Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases type 6. Medical search

A CALCIUM and CALMODULIN-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily. The three members of this family are referred to as type 1A, type 1B, and type 1C and are each product of a distinct gene. In addition, multiple enzyme variants of each subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing. Although the type 1 enzymes are classified as 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterases (EC 3.1.4.17), some members of this class have additional specificity for CYCLIC GMP.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of CYCLIC AMP to form adenosine 5'-phosphate. The enzymes are widely distributed in animal tissue and control the level of intracellular cyclic AMP. Many specific enzymes classified under this heading demonstrate additional spcificity for 3',5'-cyclic IMP and CYCLIC GMP.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is found predominantly in inflammatory cells and may play a role in the regulation of CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. The enzyme family includes over twenty different variants that occur due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA of at least four different genes.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is inhibited by the binding of CYCLIC GMP to an allosteric domain found on the enzyme and through phosphorylation by regulatory kinases such as PROTEIN KINASE A and PROTEIN KINASE B. The two members of this family are referred to as type 3A, and type 3B, and are each product of a distinct gene. In addition multiple enzyme variants of each subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is activated by the binding of CYCLIC GMP to an allosteric domain found on the enzyme. Multiple enzyme variants of this subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing. The subfamily is expressed in a broad variety of tissues and may play a role in mediating cross-talk between CYCLIC GMP and CYCLIC CMP pathways. Although the type 2 enzymes are classified as 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterases (EC 3.1.4.17), members of this class have additional specificity for CYCLIC GMP.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.

Nucleoside-2',3'-cyclic phosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the 2'- or 3'- phosphate bonds of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides. Also hydrolyzes nucleoside monophosphates. Includes EC 3.1.4.16 and EC 3.1.4.37. EC 3.1.4.-.

Cyclic nucleotides are a class of molecules that contain a cyclic phosphate group and a nitrogenous base, and play important roles in cellular signaling pathways.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to yield guanosine-5'-phosphate.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC GMP. It is found predominantly in vascular tissue and plays an important role in regulating VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction.

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC AMP. Several isoforms of the enzyme type exist, each with its own tissue localization. The isoforms are encoded by at least two genes and are a product of multiple alternative splicing of their mRNAs.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor with antidepressant properties.

A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES

Purinones are a class of organic compounds derived from purines, which are important for the metabolism of nucleic acids and have potential therapeutic applications in the medical field.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC GMP. It is found predominantly in the outer segment PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS of the RETINA. It is comprised of two catalytic subunits, referred to as alpha and beta, that form a dimer. In addition two regulatory subunits, referred to as gamma and delta, modulate the activity and localization of the enzyme.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Compounds that specifically inhibit PHOSPHODIESTERASE 3.

Compounds that specifically inhibit PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4.

Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.

N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.

A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLYL CYCLASES and cyclic AMP.

A phosphoric diester hydrolase that removes 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated OLIGONUCLEOTIDES. It has low activity towards POLYNUCLEOTIDES and the presence of 3'-phosphate terminus on the substrate may inhibit hydrolysis.

A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. They are expressed in OLFACTORY NERVE cilia and in PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and some PLANTS.

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.6.

A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase type 3 activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and has 20-30 times the inotropic potency of amrinone.

A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A group of compounds that are derivatives of oxo-pyrrolidines. A member of this group is 2-oxo pyrrolidine, which is an intermediate in the manufacture of polyvinylpyrrolidone. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Adenine nucleotides are molecules that contain the nitrogenous base adenine and are involved in various biological processes, including energy metabolism and DNA synthesis.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

A group of cyclic GMP-dependent enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues of proteins.

An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.

Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.

An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.

Inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Compounds that specifically inhibit PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5.

A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Guanine nucleotides are a type of nucleotide that contains the nitrogenous base guanine and play important roles in various biological processes, including DNA and RNA synthesis, energy metabolism, and signal transduction.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.

Purine bases found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A group of indole-indoline dimers which are ALKALOIDS obtained from the VINCA genus of plants. They inhibit polymerization of TUBULIN into MICROTUBULES thus blocking spindle formation and arresting cells in METAPHASE. They are some of the most useful ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.

Cyclic P-oxides are a class of cyclic ethers that contain a ring of atoms with an oxygen atom bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Potency and mechanism of action of E4021, a type 5 phosphodiesterase isozyme-selective inhibitor, on the photoreceptor phosphodiesterase depend on the state of activation of the enzyme. (1/192)

The ability of inhibitors selective for the type 5 phosphodiesterase isozyme (PDE5) to act on the photoreceptor PDE isozyme (PDE6, the central effector enzyme for visual transduction) is poorly understood. Because PDE5 inhibitors are currently used as therapeutic agents, it is important to assess the potency and mechanism of action of this class of PDE inhibitor on PDE6. We show that E4021 (sodium 1-[6-chloro-4-(3, 4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-aminoquinazolin-2-yl]piperidine-4-ca rboxylate sesquihydrate) inhibits activated PDE6 (KI = 1.7 nM) as potently as PDE5. This makes E4021 the most potent inhibitor of PDE6 discovered to date. The effectiveness of E4021 to inhibit nonactivated PDE6 (with bound inhibitory gamma subunits) is reduced 40-fold compared with the activated enzyme. Furthermore, at intermediate E4021 concentrations and high cGMP concentrations, nonactivated PDE undergoes activation of cGMP hydrolysis rather than inhibition. We demonstrate direct competition of E4021 and the gamma subunits for binding to the catalytic site. Measurements of cGMP binding to noncatalytic regulatory sites on the catalytic subunits of PDE6 rule out an allosteric effect of E4021 by direct binding to these noncatalytic sites. We conclude that E4021 is a competitive inhibitor of cGMP hydrolysis and that the gamma subunit also competes with both E4021 and substrate for catalytic site binding. An understanding of the effects of PDE5-targeted drugs on retinal PDE6 requires a knowledge of the complex interactions among substrate, drug, and inhibitory gamma subunit at the catalytic site of both nonactivated and activated forms of PDE6. (+info)

cGMP binding to noncatalytic sites on mammalian rod photoreceptor phosphodiesterase is regulated by binding of its gamma and delta subunits. (2/192)

The binding of cGMP to the noncatalytic sites on two isoforms of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) from mammalian rod outer segments has been characterized to evaluate their role in regulating PDE during phototransduction. Nonactivated, membrane-associated PDE (PDE-M, alpha beta gamma2) has one exchangeable site for cGMP binding; endogenous cGMP remains nonexchangeable at the second site. Non-activated, soluble PDE (PDE-S, alpha beta gamma2 delta) can release and bind cGMP at both noncatalytic sites; the delta subunit is likely responsible for this difference in cGMP exchange rates. Removal of the delta and/or gamma subunits yields a catalytic alphabeta dimer with identical catalytic and binding properties for both PDE-M and PDE-S as follows: high affinity cGMP binding is abolished at one site (KD >1 microM); cGMP binding affinity at the second site (KD approximately 60 nM) is reduced 3-4-fold compared with the nonactivated enzyme; the kinetics of cGMP exchange to activated PDE-M and PDE-S are accelerated to similar extents. The properties of nonactivated PDE can be restored upon addition of gamma subunit. Occupancy of the noncatalytic sites by cGMP may modulate the interaction of the gamma subunit with the alphabeta dimer and thereby regulate cytoplasmic cGMP concentration and the lifetime of activated PDE during visual transduction in photoreceptor cells. (+info)

cGMP phosphodiesterase-alpha mutation causes progressive retinal atrophy in the Cardigan Welsh corgi dog. (3/192)

PURPOSE: To screen the alpha-subunit of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase (PDE6A) as a potential candidate gene for progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in the Cardigan Welsh corgi dog. METHODS: Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis was used to screen short introns of the canine PDE6A gene for informative polymorphisms in members of an extended pedigree of PRA-affected Cardigan Welsh corgis. After initial demonstration of linkage of a polymorphism in the PDE6A gene with the disease locus, the complete coding region of the PDE6A gene of a PRA-affected Cardigan Welsh corgi was cloned in overlapping fragments and sequenced. SSCP-based and direct DNA sequencing tests were developed to detect the presence of a PDE6A gene mutation that segregated with disease status in the extended pedigree of PRA-affected Cardigan Welsh corgis. Genomic DNA sequencing was developed as a diagnostic test to establish the genotype of Cardigan Welsh corgis in the pet population. RESULTS: A polymorphism within intron 18 of the canine PDE6A gene was invariably present in the homozygous state in PRA-affected Cardigan Welsh corgis. The entire PDE6A gene was cloned from one PRA-affected dog and the gene structure and intron sizes established and compared with those of an unaffected animal. Intron sizes were identical in affected and normal dogs. Sequencing of exons and splice junctions in the affected animal revealed a 1-bp deletion in codon 616. Analysis of PRA-affected anti obligate carrier Cardigan Welsh corgis showed that this mutation cosegregated with disease status. CONCLUSIONS: A single base deletion at codon 616 in the PDE6A gene cosegregated with PRA status with zero discordance in Cardigan Welsh corgis with PRA. A lod score of 4.816 with a recombination fraction (theta) of zero strongly suggests that this mutation is responsible for PRA in the breed. The mutation is predicted to lead to a frame shift resulting in a string of 28 altered codons followed by a premature stop codon. The authors suggest that this type of PRA be given the name rod-cone dysplasia 3 (rcd3). (+info)

Screening of the gene encoding the alpha'-subunit of cone cGMP-PDE in patients with retinal degenerations. (4/192)

