Cyclic GMP
Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Protein Kinases
Protein Kinase C
An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
Phosphorylation
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases
A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
Cyclic AMP
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2
A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.
Enzyme Activation
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP
Calmodulin
A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).
MAP Kinase Signaling System
An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.
Amino Acid Sequence
Isoenzymes
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.
Enzyme Inhibitors
eIF-2 Kinase
A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.
Cells, Cultured
Protein Kinase C-alpha
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunits
Substrate Specificity
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I
Protein Binding
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
Protein Kinase C-delta
Isoquinolines
Calcium-Binding Proteins
Cattle
JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
Peptide T
N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.
Phosphoprotein Phosphatases
Mutation
Guanylate Cyclase
Blotting, Western
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.
Base Sequence
Adenosine Triphosphate
Binding Sites
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine
Serine
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit
Protamine Kinase
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
Transfection
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Benzylamines
Protein Kinase C-epsilon
A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase.
src-Family Kinases
A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.
Protein Kinase C beta
PKC beta encodes two proteins (PKCB1 and PKCBII) generated by alternative splicing of C-terminal exons. It is widely distributed with wide-ranging roles in processes such as B-cell receptor regulation, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation, insulin signaling, and endothelial cell proliferation.
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4
Rabbits
3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Cytosol
Models, Biological
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Myocardium
Carrier Proteins
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
CDC2 Protein Kinase
Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.
Apoptosis
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Phospholipids
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Colforsin
Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
Cell Membrane
Nitric Oxide
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Casein Kinase II
Phosphatidylserines
Gene Expression Regulation
Cloning, Molecular
Cell Division
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Methylene Blue
A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.
Calcium Signaling
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Transcription, Genetic
Rats, Wistar
RNA, Double-Stranded
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
Membrane Proteins
Catalytic Domain
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.
p21-Activated Kinases
Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases
A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.
MAP Kinase Kinase 1
Magnesium
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Nitroprusside
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
Sirtuins
A homologous family of regulatory enzymes that are structurally related to the protein silent mating type information regulator 2 (Sir2) found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sirtuins contain a central catalytic core region which binds NAD. Several of the sirtuins utilize NAD to deacetylate proteins such as HISTONES and are categorized as GROUP III HISTONE DEACETYLASES. Several other sirtuin members utilize NAD to transfer ADP-RIBOSE to proteins and are categorized as MONO ADP-RIBOSE TRANSFERASES, while a third group of sirtuins appears to have both deacetylase and ADP ribose transferase activities.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases
A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.
Plant Proteins
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate
A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.
Sirtuin 1
Tumor Cells, Cultured
MAP Kinase Kinase 4
Casein Kinases
A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.
Immunoblotting
Indoles
Neurons
Phorbol Esters
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
DNA-Binding Proteins
Staurosporine
Protein Transport
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
HeLa Cells
Peptide Fragments
Transcription Factors
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
Arabidopsis Proteins
Creatine Kinase
A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.
DNA-Activated Protein Kinase
Carbazoles
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)
Guanosine Monophosphate
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases
Tyrosine
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
Pyridines
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Alkaloids
Arabidopsis
Pyruvate Kinase
Nuclear Proteins
Fibroblasts
Calcimycin
An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.
rho-Associated Kinases
A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.
Threonine
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
RNA, Small Interfering
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of CYCLIC AMP to form adenosine 5'-phosphate. The enzymes are widely distributed in animal tissue and control the level of intracellular cyclic AMP. Many specific enzymes classified under this heading demonstrate additional spcificity for 3',5'-cyclic IMP and CYCLIC GMP.
Cell Cycle
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
Rod Cell Outer Segment
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Androstadienes
Subcellular Fractions
Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)
Bucladesine
Cell Survival
Imidazoles
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8
Cell Cycle Proteins
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Second Messenger Systems
Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.
3T3 Cells
Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.
DNA Primers
Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
Down-Regulation
I-kappa B Kinase
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Gene Expression
Precipitin Tests
Up-Regulation
Thymidine Kinase
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa
A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are structurally distinguished from RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 70-KDA by their apparent molecular size and the fact they contain two functional kinase domains. Although considered RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, members of this family are activated via the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM and have been shown to act on a diverse array of substrates that are involved in cellular regulation such as RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 and CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN.
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Nitric oxide modulates endothelin 1-induced Ca2+ mobilization and cytoskeletal F-actin filaments in human cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells. (1/1035)
A functional interrelation between nitric oxide (NO), the endothelial-derived vasodilating factor, and endothelin 1 (ET-1), the potent vasoconstrictive peptide, was investigated in microvascular endothelium of human brain. Nor-1 dose-dependently decreased the ET-1-stimulated mobilization of Ca2+. This response was mimicked with cGMP and abrogated by inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase or cGMP-dependent protein kinase G. These findings indicate that NO and ET-1 interactions involved in modulation of intracellular Ca2+ are mediated by cGMP/protein kinase G. In addition, Nor-1-mediated effects were associated with rearrangements of cytoskeleton F-actin filaments. The results suggest mechanisms by which NO-ET-1 interactions may contribute to regulation of microvascular function. (+info)Molecular identification of human G-substrate, a possible downstream component of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase cascade in cerebellar Purkinje cells. (2/1035)
G-substrate, an endogenous substrate for cGMP-dependent protein kinase, exists almost exclusively in cerebellar Purkinje cells, where it is possibly involved in the induction of long-term depression. A G-substrate cDNA was identified by screening expressed sequence tag databases from a human brain library. The deduced amino acid sequence of human G-substrate contained two putative phosphorylation sites (Thr-68 and Thr-119) with amino acid sequences [KPRRKDT(p)PALH] that were identical to those reported for rabbit G-substrate. G-substrate mRNA was expressed almost exclusively in the cerebellum as a single transcript. The human G-substrate gene was mapped to human chromosome 7p15 by radiation hybrid panel analysis. In vitro translation products of the cDNA showed an apparent molecular mass of 24 kDa on SDS/PAGE which was close to that of purified rabbit G-substrate (23 kDa). Bacterially expressed human G-substrate is a heat-stable and acid-soluble protein that cross-reacts with antibodies raised against rabbit G-substrate. Recombinant human G-substrate was phosphorylated efficiently by cGMP-dependent protein kinase exclusively at Thr residues, and it was recognized by antibodies specific for rabbit phospho-G-substrate. The amino acid sequences surrounding the sites of phosphorylation in G-substrate are related to those around Thr-34 and Thr-35 of the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein DARPP-32 and inhibitor-1, respectively, two potent inhibitors of protein phosphatase 1. However, purified G-substrate phosphorylated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibited protein phosphatase 2A more effectively than protein phosphatase 1, suggesting a distinct role as a protein phosphatase inhibitor. (+info)Phosphorylation of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor by cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases in vitro and in rat cerebellar slices in situ. (3/1035)
We have examined cyclic nucleotide-regulated phosphorylation of the neuronal type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor immunopurified from rat cerebellar membranes in vitro and in rat cerebellar slices in situ. The isolated IP3 receptor protein was phosphorylated by both cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases on two distinct sites as determined by thermolytic phosphopeptide mapping, phosphopeptide 1, representing Ser-1589, and phosphopeptide 2, representing Ser-1756 in the rat protein (Ferris, C. D., Cameron, A. M., Bredt, D. S., Huganir, R. L., and Snyder, S. H. (1991) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 175, 192-198). Phosphopeptide maps show that cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) labeled both sites with the same time course and same stoichiometry, whereas cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) phosphorylated Ser-1756 with a higher velocity and a higher stoichiometry than Ser-1589. Synthetic decapeptides corresponding to the two phosphorylation sites (peptide 1, AARRDSVLAA (Ser-1589), and peptide 2, SGRRESLTSF (Ser-1756)) were used to determine kinetic constants for the phosphorylation by PKG and PKA, and the catalytic efficiencies were in agreement with the results obtained by in vitro phosphorylation of the intact protein. In cerebellar slices prelabeled with [32P]orthophosphate, activation of endogenous kinases by incubation in the presence of cAMP/cGMP analogues and specific inhibitors of PKG and PKA induced in both cases a 3-fold increase in phosphorylation of the IP3 receptor. Thermolytic phosphopeptide mapping of in situ labeled IP3 receptor by PKA showed labeling on the same sites (Ser-1589 and Ser-1756) as in vitro. In contrast to the findings in vitro, PKG preferentially phosphorylated Ser-1589 in situ. Because both PKG and the IP3 receptor are specifically enriched in cerebellar Purkinje cells, PKG may be an important IP3 receptor regulator in vivo. (+info)Interplay between the NO pathway and elevated [Ca2+]i enhances ciliary activity in rabbit trachea. (4/1035)
1. Average intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) were simultaneously measured in rabbit airway ciliated cells in order to elucidate the molecular events that lead to ciliary activation by purinergic stimulation. 2. Extracellular ATP and extracellular UTP caused a rapid increase in both [Ca2+]i and CBF. These effects were practically abolished by a phospholipase C inhibitor (U-73122) or by suramin. 3. The effects of extracellular ATP were not altered: when protein kinase C (PKC) was inhibited by either GF 109203X or chelerythrine chloride, or when protein kinase A (PKA) was inhibited by RP-adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Rp-cAMPS). 4. Activation of PKC by phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (TPA) had little effect on CBF or on [Ca2+]i, while activation of PKA by forskolin or by dibutyryl-cAMP led to a small rise in CBF without affecting [Ca2+]i. 5. Direct activation of protein kinase G (PKG) with dibutyryl-cGMP had a negligible effect on CBF when [Ca2+]i was at basal level. However, dibutyryl-cGMP strongly elevated CBF when [Ca2+]i was elevated either by extracellular ATP or by ionomycin. 6. The findings suggest that the initial rise in [Ca2+]i induced by extracellular ATP activates the NO pathway, thus leading to PKG activation. In the continuous presence of elevated [Ca2+]i the stimulated PKG then induces a robust enhancement in CBF. In parallel, activated PKG plays a central role in Ca2+ influx via a still unidentified mechanism, and thus, through positive feedback, maintains CBF close to its maximal level in the continuous presence of ATP. (+info)Involvement of phosphodiesterase-cGMP-PKG pathway in intracellular Ca2+ oscillations in pituitary GH3 cells. (5/1035)
The present study investigates the potential role of the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent type I phosphodiesterase (PDE)-cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG) pathway in spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations in GH3 cells using fura-2 single cell videoimaging. Vinpocetine (2.5-50 microM), a selective inhibitor of type I PDE, induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations in these pituitary cells, and at the same time produced an increase of the intracellular cGMP content. The cell permeable cGMP analog N2,2'-O-dibutyryl-cGMP (dB-cGMP) (1 mM) caused a progressive reduction of the frequency and the amplitude of spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations when added to the medium. KT5823 (400 nM), a selective inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), produced an increase of baseline [Ca2+]i and the disappearance of spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations. When KT5823 was added before vinpocetine, the PKG inhibitor counteracted the [Ca2+]i lowering effect of the cGMP catabolism inhibitor. Finally, the removal of extracellular Ca2+ or the blockade of L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) by nimodipine produced a decrease of cytosolic cGMP levels. Collectively, the results of the present study suggest that spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations in GH3 cells may be regulated by the activity of type I PDE-cGMP-PKG pathway. (+info)Cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases differ in their regulation of cyclic AMP response element-dependent gene transcription. (6/1035)
