Annexin A2 is certainly overexpressed and connected with poor prognosis in individual NSCLCs We initial examined Annexin A2 expression in a panel of 4 human NSCLCs lines and 1 normal human lung epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. (bioscience2006.org)
  • Physique1B-C).1B-C). Silymarin (Silybin B) Next, we analyzed the relationship between Annexin A2 expression levels and clinic pathological characteristics. (bioscience2006.org)
  • As shown in Desk ?Desk1,1, zero statistically significant correlations had been noticed between your appearance of Annexin age group and A2, or gender. (bioscience2006.org)
  • Nevertheless, statistically significant correlations had been discovered between high degrees of Annexin A2 appearance and scientific stage, in addition to lymph node metastasis (p 0.01). (bioscience2006.org)
  • Entirely, our present data claim that Annexin A2 Silymarin (Silybin B) is certainly overexpressed in NSCLCs and advanced of Annexin A2 appearance is really a predictor of development and poor prognosis of NSCLCs. (bioscience2006.org)
  • Open up in another home window Body 1 Annexin A2 is certainly overexpressed and connected with poor prognosis in individual NSCLCs. (bioscience2006.org)
  • A) Annexin A2 expression in Beas-2B, A549, H460, H1299 and H1975 cells was analyzed by Western blot. (bioscience2006.org)
  • B) Representative immunohistochemical staining examples of Annexin A2 protein expression in adjacent normal tissues and NSCLCs tissues (100, 400). (bioscience2006.org)
  • C) Annexin A2 protein scores in NSCLCs tissues and adjacent normal tissues. (bioscience2006.org)
  • D) Kaplan-Meier OS curves of 71 NSCLCs patients relative to different expression levels of Annexin A2, p=0.0455. (bioscience2006.org)
  • Annexin A2 (AnxA2) was reported to end up being an extracellular endogenous inhibitor of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) activity on cell-surface LDL receptor destruction. (medicalconsultingcenter.com)
  • annexin A2 pseudogene 2 [Source:HGNC. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Oryza1
  • CDKA2_ORYSJ Cyclin-dependent kinase A-2 OS=Oryza sativ. (cornell.edu)
Expression2
  • 10. Distinct patterns of expression of the D-type cyclins during testicular development in the mouse. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Cloning of cDNAs and the differential expression of A-type cyclins and Dmc1 during spermatogenesis in the Japanese eel, a teleost fish. (nih.gov)
Cell routine1
  • Considering that the known degree of cyclin A2 adjustments through the cell routine, we also analyzed the great quantity of this proteins in synchronized proliferative C2C12 myoblasts. (catwebsite.org)
Isolation1
  • Considerable effort directed towards the identification of G1 cyclins has led to the isolation of cyclin D, cyclin C and cyclin E. Of these, cyclin D corresponds to a putative human oncogene, designated PRAD1, which maps at the site of the Bcl-1 rearrangement in certain lymphomas and leukemias. (scbt.com)
Deletion5
  • Axonal degeneration and demyelination seen in EAE optic nerves were observed to be reduced with A2 deletion. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • A recently published study from our laboratory exhibited a retinal protective effect of Arginase 2 (A2) deletion in the EAE model [25]. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • EAE-induced motor deficits were also decreased in response to A2 deletion. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • The goal of our current study is usually to further characterize the protective effects of A2 deletion in EAE-induced optic nerve degeneration. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • Utilizing a combination of immunofluorescence staining and imaging techniques, this study investigated the impact of A2 deletion on EAE-induced inflammatory changes and axonal pathology in the optic nerve. (baxkyardgardener.com)
Ciglitazone - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database
Ciglitazone - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database (rgd.mcw.edu)
RCSB PDB - 6P3W: Crystal structure of the Cyclin A-CDK2-ORC1 complex
RCSB PDB - 6P3W: Crystal structure of the Cyclin A-CDK2-ORC1 complex (rcsb.org)
Detecting Kinase Activity Across the Kinome
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SWISS-MODEL Template Library | 1oiy
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Search Ageing-Associated Genes in Humans
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Anti-Cyclin A1 antibody (ab53699) | Abcam
Anti-Cyclin A1 antibody (ab53699) | Abcam (abcam.com)
Global Gene Expression of Cultured Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Focus on Cell Cycle and Proliferation Status in Improving the...
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CYCA2;4 gene cDNA ORF clone, Arabidopsis thaliana(thale cress) - GenScript
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Stránka 45: doc. MVDr. Aleš Hampl, CSc. - Publikace | Lékařská fakulta Masarykovy univerzity | MED MUNI
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4-(4-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online
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Gene expression profiling revealed novel mechanism of action of Taxotere and Furtulon in prostate cancer cells | BMC Cancer |...
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Tim Stearns' Profile | Stanford Profiles
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Cyclin A2 Rabbit anti-Human, Polyclonal, Proteintech 150 μL; Unconjugated voir les résultats | Fisher Scientific
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Search: ce_enriched:skin;Mitotic cells (Skin);Very high - The Human Protein Atlas
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