PURPOSE: To screen the exons of the gene encoding the alpha'-subunit of cone cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP>phosphodiesterase (PDE6C) for mutations in a group of 456 unrelated patients with various forms of inherited retinal disease, including cone dystrophy, cone-rod dystrophy, macular dystrophy, and simplex/multiplex and autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS: The 22 exons of the PDE6C gene were screened for mutations either by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and single-strand conformation polymorphism electrophoresis (SSCP) or by SSCP alone; variants were sequenced directly. RESULTS: Although many sequence variants were found, none could be associated with disease. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that PDE6C was not the site of the amutations responsible for the types of inherited retinal degenerations analyzed in the large population of patients 'in the present study. The types of degeneration included those that predominantly affect cone-mediated function (cone and cone-rod dystrophies) or rod-mediated function (retinitis pigmentosa) or that have a predilection for disease in the macula (macular dystrophies). (+info)

Frequency of mutations in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of rod cGMP-phosphodiesterase in autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. (5/192)

PURPOSE: To determine the mutation spectrum of the PDE6A gene encoding the alpha subunit of rod cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)phosphodiesterase and the proportion of patients with recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP) due to mutations in this gene. METHODS: The single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique and a direct genomic sequencing technique were used to screen all 22 exons of this gene for mutations in 164 unrelated patients with recessive or isolate RP. Variant DNA fragments revealed by SSCP analysis were subsequently sequenced. Selected alleles that altered the coding region or intron splice sites were evaluated further through segregation analysis in the families of the index cases. RESULTS: Four new families were identified with five novel mutations in this gene that cosegregated with disease. Combining the data presented here with those published earlier by the authors, eight different mutations in six families have been discovered to be pathogenic. Two of the mutations are nonsense, five are missense, and one affects a canonical splice-donor site. CONCLUSIONS: The PDE6A gene appears to account for roughly 3% to 4% of families with recessive RP in North America. A compilation of the pathogenic mutations in PDE6A and those reported in the homologous gene PDE6B encoding the beta subunit of rod cGMP-phosphodiesterase shows that the cGMP-binding and catalytic domains are frequently affected. (+info)

Rescue from photoreceptor degeneration in the rd mouse by human immunodeficiency virus vector-mediated gene transfer. (6/192)

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common inherited retinal disease, in which photoreceptor cells degenerate, leading to blindness. Mutations in the rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase beta subunit (PDEbeta) gene are found in patients with autosomal recessive RP as well as in the rd mouse. We have recently shown that lentivirus vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 achieve stable and efficient gene transfer into retinal cells. In this study, we evaluated the potential of HIV vector-mediated gene therapy for RP in the rd mouse. HIV vectors containing a gene encoding a hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged PDEbeta were injected into the subretinal spaces of newborn rd mouse eyes. One to three rows of photoreceptor nuclei were observed in the eyes for at least 24 weeks postinjection, whereas no photoreceptor cells remained in the eyes of control animals at 6 weeks postinjection. Expression of HA-tagged PDEbeta in the rescued photoreceptor cells was confirmed by two-color confocal immunofluorescence analysis using anti-HA and anti-opsin antibodies. HIV vector-mediated gene therapy appears to be a promising means for the treatment of recessive forms of inherited retinal degeneration. (+info)

The delta subunit of rod specific cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, PDE delta, interacts with the Arf-like protein Arl3 in a GTP specific manner. (7/192)

Recently, we have shown that the delta subunit of the cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE delta) interacts with the retinitis pigmentosa guanine regulator (RPGR). Here, using the two-hybrid system, we identify a member of the Arf-like protein family of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins, Arl3, that interacts with PDE delta. The interaction was verified by fluorescence spectroscopy and co-immunoprecipitation. Arl3 features an unusually low affinity for guanine nucleotides, with a KD of 24 nM for GDP and 48 microM for GTP. Fluorescence spectroscopy shows that PDE delta binds and specifically stabilizes the GTP-bound form of Arl3 by strongly decreasing the dissociation rate of GTP. Thus, PDE delta is an effector of Arl3 and could provide a novel nucleotide exchange mechanism by which PDE delta stabilizes Arl3 in its active GTP-bound form. (+info)

A point mutation (W70A) in the rod PDE-gamma gene desensitizing and delaying murine rod photoreceptors. (8/192)

PURPOSE: To examine the corneal electroretinogram (ERG) of transgenic mice (W70A mice) carrying a point mutation (W70A) in the gene encoding for the gamma-subunit of rod cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDEgamma). METHODS: The ERG of W70A mice was compared with that of normal mice. Cone responses were separated from rod responses by light adaptation, whereas rod sensitivity was assessed by threshold stimulation with dim light. Spectral sensitivity curves of the ERG were obtained using a constant response criterion. RESULTS: The ERG of the W70A mouse has a desensitized, delayed rod b-wave at threshold, and a prolonged rod b-wave at higher flash intensities. The a-wave is absent even at maximal stimulation. The cone ERG of the W70A mouse is indistinguishable from that of normal mice. The spectral sensitivity of the W70A mouse is maximal in the UV spectrum, in contrast to the normal mouse, which is most sensitive in the green region of the spectrum. This supports the interpretation of the results as normal cone and abnormal rod function in the W70A mouse. CONCLUSIONS: The W70A mouse represents new model of stationary nyctalopia that can be recognized by its unusual ERG features. (+info)

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1 (PDE1) are a family of enzymes that break down cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), into their corresponding monophosphates. These enzymes play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and immune function. In the medical field, PDE1 inhibitors are being investigated as potential treatments for a variety of conditions, including heart failure, erectile dysfunction, and neurological disorders. These inhibitors work by increasing the levels of cAMP or cGMP in the cell, leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways that promote beneficial effects. However, PDE1 inhibitors can also have side effects, such as headache, flushing, and gastrointestinal symptoms, and their use may be limited by potential drug interactions and other safety concerns. Therefore, further research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential and safety profile of PDE1 inhibitors in the medical field.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the body. cAMP is a signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. PDEs are responsible for breaking down cAMP into inactive products, thereby regulating the levels of this signaling molecule in the body. There are 11 different subtypes of PDEs, each with its own specific substrate specificity and tissue distribution. In the medical field, PDEs are of particular interest because they are involved in the regulation of many different physiological processes, including the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, and the immune system. In addition, PDEs are the targets of many drugs, including some used to treat conditions such as erectile dysfunction, asthma, and heart failure.

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 (PDE4) are a family of enzymes that break down cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in the body. These enzymes play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including inflammation, immune response, and muscle contraction. PDE4 enzymes are found in a variety of tissues, including the lungs, heart, and immune cells. They are also present in the brain, where they play a role in regulating mood and cognition. In the medical field, PDE4 inhibitors are used to treat a variety of conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), psoriasis, and depression. These drugs work by inhibiting the activity of PDE4 enzymes, leading to an accumulation of cAMP and cGMP in the cell. This, in turn, can result in a range of therapeutic effects, depending on the tissue and condition being treated.

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3 (PDE3) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in the body. These enzymes are found in a variety of tissues, including the heart, blood vessels, and immune system. PDE3 enzymes are responsible for breaking down cAMP and cGMP, which are important signaling molecules that regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including muscle contraction, blood vessel dilation, and immune cell activation. By breaking down these molecules, PDE3 enzymes help to maintain the appropriate balance of cAMP and cGMP in the body. In the medical field, PDE3 inhibitors are often used to treat conditions such as heart failure, high blood pressure, and asthma. These drugs work by blocking the activity of PDE3 enzymes, which leads to increased levels of cAMP and cGMP in the body. This, in turn, can help to improve blood flow, relax blood vessels, and reduce inflammation, among other effects. Overall, PDE3 enzymes play a critical role in regulating the levels of cAMP and cGMP in the body, and PDE3 inhibitors are an important class of drugs used to treat a variety of medical conditions.

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 2 (PDE2) are a family of enzymes that break down cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), into their corresponding monophosphates. These enzymes play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including signal transduction, gene expression, and metabolism. In the medical field, PDE2 inhibitors are being investigated as potential therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. These inhibitors work by increasing the levels of cAMP and cGMP in the cell, which can lead to the activation of downstream signaling pathways and the modulation of various cellular processes. PDE2 inhibitors have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects, and are being studied as potential treatments for inflammatory diseases and cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of PDE2 inhibitors and to develop safe and effective drugs for these indications.

Phosphoric diester hydrolases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric diesters, which are esters of phosphoric acid. These enzymes are involved in a variety of biological processes, including the breakdown of nucleic acids, the metabolism of lipids, and the regulation of signaling pathways. In the medical field, phosphoric diester hydrolases are important for the proper functioning of the body. For example, they are involved in the breakdown of nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. This process is essential for the replication and repair of DNA, as well as the production of proteins from genetic information. Phosphoric diester hydrolases are also involved in the metabolism of lipids, which are a type of fat that is stored in the body. These enzymes help to break down lipids into smaller molecules that can be used for energy or stored for later use. In addition, phosphoric diester hydrolases play a role in the regulation of signaling pathways, which are the communication networks that allow cells to respond to changes in their environment. These enzymes help to control the activity of signaling molecules, which can affect a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and death. Overall, phosphoric diester hydrolases are important enzymes that play a variety of roles in the body. They are involved in the breakdown of nucleic acids, the metabolism of lipids, and the regulation of signaling pathways, and are essential for the proper functioning of the body.

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases (CNP) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating the levels of cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), in the body. These enzymes are responsible for breaking down cyclic nucleotides into their corresponding monophosphates, which are then further degraded into inorganic phosphate and ribose or guanine. Cyclic nucleotides are important signaling molecules that regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including gene expression, cell growth and differentiation, and ion channel activity. CNP enzymes are involved in the regulation of these processes by controlling the levels of cyclic nucleotides in the cell. There are several different types of CNP enzymes, including 2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide 3'-Phosphodiesterase (CNP), 2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide 5'-Phosphodiesterase (CNPB), and 2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide 5'-Phosphodiesterase (CNPA). These enzymes are found in a variety of tissues and cells throughout the body, including the brain, heart, and immune system. Abnormalities in the function of CNP enzymes have been linked to a number of diseases and disorders, including hypertension, heart failure, and certain types of cancer. As such, CNP enzymes are an important area of research in the field of medicine, with potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of these conditions.