The ability of cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs) to activate cAMP response element (CRE)-dependent gene transcription was compared with that of cAMP-dependent protein kinases (cAKs). Although both the type Ibeta cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGKIbeta) and the type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAKII) phosphorylated the cytoplasmic substrate VASP (vasodilator- and A kinase-stimulated phosphoprotein) to a similar extent, cyclic nucleotide regulation of CRE-dependent transcription was at least 10-fold higher in cAKII-transfected cells than in cGKIbeta-transfected cells. Overexpression of each kinase in mammalian cells resulted in a cytoplasmic localization of the unactivated enzyme. As reported previously, the catalytic (C) subunit of cAKII translocated to the nucleus following activation by 8-bromo-cyclic AMP. However, cGKIbeta did not translocate to the nucleus upon activation by 8-bromo-cyclic GMP. Replacement of an autophosphorylated serine (Ser79) of cGKIbeta with an aspartic acid resulted in a mutant kinase with constitutive kinase activity in vitro and in vivo. The cGKIbetaS79D mutant localized to the cytoplasm and was only a weak activator of CRE-dependent gene transcription. However, an amino-terminal deletion mutant of cGKIbeta was found in the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm and was a strong activator of CRE-dependent gene transcription. These data suggest that the inability of cGKs to translocate to the nucleus is responsible for the differential ability of cAKs and cGKs to activate CRE-dependent gene transcription and that nuclear redistribution of cGKs is not required for NO/cGMP regulation of gene transcription. (+info)A critical role of the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in corticostriatal long-term depression. (7/1035)
High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of corticostriatal glutamatergic fibers induces long-term depression (LTD) of excitatory synaptic potentials recorded from striatal spiny neurons. This form of LTD can be mimicked by zaprinast, a selective inhibitor of cGMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Biochemical analysis shows that most of the striatal cGMP PDE activity is calmodulin-dependent and inhibited by zaprinast. The zaprinast-induced LTD occludes further depression by tetanic stimulation and vice versa. Both forms of synaptic plasticity are blocked by intracellular 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4, 3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a selective inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, indicating that an increased cGMP production in the spiny neuron is a key step. Accordingly, intracellular cGMP, activating protein kinase G (PKG), also induces LTD. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) and 7-nitroindazole monosodium salt (7-NINA) block LTD induced by either HFS or zaprinast, but not that induced by cGMP. LTD is also induced by the NO donors S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and hydroxylamine. SNAP-induced LTD occludes further depression by HFS or zaprinast, and it is blocked by intracellular ODQ but not by L-NAME. Intracellular application of PKG inhibitors blocks LTD induced by HFS, zaprinast, and SNAP. Electron microscopy immunocytochemistry shows the presence of NOS-positive terminals of striatal interneurons forming synaptic contacts with dendrites of spiny neurons. These findings represent the first demonstration that the NO/cGMP pathway exerts a feed-forward control on the corticostriatal synaptic plasticity. (+info)Nitric oxide regulation of gene transcription via soluble guanylate cyclase and type I cGMP-dependent protein kinase. (8/1035)
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates the expression of multiple genes but in most cases its precise mechanism of action is unclear. We used baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, which have very low soluble guanylate cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G-kinase) activity, and CS-54 arterial smooth muscle cells, which express these two enzymes, to study NO regulation of the human fos promoter. The NO-releasing agent Deta-NONOate (ethanamine-2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazone)bis-) had no effect on a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene under control of the fos promoter in BHK cells transfected with an empty vector or in cells transfected with a G-kinase Ibeta expression vector. In BHK cells transfected with expression vectors for guanylate cyclase, Deta-NONOate markedly increased the intracellular cGMP concentration and caused a small (2-fold) increase in CAT activity; the increased CAT activity appeared to be from cGMP activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In BHK cells co-transfected with guanylate cyclase and G-kinase expression vectors, CAT activity was increased 5-fold in the absence of Deta-NONOate and 7-fold in the presence of Deta-NONOate. Stimulation of CAT activity in the absence of Deta-NONOate appeared to be largely from endogenous NO since we found that: (i) BHK cells produced high amounts of NO; (ii) CAT activity was partially inhibited by a NO synthase inhibitor; and (iii) the inhibition by the NO synthase inhibitor was reversed by exogenous NO. In CS-54 cells, we found that NO increased fos promoter activity and that the increase was prevented by a guanylate cyclase inhibitor. In summary, we found that NO activates the fos promoter by a guanylate cyclase- and G-kinase-dependent mechanism. (+info)
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"Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype". Journal of Vascular Research. 34 (4): 245 ... Lincoln, T. M.; Cornwell, Taylor (March 1990). "cGMP-dependent protein kinase mediates the reduction of Ca2+ by cAMP in ... increased cGMP triggers an increase in protein kinase G (PKG) activity. PKG reduces intracellular Ca2+ in vascular smooth ... "Hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide are mutually dependent in the regulation of angiogenesis and endothelium-dependent ...
Gaseous signaling molecules
Boerth NJ, Dey NB, Cornwell TL, Lincoln TM (1997). "Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase regulates vascular smooth muscle cell ... which is a heterodimeric enzyme with subsequent formation of cyclic-GMP. Cyclic-GMP activates protein kinase G, which causes ... Lincoln, T. M.; Cornwell, Taylor (March 1990). "cGMP-dependent protein kinase mediates the reduction of Ca2+ by cAMP in ... Ethylene is perceived by a family of five transmembrane protein dimers such as the ETR1 protein in Arabidopsis. The gene ...
PPP1R17
A Purkinje cell substrate of the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (6): 3485-95. ... a possible downstream component of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase cascade in cerebellar Purkinje cells". Proceedings of the ... Hall KU, Collins SP, Gamm DM, Massa E, DePaoli-Roach AA, Uhler MD (Feb 1999). "Phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of protein ... Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R17 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release ...
ITPR1
5-trisphosphate receptor by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (12): 8701-7. PMID ... Hirota J, Ando H, Hamada K, Mikoshiba K (Jun 2003). "Carbonic anhydrase-related protein is a novel binding protein for inositol ... ITPR1+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on ... Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITPR1 gene. ITPR1 has been shown to ...
Nicorandil
Vrolix, M; Raeymaekers, L; Wuytack, F; Hofmann, F; Casteels, R (Nov 1, 1988). "Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase stimulates ... "Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase signaling pathway inhibits RhoA-induced Ca2+ sensitization of contraction in vascular ... Nicorandil stimulates guanylate cyclase to increase formation of cyclic GMP (cGMP). cGMP activates protein kinase G (PKG), ... including increased Rho-kinase activity. Increased levels of Rho-kinase inhibit myosin phosphatase activity, leading to ...
Thromboregulation
In vivo phosphorylation of thromboxane by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ... Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates cGMP production and therefore the activation cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G kinase). This kinase ... cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, phosphorylate messengers via protein kinase A (PKA). These signaling elements include ... Siess, Wolfgang; Eduardo, Lapetina (1990). "Functional relationship between cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylation and ...
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein
"The vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein is regulated by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase during neutrophil spreading". J. ... "Protein phosphorylation regulated by cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases in cell extracts and in intact human ... 2000). "KT5823 inhibits cGMP-dependent protein kinase activity in vitro but not in intact human platelets and rat mesangial ... VASP is regulated by the cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases PKA and PKG. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein has been shown ...
PRKG1
"Localization of the human gene for the type I cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase to chromosome 10". Cytogenetics and Cell ... of a novel male germ cell-specific cGMP-dependent protein kinase-anchoring protein by cGMP-dependent protein kinase Ialpha". ... 5-trisphosphate receptor by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (12): 8701-7. PMID ... cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1, alpha isozyme is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKG1 gene. PRKG1 has been shown ...
FHOD1
... is a cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I-binding protein and substrate in vascular smooth muscle cells". The Journal of ... FH1/FH2 domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FHOD1 gene. This gene encodes a protein which ... The encoded protein has sequence homology to diaphanous and formin proteins within the Formin Homology (FH)1 and FH2 domains. ... It is a predominantly cytoplasmic protein and is expressed in a variety of human cell lines. FHOD1 has been shown to interact ...
Pulmonary hypertension
This in turn leads to increased cAMP-dependent protein kinase or PKA (protein kinase A) activity, ultimately promoting ... Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP in cell signaling and drug development". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 2003-11. ... The cGMP then activates cGMP-dependent kinase or PKG (protein kinase G). Activated PKG promotes vasorelaxation (via a reduction ... Francis SH, Busch JL, Corbin JD, Sibley D (2010). "cGMP-dependent protein kinases and cGMP phosphodiesterases in nitric oxide ...
Discovery and development of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors
Cyclic GMP binds to the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG1) which phosphorylates several proteins that results in decreased ... cGMP binding proteins and protein kinase G (PKG). The effect on PKG reduces levels of calcium leading to relaxation of smooth ... Their function is to degrade intracellular second messengers such as cyclic adenine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine ... PDEs are enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophospahate (cGMP), which ...
Min Zhuo
Presynaptically localized cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase 1 is a key determinant of spinal potentiation and pain ... Yinhe Hu, he further discovered that soluble guanylyl clcyaes (sGC) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) act downstream from ... 10;74(3):517-29 Saywell SA, Babiec WE, Neverova NV, Feldman JL (2010) Protein kinase G-dependent mechanisms modulate ... Role of guanylyl cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase in long-term potentiation. Nature 368, 635-639. Zhuo, M., Hu, Y., ...
Haemodynamic response
... inducing a signaling cascade that results in the activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and an ultimate decrease in ... In addition to this, it has already been shown that NO stimulates increased cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels in the smooth muscle cells ... When these proteins are active, they turn on SREBP2 which inhibits LRP-1. LRP-1 helps the brain remove amyloid beta. Therefore ... Two proteins are involved in this accumulation of amyloid beta: serum response factor or SRF and myocardin. Together, these 2 ...
List of MeSH codes (D12.644)
... cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinases MeSH D12.644.360.200.575 - protamine kinase MeSH D12.644.360.250 - cyclin-dependent ... map kinase kinase kinase 1 MeSH D12.644.360.400.200 - map kinase kinase kinase 2 MeSH D12.644.360.400.300 - map kinase kinase ... cyclic nucleotide-regulated protein kinases MeSH D12.644.360.200.125 - cyclic amp-dependent protein kinases MeSH D12.644. ... kinase 3 MeSH D12.644.360.400.400 - map kinase kinase kinase 4 MeSH D12.644.360.400.500 - map kinase kinase kinase 5 MeSH ...
Cyclic nucleotide
... where it stimulates a protein kinase called cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. By phosphorylating proteins, cyclic AMP- ... G proteins). The two most well-studied cyclic nucleotides are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), while cyclic CMP (cCMP) ... Eckly-Michel A, Martin V, Lugnier C (September 1997). "Involvement of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases in cyclic AMP ... Wolter S, Golombek M, Seifert R (December 2011). "Differential activation of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases by cyclic ...
CGMP-dependent protein kinase
EC 2.7.11.12 Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases and the Cardiovascular System cGMP-Dependent+Protein+Kinases at the US ... cGMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase G (PKG) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by cGMP ... "A crystal structure of the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I{beta} dimerization/docking domain reveals molecular details of ... April 2008). "Expression of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in metastatic colon carcinoma cells blocks ...
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
cGMP is involved in the regulation of some protein-dependent kinases. For example, PKG (protein kinase G) is a dimer consisting ... Numerous cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) can degrade cGMP by hydrolyzing cGMP into 5'-GMP. PDE 5, -6 and -9 are cGMP ... cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) Francis SH, Corbin JD (August 1999). "Cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases: ... Unlike with the activation of some other protein kinases, notably PKA, the PKG is activated but the catalytic and regulatory ...
8-Bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
It acts as an activator of cGMP-dependent protein kinases. 8-Bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) Rapoport, RM ... "Sodium nitroprusside-induced protein phosphorylation in intact rat aorta is mimicked by 8-bromo cyclic GMP" (Free full text). ... 8-Bromoguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate is a brominated derivative of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). ...
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
Protein kinase activationEdit. cGMP is involved in the regulation of some protein-dependent kinases. For example, PKG (protein ... cGMP; 3',5'-cyclic GMP; Guanosine cyclic monophosphate; Cyclic 3',5'-GMP; Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate ... Francis SH, Corbin JD (August 1999). "Cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases: intracellular receptors for cAMP and cGMP ... Numerous cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) can degrade cGMP by hydrolyzing cGMP into 5'-GMP. PDE 5, -6 and -9 are cGMP ...