In the medical field, "Nucleotides, Cyclic" refers to a class of molecules that are composed of a cyclic structure containing a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. These molecules are important components of DNA and RNA, which are the genetic material of all living organisms. Cyclic nucleotides are a subclass of nucleotides that have a cyclic structure formed by the condensation of the sugar and phosphate groups. They are involved in various cellular signaling pathways and have been implicated in the regulation of a wide range of physiological processes, including blood pressure, heart rate, and immune function. Examples of cyclic nucleotides include cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). These molecules are synthesized from their respective nucleoside triphosphates (ATP and GTP) by the action of enzymes called adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase, respectively.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases (cGMP-PDEs) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating the levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the body. cGMP is a second messenger molecule that is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including smooth muscle relaxation, neurotransmission, and immune cell function. cGMP-PDEs are responsible for breaking down cGMP into guanosine monophosphate (GMP), thereby terminating the signaling effects of cGMP. There are 11 different subtypes of cGMP-PDEs, each with different tissue distribution and substrate specificity. In the medical field, cGMP-PDEs are of particular interest because they are targeted by a class of drugs called phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE inhibitors). PDE inhibitors are used to treat a variety of conditions, including erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, and glaucoma. By inhibiting cGMP-PDEs, PDE inhibitors increase the levels of cGMP in the body, leading to the desired therapeutic effects.

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5 (PDE5) are a group of enzymes that break down cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the body. These enzymes play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including blood flow, smooth muscle contraction, and neurotransmission. In the context of sexual function, PDE5 inhibitors are a class of drugs that work by blocking the action of PDE5, thereby increasing levels of cGMP in the penis. This leads to improved blood flow to the penis and helps to achieve and maintain an erection during sexual activity. PDE5 inhibitors are commonly used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) and are also being studied for other conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension and vision loss.

Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body, including smooth muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and blood pressure regulation. It is synthesized from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by the enzyme guanylate cyclase and is degraded by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. In the medical field, cGMP is often studied in the context of its role in the regulation of blood vessels and the cardiovascular system. For example, cGMP is involved in the dilation of blood vessels, which helps to lower blood pressure and improve blood flow. It is also involved in the regulation of heart rate and contractility. Abnormal levels of cGMP can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including hypertension, heart failure, and erectile dysfunction. In these cases, medications that either increase or decrease cGMP levels may be used to treat the underlying condition.

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 7 (PDE7) are a family of enzymes that break down cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), in the body. These enzymes play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In the medical field, PDE7 inhibitors are being studied as potential therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, and neurological disorders. These inhibitors work by blocking the activity of PDE7 enzymes, leading to an accumulation of cyclic nucleotides in the cell and activation of downstream signaling pathways. PDE7 inhibitors have shown promise in preclinical studies for the treatment of various types of cancer, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer. They have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may have potential as treatments for inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, PDE7 inhibitors have been shown to have neuroprotective effects and may have potential as treatments for neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including metabolism, gene expression, and cell proliferation. It is synthesized from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, and its levels are regulated by various hormones and neurotransmitters. In the medical field, cAMP is often studied in the context of its role in regulating cellular signaling pathways. For example, cAMP is involved in the regulation of the immune system, where it helps to activate immune cells and promote inflammation. It is also involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, where it helps to regulate heart rate and blood pressure. In addition, cAMP is often used as a tool in research to study cellular signaling pathways. For example, it is commonly used to activate or inhibit specific signaling pathways in cells, allowing researchers to study the effects of these pathways on cellular function.

Rolipram is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors. It is primarily used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by relaxing the muscles in the airways and improving breathing. Rolipram may also be used to treat other conditions, such as psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease, by reducing inflammation in the body. It is usually taken by mouth in the form of tablets or capsules.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, also known as IBMX, is a chemical compound that belongs to the xanthine family. It is a selective inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4), which is involved in the breakdown of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in cells. In the medical field, IBMX is used as a research tool to study the effects of PDE4 inhibition on various physiological processes, including inflammation, pain, and airway smooth muscle contraction. It has also been investigated as a potential treatment for a variety of conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and psoriasis. However, IBMX is not currently approved for use as a therapeutic agent in humans, as it can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased heart rate. Additionally, prolonged use of IBMX can lead to the development of tolerance and dependence.

Purinones are a class of organic compounds that are derived from purine, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base found in nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Purinones are important in the field of medicine because they are involved in various biological processes, including energy metabolism, cell signaling, and immune function. One of the most well-known purinones is adenosine, which is a signaling molecule that plays a role in regulating blood flow, inflammation, and neurotransmission. Adenosine is also a precursor to ATP, the primary energy currency of cells. Other purinones include hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid, which are involved in the metabolism of purines and the production of uric acid, a waste product that is excreted by the kidneys. High levels of uric acid in the blood can lead to gout, a painful joint condition. Purinones are also used in the development of drugs for a variety of medical conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disorders. For example, the drug allopurinol is used to lower uric acid levels in people with gout, while the drug caffeine is a purine derivative that is used to stimulate the central nervous system.

In the medical field, isoenzymes refer to different forms of enzymes that have the same chemical structure and catalytic activity, but differ in their amino acid sequence. These differences can arise due to genetic variations or post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or glycosylation. Isoenzymes are often used in medical diagnosis and treatment because they can provide information about the function and health of specific organs or tissues. For example, the presence of certain isoenzymes in the blood can indicate liver or kidney disease, while changes in the levels of specific isoenzymes in the brain can be indicative of neurological disorders. In addition, isoenzymes can be used as biomarkers for certain diseases or conditions, and can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. For example, drugs that inhibit specific isoenzymes can be used to treat certain types of cancer or heart disease.

Calmodulin is a small, calcium-binding protein that plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes in the body. It is found in all eukaryotic cells and is involved in a wide range of physiological functions, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression. Calmodulin is a tetramer, meaning that it is composed of four identical subunits, each of which contains two EF-hand calcium-binding domains. When calcium ions bind to these domains, the structure of calmodulin changes, allowing it to interact with and regulate the activity of various target proteins. In the medical field, calmodulin is often studied in the context of various diseases and disorders, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurological disorders. For example, abnormal levels of calmodulin have been associated with the development of certain types of cancer, and calmodulin inhibitors have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents for treating these diseases. Additionally, calmodulin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

In the medical field, an amino acid sequence refers to the linear order of amino acids in a protein molecule. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids, and the specific sequence of these amino acids determines the protein's structure and function. The amino acid sequence is determined by the genetic code, which is a set of rules that specifies how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter code, and the sequence of these codes is the amino acid sequence of the protein. The amino acid sequence is important because it determines the protein's three-dimensional structure, which in turn determines its function. Small changes in the amino acid sequence can have significant effects on the protein's structure and function, and this can lead to diseases or disorders. For example, mutations in the amino acid sequence of a protein involved in blood clotting can lead to bleeding disorders.

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6 (PDE6) are a family of enzymes that are responsible for breaking down cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), in the retina of the eye. These enzymes play a crucial role in regulating the transmission of visual signals from the retina to the brain. PDE6 is a heterodimeric enzyme composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, which are encoded by different genes. The alpha subunit contains the catalytic site of the enzyme, while the beta subunit is involved in the regulation of the enzyme's activity. Mutations in the genes encoding PDE6 can cause a group of inherited eye disorders known as cone-rod dystrophies, which affect the photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and night vision. These disorders are characterized by progressive vision loss and can lead to blindness in affected individuals.

In the medical field, nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, which are the genetic material of cells. Nucleotides are composed of three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. There are four nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). There are also four nitrogenous bases in RNA: adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The sequence of these nitrogenous bases determines the genetic information encoded in DNA and RNA.

Dibutyryl cyclic guanosine monophosphate (db-cGMP) is a synthetic analog of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including smooth muscle relaxation, neurotransmission, and immune cell function. Db-cGMP is a stable, long-lasting form of cGMP that can be used in research to study the effects of cGMP on cellular signaling pathways. It is often used as a tool to investigate the function of cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG) and other signaling proteins that are activated by cGMP. In the medical field, db-cGMP has been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for a variety of conditions, including erectile dysfunction, hypertension, and glaucoma. It has also been used in research to investigate the role of cGMP in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Theophylline is a medication that is used to treat a variety of respiratory conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis. It works by relaxing the muscles in the airways, making it easier to breathe. Theophylline is available in both oral and inhaled forms, and it is usually taken on a regular basis to prevent symptoms from occurring. It is important to note that theophylline can have side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and an irregular heartbeat, and it should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

Phosphodiesterase I (PDE1) is an enzyme that breaks down cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), into their corresponding monophosphates. These cyclic nucleotides are important signaling molecules in the body that regulate various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and gene expression. PDE1 is primarily found in the brain and smooth muscle tissue, where it plays a role in regulating the levels of cAMP and cGMP. In the brain, PDE1 is involved in the regulation of learning, memory, and mood. In smooth muscle tissue, PDE1 is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. Inhibition of PDE1 has been shown to have therapeutic potential in the treatment of various conditions, including hypertension, heart failure, and cognitive disorders. However, the use of PDE1 inhibitors can also have side effects, such as headache, nausea, and dizziness.

Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels (CNGCs) are a family of ion channels that are activated by the binding of cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). These channels are found in a variety of cell types, including photoreceptor cells in the retina, olfactory sensory neurons, and neurons in the brain and spinal cord. CNGCs are responsible for mediating a number of physiological processes, including the transduction of light in the retina, the detection of odorants in the nose, and the regulation of neuronal excitability. They are also involved in a number of diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa, olfactory loss, and certain types of epilepsy. CNGCs are composed of five subunits, each of which contains a pore-forming region and a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain. When cyclic nucleotides bind to the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain, it causes a conformational change in the channel that opens the pore and allows cations to flow through. The flow of cations generates an electrical signal that can be detected by the cell.

Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule, with the release of oxygen. These enzymes are involved in various metabolic pathways, including the breakdown of certain amino acids and the synthesis of nucleotides. In the medical field, phosphorus-oxygen lyases are of interest because they play a role in the metabolism of certain drugs and toxins, and may be involved in the development of certain diseases. For example, some phosphorus-oxygen lyases are involved in the metabolism of alcohol, and their activity may be altered in individuals with alcohol use disorder. Additionally, some phosphorus-oxygen lyases are involved in the metabolism of certain drugs, and their activity may be affected by the use of these drugs.

Milrinone is a medication that is used to treat heart failure and to improve blood flow in the body. It is a type of medication called a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, which works by relaxing the muscles in blood vessels and increasing the strength of heart contractions. Milrinone is usually given as an intravenous infusion, and it can be used to treat both acute and chronic heart failure. It is also sometimes used to treat low blood pressure during surgery.

Bucladesine is a medication that is used to treat certain types of cancer, including lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. It works by slowing the growth of cancer cells and preventing them from dividing and multiplying. Bucladesine is usually given as an injection into a vein, and it is typically administered in a hospital setting. It is important to note that bucladesine is not a cure for cancer, but it can help to slow the progression of the disease and improve the quality of life for people who are living with cancer.

Pyrrolidinones are a class of organic compounds that contain a five-membered ring with four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. They are commonly used in the medical field as intermediates in the synthesis of various drugs and as active ingredients in some medications. One example of a drug that contains a pyrrolidinone moiety is metformin, which is used to treat type 2 diabetes. Metformin is a biguanide, which is a class of drugs that work by reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver and improving the body's sensitivity to insulin. Pyrrolidinones are also used as chelating agents, which are compounds that bind to metal ions and help to remove them from the body. One example of a pyrrolidinone chelating agent is dimercaprol, which is used to treat heavy metal poisoning, such as from mercury or lead. In addition to their use in medicine, pyrrolidinones have a wide range of other applications, including as solvents, plasticizers, and corrosion inhibitors.

Adenine nucleotides are a type of nucleotide that contains the nitrogenous base adenine (A) and a sugar-phosphate backbone. They are important molecules in the cell and play a crucial role in various biological processes, including energy metabolism and DNA synthesis. There are three types of adenine nucleotides: adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). AMP is the simplest form of adenine nucleotide, with only one phosphate group attached to the sugar. ADP has two phosphate groups attached to the sugar, while ATP has three phosphate groups. ATP is often referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell because it stores and releases energy through the transfer of phosphate groups. When ATP is broken down, one of its phosphate groups is released, releasing energy that can be used by the cell for various processes. When ATP is synthesized, energy is required to attach a new phosphate group to the molecule. Adenine nucleotides are involved in many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. They are also important in the regulation of gene expression and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis.

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinases or PKA) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes in the body. These enzymes are activated by the presence of cyclic AMP (cAMP), a second messenger molecule that is produced in response to various stimuli, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. PKA is a heterotetrameric enzyme composed of two regulatory subunits and two catalytic subunits. The regulatory subunits bind to cAMP and prevent the catalytic subunits from phosphorylating their target proteins. When cAMP levels rise, the regulatory subunits are activated and release the catalytic subunits, allowing them to phosphorylate their target proteins. PKA is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including metabolism, gene expression, cell proliferation, and differentiation. It phosphorylates various proteins, including enzymes, transcription factors, and ion channels, leading to changes in their activity and function. In the medical field, PKA plays a critical role in various diseases and disorders, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. For example, PKA is involved in the regulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells, and its dysfunction has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes. PKA is also involved in the regulation of blood pressure and heart function, and its dysfunction has been linked to the development of hypertension and heart disease.

Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including smooth muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression. These enzymes are activated by the second messenger molecule cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is produced in response to various stimuli such as nitric oxide (NO) and other signaling molecules. PKG is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates target proteins on specific amino acid residues, leading to changes in their activity or localization. The activity of PKG is tightly regulated by its subcellular localization, substrate availability, and the concentration of cGMP. In the medical field, PKG is of great interest due to its role in various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and erectile dysfunction. PKG inhibitors have been developed as potential therapeutic agents for these conditions, and ongoing research is exploring the potential of PKG activators as novel treatments for various diseases.

Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a second messenger molecule that plays a crucial role in many cellular signaling pathways. In the medical field, adenylate cyclase is often studied in the context of its role in regulating various physiological processes, including heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism. It is also involved in the regulation of hormone signaling, particularly in the endocrine system, where hormones such as adrenaline and thyroid hormones bind to specific receptors on the cell surface and activate adenylate cyclase, leading to the production of cAMP and the activation of downstream signaling pathways. Abnormalities in adenylate cyclase activity have been implicated in a number of diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and certain forms of heart disease. As such, understanding the regulation and function of adenylate cyclase is an important area of research in the medical field.

Papaverine is a medication that is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including erectile dysfunction, Raynaud's disease, and glaucoma. It is a vasodilator, which means that it helps to widen blood vessels and improve blood flow. Papaverine is usually administered intravenously or intramuscularly, and it can cause side effects such as headache, nausea, and dizziness. It is important to note that papaverine should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

I'm sorry, but I'm not aware of any medical term or abbreviation called "Cyclic IMP." It's possible that you may have misspelled the term or that it is a term used in a specific medical field or specialty that I am not familiar with. If you could provide more context or information about where you heard or saw this term, I may be able to provide a more accurate answer.

In the medical field, a base sequence refers to the specific order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that make up the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of an organism. The base sequence determines the genetic information encoded within the DNA molecule and ultimately determines the traits and characteristics of an individual. The base sequence can be analyzed using various techniques, such as DNA sequencing, to identify genetic variations or mutations that may be associated with certain diseases or conditions.

Colforsin is a synthetic decapeptide that mimics the action of adenosine, a naturally occurring molecule that plays a role in regulating various physiological processes in the body. It is used in the medical field as a bronchodilator, which means it helps to relax and widen the airways in the lungs, making it easier to breathe. Colforsin is typically administered as an aerosol or nebulizer solution and is used to treat conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis. It works by activating adenosine receptors in the lungs, which leads to the release of calcium from the cells lining the airways, causing them to relax and open up.

Guanylate cyclase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological processes in the body, including blood pressure, smooth muscle contraction, and immune function. It is a membrane-bound protein that catalyzes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a second messenger molecule that regulates the activity of various proteins in the cell. In the cardiovascular system, guanylate cyclase is activated by nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule that is released by endothelial cells in response to various stimuli, such as shear stress or the presence of certain hormones. Activation of guanylate cyclase by NO leads to an increase in cGMP levels, which in turn causes relaxation of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure. Guanylate cyclase is also involved in the regulation of immune function, as it is activated by various immune cells and cytokines. Activation of guanylate cyclase by immune cells leads to the production of cGMP, which regulates the activity of immune cells and helps to maintain immune homeostasis. In addition, guanylate cyclase is involved in the regulation of various other physiological processes, such as neurotransmission, vision, and hearing. It is a key enzyme in the regulation of these processes and plays a crucial role in maintaining normal physiological function.

Cloning, molecular, in the medical field refers to the process of creating identical copies of a specific DNA sequence or gene. This is achieved through a technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which amplifies a specific DNA sequence to produce multiple copies of it. Molecular cloning is commonly used in medical research to study the function of specific genes, to create genetically modified organisms for therapeutic purposes, and to develop new drugs and treatments. It is also used in forensic science to identify individuals based on their DNA. In the context of human cloning, molecular cloning is used to create identical copies of a specific gene or DNA sequence from one individual and insert it into the genome of another individual. This technique has been used to create transgenic animals, but human cloning is currently illegal in many countries due to ethical concerns.

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) is a synthetic analog of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. In the medical field, 8-Br-cAMP is used as a tool to study the effects of cAMP on cellular signaling pathways. It is often used in cell culture experiments to increase intracellular cAMP levels and investigate the downstream effects on gene expression, protein synthesis, and cellular behavior. 8-Br-cAMP is also used in some clinical applications, such as the treatment of certain types of cancer. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of some cancer cells by blocking the activity of certain enzymes involved in cell proliferation. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic applications of 8-Br-cAMP in medicine.

Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It is a vital mineral for the human body and is essential for many bodily functions, including bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. In the medical field, calcium is often used to diagnose and treat conditions related to calcium deficiency or excess. For example, low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and tingling, while high levels (hypercalcemia) can lead to kidney stones, bone loss, and other complications. Calcium supplements are often prescribed to people who are at risk of developing calcium deficiency, such as older adults, vegetarians, and people with certain medical conditions. However, it is important to note that excessive calcium intake can also be harmful, and it is important to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements.

Guanine nucleotides are a type of nucleotide that contains the nitrogenous base guanine. They are important components of DNA and RNA, which are the genetic material of all living organisms. In DNA, guanine nucleotides are paired with cytosine nucleotides to form the base pair G-C, which is one of the four possible base pairs in DNA. In RNA, guanine nucleotides are paired with uracil nucleotides to form the base pair G-U. Guanine nucleotides play a crucial role in the structure and function of DNA and RNA, and are involved in many important biological processes, including gene expression, DNA replication, and protein synthesis.

In the medical field, the term "cattle" refers to large domesticated animals that are raised for their meat, milk, or other products. Cattle are a common source of food and are also used for labor in agriculture, such as plowing fields or pulling carts. In veterinary medicine, cattle are often referred to as "livestock" and may be treated for a variety of medical conditions, including diseases, injuries, and parasites. Some common medical issues that may affect cattle include respiratory infections, digestive problems, and musculoskeletal disorders. Cattle may also be used in medical research, particularly in the fields of genetics and agriculture. For example, scientists may study the genetics of cattle to develop new breeds with desirable traits, such as increased milk production or resistance to disease.

Isoproterenol is a synthetic beta-adrenergic agonist that is used in the medical field as a medication. It is a drug that mimics the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) and can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including asthma, heart failure, and bradycardia (a slow heart rate). Isoproterenol works by binding to beta-adrenergic receptors on the surface of cells, which triggers a cascade of events that can lead to increased heart rate, relaxation of smooth muscle, and dilation of blood vessels. This can help to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery to the body's tissues, and can also help to reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways). Isoproterenol is available in a variety of forms, including tablets, inhalers, and intravenous solutions. It is typically administered as a short-acting medication, although longer-acting formulations are also available. Side effects of isoproterenol can include tremors, palpitations, and increased heart rate, and the drug may interact with other medications that affect the heart or blood vessels.

Xanthines are a group of compounds that include caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. They are naturally occurring alkaloids found in plants such as coffee, tea, and cocoa. In the medical field, xanthines are used as bronchodilators to treat conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They work by relaxing the muscles in the airways, allowing air to flow more easily. Xanthines can also be used to treat heart rhythm disorders and to prevent blood clots. However, they can have side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and increased heart rate, and may interact with other medications.

In the medical field, binding sites refer to specific locations on the surface of a protein molecule where a ligand (a molecule that binds to the protein) can attach. These binding sites are often formed by a specific arrangement of amino acids within the protein, and they are critical for the protein's function. Binding sites can be found on a wide range of proteins, including enzymes, receptors, and transporters. When a ligand binds to a protein's binding site, it can cause a conformational change in the protein, which can alter its activity or function. For example, a hormone may bind to a receptor protein, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to a specific cellular response. Understanding the structure and function of binding sites is important in many areas of medicine, including drug discovery and development, as well as the study of diseases caused by mutations in proteins that affect their binding sites. By targeting specific binding sites on proteins, researchers can develop drugs that modulate protein activity and potentially treat a wide range of diseases.

In the medical field, a catalytic domain is a region of a protein that is responsible for catalyzing a specific chemical reaction. Catalytic domains are often found in enzymes, which are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body. These domains are typically composed of a specific sequence of amino acids that form a three-dimensional structure that allows them to bind to specific substrates and catalyze their breakdown or synthesis. Catalytic domains are important for many biological processes, including metabolism, signal transduction, and gene expression. They are also the target of many drugs, which can be designed to interfere with the activity of specific catalytic domains in order to treat diseases.

Vinca alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring compounds derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant (Vinca rosea). They are used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors such as breast, ovarian, and lung cancer. Vinca alkaloids work by binding to microtubules, which are essential components of the cell's cytoskeleton. By binding to microtubules, vinca alkaloids prevent the formation of new microtubules and stabilize existing ones, leading to cell death. The most commonly used vinca alkaloids in cancer treatment are vinblastine and vincristine. These drugs are typically administered intravenously and can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and peripheral neuropathy (numbness or tingling in the hands and feet). However, they are often effective in controlling the growth of cancer cells and can be used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to improve treatment outcomes.

In the medical field, cyclic P-oxides refer to a class of organic compounds that contain a ring of atoms with a double bond between two oxygen atoms and a single bond between one of the oxygen atoms and a phosphorus atom. These compounds are also known as phosphorus oxides or phosphorus ylides. Cyclic P-oxides are often used as intermediates in organic synthesis reactions, particularly in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as pyrroles, furans, and thiophenes. They can also be used as reagents in organic reactions, such as in the Staudinger reduction, which is a method for converting aldehydes and ketones into primary amines. In addition to their use in organic synthesis, cyclic P-oxides have also been studied for their potential medicinal applications. For example, some cyclic P-oxides have been shown to have antitumor activity, and they are being investigated as potential treatments for cancer. Other cyclic P-oxides have been studied for their potential to treat neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

... cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase, cyclic 3′,5′-phosphodiesterase, 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase, 3':5'-cyclic ... monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cyclic CMP), cyclic 3′,5-nucleotide monophosphate phosphodiesterase, nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic ... cyclic AMP 3′,5′-cyclic dAMP 3′,5′-cyclic IMP 3′,5′-cyclic GMP 3′,5′-cyclic CMP There are 11 distinct phosphodiesterase ... 3′,5′-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterases (EC 3.1.4.17) are a family of phosphodiesterases. Generally, these enzymes hydrolyze ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide_phosphodiesterase

"Functional and biochemical evidence for diazepam as a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor". British Journal of ... Barad M, Bourtchouladze R, Winder DG, Golan H, Kandel E (1998). "Rolipram, a type IV-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, ... Dinter, H (February 2000). "Phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors: potential in the treatment of multiple sclerosis?". BioDrugs. ... Moustafa, F; Feldman, SR (16 May 2014). "A Review of Phosphodiesterase-Inhibition and the Potential Role for Phosphodiesterase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase-4_inhibitor

"Differential activation and inhibition of the multiple forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase". Advances in Cyclic ... Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 is an enzyme (EC 3.1.4.17) from the phosphodiesterase class. ... Fertel R, Weiss B (July 1976). "Properties and drug responsiveness of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of rat lung" ( ... Weiss B, Hait WN (1977). "Selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents". Annual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGMP-specific_phosphodiesterase_type_5

2001). "Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 108 (5): 671-80. doi:10.1067/mai ... Jan 2012). "Neuroprotective efficacy of quinazoline type phosphodiesterase 7 inhibitors in cellular cultures and experimental ... Fertel R, Weiss B (1976). "Properties and drug responsiveness of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of rat lung". Mol. ... Weiss B (1975). "Differential activation and inhibition of the multiple forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase". Adv. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_inhibitor

Essayan DM (November 2001). "Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 108 (5): ... Moreover, some patients may experience more than one type of psoriatic lesion and/or have lesions across multiple locations. ... Cannabinoid type 2 receptor-dependent and -independent immunomodulatory effects". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (20 ... "Binding and functional comparisons of two types of tumor necrosis factor antagonists". The Journal of Pharmacology and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF_inhibitor

2003). "Comparison of enzymatic characterization and gene organization of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 8 family in ... 2003). "Alterations on phosphodiesterase type 7 and 8 isozyme mRNA expression in Alzheimer's disease brains examined by in situ ... cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 250 (3): 751-6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9379. PMID 9784418. " ... High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE8B

He is best known for his work with cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. He was the first to propose, based on his experimental ... He showed that a single cell type may contain more than one form of phosphodiesterase [6,7] and that different forms of ... Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Weiss and co-workers developed rapid phosphodiesterease assays [3, 4], separated ... Weiss, B. and Winchurch, R.A.: Analyses of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in lymphocytes from normal and aged leukemic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Weiss_(scientist)

Cyclic nucleotides can be found in many different types of eukaryotic cells, including photo-receptor rods and cones, smooth ... cAMP's role in this process terminates upon hydrolysis to AMP by phosphodiesterase. Cyclic nucleotides are well-suited to act ... The two most well-studied cyclic nucleotides are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), while cyclic CMP (cCMP) and cyclic ... A cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide

September 2003). "Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, expression, and targeting in cells of the cardiovascular system ... PDE3A can be either membrane-associated or cytosolic, depending on the variant and the cell type it is expressed in. PDE3A and ... Lugnier C (March 2006). "Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) superfamily: a new target for the development of specific ... WO 03012030, Movsesian M, "Isoform-Selective Inhibitors and Activators of PDE3 Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases", published ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_3

Modulates the activity of membrane-bound enzymes: phosphodiesterase, cyclic nucleotides, adenylate cyclase, aldoreductase, ... Its chemical structure resembles that of pyridoxine (a type of vitamin B6). Emoxypine was first synthesized by L.D. Smirnov and ... Emoxypine (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine), also known as Mexidol or Mexifin when used as the succinate salt, is an ... 31 (6): 564-568. doi:10.1139/v53-079. "mexidol.ru, Pharmasoft Website". Archived from the original on 2011-04-10. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoxypine

"Biochemistry and physiology of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: essential components in cyclic nucleotide signaling". ... Phosphodiesterase enzymes have been shown to be different in different types of cells, including normal and leukemic ... Usually, phosphodiesterase refers to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, which have great clinical significance and are ... "Differential activation and inhibition of the multiple forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase". Advances in Cyclic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase

It is one of many ubiquitous nucleotide second messengers including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine ... "The helicase DDX41 recognizes the bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a type I ... Phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes degrade cyclic di-AMP to the linear molecule 5'-pApA (phosphadenylyl adenosine). 5'-pApA is ... "Cyclic nucleotides in archaea: Cyclic di-AMP in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii and its putative role". MicrobiologyOpen. 8 (9 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_di-AMP

2007). "Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE1C1 in human cardiac myocytes". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (45): 32749-57. doi:10.1074/ ... 2006). "Subcellular localization and regulation of type-1C and type-5 phosphodiesterases". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 341 ( ... Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE1C ... Rybalkin SD, Rybalkina I, Beavo JA, Bornfeldt KE (2002). "Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C promotes human arterial smooth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE1C