Biochemical cascade
Then, it converts adenosine triphosphate into cyclic AMP, which activates Protein kinase A. PKA leads to protein tyrosine ... "Cyclic GMP signaling is involved in the luteinizing hormone-dependent meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes". Biology of ... These proteins activate protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) that phosphorylates various proteins important for capacitation and ... Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase) regulates gene transcription through successive kinase ...
CREB1
"Synergism between calcium and cyclic GMP in cyclic AMP response element-dependent transcriptional regulation requires ... Shimomura A, Ogawa Y, Kitani T, Fujisawa H, Hagiwara M (Jul 1996). "Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II potentiates ... The protein is phosphorylated by several protein kinases, and induces transcription of genes in response to hormonal ... This protein is a CREB transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein ...
cAMP-dependent pathway
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase. *Protein kinase G. *G alpha subunit Gα *GNAO1 ... function of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In humans, cAMP works by activating protein kinase A (PKA, cAMP-dependent protein ... an enzyme called protein kinase A (PKA).[12]. The PKA enzyme is also known as cAMP-dependent enzyme because it gets activated ... "Multiple pathway signal transduction by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase". FASEB J. 8 (15): 1227-36. doi:10.1096/fasebj.8.15. ...
Biological functions of nitric oxide
Cyclic-GMP activates protein kinase G, which causes reuptake of Ca2+ and the opening of calcium-activated potassium channels. ... The neuronal enzyme (NOS-1) and the endothelial isoform (NOS-3) are calcium-dependent and produce low levels of this gas as a ... Hemoglobin is a prominent example of a heme protein that may be modified by NO by both direct attack by NO and, independently, ... The iron-containing proteins ribonucleotide reductase and aconitase are deactivated by NO. NO has been demonstrated to activate ...
Louis Ignarro
While studying cyclic GMP, Ignarro read a paper by Ferid Murad, who demonstrated that nitric oxide elevates cyclic GMP levels. ... Role of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and p21waf1/cip1 in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell ... Rapid nitric oxidemediated S-nitrosylation of estrogen receptor: Regulation of estrogen-dependent gene transcription. Proc. ... Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP formation upon electrical field stimulation cause relaxation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. ...
Sildenafil
The molecular mechanism of smooth muscle relaxation involves the enzyme CGMP-dependent protein kinase, also known as PKG. This ... June 1996). "Sildenafil: an orally active type 5 cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of penile ... Francis SH, Busch JL, Corbin JD, Sibley D (September 2010). "cGMP-dependent protein kinases and cGMP phosphodiesterases in ... Sildenafil protects cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) from degradation by cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) in ...
Tyrosine hydroxylase
"Direct phosphorylation of brain tyrosine hydroxylase by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase: mechanism of enzyme activation". ... Roskoski R, Roskoski LM (Jan 1987). "Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells by the cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP second ... that are phosphorylated by a variety of protein kinases.[12][25] Ser40 is phosphorylated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase.[ ... is phosphorylated by the calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase.[27] MAPKAPK2 (mitogen-activated-protein kinase-activating ...
Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel
CNG channel activity is controlled by the interaction between cGMP-dependent protein kinase and G1 protein because of cGMP's ... "Induction by cyclic GMP of cationic conductance in plasma membrane of retinal rod outer segment". Nature. 313 (6000): 310-3. ... Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha-subunits include Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1 Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel ... Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels or CNG channels are ion channels that function in response to the binding of cyclic ...
List of MeSH codes (D08)
... beta-adrenergic-receptor kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.150 - cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinases MeSH D08.811. ... cyclic nucleotide-regulated protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125 - cyclic amp-dependent protein kinases ... map kinase kinase kinase 1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.200 - map kinase kinase kinase 2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682. ... map kinase kinase kinase 3 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.400 - map kinase kinase kinase 4 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682. ...
Amrinone
... of high gain CICR which contributes to the contraction of myocytes by phosphorylation through cAMP dependent protein kinase A ( ... causes a decrease in the stimulation of guanylate cyclase and cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels fall in vascular smooth muscle. This ... In myocytes, the increase of cAMP concentration increases in turn the activity of PKA: this kinase improves the Ca2+ inward ... PKA) and Ca2+ calmodulin kinase pathways. Increases cardiac contractility, vasodilator. Acts by inhibiting the breakdown of ...
GTP-binding protein regulators
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase. *Protein kinase G. *G alpha subunit Gα *GNAO1 ... see MAP kinase pathway. Calcium. *Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins. *Calcineurin. *Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein ... GTP-binding protein regulators regulate G proteins in several different ways. Small GTPases act as molecular switches in ... and thus requires another class of regulatory proteins to accelerate this activity, the GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). ...
GNB1
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase. *Protein kinase G. *G alpha subunit Gα *GNAO1 ... "Direct binding of G-protein betagamma complex to voltage-dependent calcium channels". Nature. 385 (6615): 446-50. doi:10.1038/ ... protein complex binding. • signal transducer activity. • protein binding. • GTPase activity. • GTPase binding. • G-protein ... 1omw: Crystal Structure of the complex between G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 and Heterotrimeric G Protein beta 1 and ...
G protein
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase. *Protein kinase G. *G alpha subunit Gα *GNAO1 ... Gαs activates the cAMP-dependent pathway by stimulating the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP. This is accomplished by ... Types of G protein signaling[edit]. G protein can refer to two distinct families of proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins, ... G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside ...
Guanylate cyclase
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase. *Protein kinase G. *G alpha subunit Gα *GNAO1 ... see MAP kinase pathway. Calcium. *Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins. *Calcineurin. *Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein ... Guanylyl cyclase activator (protein). References[edit]. *^ Sakurai K.; Chen J.; Kefalov V. (2011). "Role of guanylate cylcase ... Guanylate cyclase is often part of the G protein signaling cascade that is activated by low intracellular calcium levels and ...
Ciklični guanozin-monofosfat
Francis SH, Corbin JD (1999). "Cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases: intracellular receptors for cAMP and cGMP action". ... Monofosfati (AMP, GMP, UMP, CMP) • Difosfati (ADP, GDP, UDP, CDP) • Trifosfati (ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP) ... Cyclic guanosine monophosphate na US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... Naprimjer, cGMP aktivira unutarćelijske protein kinaze u odgovoru na vezivanje membranski nepropusnih peptidnih hormona na ...
RNA splicing
Yeast tRNA kinase then phosphorylates the 5'-hydroxyl group using adenosine triphosphate. Yeast tRNA cyclic phosphodiesterase ... Protein splicing[edit]. Main article: Protein splicing. In addition to RNA, proteins can undergo splicing. Although the ... 3'OH of a free guanine nucleoside (or one located in the intron) or a nucleotide cofactor (GMP, GDP, GTP) attacks phosphate at ... NAD-dependent 2'-phosphotransferase then removes the 2'-phosphate group.[22][23] ...
Cyclin
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase. *Protein kinase G. *G alpha subunit Gα *GNAO1 ... Cyclins, when bound with the dependent kinases, such as the p34/cdc2/cdk1 protein, form the maturation-promoting factor. MPFs ... is a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK ... Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase.[17] ...
Mdm2
protein domain specific binding. • receptor serine/threonine kinase binding. • peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ... Fang S, Jensen JP, Ludwig RL, Vousden KH, Weissman AM (March 2000). "Mdm2 is a RING finger-dependent ubiquitin protein ligase ... cellular response to organic cyclic compound. • viral process. • response to iron ion. • regulation of gene expression. • ... protein binding. • enzyme binding. • metal ion binding. • identical protein binding. • ubiquitin protein ligase binding. • p53 ...
Calcium in biology
... through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism". Biochem J. 466 (2): 379-390. doi:10.1042/bj20140881. PMID 25422863.. ... Pugh Jr, E. N.; Lamb, T. D. (1990). "Cyclic GMP and calcium: The internal messengers of excitation and adaptation in vertebrate ... Activation of protein kinase C. Further reading: Function of protein kinase C. ... Calcium coordination plays an important role in defining the structure and function of proteins. An example a protein with ...
Phosphodiesterase 2
1975). "Biologic regulation through opposing influences of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP: the Yin Yang hypothesis". Adv Cyclic ... Protein phosphatase *PP2A. *OCRL. *Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. *Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase ... "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent expression of phosphodiesterase 2: role in endothelial hyperpermeability". Blood. 105 (9 ... "Positive inotropic effect of the inhibition of cyclic GMP-stimulated 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE2) on guinea ...
Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases or CaM kinases. are primarily regulated by the Ca2+/calmodulin complex. ... 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase. *Protein kinase G. *G alpha subunit Gα *GNAO1 ... Protein kinase C ('PKC'). is actually a family of protein kinases consisting of ~10 isozymes. They are divided into three ... Dephospho-(reductase kinase) kinase (EC 2.7.11.3). *AMP-activated protein kinase α *PRKAA1 ...
Protein serine/threonine phosphatase
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase. *Protein kinase G. *G alpha subunit Gα *GNAO1 ... see MAP kinase pathway. Calcium. *Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins. *Calcineurin. *Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein ... Ser/Thr-specific protein phosphatases are regulated partly by their location within the cell and by specific inhibitor proteins ... Protein serine/threonine phosphatase (PSP)[1] is a form of phosphoprotein phosphatase that acts upon phosphorylated serine/ ...
Placental growth factor
... cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in human epithelial cells expressing the FLT-1 receptor". Growth Factors. 19 (3): 193-206. doi: ... Placental growth factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PGF gene. Placental growth factor (PGF) is a member of ... Serum levels of PGF and sFlt-1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, also known as soluble VEGF receptor-1) are altered in women ... Shibuya M (April 2008). "Vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent and -independent regulation of angiogenesis". BMB Reports ...
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1
... cGMP-dependent protein kinase I alpha and beta, and cyclic nucleotide-gated channel subunit 1 in the rat testis". Journal of ... "Primary structure and functional expression from complementary DNA of the rod photoreceptor cyclic GMP-gated channel". Nature. ... Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1, also known as CNGA1, is a human gene encoding an ion channel protein. Heterologously ... Chen, T.-Y.; Peng, Y.-W.; Dhallan, R. S.; Ahamed, B.; Reed, R. R.; Yau, K.-W. (April 1993). "A new subunit of the cyclic ...
Netrin
"Cyclic AMP/GMP-dependent modulation of Ca2+ channels sets the polarity of nerve growth-cone turning". Nature. 423 (6943): 990-5 ... DCC and UNC-5 proteins mediate netrin-1 responses. The UNC-5 protein is mainly involved in signaling repulsion. DCC, which is ... In the first pathway, the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is bound to DCC and both undergo tyrosine phosphorylation upon netrin-1 ... Netrins 1, 3, and 4 are secreted proteins, whereas G1 and G2 are membrane bound proteins tethered by Glycophosphatidylinositol ...
Calcium in biology
... through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism". Biochem J. 466 (2): 379-390. doi:10.1042/bj20140881. PMID 25422863. Milo, Ron ... Pugh Jr, E. N.; Lamb, T. D. (1990). "Cyclic GMP and calcium: The internal messengers of excitation and adaptation in vertebrate ... Calcium coordination plays an important role in defining the structure and function of proteins. An example a protein with ... Ca2+ ion can also determine the speed of adaptation in a neural system depending on the receptors and proteins that have varied ...