This gene is a member of the type IV, cyclic AMP (cAMP)-specific, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) family. Cyclic ... The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) regulate the cellular concentrations of cyclic nucleotides and thereby play a ... "Pivotal role of cyclic nucleoside phosphodiesterase 4 in Tat-mediated CD4+ T cell hyperactivation and HIV type 1 replication". ... cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE4B gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE4B

Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) List of distinct cell types in the adult human body List of human cell types ... Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cell. They arise during development from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which can ... Notably, oligodendrocytes are the last type of cell to be generated in the CNS. Oligodendrocytes were discovered by Pío del Río ... Oligodendrocytes (from Greek 'cells with a few branches'), also known as oligodendroglia, are a type of neuroglia whose main ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte

This export contributes to the degradation of phosphodiesterases and possibly an elimination pathway for cyclic nucleotides. ... "cDNA cloning of a short type of multidrug resistance protein homologue, SMRP, from a human lung cancer cell line". Biochemical ... This protein functions in the cellular export of its substrate, cyclic nucleotides. ... a transporter for cyclic nucleotides, in human placenta and cultured human trophoblasts: effects of gestational age and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCC5

1998). "Identification and characterization of a novel cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase gene (PDE9A) that maps to 21q22.3: ... "Identification and characterization of a new human type 9 cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase splice variant (PDE9A5). Differential ... High affinity cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 9A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE9A gene. The ... "Entrez Gene: PDE9A phosphodiesterase 9A". Verhoest PR, Fonseca KR, Hou X, et al. (2012). "Design and discovery of 6-[(3S,4S)-4- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE9A

... cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase MeSH D08.811.277.352.640.160 - 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterases MeSH D08.811. ... myosin type iii MeSH D08.811.277.040.025.525.843 - myosin type iv MeSH D08.811.277.040.025.525.875 - myosin type v MeSH D08.811 ... cyclic nucleotide-regulated protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125 - cyclic amp-dependent protein kinases ... myosin type i MeSH D08.811.277.040.025.525.750 - myosin type ii MeSH D08.811.277.040.025.525.750.124 - cardiac myosins MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

"Positive inotropic effect of the inhibition of cyclic GMP-stimulated 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE2) on guinea ... As different PDE types may affect different cAMP pools, the different PDEs may regulate different processes in the cell. PDE2 ... "Biologic regulation through opposing influences of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP: the Yin Yang hypothesis". Adv Cyclic Nucleotide ... June 1997). "cGMP-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase regulates the basal calcium current in human atrial myocytes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_2

In mammals, GAF domains are found in five members of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase superfamily: PDE2, PDE5, and PDE6 ... The GAF domain is a type of protein domain that is found in a wide range of proteins from all species. The GAF domain is named ... a ubiquitous signaling motif and a new class of cyclic GMP receptor". The EMBO Journal. 19 (20): 5288-99. doi:10.1093/emboj/ ... "The two GAF domains in phosphodiesterase 2A have distinct roles in dimerization and in cGMP binding". Proceedings of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAF_domain

"Myomegalin is a novel protein of the golgi/centrosome that interacts with a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase". The Journal ... These proteins degrade the second messenger cAMP, which is a key signal transduction molecule in multiple cell types, including ... "Myomegalin is a novel protein of the golgi/centrosome that interacts with a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase". The Journal ... cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDE4D gene. The PDE4D gene is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE4D

Methylxanthines such as caffeine inhibit the action of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, which normally acts to break down ... Symptoms must also not have a more likely clinical cause, such as another type of anxiety disorder, come before the ingestion ... Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cAMP, is a second messenger important in many cellular processes and is a critical factor in ... Adenosine acts on A1 receptors to decrease opening of N-type Ca2+ channels in some hippocampal neurons, and therefore decrease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine-induced_anxiety_disorder

This G protein subunit activates a taste phosphodiesterase and decreases cyclic nucleotide levels. Further steps in the ... taste+receptors,+type+1 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) taste+receptors,+type+2 at the ... The HCN channels were such a proposal; as they are cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. The two ion channels now suggested to ... Type 1, sweet, first characterized in 2001: TAS1R2 - TAS1R3 Type 2, bitter, first characterized in 2000: In humans there are 25 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_receptor

Lugnier, C. (2006). "Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) superfamily: A new target for the development of specific ... "Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor use in type 2 diabetes is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality". Heart. 102 ( ... Yu, J. Y.; Kang, K. K. & Yoo, M. (2006). "Erectile potentials of a new phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, DA-8159, in diet- ... McMahon, C. G.; McMahon, C. N.; Leow, L. J. & Winestock, C. G. (2006). "Efficacy of type-5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_phosphodiesterase_5_inhibitors

Unstimulated (in the dark), cyclic-nucleotide gated channels in the outer segment are open because cyclic GMP (cGMP) is bound ... Rather, it is the ratios of responses of the three types of cone cells that can estimate wavelength, and therefore enable color ... Each transducin then activates the enzyme cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE). PDE then catalyzes the hydrolysis of cGMP to 5 ... resulting in the closure of cyclic nucleotide-gated Na+ ion channels located in the photoreceptor outer segment membrane. As a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell

... cyclic-nucleotide 2′-phosphodiesterase EC 3.1.4.17: 3′,5′-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase EC 3.1.4.18: Now EC 3.1.16.1, ... type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.4: type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.5: type III site-specific ... cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase EC 3.1.4.36: Now with EC 3.1.4.43 EC 3.1.4.37: 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase EC 3.1 ... phosphodiesterase * EC 3.1.4.59: cyclic-di-AMP phosphodiesterase * EC 3.1.4.60: pApA phosphodiesterase * EC 3.1.4.61: cyclic 2, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)

Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta is the beta subunit of the protein complex PDE6 that is encoded ... Journal of Cyclic Nucleotide Research. 2 (3): 139-48. PMID 6493. Keeler, CE (20 March 1928). "The Geotropic Reaction of Rodless ... There are two types of photoreceptors: cones and rods. The rod and cone PDE6 complexes have different structures. PDE6β ... Organization of the gene for the beta-subunit of human photoreceptor cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase]". Bioorganicheskaia Khimiia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE6B

Essayan DM (November 2001). "Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 108 (5): ... Paraxanthine is a phosphodiesterase type 9 (PDE9) inhibitor and it is sold as a research molecule for this same purpose. ... Paraxanthine is a selective inhibitor of cGMP-preferring phosphodiesterase (PDE9) activity and is hypothesized to increase ... Paraxanthine is a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraxanthine

... by adenylyl cyclase and metabolized by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). One manifestation of depression is an ... a type of glutamate receptor - produces rapid (within 2 hours), robust and sustained (lasting for up to a fortnight) ... Rodent studies have consistently shown upregulation of the 3, 5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) system induced by ... "Interaction between the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of beta adrenergic agonists and the cyclic AMP PDE inhibitor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology_of_antidepressants

Sun L, Wu J, Du F, Chen X, Chen ZJ (February 2013). "Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type ... cGAMP was found to be much more potent than other cyclic di-nucleotides (c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP). cGAMP was shown to ... phosphodiesterases. Other advantages of the unique 2'-5' linkage may be that cGAMP is able to bind multiple allelic variants of ... Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) is a cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) and the first to be found in metazoans. Other CDNs (c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGAS–STING_cytosolic_DNA_sensing_pathway

... arginase and phosphodiesterase-5) and type-2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) were determined. Antioxidant properties of ... phosphodiesterase-5 (IC 50 =539.72 µg/mL); arginase (41.53 µg/mL)] than CG [phosphodiesterase-5 (IC 50 =611.35 µg/mL); arginase ... Conclusions The ability of samples extract to inhibit some of key enzymes relevant to erectile dysfunction and type-2 diabetes ... Also, both extracts inhibited phosphodiesterase-5 and arginase in a dose-dependent manner in vitro ; nevertheless, HU showed ...

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jcim-2016-0164/html

Phosphodiesterases listed: PDE, PLC, PLD. [1] Molecular biology of the cyclic AMP-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases ... They are essential regulators of cyclic nucleotide signaling with diverse physiological functions. Roughly, the sub-types can ... No less than eleven sub-types of the enzyme family of phosphodiesterases (PDE; EC 3.1.4.-) are known to date, many of which ... Potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor and an aldehyde oxidase (AO) substrate €90.00 3169 Crisaborole Potent PDE4 inhibitor; Anti- ...

https://www.axonmedchem.com/products/enzymes/hydrolases/esterases-phosphodi/pde

Type 5 Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases 18% 18 Scopus citations * Comparing routine versus selective use of intraoperative ... 6, p. 401-410 10 p.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review ... 400-405 6 p.. Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › peer-review ... 6, p. 585-588 4 p.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review ...

https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/persons/christopher-moran/publications/

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4), which controls the intracellular level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( ... 4aa and 4ba, two pyridazinone-scaffold-based phosphodiesterase-IV inhibitors are compared in vitro to zardaverine for their ... derivatives have been evaluated as potential anti-osteosarcoma therapeutics because of their anti-type 4 phosphodiesterase ... The first session of the MOOC, which has been set up in the Occitania region of France, went online nationwide from March 6 to ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/?lang=pt&q=au:Gerard,+Stephane

We aimed to evaluate the effects of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil on CFR in diabetics with erectile dysfunction ... Traverse JH, Chen YJ, Du R, Bache RJ: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 5 activity limits blood flow to hypoperfused ... Medina P, Segarra G, Martinez-Leon JB, Vila JM, Otero E, Lluch S: Relaxation induced by cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors ... We aimed to evaluate the effects of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil on CFR in diabetics with erectile dysfunction. ...