Diguanylate cyclase
... cyclic di-GMP). Degradation of cyclic di-GMP to guanosine monophosphate (GMP) is catalyzed by a phosphodiesterase (PDE). ... Often, GGDEF domains with DGC activity are found in the same proteins as c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) EAL (Glu-Ala ... Paul R, Weiser S, Amiot NC, Chan C, Schirmer T, Giese B, Jenal U (March 2004). "Cell cycle-dependent dynamic localization of a ... In enzymology, diguanylate cyclase, also known as diguanylate kinase (EC 2.7.7.65), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical ...
cyclic gmp dependent protein kinases
Research Grants about cyclic gmp dependent protein kinases ... cyclic gmp dependent protein kinases. Summary. Summary: A group ... cyclic nucleotide regulated protein kinases , cyclic gmp dependent protein kinases ... cyclic amp dependent protein kinases*enzyme inhibitors*phosphorylation*carbazoles*cyclic amp*thionucleotides*protein kinase ... Toxoplasma gondii cyclic GMP-dependent kinase: chemotherapeutic targeting of an essential parasite protein kinase. Robert G K ...
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases and the Cardiovascular System | Circulation Research
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways by cyclic GMP and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in contractile ... Cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases differ in their regulation of cyclic AMP response element-dependent gene ... Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases. Genes and Proteins. cGKs are serine/threonine kinases that are present in a variety of ... cAK indicates cAMP-dependent protein kinase; cGK(I/II), cGMP-dependent protein kinase (type I/II); cGMP, cyclic guanosine-3′,5 ...
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I | Semantic Scholar
Two isoforms, PKGIalpha and PKGIbeta, of the type I protein kinase exist due to alternative splicing of its mRNA. ... A cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in SMOOTH MUSCLE tissues and plays a role in regulation of ... Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I. Known as: cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase I, cGMP Dependent Protein Kinase I, Cyclic ... GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I [Chemical/Ingredient] Expand. A cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase subtype that is ...
Rho-Kinase Accelerates Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis by Linking Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Activity to...
2012) Direct binding and regulation of RhoA protein by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase Iα. J Biol Chem 287:41342-41351, doi ... Rho-Kinase Accelerates Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis by Linking Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Activity to ... Rho-Kinase Accelerates Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis by Linking Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Activity to ... Rho-Kinase Accelerates Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis by Linking Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Activity to ...
The Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein Is Regulated by Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase During Neutrophil Spreading | The...
... cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase; cGK, cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; GBSS, Geys balanced ... VASP is a prominent substrate for both cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Evidence ... Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase is required for thrombospondin and tenascin mediated focal adhesion disassembly. J. Cell ... Progress in understanding the mechanism and function of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. Adv. Pharmacol. 26: 115. ...
Sulindac independently modulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase signaling...
Cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:6983-94. ... increase cellular cyclic GMP and subsequently activate cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG); (b) activate c-jun NH2- ... Sulindac independently modulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase signaling ... Sulindac independently modulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase signaling ...
Expression and distribution of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase-1 isoforms in human penile erectile tissue
... Waldkirch, ... cavernosum, corpus, cavernous arteries, cyclic gmp, erectile dysfunction, nitric oxide, protein kinase G. in Journal of Sexual ... cyclic gmp,erectile dysfunction,nitric oxide,protein kinase G}, language = {eng}, number = {3}, pages = {536--543}, publisher ... Expression and distribution of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase-1 isoforms in human penile erectile tissue}, url = {http:// ...
AMPK and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Signaling Regulates K-Ras Plasma Membrane Interactions via Cyclic GMP-Dependent...
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways by cyclic GMP and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in contractile ... AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In dissecting the molecular mechanism, we identified cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent protein ... We show here that K-Ras is a substrate for cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs). In intact cells, activated PKG2 ... Nitric Oxide Synthase Signaling Regulates K-Ras Plasma Membrane Interactions via Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase 2. Kwang- ...
Plasmodium falciparum Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Interacts with a Subunit of the Parasite Proteasome | Infection and...
Plasmodium falciparum Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Interacts with a Subunit of the Parasite Proteasome. K. Govindasamy, ... Plasmodium falciparum Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Interacts with a Subunit of the Parasite Proteasome ... Plasmodium falciparum Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Interacts with a Subunit of the Parasite Proteasome ... Plasmodium falciparum Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Interacts with a Subunit of the Parasite Proteasome ...
Phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase by cyclic GMP - Dependent protein kinase<...
... phosphorylated and activated by purified cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase as well as by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase ... phosphorylated and activated by purified cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase as well as by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase ... phosphorylated and activated by purified cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase as well as by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase ... phosphorylated and activated by purified cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase as well as by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase ...
Cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase in smooth muscle and neutrophils.<...
Cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase in smooth muscle and neutrophils.. T. M. Lincoln, K. B. Pryzwansky, T. L. Cornwell, T. A. ... Cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase in smooth muscle and neutrophils. / Lincoln, T. M.; Pryzwansky, K. B.; Cornwell, T. L.; ... Cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase in smooth muscle and neutrophils. Advances in second messenger and phosphoprotein research ... Lincoln, T. M. ; Pryzwansky, K. B. ; Cornwell, T. L. ; Wyatt, T. A. ; MacMillan, L. A. / Cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase in ...
Cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases: intracellular receptors for cAMP and cGMP action
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase are major intrace … ... Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / metabolism* * Cyclic GMP / metabolism* * Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / ... The cAMP-dependent protein kinase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase are major intracellular receptors for these nucleotides, ... Cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases: intracellular receptors for cAMP and cGMP action Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1999 Aug; ...
Role of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase type II in the brain - UBC Library Open Collections
PKG I cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase type I PKG U cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase type II pM pico Molar PMSF phenyl ... and cGMP-dependent protein kinases, protein kinase C , calmodulin-dependent protein kinase U and casein kinase LT. Eur J ... Cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits the Ras/Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 18:6983-94. Surks ... the residues on cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase that are autophosphorylated in the presence of cyclic A M P and cyclic GMP ...
Opening mitoKATP increases supero... preview & related info | Mendeley
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases. *Decanoic Acids. *Diazoxide. *Electron Transport Complex I ... Myxothiazol stimulated mitoK(ATP)-dependent ROS production, whereas rotenone had no effect. This indicates that the superoxide ... dependent stimulation of ROS production is unknown. We examined ROS production in suspensions of isolated rat heart and liver ...
June 1987 - Volume 5 - Issue 3 : Journal of Hypertension
Cyclic GMP Kinase I Modulates Glucagon Release From Pancreatic α-Cells | Diabetes
... suggesting that cGMP-dependent effectors are involved in the control of islet activity. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase type ... Cyclic GMP Kinase I Modulates Glucagon Release From Pancreatic α-Cells. Veronika Leiss, Andreas Friebe, Andrea Welling, Franz ... Cyclic GMP Kinase I Modulates Glucagon Release From Pancreatic α-Cells. Veronika Leiss, Andreas Friebe, Andrea Welling, Franz ... cGMP-dependent protein kinase I mediates the negative inotropic effect of cGMP in the murine myocardium. Circ Res 2002;90:18-20 ...
Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II plays a critical role in C-type natriuretic peptide-mediated endochondral ossification<...
Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II plays a critical role in C-type natriuretic peptide-mediated endochondral ossification. ... Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II plays a critical role in C-type natriuretic peptide-mediated endochondral ossification. ... Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II plays a critical role in C-type natriuretic peptide-mediated endochondral ossification. ... Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II plays a critical role in C-type natriuretic peptide-mediated endochondral ossification. ...
JCI -
Spare guanylyl cyclase NO receptors ensure high NO sensitivity in the vascular system
Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases and the cardiovascular system: insights from genetically modified mice. Circ. Res. 93:907- ... Nonstandard abbreviations used: ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; cGKI, cGMP-dependent protein kinase I; cGMP, cyclic GMP; DEA- ... Radioimmunoassay of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Adv. Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 10:1-33. View this article via: PubMed Google ... Cyclic GMP levels determined in intact aortic rings of WT, α1 -, and α2 -deficient mice. Cyclic GMP content was determined in ...
Frontiers in Bioscience: A virtual library of medicine
Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases in protozoa. David A. Baker, Wensheng Deng. [Frontiers In Bioscience, Landmark, 10, 1229 ... Role of protein kinases in neurodegenerative disease: cyclin-dependent kinases in Alzheimers disease. Edward A. Monaco III and ... Molecular properties and biological functions of cGMP-dependent protein kinase II. Arie B. Vaandrager, Boris M. Hogema, Hugo R ... Tracking functions of cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGK). Suzanne M. Lohmann, Ulrich Walter. [Frontiers In Bioscience, ...
Cyclic GMP, Synthesis, Metabolism, and Function: Volume 26 by J. Thomas August | 9780120329267 | Booktopia
Buy a discounted Hardcover of Cyclic GMP online from Australias leading online bookstore. ... Booktopia has Cyclic GMP, Synthesis, Metabolism, and Function: Volume 26 by J. Thomas August. ... Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. * Hormones and ligands that regulate GMP formation and/or metabolism. * Effects of cyclic ... cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases, and various hormones and ligands that regulate cyclic GMP formation and/or metabolism. ...
Control of the Ca2+ Release Induced by myo-Inositol Trisphosphate and the Implication in Signal Transduction | SpringerLink
5-trisphosphate receptor by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase, J. Biol. Chem. 269:8701-8707.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... phosphorylation by protein kinase C and calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinases in reconstituted lipid vesicles, Proc. ... Effect of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, Am. J. Physiol. 258:C1086-C1091.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... Cyclic AMP-dependent kinase augments inositol trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ mobilization without increasing the cellular levels ...
PRKAR2A - cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit - Bos taurus (Bovine) - PRKAR2A gene & protein
Type II regulatory chains mediate membrane association by binding to anchoring proteins, including the MAP2 kinase (By ... Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells. ... 3,5-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity Source: GO_Central ,p>Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor,/p> ,p>A type of ... Protein. Similar proteins. Species. Score. Length. Source. P00515. cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory ...
Myosin phosphatase: structure, regulation and function.
The level of myosin II phosphorylation is determined by activities of myosin light chain kinase and myosin phosphatase (MP). MP ... EC 2.7.11.12/Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; EC 3.1.3.16/Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; EC 3.1.3.16/Protein Phosphatase 1; ... Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / genetics, metabolism. Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental. Humans. Membrane ... 0/Membrane Proteins; 0/Muscle Proteins; 0/PPP1R14A protein, human; 0/PPP1R16B protein, human; 0/Phosphoproteins; 0/Protein ...
KEGG ENZYME: 2.7.11.12
cGMP-dependent protein kinase;. 3:5-cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase;. cGMP-dependent protein kinase Ibeta;. guanosine 3: ... Progressive cyclic nucleotide-induced conformational changes in the cGMP-dependent protein kinase studied by small angle X-ray ... 5-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase;. PKG;. PKG 1alpha;. PKG 1beta;. PKG II;. STK23. ... Dimerization of cGMP-dependent protein kinase Ibeta is mediated by an extensive amino-terminal leucine zipper motif, and ...
Activation of Protein Kinase G (PKG) Reduces Neointimal Hyperplasia, Inhibits Platelet Aggregation, and Facilitates Re...
Regulation of gene expression by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase requires nuclear translocation of the kinase: ... Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits osteopontin and thrombospondin production in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Circ ... Boerth, N. J., Dey, N. B., Cornwell, T. L. & Lincoln, T. M. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase regulates vascular smooth ... Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase induce interleukin-6 transcription in osteoblasts. ...
Modulation of Cl-/OH- exchange activity in Caco-2 cells by nitric oxide.
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors. Cyclic GMP / physiology. Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases ... EC 2.7.11.11/Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; EC 2.7.11.12/Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases ... 10688876 - Erectile dysfunction in cyclic gmp-dependent kinase i-deficient mice.. 22972416 - Stable liquid glucagon ... cyclic phosphorothioate; 60-92-4/Cyclic AMP; 7665-99-8/Cyclic GMP; 79032-48-7/S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; ...
Regulation of Cardiac Contractility and Glycolysis by Cyclic Nucleotides during Hypoxia | SpringerLink
It has been suggested that cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) participate in the regulation of cardiac contractility and ... Protein phosphorylation catalyzed by cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. ... Biologic regulation through opposing influences of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP: The yin yang hypothesis. Adv. Cyclic Nucleotide ... A protein-binding assay for adenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 67:305-312.PubMedCrossRefGoogle ...