https://cardiab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2840-2-8

Cyclic AMP / metabolism* * Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3 / chemistry * Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, ... cyclic AMP (cAMP), by altering the activity of the cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase PDE3B. Biochemical studies of the copper- ... Copper regulates cyclic-AMP-dependent lipolysis Nat Chem Biol. 2016 Aug;12(8):586-92. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.2098. Epub 2016 Jun ... 6. Authors Lakshmi Krishnamoorthy 1 2 , Joseph A Cotruvo Jr 1 , Jefferson Chan 1 , Harini Kaluarachchi 1 , Abigael Muchenditsi ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27272565/

Among the 11 isoforms of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), the most important are the PDE3 and PDE5 isoforms, which degrade cyclic ... leading to the conversion of guanosine triphosphate nucleotide into cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). The increase in ... or nitric oxide synthase type 3) is the most extensively studied enzyme in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn ( ... 9, 10] cGMP is down-regulated by phosphodiesterase 5 activity. Phosphodiesterase 5, which is abundantly expressed in lung ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/898437-70993/what-is-persistent-pulmonary-hypertension-of-the-newborn-pphn

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/898437-overview

... orally available small molecule inhibitor of type-4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE-4). PDE-4 is a cyclic adenosine ... orally available small molecule inhibitor of type-4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE-4). PDE-4 is a cyclic adenosine ... monophosphate (cAMP)-specific phosphodiesterase that is predominantly located in inflammatory cells. By inhibiting PDE-4, ... monophosphate (cAMP)-specific phosphodiesterase that is predominantly located in inflammatory cells. By inhibiting PDE-4, ...

https://medeasy.health/medicines/apemilast-10-mg-tablet

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6. *Dark Adaptation. *Diphtheria Toxin. *DNA Mutational Analysis ...

https://profiles.ucdenver.edu/display/227395/Network/ResearchAreas

Feature Type. ORF , Verified Description. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase; hydrolyzes ADP-ribose 1, 2-cyclic phosphate ... Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes nucleoside 2,3 cyclic phosphodiester bond to yield nucleoside 2- ... Cyclic nucleotide PhosphoDiesterase 1 Comparative Info. Sequence Details Sequence The S. cerevisiae Reference Genome sequence ... An interaction annotation is composed of the interaction type, name of the interactor, assay type (e.g., Two-Hybrid), ...

https://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/S000003479

Effects of Various Selective Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors on Carbachol-induced Contraction and Cyclic Nucleotide Contents in ... type 2), milrinone (type 3), Ro20-1724(type 4) and zaprinast (type 5) inhibited CCh-induced contraction in a concentration- ... Effects of various selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on muscle contractility and cyclic nucleotide contents in ... The effects of cyclic AMP increasing cardiotonics (dopamine, dobutamine, amrinone and milrinone) on the blood flow in most ...

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jvms/66/9/_contents/-char/ja

gamma Subunit, cGMP Phosphodiesterase use Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6 gamma Subunit, cGMP-PDE use Cyclic ... Gangliosidosis G(M2), Type I use Tay-Sachs Disease Gangliosidosis G(M2), Type II use ... Galactosamine 6 Sulfatase Deficiency use Mucopolysaccharidosis IV Galactosamine-6-Sulfatase Deficiencies use ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2019_Alfab-G.htm

... the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases [2]. To time, 11 PDE households have already been discovered. As these could be ... Types of they are the PDE 3 inhibitor, cilostazol, for the treating intermittent claudication [7], and sildenafil, a PDE 5 ... The cyclic nucleotide signalling Rabbit Polyclonal to MOBKL2A/B program is certainly both interlinked and complicated with a ... History The cyclic nucleotides, cGMP and cAMP are essential second messengers recognized to control many mobile procedures, ...

http://www.oscars2019info.com/2021/11/13/%EF%BB%BFthe-supernatant-in-the-first-lavage-was-stored-at-80c-for-subsequent-natural-analysis/

Soderling S.H., Bayuga S.J., Beavo J.A. Cloning and characterization of a cAMP-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. ... Type 5 phosphodieste-rase regulation of human sperm motility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182(5):1013-5. DOI: 10.1067/mob. ... 8. Geremia R., Rossi P., Pezzotti R., Conti M. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in developing rat testis identification of ... Yunes R., Fernández P., Doncel G.F., Acosta A.A. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibition increases tyrosine ...

https://agx.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/694

1A). Expression of 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNP) and MBP indicates the degree of OL differentiation in the ... Two mouse strains were primarily used for experiments: Ilkfl/fl;Plp-CreERT/+ mice (Ilk cKO) and Ilkfl/fl;+/+ [wild-type (WT)] ... 2A,B). Accordingly, fewer Ilk−/− OLs expressed MAG or MBP as compared to wild-type (Ilkfl/fl) cells. However, a certain ... OLs to wild-type levels at DIV6 of culture (Fig. 10B). It was unlikely that this phenomenon was a nonspecific event independent ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/23/9781

CYCLIC-NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE 1984-2007 BX - Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type I MH - Cyclic Nucleotide ... CYCLIC-NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE 1986-2007, for CALMODULIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE use 3,5-CYCLIC-NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE ... A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC AMP. Several isoforms of the enzyme type ... class have additional specificity for CYCLIC-GMP. HN - 2008(2000) MH - Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3 UI - ...

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/I/dcsnew2008.txt

https://decs2012.bvsalud.org/I/dcsnew2008.txt

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/I/dcsnew2008.txt

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/I/dcsnew2008.txt

Characterization of cyclic 3, 5-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity in an islet cell tumor of the syrian hamster. Schubart ... Synthesis of type 2 adenovirus DNA in the presence of cycloheximide.. Horwitz, M. S., Brayton, C. & Baum, S. G., Apr 1973, In: ... Nucleic acid homology studies of adenovirus type 7-SV40 interactions.. Reich, P. R., Baum, S. G., Rose, J. A., Rowe, W. P. & ... EVIDENCE FOR A POSSIBLE GENETIC HYBRID BETWEEN ADENOVIRUS TYPE 7 AND SV40 VIRUSES.. ROWE, W. P. & BAUM, S. G., Dec 1964, In: ...

https://einstein.elsevierpure.com/en/persons/stephen-g-baum/publications/

Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterase. 3,5-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases. 3,5-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase. 3,5-Cyclic-AMP ... Unpublished Works [Publication Type]. Unpublished Works. V03 - Study Characteristics. Case Reports [Publication Type]. Case ... Published Erratum [Publication Type]. Published Erratum. Retraction of Publication [Publication Type]. Retraction of ... Multicenter Study [Publication Type]. Multicenter Study. Randomized Controlled Trial [Publication Type]. Randomized Controlled ...

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs2011.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

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https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

Sildenafil inhibits phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5), an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of the cGMP cyclic nucleotide. The ... The active ingredient of the drug is sildenafil, a type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The rest of the substances are inert. ... We recommend that you check your local regulations to ensure that you are not breaking any laws by ordering certain types of ... The action of Kamagra 100mg jelly lasts an average of 4-6 hours. ... and lasts up to 6 hours, but this does not mean that the ...

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Francis, S.H., Sekhar, K.R., Ke, H. and Corbin, J.D. (2011) Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases by ... Chou, T.C. (1976) Derivation and Properties of Michaelis-Menten Type and Hill Type Equations for Reference Ligands. Journal of ... The interaction with the non-selective PDE (cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) ... Chen, Z.S., Lee, K. and Kruh, G.D. (2001) Transport of Cyclic Nucleotides and Estradiol 17-Beta-d-glucuronide by Multidrug ...

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=43749

PDEs degrade cyclic nucleotides towards the particular nucleotide monophosphates by hydrolysis from the phosphodiester ... However there is significant heterogeneity within and between tumor types. It was noted that different tumor types have ... and phosphodiesterase (PDE), which catalyze the degradation or synthesis of cAMP, respectively. Several research workers have ... using the focus of cyclic nucleotide time for basal amounts in around 1 min. To create this speedy transformation in cAMP ...

http://www.thetechnoant.info/2021/11/

History The cyclic nucleotides, cGMP and cAMP are essential second messengers recognized to control many mobile procedures, such as irritation. (oscars2019info.com)
Sildenafil inhibits phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5), an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of the cGMP cyclic nucleotide. (onlinepharmacynoprescription.co)
l-arginine, an NO precursor, and the phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5 inhibitor sildenafil, which potentiates cGMP, were studied in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) who were stably on HU. (johnshopkins.edu)

PDE-4 is a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-specific phosphodiesterase that is predominantly located in inflammatory cells. (medeasy.health)
2. Benau D., Szabo E.I., Terner C. Endogenous inhibitors of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-phosphodiesterase in rat epididymis. (abvpress.ru)
3. Razzaboni B., Terner C. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-phosphodiesterases in epididymis and prostate of castrate and of aged rats. (abvpress.ru)

7] Ghiadoni L, Versari D, Taddei S. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition in essential hypertension. (degruyter.com)
In vivo augmentation of the cyclic nucleotide pathway by PDE inhibition may induce HbF slightly, but strikingly improves hemodynamic and functional status in SCD. (johnshopkins.edu)

6. Mewe M., Bauer C.K., Müller D., Middendorff R. Regulation of spontaneous contractile activity in the bovine epididymal duct by cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate-dependent pathways. (abvpress.ru)
Garg, U.C. and Hassid, A. (1989) Nitric Oxide-Generating Vasodilators and 8-Bromo-cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Inhibit Mitogenesis and Proliferation of Cultured Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. (scirp.org)

We aimed to evaluate the effects of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil on CFR in diabetics with erectile dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)