Natural variation in Pristionchus pacificus insect pheromone attraction involves the protein kinase EGL-4 | PNAS
2003) Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase EGL-4 controls body size and lifespan in C. elegans. Development 130:1089-1099. ... 2002) The cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase EGL-4 regulates olfactory adaptation in C. elegans. Neuron 36:1079-1089. ... 2004) cGMP and a germ-line signal control body size in C-elegans through cGMP-dependent protein kinase EGL-4. Genes Cell 9:773- ... 1997) Natural behavior polymorphism due to a cGMP-dependent protein kinase of Drosophila. Science 277:834-836. ...
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY: Ingenta Connect Table Of Contents
Phosphorylation of NF-kappaB proteins by cyclic GMP-dependent kinase. A noncanonical pathway to NF-kappaB activation pp. 2174- ... The mystery of nonclassical protein secretion. A current view on cargo proteins and potential export routes pp. 2109-2119(11) ... The histidine-phosphocarrier protein of Streptomyces coelicolor folds by a partially folded species at low pH pp. 2254-2267(14 ... Interactions between M proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes and glycosaminoglycans promote bacterial adhesion to host cells pp. ...
C. elegans episodic swimming is driven by multifractal kinetics | Scientific Reports
We found that a conserved behavioral modulator, cyclic GMP dependent kinase (PKG) may regulate the multifractal kinetics ... LEtoile, N. D. et al. The cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase EGL-4 regulates olfactory adaptation in C. elegans. Neuron 36, ... Wang, X. & Robinson, P. J. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase and cellular signaling in the nervous system. J. Neurochem. 68, ... Feil, R., Lohmann, S. M., de Jonge, H., Walter, U. & Hofmann, F. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases and the cardiovascular ...
InhibitorIntracellularNitric oxidePhosphodiesterasesNucleotidesPathwayPhosphodiesteraseMetabolismEnzymesExtracellularMitogen-activaRegulationConcentrations of eitherActivationIsoformsInhibitorsCellsMammalianReceptorSubstrateInducesEffector proteinActivatesCAMP and cGMPCGKIInteractionsSubunitsCatalyticEffects of cyclicApoptosisMyosin lightMonophosphateSubstratesMiceFamily of proteinsRegulateGeneLigandsModulatorMembraneSynthesisTyrosine kinasesActivitySignal transductionMAPKPRKG1HumansRegulatorExpression
Inhibitor12
- We found that application of a Rho-kinase inhibitor, a PKG inhibitor or both, reduced the PIP 2 content in Wistar rat brainstem synaptosomes to a similar extent. (jneurosci.org)
- Likewise, application of the Rho-kinase inhibitor into the calyx of Held presynaptic terminal slowed vesicle endocytosis to the same degree as did application of the PKG inhibitor. (jneurosci.org)
- This endocytic slowing effect of the Rho-kinase inhibitor was canceled by coapplication of PIP 2 into the terminal. (jneurosci.org)
- Evidence suggested that cGK regulated neutrophil spreading, as both VASP phosphorylation and neutrophil spreading were inhibited by Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS (cGK inhibitor), but not KT5720 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor). (jimmunol.org)
- and (2) Inhibition of MP by the protein kinase C-potentiated inhibitor protein of 17 kDa (CPI-17). (biomedsearch.com)
- In rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells expressing formyl peptide receptor, the PKG inhibitors KT5823 and Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMP, as well as the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, reduced agonist-stimulated β-hexosaminidase release in a dose-dependent manner. (jimmunol.org)
- Pretreatment with Triton X-100, a detergent that damages the endocardial endothelium (EE), or with 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo-(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a specific inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, or with the cGMP-activated protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor KT5328, abolished ANG II-mediated inotropism. (biologists.org)
- We show that cells lacking two Dictyostelium class I phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3′ kinases (PI3K and pi3k1/2 -null cells) or wild-type cells treated with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 are unable to properly polarize, are very defective in the temporal, spatial, and quantitative regulation of chemoattractant-mediated filamentous (F)-actin polymerization, and chemotax very slowly. (rupress.org)
- Importantly, the Csk shRNA cells had a marked decrease in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 cip/waf1 , a critical regulator of G 1 -S-phase progression (49% of wild-type cells). (aacrjournals.org)
- 8-(4-Chlorophenyl)thio-cyclic AMP is a potent inhibitor of the cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE VA). (abcam.com)
- We investigated the effect of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, Rp isomer, on inhibition by SNP or CNP. (aspetjournals.org)
- Potent selective inhibitor of protein kinase G I a, I ß and especially of type II. (biolog.de)
Intracellular14
- Although it is generally accepted that many NO effects are mediated via elevation of intracellular cGMP, one should keep in mind that NO can exert effects independent of cGMP production, for instance via modification of cellular proteins by S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues. (ahajournals.org)
- The cAMP-dependent protein kinase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase are major intracellular receptors for these nucleotides, and the actions of these enzymes account for much of the cellular responses to increased levels of cAMP or cGMP. (nih.gov)
- C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), a third member of the natriuretic peptide family, occurs at the growth plate and acts locally as a positive regulator of endochondral ossification through the intracellular accumulation of cyclic GMP (cGMP). (elsevier.com)
- The cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI) is an important intracellular mediator of NO/cGMP signaling in many cells ( 22 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- In the vascular system, the receptor for the signaling molecule NO, guanylyl cyclase (GC), mediates smooth muscle relaxation and inhibition of platelet aggregation by increasing intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP) concentration. (jci.org)
- The intracellular signals that regulate the activity-dependent development of connections in the mammalian brain are virtually unknown. (jneurosci.org)
- In addition, we exposed the tissue to a number of pharmacological agents that activate or inhibit the putative intracellular pathway at different points (see Fig. 1 ), starting with NMDA receptors and including protein kinase G (PKG), a likely target of cGMP ( Wang and Robinson, 1997 ). (jneurosci.org)
- Research conducted thus far has led to the identification of several important regulatory mechanisms for leukocyte degranulation, including elevation of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration, activation of the cytoskeletal contractile apparatus, and phosphorylation of the soluble N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein (SNAP) 3 receptor proteins (SNAREs). (jimmunol.org)
- By so doing, the contributors present the role of cyclic nucleotides in relationship to other intracellular regulators. (springer.com)
- The second section is concerned with the biochemistry of protein phosphorylation, a process which appears to be one of the most important mechanisms for the intracellular expression of cyclic nucleotide action in eukaryotic cells. (springer.com)
- By increasing the intracellular concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors such as sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis) have been used therapeutically to treat erectile dysfunction ( 12 ), pulmonary hypertension ( 13 ), and cardiac hypertrophy ( 14 ). (rupress.org)
- Among the most important for pulmonary vascular homeostasis are factors that utilise cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) as an intracellular second messenger. (ersjournals.com)
- PKG is the most important of these intracellular mediators, whereas the cGMP-regulated PDE type 5 (PDE5) is mainly responsible for modulating intracellular cGMP levels and PKG-dependent signalling produced by NO and natriuretic peptides 5 - 7 . (ersjournals.com)
- The effect of pH on cerebral vascular tone is mediated by nitric oxide (NO), prostanoids, cyclic nucleotides, potassium channels, and intracellular calcium. (asahq.org)
Nitric oxide11
- retrograde activation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) by nitric oxide (NO) released from postsynaptic cells accelerates vesicle endocytosis by elevating the level of PIP 2 in the presynaptic terminal. (jneurosci.org)
- Besides the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), downstream guanine monophosphate (cGMP) effector proteins are also considered to play a significant role in penile vascular disease. (lu.se)
- K-Ras phosphorylation by PKG2 is triggered by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and requires endothelial nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase. (asm.org)
- We conclude that the sGC-cGMP-PKG pathway acts downstream of NMDA receptors and nitric oxide as an effector of the activity-dependent refinement of connections at this level of the mammalian visual system. (jneurosci.org)
- Mechanical stimulation is crucial for bone growth and remodeling, and fluid shear stress promotes anabolic responses in osteoblasts through multiple second messengers, including nitric oxide (NO). NO triggers production of cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP), which in turn activates protein kinase G (PKG). (sciencemag.org)
- In the dual signaling mechanism of PST receptor, mostly PST activates Gαq /11 protein leads to the activation of phospholipase C β3-isoform, therefore increasing cytoplasmic free calcium and stimulating protein kinase C. PST inhibits the cell growth in rat HTC hepatoma cells, mediated by nitric oxide and cyclic GMP production. (physiology.org)
- The generation of nitric oxide (NO) in penile erectile tissue and the subsequent elevation of cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels are important for normal penile erection. (diva-portal.org)
- Effect of cyclic GMP-increasing agents nitric oxide and C-type natriuretic peptide on bovine chromaffin cell function: inhibitory role mediated by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. (aspetjournals.org)
- Both sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) generator, and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) have been found to raise cGMP levels in bovine chromaffin cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. (aspetjournals.org)
- Schematic diagram of the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) signalling pathway. (ersjournals.com)
- Lin, Y.F., Raab-Graham, K., Jan, Y.N. and Jan, L.Y. Nitric oxide stimulation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels: Involvement of Ras/MAPK kinase pathway and contribution to neuroprotection. (ucdavis.edu)
Phosphodiesterases7
- 2,3 Cyclic GMP is degraded by cGMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterases (PDEs). (ahajournals.org)
- Inhibition of cyclic GMP-dependent phosphodiesterases 2 and 5 leads to cellular cyclic GMP accumulation and subsequent activation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). (aacrjournals.org)
- The increase in cGMP concentrations is known to activate different signaling mediators, such as cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, cGMP-regulated ion channels, and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs). (elsevier.com)
- Several other proteins such as cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels ( 1 ), phosphodiesterases (PDE) ( 2 ), and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Epac) ( 3 ) bind cAMP. (mcponline.org)
- cGMP signals via three different receptors in eukaryotic cells, including ion channels, phosphodiesterases, and protein kinases (5). (diva-portal.org)
- PKG), cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels 4 . (ersjournals.com)
- Absolutely resistant against mammalian cyclic nucleotide-dependent phosphodiesterases, no metabolic side effects. (biolog.de)
Nucleotides11
- It has been suggested that cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) participate in the regulation of cardiac contractility and glycolysis. (springer.com)
- Cyclic nucleotides are not involved in either of these phenomena. (springer.com)
- Effects of sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin and sodium azide on levels of cyclic nucleotides and mechanical activity of various tissues. (springer.com)
- The purpose of the present volume, the first of two on the pharmacology, biochemistry, and physiology of cyclic nucleotides, is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date anthology on the nature and role of these important chemical regulators. (springer.com)
- The first section focuses on the detailed pharmacology and chemistry of cyclic nucleotides, including their formation, degradation, measurement, and interaction with various modulatory agents, such as receptors and calcium. (springer.com)
- Bioactivatable, membrane-permeant analogs of cyclic nucleotides as biological tools for growth control of C6 glioma cells. (abcam.com)
- The authors review what is known about the deleterious effects of sickling on the genitourinary tract and how the role of cyclic nucleotides signaling and protein kinases may help understand the pathophysiology underlying these manifestations and develop novel therapies in the setting of urogenital disorders in sickle cell disease. (hindawi.com)
- This paper focuses on how previous, sometimes poorly explained, clinical observations of urogenital disorders in patients with SCD relate to more recent discoveries on the role of cyclic nucleotides and protein kinases in the pathophysiology of sickle vaso-occlusion. (hindawi.com)
- In addition to these feedback mechanisms, there is the potential for gene regulation, as the promoter region of human PDE5 contains sites responsive to cyclic nucleotides 11 , 12 . (ersjournals.com)
- The aim of this thesis is to provide information concerning the control of the concentrations and the physiological roles of cyclic nucleotides and adenosine in animal tissues. (bl.uk)
- Cyclic nucleotides and adenosine are messenger molecules concerned with the coordination of metabolism. (bl.uk)
Pathway13
- Ras proteins on the PM are spatially organized into nanodomains, called nanoclusters, that are required for high-fidelity signal transduction by the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway ( 12 - 14 ). (asm.org)
- 6 Tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin is associated with cytokines, mitogenic peptides, growth factors, and extracellular matrix protein-stimulated signal transduction, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway that is involved in cell migration and proliferation. (ahajournals.org)
- Activation of the pathway results in the expression of chaperone protein. (bioportfolio.com)
- We have found that NSAIDs and related compounds downregulate the EGF receptor and inhibit both basal and EGF-induced signaling through the MAP kinase pathway (Fig 2). (ucdenver.edu)
- Dictyostelium PKB is rapidly and transiently activated in response to chemoattractants via a receptor-mediated, PI3K-dependent pathway. (rupress.org)
- Also, other proteins which involved in the same pathway with PRKG1 were listed below. (creativebiomart.net)
- Hence, SO2 exerted its vasodilatory effects at least partly by promoting disulfide-dependent dimerization of sGC (show SGCB ELISA Kits ) and PKG , resulting in an activated sGC (show SGCB ELISA Kits )/cGMP/ PKG pathway in blood vessels. (antibodies-online.com)
- For managing progressive neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer dementia, our estrogen proposal of the signaling pathway of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) in mediating estrogen-induced cytoprotective genes thus fosters research and development of the new estrogen ligands devoid of female hormonal side effects such as carcinogenesis. (elsevier.com)
- Here we used transcriptional profiling of dgca− structures to identify target genes for c-di-GMP, and used these genes to investigate the c-di-GMP signal transduction pathway. (pnas.org)
- The Raf-1 kinase activates the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) pathway. (asm.org)
- The Raf-1 kinase is at the interface of a signaling pathway that connects cell surface receptors to nuclear transcription factors. (asm.org)
- Raf-1 is the entry point to the ERK/MAPK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. (asm.org)
- The mediation of protein kinase means that there may be a low concentration of cyclic AMP in the cell but nevertheless a small change in the concentration of cyclic AMP may produce a large and rapid effect on the flux through a metabolic pathway. (bl.uk)
Phosphodiesterase7
- Chapters include discussions on the guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase isoenzyme families for cyclic GMP synthesis and hydrolysis, cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases, and various hormones and ligands that regulate cyclic GMP formation and/or metabolism. (booktopia.com.au)
- Potently inhibits cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE Va), PDE III and PDE IV (IC 50 values are 0.9, 24 and 25 μM, respectively). (abcam.com)
- Current treatments of erectile dysfunction elevate either cGMP levels by blocking cGMP degrading phosphodiesterase 5 or cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels by intrapenile injection of prostaglandin E1. (diva-portal.org)
- c-di-GMP caused a persistent increase in cAMP, which still occurred in mutants lacking the adenylate cyclases ACG or ACR, or the cAMP phosphodiesterase RegA. (pnas.org)
- In vascular smooth muscle cells, NO interacts with soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) to convert guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic GMP, which is hydrolysed and inactivated by phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5). (ersjournals.com)
- For this purpose the activities, kinetics and some properties of adenyl cyclase, cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase have been studied in muscles, nervous tissues and livers from a number of vertebrates and invertebrates. (bl.uk)
- It has frequently been claimed that the concentration of cyclic AMP available to protein kinase or phosphodiesterase is very different from that measured in the whole cell. (bl.uk)
Metabolism3
- PST regulates glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in liver and adipose tissues. (physiology.org)
- Bioinformatics further revealed that morphine impacted on cytoskeletal reorganization, neuroplasticity, protein folding and modulation, signal transduction and biomolecular metabolism. (plos.org)
- In Section A some aspects of cyclic nucleotide metabolism are considered and certain points are made which are relevant to the interpretation of the data presented in later chapters. (bl.uk)
Enzymes5
- A group of enzymes that are dependent on cyclic GMP and catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of proteins. (labome.org)
- These accumulated findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which these enzymes produce their specific physiological effects and are helpful in considering the actions of other protein kinases as well. (nih.gov)
- It appears that for such events a supramolecular complex is required that comprises of the appropriate effector system together with signal termination enzymes such as PDEs and phosphatases that are sequestered by scaffolding proteins ( 4 ). (mcponline.org)
- In light of the recent data that enzymes mediating MDSC-dependent immunosuppression in mice are active also in humans, these findings demonstrate a potentially novel use of PDE5 inhibitors as adjuncts to tumor-specific immune therapy. (rupress.org)
- Some of the effects of cyclic AMP depend on the phosphorylation of enzymes or other proteins by a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. (bl.uk)
Extracellular4
- 20 nm in diameter, and are exclusive platforms for Raf recruitment and MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. (asm.org)
- PKGII-null mice showed defective Src and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling in osteoblasts and decreased ERK-dependent gene expression in bone. (sciencemag.org)
- Focal adhesions are an elaborate network of interconnecting proteins linking actin stress fibers to the extracellular matrix substrate. (rupress.org)
- Lin, Y.F. and Chai, Y. Modulation of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel by extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated phosphorylation. (ucdavis.edu)
Mitogen-activa1
- Lipidomic analysis indicated that G6PD inhibition and knockdown decreased 20-HETE levels in pulmonary arteries as well as 20-HETE-induced 1 ) mitochondrial superoxide production, 2 ) activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and 3, 3 ) phosphorylation of ETS domain-containing protein Elk-1 that activate transcription of tumor necrosis factor-α gene ( Tnfa ), and 4 ) expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). (physiology.org)
Regulation10
- Biologic regulation through opposing influences of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP: The yin yang hypothesis. (springer.com)
- Direct Binding and Regulation of RhoA by Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase Ia. (tuftsmedicalcenter.org)
- Mechanism of regulation of receptor histidine kinases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- We propose that altered recognition of the catalytic domain by DHp, rather than a shift in position of the phospho-accepting histidine, forms the basis for regulation of kinase activity. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Modification of focal adhesion structure by PI 3-kinase and its lipid product, PtdIns (3,4,5)-P 3 , has important implications for the regulation of cellular adhesive strength and motility. (rupress.org)
- Functions of cyclic GMP include the regulation of cation channels and PDEs and activation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). (ersjournals.com)
- Activation of PKG results in the regulation of several downstream targets, including myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), regulator of G-protein signalling (RGS)2, RhoA, Rho kinase (ROCK), inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor-associated PKG substrate (IRAG), phospholamban (PLB) and calcium-sensitive potassium channels (BK Ca ). PGC: particulate guanylyl cyclases. (ersjournals.com)
- Lin, Y.F. Regulation of recombinant GABAA receptor function by Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (PKC) phosphorylation. (ucdavis.edu)
- Lin, Y.F., Jan, Y.N. and Jan, L.Y. Regulation of ATP-sensitive potassium channel function by protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation in transfected HEK293 cell. (ucdavis.edu)
- Chai, Y. and Lin, Y.F. Dual regulation of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel by activation of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. (ucdavis.edu)
Concentrations of either1
- Comparable stoichiometric ratios (0.6 mol phosphate/mol tyrosine hydroxylase subunit) were obtained at maximal concentrations of either cyclic AMP-dependent or cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases. (elsevier.com)
Activation25
- Knockout mice for VASP have a defect in cyclic nucleotide-mediated platelet disaggregation and integrin αΙΙbβ3 activation ( 13 , 14 ). (jimmunol.org)
- Pharmacologic activation of PKG with YC-1 increases JNK phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells without modulating ERK1/2 phosphorylation or β-catenin protein expression. (aacrjournals.org)
- Inhibition of ERK1/2 ( 7 ), activation of JNK ( 8 ), and inhibition of β-catenin protein expression ( 9 ) are required for apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells by sulindac and related compounds in vitro . (aacrjournals.org)
- The enzyme also has two allosteric cGMP-binding sites (sites A and B). Binding of cGMP causes a conformational change that is associated with activation of the kinase [4]. (genome.jp)
- Activation occurs in response to elevated cyclic nucleotide levels and various mechanisms are presented. (biomedsearch.com)
- Down-regulates G-protein-mediated release of inositol phosphates and activation of MAP kinases. (genecards.org)
- We found marked inhibition of AngII-induced Rho/Rho-kinase activation and subsequent VSMC migration by eNOS gene transfer whereas G q -dependent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by AngII remains intact. (ahajournals.org)
- 3 Among these kinases, we and others have demonstrated that extracelluar-signal regulated kinase (ERK) activated through "trans"-activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Rho-kinase (ROCK), an effecter of a small G protein, Rho, are critical for VSMC migration induced by AngII. (ahajournals.org)
- 18 However, there might be cross-talk of these signals 17,19 and their activation might be, at least in part, G protein-independent in other cell systems. (ahajournals.org)
- In mast cells, a mechanism of degranulation induced by FcεRI cross-linking involves recruitment and activation of the tyrosine kinases Lyn and Syk, phosphorylation of several tyrosine residues in FcεRI, activation of phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), and generation of the second messengers diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate ( 1 , 15 ). (jimmunol.org)
- Heat shock proteins are induced by activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) in response to heat shock and protect against heat stress. (bioportfolio.com)
- 9 , 10 Activation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG)I and phosphorylation of target proteins is involved in each of these processes, although the precise mechanisms that bring about these effects are not fully understood. (ahajournals.org)
- 11 , 12 Moreover, cGMP elevation suppresses β-adrenergic signaling in the heart and is associated with activation of PKG phosphorylation of troponin (Tn)I. 8 , 13 , 14 PKG activation increases the GTPase activity of RGS2 (regulator of G protein-coupled signaling 2) and thereby interferes with Gαq/11-coupled signaling. (ahajournals.org)
- cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) modulates human hepatic stellate cell activation. (nih.gov)
- Cyclic GMP is synthesized in endothelial cells following ANP activation of the particulate guanylate cyclase GC-A, and also after NO-dependent activation of the soluble guanylate cyclase. (ahajournals.org)
- Protection is mediated through guanylate cyclase activation, generation of cyclic GMP (cGMP), and activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases. (diabetesjournals.org)
- We found that exogenous CO protects the murine insulinoma cell line βTC3 and murine islets of Langerhans from apoptosis via cyclic GMP (cGMP) and involves activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Using interference reflection microscopy, we found that activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) by PDGF induces the dissipation of focal adhesions. (rupress.org)
- In contrast, talin and paxillin remained localized to focal adhesions, suggesting that activation of PI 3-kinase induced a restructuring of the plaque rather than complete dispersion. (rupress.org)
- Further evidence demonstrated that activation of PI 3-kinase by PDGF induced a decrease in the association of α-actinin with the integrin β subunit, and that PtdIns (3,4,5)-P 3 could disrupt this interaction in vitro. (rupress.org)
- PST actions on hepatocytes and adipocytes were mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) activation ( 24 , 57 ). (physiology.org)
- These affinity and activation measurements show that beta-phenyl-1,N2-ethenoguanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (PET-cGMP) is most selective for PKG I, whereas 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)guanosine-3'-5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-pCPT-cGMP) is most selective for PKG II. (antibodies-online.com)
- Herein, we report that mice lacking cGMP-dependent kinase I (cGKI) have a very low ability to reproduce and that their corpora cavernosa fail to relax on activation of the NO/cGMP signaling cascade. (diva-portal.org)