This study was designed to investigate the effects of Hunteria umbellata (HU) seeds and Cylicodiscus gabunensis (CG) stem barks aqueous extracts on key enzymes relevant to erectile dysfunction (phosphodiesterase-5 and arginase) and type-2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase). (degruyter.com)
In ascertaining the erectogenic and antidiabetic properties of the extracts, the effects of the extracts on activities of some enzymes relevant to erectile dysfunction (arginase and phosphodiesterase-5) and type-2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) were determined. (degruyter.com)
The ability of samples' extract to inhibit some of key enzymes relevant to erectile dysfunction and type-2 diabetes could render them cheap, natural and alternative therapy with erectogenic and antidiabetic potentials. (degruyter.com)
1] Molecular biology of the cyclic AMP-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: a diverse family of regulatory enzymes. (axonmedchem.com)
The just means the cell possesses to degrade the indication mediated by cyclic nucleotides is certainly through the actions of a big category of Cefdinir enzymes, the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases [2]. (oscars2019info.com)
As these could be produced from multiple genes, many with the capacity of producing a genuine variety of isoforms, there is more than 50 known PDE enzymes [3-6] presently. (oscars2019info.com)
RORγ Inhibitor web Methylxanthines had been thought to work, in element, by inhibiting phosphodiesterases (PDEs), the enzymes accountable for cyclic nucleotide degradation. (gpr44.com)

Types of they are the PDE 3 inhibitor, cilostazol, for the treating intermittent claudication [7], and sildenafil, a PDE 5 inhibitor, for the treating intimate dysfunction [8]. (oscars2019info.com)
The active ingredient of the drug is sildenafil, a type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor. (onlinepharmacynoprescription.co)
Pulmonary pressures and 6-min walk distances improved only in patients on sildenafil. (johnshopkins.edu)

They are essential regulators of cyclic nucleotide signaling with diverse physiological functions. (axonmedchem.com)
Given its ability to transport important intra- and intercellular mediators such as cyclic nucleotides and eicosanoids, the physiological repertoire of MRP4 is thought to cover platelet aggregation, cell migration and proliferation, angiogenesis, and cardiomyocyte contraction. (solvobiotech.com)

Clopidogrel use is associated with an increased risk of bleeding and may cause haematological adverse effects, such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, haemolytic uremic syndrome, and bone-marrow suppression, manifesting with aplastic anaemia, thrombocytopenia [ 5 ], and neutropenia [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Mroczek S, Krwawicz J, Kutner J, Lazniewski M, Kucinski I, Ginalski K, Dziembowski A. C16orf57, a gene mutated in poikiloderma with neutropenia, encodes a putative phosphodiesterase responsible for the U6 snRNA 3' end modification. (medlineplus.gov)

7. Swinnen J.V., Joseph D.R., Conti M. Molecular cloning of rat homologues of the Drosophila melanogaster dunce cAMP phosphodiesterase: evidence for a family of genes. (abvpress.ru)

Epub 2016 Jun 6. (nih.gov)

2] Phosphodiesterase: overview of protein structures, potential therapeutic applications and recent progress in drug development. (axonmedchem.com)
Chen, Z.S., Lee, K. and Kruh, G.D. (2001) Transport of Cyclic Nucleotides and Estradiol 17-Beta-d-glucuronide by Multidrug Resistance Protein 4. (scirp.org)

Signs and symptoms of TBRF include cyclic febrile episodes, nausea, and vomiting ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Transformation of znuA mutant with a shuttle vector pBBR1MCS-4 containing znuA gene restored the growth in zinc chelated medium and intracellular replication in HeLa cells and macrophages to a level comparable to that of wild-type strain. (go.jp)
Bacterial internalization into HeLa cells and macrophages and co-localization with either late endosomes or lysosomes of znuA mutant were not different from those of wild-type strain. (go.jp)
Cyclic GMP was able to mimic the antiproliferative effect of SNP on HEK293 cells. (scirp.org)
In the liver, choroid plexus, prostatic acinar cells, and the GIT, MRP4 is expressed at the basolateral membrane, while in the brain capillary endothelium and renal proximal tubule cells it is expressed at the apical membrane [2-6]. (solvobiotech.com)

Apemilast 10 mg is a novel, orally available small molecule inhibitor of type-4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE-4). (medeasy.health)
Following the 5-day titration, the recommended maintenance dosage is 30 mg twice daily taken orally starting on Day 6. (medeasy.health)

The cyclic nucleotide signalling Rabbit Polyclonal to MOBKL2A/B program is certainly both interlinked and complicated with a great many other pathways [1], their alerts getting managed by regulating the synthesis and break down of these molecules tightly. (oscars2019info.com)

Using a mouse model of genetic copper misregulation, in combination with pharmacological alterations in copper status and imaging studies in a 3T3-L1 white adipocyte model, we found that copper regulates lipolysis at the level of the second messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP), by altering the activity of the cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase PDE3B. (nih.gov)

An interaction annotation is composed of the interaction type, name of the interactor, assay type (e.g. (yeastgenome.org)
The interaction with the non-selective PDE (cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) was tested after three days. (scirp.org)

Therefore diabetics with erectile dysfunction and the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors have a higher likelihood of having coronary artery disease [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Of OAM mixture or type/duration of research Irrespective, and in keeping with global research, improved glycemic control was noticed, with one research also reporting equivalent outcomes between youthful and older sufferers [27] and another (JUN-LAN Research 7) discovering that the addition of step-up bolus insulin to mixture therapy with IGlar and sulfonylurea improved glycemic control [35]. (thetechnoant.info)

Their great variety, and key function in managing cyclic nucleotide signalling, makes the PDE Cefdinir family members attractive drug goals. (oscars2019info.com)

Evidence for androgen-dependent phosphodiesterase activity in rat seminal vesicle and epididymis. (abvpress.ru)

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: relating structure and function. (degruyter.com)

We had been the initial group to demonstrate that purified components with the ginger root (Zingiber officinale) can unwind human ASM and to confirm that 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 6-shogoal would be the active elements responsible for bronchorelaxation (9). (gpr44.com)

In addition, B. turicatae is maintained transovarially and tick larvae are difficult to see because of their small size ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)

The instructions for use indicate that when sexual desire occurs, the effect of the drug begins after 10-30 minutes (depending on the form of Kamagra) and lasts up to 6 hours, but this does not mean that the erection will last all this time. (onlinepharmacynoprescription.co)
RNA exonucleases cut off (cleave) building blocks called nucleotides one at a time from molecules of RNA (a chemical cousin of DNA). (medlineplus.gov)

Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. (yeastgenome.org)
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)

Th EMRS or CRS sufferers with other types of your disease [11,16]. (gpr44.com)

RESULTS: We included 32 studies (6 prospective and 26 retrospective). (bvsalud.org)

This preliminary experience demonstrates the ability of this MOOC to spread the culture of geriatric oncology and the educational potential of this new type of online training. (bvsalud.org)

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs48

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes12

Information Science3

Potency and mechanism of action of E4021, a type 5 phosphodiesterase isozyme-selective inhibitor, on the photoreceptor phosphodiesterase depend on the state of activation of the enzyme. (1/192)

cGMP binding to noncatalytic sites on mammalian rod photoreceptor phosphodiesterase is regulated by binding of its gamma and delta subunits. (2/192)

cGMP phosphodiesterase-alpha mutation causes progressive retinal atrophy in the Cardigan Welsh corgi dog. (3/192)

Screening of the gene encoding the alpha'-subunit of cone cGMP-PDE in patients with retinal degenerations. (4/192)

Frequency of mutations in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of rod cGMP-phosphodiesterase in autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. (5/192)

Rescue from photoreceptor degeneration in the rd mouse by human immunodeficiency virus vector-mediated gene transfer. (6/192)

The delta subunit of rod specific cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, PDE delta, interacts with the Arf-like protein Arl3 in a GTP specific manner. (7/192)

A point mutation (W70A) in the rod PDE-gamma gene desensitizing and delaying murine rod photoreceptors. (8/192)

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 2

Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases

Nucleotides, Cyclic

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5

Cyclic GMP

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 7

Cyclic AMP

Rolipram

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine

Purinones

Isoenzymes

Molecular Sequence Data

Calmodulin

Amino Acid Sequence

Kinetics

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6

Nucleotides

Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors

Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors

4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone

Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP

Theophylline

Phosphodiesterase I

Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels

Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases

Milrinone

Bucladesine

Pyrrolidinones

Adenine Nucleotides

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Adenylate Cyclase

Second Messenger Systems

Papaverine

Cyclic IMP

Base Sequence

Colforsin

Guanylate Cyclase

Cloning, Molecular

Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

Calcium

Guanine Nucleotides

Cattle

Hydrolysis

Isoproterenol

Xanthines

Binding Sites

Catalytic Domain

Signal Transduction

Vinca Alkaloids

Cyclic P-Oxides

Enzyme Activation

Substrate Specificity

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Potency and mechanism of action of E4021, a type 5 phosphodiesterase isozyme-selective inhibitor, on the photoreceptor phosphodiesterase depend on the state of activation of the enzyme. (1/192)

cGMP binding to noncatalytic sites on mammalian rod photoreceptor phosphodiesterase is regulated by binding of its gamma and delta subunits. (2/192)

cGMP phosphodiesterase-alpha mutation causes progressive retinal atrophy in the Cardigan Welsh corgi dog. (3/192)

Screening of the gene encoding the alpha'-subunit of cone cGMP-PDE in patients with retinal degenerations. (4/192)

Frequency of mutations in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of rod cGMP-phosphodiesterase in autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. (5/192)

Rescue from photoreceptor degeneration in the rd mouse by human immunodeficiency virus vector-mediated gene transfer. (6/192)

The delta subunit of rod specific cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, PDE delta, interacts with the Arf-like protein Arl3 in a GTP specific manner. (7/192)

A point mutation (W70A) in the rod PDE-gamma gene desensitizing and delaying murine rod photoreceptors. (8/192)

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase

Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor

CGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor

TNF inhibitor

PDE8B

Benjamin Weiss (scientist)

Cyclic nucleotide

Phosphodiesterase 3