- We found that knockdown of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity in prestalk cells reduced stalk gene induction by c-di-GMP, whereas PKA activation bypassed the c-di-GMP requirement for stalk gene expression. (pnas.org)
- Conversely, high concentrations of natriuretic peptides reduce cardiomyocyte proliferation through activation of the particulate guanylate cyclase-linked natriuretic peptide receptors Npr1 and Npr2, and activation of protein kinase G. These data link the cardiac natriuretic peptides in a complex hierarchy modulating cardiomyocyte numbers during development through opposing effects on cardiomyocyte proliferation mediated through distinct cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways. (zfin.org)
Isoforms4
- isoforms of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI). (semanticscholar.org)
- cGMP-dependent protein kinase I and smooth muscle relaxation: a tale of two isoforms. (semanticscholar.org)
- Mammals have three different isoforms of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (Ialpha, Ibeta, and II). (creativebiomart.net)
- Isoforms Ialpha and Ibeta have identical cGMP-binding and catalytic domains but differ in their leucine/isoleucine zipper and autoinhibitory sequences and therefore differ in their dimerization substrates and kinase enzyme activity. (creativebiomart.net)
Inhibitors1
- Furthermore, the infusion of specific inhibitors of sGC or protein kinase G (PKG), a target of cGMP, prevents sublamination in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
Cells19
- The phosphorylation of VASP was dependent on cell spreading, as VASP was expressed as a dephosphorylated protein in round adherent cells and was phosphorylated at the onset of changes in cell shape from round to spread cells. (jimmunol.org)
- Using wild type (wt) and non-myristoylated mutant PKG II proteins it was demonstrated that N-myristoylation (N-myr) is important for targeting of PKG II to membranes and distal ends of filopodia like structures in COS-1 and HEK-293 cells. (ubc.ca)
- Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells. (uniprot.org)
- Our results demonstrate that NO inhibits Cl-/OH- exchange activity in Caco-2 cells via cGMP-dependent protein kinases G (PKG) and C (PKC) signal-transduction pathways. (biomedsearch.com)
- In this regard, AngII stimulates hypertrophy, proliferation, and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the AngII type-1 receptor (AT 1 ). (ahajournals.org)
- Cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) can potentiate the toxic effect of VT by inducing a protein-synthesis dependent increase in VT receptors on endothelial cells. (tudelft.nl)
- To investigate which proteins were involved in this induction, endothelial cells were incubated with and without TNFα in the presence of 14C-galactose or 14C-glucose. (tudelft.nl)
- SNAREs, which were initially identified in neuronal cells for their function in membrane fusion ( 5 ), include vesicular SNAREs such as vesicle-associated membrane proteins, target membrane SNAREs (t-SNAREs) such as syntaxins, and the Sec1/Munc18 family of proteins that serve as binding partners of t-SNAREs. (jimmunol.org)
- Thermotolerance is a phenomenon in which cells become resistant to stress by prior exposure to heat shock, and its development is associated with the induction of heat shock proteins (Hsps), including. (bioportfolio.com)
- RATIONALE: Vaccines made from a person's tumor cells, such as gp96 heat shock protein-peptide complex, may help the body build an effective immune response to kill tumor cells. (bioportfolio.com)
- We designed duplex siRNA targeting constructs to knock down selected signaling proteins in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), and explored receptor-mediated changes in cGMP pathways. (ahajournals.org)
- We demonstrate that in response to chemoattractants three PH domain-containing proteins do not localize to the leading edge in pi3k1/2 -null cells, and the translocation is blocked in wild-type cells by LY294002. (rupress.org)
- Cells lacking one of these proteins, phdA -null cells, exhibit defects in the level and kinetics of actin polymerization at the leading edge and have chemotaxis phenotypes that are distinct from those described previously for protein kinase B (PKB) ( pkbA )-null cells. (rupress.org)
- Steroid-sensitive Gene-1 is a Novel cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase I Substrate in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. (tuftsmedicalcenter.org)
- these can be expressed in cells and endogenous cellular proteins that copurify with the bait can be identified as putative interacting proteins using mass spectrometry. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- chromogranin a (chga) is a uniquely acidic, heat-stable and soluble protein that is ubiquitous in secretory cells of the nervous, endocrine, and immune system ( 31 , 90 ). (physiology.org)
- ERα) and upregulate a cyclic guanosine 5′-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent thioredoxin (Trx) and MnSOD expression following the induction of NOS1 in human brain-derived SH-SY5Y cells. (elsevier.com)
- To confirm that this region indeed binds PA, we fused this sequence to the N terminus of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), transiently expressed the fusion protein (PB1 1-25 -GFP) together with hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged PA (PA-HA) in HEK293T cells, and immunoprecipitated PA-HA from cell extracts by using anti-HA antibodies. (asm.org)
- To grow, eukaryotic cells must expand by inserting glycerolipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and proteins into their plasma membrane, and maintain the proper levels and bilayer distribution. (mdpi.com)
Mammalian3
- Ca2+ current is regulated by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in mammalian cardiac myocytes. (semanticscholar.org)
- Ypk1 is a central regulator of pathways and processes required for plasma membrane lipid and protein homeostasis, and requires phosphorylation on its T-loop by eisosome-associated protein kinase Pkh1 (mammalian ortholog is PDK1) and a paralog (Pkh2). (mdpi.com)
- Adenosine produces a large increase in the content of cyclic AMP in mammalian brains and it is suggested that a number of the physiological effects of exogenous adenosine are mediated by a change in the concentration of cyclic AMP. (bl.uk)
Receptor9
- 6 Like NO, cGMP can affect multiple signaling pathways ( Figure 1 A). 1,5,6 To date, three classes of cGMP receptor proteins have been identified: cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels, cGMP-regulated PDEs, which hydrolyze cAMP and/or cGMP, and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs). (ahajournals.org)
- Recent accumulating evidence suggests that induction of VSMC migration by the AT 1 receptor requires multiple sets of downstream tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases. (ahajournals.org)
- These results suggest that PKG and PI3K are involved in degranulation, possibly through phosphorylation of target membrane SNAP receptor proteins and their binding proteins. (jimmunol.org)
- The negative inotropism was insensitive to losartan and CGP42112 (AT 1 and AT 2 ANG II receptor antagonists, respectively), and was abrogated by the AT 1 receptor antagonist CV11974, the G protein blocker pertussis toxin (PTx) and the muscarinic antagonist atropine. (biologists.org)
- Cell lysates were examined by immunoblots for EGF receptor and the MAP kinase ERK (both the activated [phosphorylated] and total protein is shown) and for apoptosis as measured by the presence of cleaved caspase. (ucdenver.edu)
- There have been numerous putative non-COX-related NSAID targets including β-catenin ( 9 ), Ras ( 10 ), nuclear factor-κB ( 11 ), cyclic GMP ( 12 ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ ( 13 ), NSAID-activated gene-1 ( 14 ), epidermal growth factor receptor ( 15 ), prostate apoptosis response gene-4 ( 16 ), etc. (aacrjournals.org)
- Estrogen-mediated neuroprotection is probably mediated by both receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. (elsevier.com)
- Lin, Y.F., Browning, M.D., Dudek, E.M. and Macdonald, R.L. Protein kinase C enhances bovine α1β1γ2L GABA A receptor whole-cell currents expressed in L929 fibroblasts. (ucdavis.edu)
- Lin, Y.F., Angelotti, T.P., Dudek, E.M., Browning, M.D. and Macdonald, R.L. Protein kinase C phosphorylation of the α1β1γ2L subunits of the GABAA receptor enhances whole-cell currents expressed in L929 fibroblasts. (ucdavis.edu)
Substrate4
- VASP is a prominent substrate for both cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. (jimmunol.org)
- We show here that K-Ras is a substrate for cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs). (asm.org)
- The C-terminal region of each polypeptide chain contains the catalytic domain that includes the ATP and protein substrate binding sites. (genome.jp)
- Binding of cGMP to the regulatory domain induces a conformational change which stops the inhibition of the catalytic core by the N-terminus and allows the phosphorylation of substrate proteins. (wikidoc.org)
Induces3
- Inhibition of ERK1/2 with U0126 induces apoptosis but fails to activate JNK phosphorylation or down-regulate β-catenin protein expression. (aacrjournals.org)
- Sulindac downregulates both pEGFR and total EGFR and pERK by 12 hours in a dose dependent manner without affecting total ERK levels and it induces apoptosis by 24 hours. (ucdenver.edu)
- We previously reported that cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), synthesized by diguanylate cyclase A (DgcA), induces stalk formation. (pnas.org)
Effector protein1
- 1. Exploring novel anti-remodeling molecules regulated by the signaling molecule PKGI: Multiple pre-clinical studies have identified augmentation of cGMP, and its downstream effector protein kinase G (PKG) as inhibiting pathologic cardiac remodeling. (tuftsmedicalcenter.org)
Activates6
- 7-10 We have recently reported that eNOS gene transfer activates the NO/cyclic GMP (cGMP)/protein kinase G (PKG) cascade and inhibits VSMC hypertrophy induced by AngII. (ahajournals.org)
- NO activates soluble guanylate cyclase, which leads to the production of cyclic GMP (cGMP). (diva-portal.org)
- The cause of tip-specific stalk formation has been unclear, but we show here that the more widely produced stalk-inducing signal cyclic diguanylate activates cAMP synthesis by adenylate cyclase A, which is specifically expressed at the apical tip. (pnas.org)
- cAMP next activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which then triggers stalk differentiation. (pnas.org)
- It phosphorylates and activates MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase), which in turn phosphorylates and activates ERK. (asm.org)
- Activates retinal cGMP channels and thus discriminates between kinase and channel effects. (biolog.de)
CAMP and cGMP1
- Activator of Epac, cAMP and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA/PKG). (abcam.com)
CGKI7
- Calcium-dependent and calcium-independent inhibition of contraction by cGMP/cGKI in intestinal smooth muscle. (semanticscholar.org)
- In animal studies, a downregulation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase-1 (cGKI) alpha isoform has been linked to erectile dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. (lu.se)
- We hypothesized that cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI) is directly involved in the secretion of islet hormones and glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Publisher Correction: A shear-dependent NO-cGMP-cGKI cascade in platelets acts as an auto-regulatory brake of thrombosis. (nih.gov)
- In addition, two different cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKI and cGKII) have been identified in mammals (6, 7). (diva-portal.org)
- Inactivation of cGKI in mice abolished both NO/cGMP-dependent relaxation of vascular and intestinal smooth muscle and inhibition of platelet aggregation, causing hypertension, intestinal dysmotility, and abnormal hemostasis (13). (diva-portal.org)
- Furthermore, we analyzed whether a cross-talk exists between the cGMP and cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling cascades in smooth muscle (5, 14), i.e., whether cAMP can cause relaxation via cGKI. (diva-portal.org)
Interactions6
- 6 10 SH2, together with SH3 and the LIM domains (a conserved sequence of Lin-11, IsI-1, and Mec-3) of paxillin, mediates protein-protein interactions. (ahajournals.org)
- Proteins interacting with cloning scars: a source of false positive protein-protein interactions. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- this study highlights the importance of conducting careful follow-up studies where novel protein-protein interactions are suspected. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Vinculin does not bind directly to integrins, but does link actin filaments to integrin receptors through interactions with other focal adhesion proteins, such as talin ( Craig and Johnson 1996 ). (rupress.org)
- Although specific protein-protein interactions between many focal adhesions proteins have been identified, it is not clear how this multimeric complex of proteins organize to form a focal adhesion. (rupress.org)
- phosphorylation of other titin sites could affect protein-protein interactions. (elsevier.com)
Subunits9
- Down-regulates signaling from heterotrimeric G-proteins by increasing the GTPase activity of the alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. (genecards.org)
- Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family members are regulatory molecules that act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) for G alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. (genecards.org)
- RGS proteins are able to deactivate G protein subunits of the Gi alpha, Go alpha and Gq alpha subtypes. (genecards.org)
- Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. (genecards.org)
- AKAPs are a diverse family of proteins that all bind via a small PKA binding domain to the regulatory subunits of PKA. (mcponline.org)
- We show that peptides which specifically bind to the protein-protein interaction domains in the subunits responsible for complex formation interfere with polymerase complex assembly and inhibit viral replication. (asm.org)
- The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase consisting of three subunits, PA, PB1, and PB2 (the P proteins), is a potential target for the development of new anti-influenza drugs. (asm.org)
- PB1 is the central protein, containing two different domains interacting with the PB2 and the PA subunits ( 1 , 7 , 13 , 16 ). (asm.org)
- We hypothesized that viral RNA synthesis could be blocked by the specific inhibition of viral polymerase complex formation by using small peptides which bind to the protein-protein interaction domains responsible for hetero-oligomerization between the individual subunits. (asm.org)
Catalytic4
- Tyrosine hydroxylase purified from rat pheochromycytoma was phosphorylated and activated by purified cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase as well as by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. (elsevier.com)
- This review summarizes many studies that have contributed significantly to an improved understanding of the catalytic, regulatory, and structural properties of these protein kinases. (nih.gov)
- Recent studies of proteins containing kinase-like domains that lack catalytic residue(s) classically required for phosphotransfer, termed pseudokinases, have uncovered important roles in cell signalling across the kingdoms of life. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- The Plasmodium falciparum genome encodes a number of proteins putatively involved in calcium signaling, including calmodulin-related proteins, a calcium-transporting ATPase, and a family of CDPKs, which are composed of a protein kinase catalytic domain fused to a calcium-binding domain. (asmscience.org)
Effects of cyclic1
- Several chapters also deal with some of the effects of cyclic GMP on other second messengers such as calcium ion transport and smooth muscle relaxation. (booktopia.com.au)
Apoptosis3
- and ( d ) decrease β-catenin protein expression at times and doses consistent with apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)
- The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src is an oncogene that regulates a variety of cellular processes important in colorectal cancer development including proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion. (aacrjournals.org)
- The BH3-only family of proteins is key for initiating apoptosis in a variety of contexts, and may also contribute to non-apoptotic cellular processes. (g3journal.org)
Myosin light1
- The level of myosin II phosphorylation is determined by activities of myosin light chain kinase and myosin phosphatase (MP). (biomedsearch.com)
Monophosphate5
- An important target of NO is the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) that generates the second messenger cyclic guanosine-3′-5′-monophosphate (cGMP) ( 19 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- A rapid and simple procedure for the determination of guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate by use of the protein-binding method. (springer.com)
- A protein-binding assay for adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. (springer.com)
- This phosphorylation process upregulates eNOS activity, catalyzing more conversion of L-arginine to NO. Increased NO production enables soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activity, leading to an increased conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). (wikipedia.org)
- used immunopurification and mass spectrometry to identify a cyclic GMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate)-dependent protein kinase (CrPKG) as a target of the tyrosine kinase. (sciencemag.org)
Substrates1
- This domain catalyses the phosphorylation by ATP to specific serine or threonine residues in protein substrates [3]. (genome.jp)
Mice5
- Abnormal neocortical development in mice lacking cGMP-dependent protein kinase I. (semanticscholar.org)
- Functional characteristics of urinary tract smooth muscles in mice lacking cGMP protein kinase type I. (semanticscholar.org)
- The levels of cyclic GMP and glucose 1,6-diphosphate, and the activity of phosphofructokinase, in muscle from normal and dystrophic mice. (springer.com)
- Endfoot cross‐sectional area was assessed by two‐photon microscopy of mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in astrocytes and related to the degree of arteriolar constriction. (uio.no)
- Studies in knockout mice indicate that eNOS-derived NO is the principle mediator of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the pulmonary circulation, but both eNOS and iNOS play a role in chronic modulation of basal tone 1 . (ersjournals.com)
Family of proteins2
- The vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) 4 is a 46-kDa membrane-associated protein that is a member of the Enabled (Ena) family of proteins. (jimmunol.org)
- Members of the BH3-only family of proteins are essential regulators of cell death in nearly all metazoans. (g3journal.org)
Regulate5
- Ras proteins are small GTPases that regulate important cellular signaling cascades to control cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation ( 1 ). (asm.org)
- We found that a conserved behavioral modulator, cyclic GMP dependent kinase (PKG) may regulate the multifractal kinetics underlying an animal behavior. (nature.com)
- This protein negatively regulate signaling upstream or at the level of the heterotrimeric G protein and is localized in the cytoplasm. (genecards.org)
- Because several BH3-only family proteins are also expressed in the adult nervous system of mammals, we suggest that studying egl-1 expression in URX may shed light on mechanisms that regulate conserved family members in higher organisms. (g3journal.org)
- Despite their important role in initiating programmed cell death and likely other cellular processes, our understanding of the factors that regulate BH3-only proteins is incomplete. (g3journal.org)
Gene11
- This gene encodes a member of the regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) family. (genecards.org)
- RGS3 (Regulator Of G Protein Signaling 3) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
- Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include GTPase activator activity and G-protein alpha-subunit binding . (genecards.org)
- Division of labor in honey bee colonies is influenced by the foraging gene ( Amfor ), which encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). (biologists.org)
- eNOS gene transfer showed no effect on paxillin downregulation 2 days after injury but significantly enhanced the recovery of paxillin protein 5 days and 2 weeks after injury. (ahajournals.org)
- Vinculin, a paxillin-binding protein, was not altered by vascular injury or by eNOS gene transfer. (ahajournals.org)
- 20-hydroxyeicosatetraeonic acid (20-HETE), the ω-hydroxylation metabolite of arachidonic acid (AA), is produced by cytochrome P -450 monooxygenases of the (CYP4A and CYP4F gene) families in an NADPH-dependent manner ( 49 ). (physiology.org)
- We show herein that induction of the tumor suppressor gene COOH-terminal Src kinase (Csk) by NSAID is important for their antiproliferative and hence chemopreventive effects. (aacrjournals.org)
- The hCHGA gene is located on chromosome 14q32.12, which spans 12,192 bp and gives rise to a transcript of 2,041 bp that encodes a 439-amino acid (aa) mature protein ( 85 ). (physiology.org)
- We thus proposed that the estrogen-mediated gene induction of Trx plays a pivotal role in the promotion of neuroprotection because Trx is a multifunctional antioxidative and antiapoptotic protein. (elsevier.com)
- However, both inhibition of adenylate cyclase A (ACA) with SQ22536 and incubation of a temperature-sensitive ACA mutant at the restrictive temperature prevented c-di-GMP-induced cAMP synthesis as well as c-di-GMP-induced stalk gene transcription. (pnas.org)
Ligands1
- These proteins are localized to the actin cytoskeleton and are in vitro and in vivo ligands for the focal adhesion-associated proteins zyxin and vinculin and the actin-binding protein profilin ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ). (jimmunol.org)
Modulator1
- Interestingly, a homolog of EGL-4 in Drosophila was shown to play a role in natural variation of foraging behavior, indicating a conserved role of cGMP-dependent protein kinases as a modulator of interspecies behaviors. (pnas.org)
Membrane6
- This homeostatic control system involves presynaptic cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and a plasma membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphophate (PIP 2 ). (jneurosci.org)
- The expression and phosphorylation state of the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a membrane-associated focal adhesion protein, was investigated in human neutrophils. (jimmunol.org)
- Ras proteins must be localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) by a C-terminal membrane anchor for biological activity. (asm.org)
- Type II regulatory chains mediate membrane association by binding to anchoring proteins, including the MAP2 kinase (By similarity). (uniprot.org)
- Heterotrimeric G proteins are membrane bound GTPases that are linked to 7-TM receptors. (genecards.org)
- PI3K is thought to produce membrane lipid-binding sites for localization of PH domain-containing proteins. (rupress.org)
Synthesis1
- We conclude that Rho-kinase links presynaptic PKG activity to PIP 2 synthesis, thereby controlling the homeostatic balance of vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis in nerve terminals. (jneurosci.org)
Tyrosine kinases1
- 4 5 6 Paxillin can directly associate with cytosolic protein tyrosine kinases, csk, crk, c-src, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). (ahajournals.org)
Activity10
- cGMP analogues were reported to potentiate insulin release directly ( 21 ), suggesting that cGMP-dependent effectors are involved in the control of islet activity. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Activity on G(z)-alpha is inhibited by phosphorylation of the G-protein. (genecards.org)
- In H 2S therapy immediately following an AMI, increased cGMP triggers an increase in protein kinase G (PKG) activity. (wikipedia.org)
- Moreover, inhibition of G6PD increased protein kinase G1α activity, which, at least partially, mitigated superoxide production and Elk-1 and TNF-α expression. (physiology.org)
- HSP40 heat-shock proteins play a role in regulating the ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASES activity of HSP70 heat-shock proteins. (bioportfolio.com)
- Activity-Regulated Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein (Arc/Arg3.1) is Transiently Expressed after Heat Shock Stress and Suppresses Heat Shock Factor 1. (bioportfolio.com)
- Diamond with a question mark indicates that the target of PKG could be a protein that influences pGC activity and/or ANP sensitivity. (ahajournals.org)
- We used genetic screening and epistasis analysis to determine that its transcription is regulated in URX by neuronal activity and/or in parallel by orthologs of Protein Kinase G and the Salt-Inducible Kinase family. (g3journal.org)
- Moreover, loss of UNC-7 or UNC-9 suppressed the increased sleep of EGL-4 gain-of-function animals, which have increased cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase activity. (genetics.org)
- However, the kinase activity of a RafS43A mutant was fully inhibited by PKA. (asm.org)
Signal transduction4
- This protein is a GTPase-activating protein that inhibits G-protein-mediated signal transduction. (genecards.org)
- Paxillin is also a "docking" protein involved in organizing the signal transduction complex. (ahajournals.org)
- Taken together, paxillin may function as a structural protein to maintain the integrity of the SMC contractile apparatus and as a docking protein to potentially mediate signal transduction for SMC contraction, migration, proliferation, and possibly differentiation. (ahajournals.org)
- Chai, Y. and Lin, Y.F. Stimulation of neuronal KATP channels by cGMP-dependent protein kinase: Involvement of ROS and 5-hydroxydecanoate-sensitive factors in signal transduction. (ucdavis.edu)
MAPK1
- At low concentrations, ANP and β-AR agonists additively enhanced expression of brown fat and mitochondrial markers in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner. (jci.org)
PRKG13
- The PRKG1 proteins play a central role in regulating cardiovascular and neuronal functions in addition to relaxing smooth muscle tone, preventing platelet aggregation, and modulating cell growth. (creativebiomart.net)
- Some of the functions are cooperated with other proteins, some of the functions could acted by PRKG1 itself. (creativebiomart.net)
- We selected most functions PRKG1 had, and list some proteins which have the same functions with PRKG1. (creativebiomart.net)
Humans1
- PKG are serine/threonine kinases that are present in a variety of eukaryotes ranging from the unicellular organism Paramecium to humans. (wikidoc.org)
Regulator4
- Regulator of G protein signaling 4 belongs to this family. (genecards.org)
- Regulator of G protein signaling 4 protein is 37% identical to RGS1 and 97% identical to rat Rgs4. (genecards.org)
- Responses to C(4)-dicarboxylates depend on typical two-component systems (TCS) consisting of a transmembrane sensor histidine kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- results in Ca 2+ -stimulated chloride secretion that is independent of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the cyclic AMP-regulated epithelial chloride channel that is defective in cystic fibrosis. (aspetjournals.org)
Expression5
- A) Western blotting confirmed expression of fusion proteins in in vitro -transcribed/translated wheat germ extracts. (asm.org)
- The expression of paxillin and its associated proteins was determined in injured arteries by Western blot analysis. (ahajournals.org)
- They play essential roles as transcriptional activators of the HEAT-SHOCK RESPONSE by inducing expression of large classes of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES and heat-shock proteins. (bioportfolio.com)
- It also regulates the secretion of leptin and expression of leptin and uncoupling protein 2 in adipose tissue. (physiology.org)
- In addition to the induction of NOS1, estrogen increases the expression of antiapoptotic protein such as bcl-2. (elsevier.com)