Cyclic gmp dependent protein kinase type ii. Medical search

A cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed predominantly in INTESTINES, BRAIN, and KIDNEY. The protein is myristoylated on its N-terminus which may play a role its membrane localization.

A group of cyclic GMP-dependent enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues of proteins.

A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in SMOOTH MUSCLE tissues and plays a role in regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Two isoforms, PKGIalpha and PKGIbeta, of the type I protein kinase exist due to alternative splicing of its mRNA.

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in neuronal tissues; T-LYMPHOCYTES and TESTIS. The activity of this enzyme is regulated by its phosphorylation by CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.

A cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subtype primarily found in particulate subcellular fractions. They are tetrameric proteins that contain two catalytic subunits and two type II-specific regulatory subunits.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

Toluenes in which one hydrogen of the methyl group is substituted by an amino group. Permitted are any substituents on the benzene ring or the amino group.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

An adaptor protein complex found primarily on perinuclear compartments.

A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in a broad variety of mammalian cell types. Its expression is regulated by the action of CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE. Several isoforms of this enzyme subtype are encoded by distinct genes.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

A type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering CYCLIC AMP activation of protein kinase activity. It has a lower affinity for cAMP than the CYCLIC-AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE RIBETA SUBUNIT.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subtype primarily found in the CYTOPLASM. They are tetrameric proteins that contain two catalytic subunits and two type I-specific regulatory subunits.

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.

A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.

A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A species of ciliate protozoa. It is used in biomedical research.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELLULAR PROLIFERATION. Overexpression of this enzyme has been shown to promote PHOSPHORYLATION of BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and chemoresistance in human acute leukemia cells.

ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

Specific enzyme subunits that form the active sites of the type I and type II cyclic-AMP protein kinases. Each molecule of enzyme contains two catalytic subunits.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

A ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular SIGNAL PATHWAYS. Its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or activator proteins. They typically contain EF HAND MOTIFS.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

An aspect of protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) in which serine residues in protamines and histones are phosphorylated in the presence of ATP.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase.

PKC beta encodes two proteins (PKCB1 and PKCBII) generated by alternative splicing of C-terminal exons. It is widely distributed with wide-ranging roles in processes such as B-cell receptor regulation, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation, insulin signaling, and endothelial cell proliferation.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to yield guanosine-5'-phosphate.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in the TESTES and BRAIN. Variants of this subtype exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its mRNA.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and serine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Atrial natriuretic peptide-stimulated Ca2+ reabsorption in rabbit kidney requires membrane-targeted, cGMP-dependent protein kinase type II. (1/31)

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and nitric oxide (NO) are key regulators of ion and water transport in the kidney. Here, we report that these cGMP-elevating hormones stimulate Ca2+ reabsorption via a novel mechanism specifically involving type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK II). ANP and the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), markedly increased Ca2+ uptake in freshly immunodissected rabbit connecting tubules (CNT) and cortical collecting ducts (CCD). Although readily increasing cGMP, ANP and SNP did not affect Ca2+ and Na+ reabsorption in primary cultures of these segments. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that cGK II, and not cGK I, was present in freshly isolated CNT and CCD but underwent a complete down-regulation during the primary cell culture. However, upon adenoviral reexpression of cGK II in primary cultures, ANP, SNP, and 8-Br-cGMP readily increased Ca2+ reabsorption. In contrast, no cGMP-dependent effect on electrogenic Na+ transport was observed. The membrane localization of cGK II proved to be crucial for its action, because a nonmyristoylated cGK II mutant that was shown to be localized in the cytosol failed to mediate ANP-stimulated Ca2+ transport. The Ca2+-regulatory function of cGK II appeared isotype-specific because no cGMP-mediated increase in Ca2+ transport was observed after expression of the cytosolic cGK Ibeta or a membrane-bound cGK II/Ibeta chimer. These results demonstrate that ANP- and NO-stimulated Ca2+ reabsorption requires membrane-targeted cGK II. (+info)

Serine 19 of human 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase is phosphorylated by cGMP protein kinase II. (2/31)

6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) participates in tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor biosynthesis. We previously identified in a PTPS-deficient patient an inactive PTPS allele with an Arg(16) to Cys codon mutation. Arg(16) is located in the protein surface exposed phosphorylation motif Arg(16)-Arg-Ile-Ser, with Ser(19) as the putative phosphorylation site for serine-threonine protein kinases. Purification of recombinant PTPS-S19A from bacterial cells resulted in an active enzyme (k(cat)/K(m) = 6.4 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1)), which was similar to wild-type PTPS (k(cat)/K(m) = 4.1 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1)). In assays with purified enzymes, wild-type but not PTPS-S19A was a specific substrate for the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) type I and II. Upon expression in COS-1 cells, PTPS-S19A was stable but not phosphorylated and had a reduced activity of approximately 33% in comparison to wild-type PTPS. Extracts from several human cell lines, including brain, contained a kinase that bound to and phosphorylated immobilized wild-type, but not mutant PTPS. Addition of cGMP stimulated phosphotransferase activity 2-fold. Extracts from transfected COS-1 cells overexpressing cGKII stimulated Ser(19) phosphorylation more than 100-fold, but only 4-fold from cGKI overexpressing cells. Moreover, fibroblast extracts from mice lacking cGKII exhibited significantly reduced phosphorylation of PTPS. These results suggest that Ser(19) of human PTPS may be a substrate for cGKII phosphorylation also in vivo, a modification that is essential for normal activity. (+info)

Nitric oxide and cGMP regulate gene expression in neuronal and glial cells by activating type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase. (3/31)

Nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP have been implicated in many neuronal functions, including regulation of gene expression, but little is known about the downstream targets of NO/cGMP in the nervous system. We found that type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G-kinase), which is widely expressed in the brain, mediated NO- and cGMP-induced activation of the fos promoter in cells of neuronal and glial origin; the enzyme was ineffective in regulating gene expression in fibroblast-like cells. The effect of G-kinase II on gene expression did not require calcium uptake but was synergistically enhanced by calcium. G-kinase II was membrane associated and did not translocate to the nucleus; however, a soluble G-kinase II mutant translocated to the nucleus and regulated gene expression in fibroblast-like cells. Soluble G-kinase I also regulates fos promoter activity, but membrane targeting of G-kinase I prevented the enzyme from translocating to the nucleus and regulating transcription in multiple cell types, including glioma cells; this suggests that cell type-specific factor(s) that mediate the transcriptional effects of extranuclear G-kinase II are not regulated by G-kinase I. Our results suggest that G-kinase I and II control gene expression by different mechanisms and that NO effects on neuronal plasticity may involve G-kinase II regulation of gene expression.-Gudi, T., Hong, G. K.-P., Vaandrager, A. B., Lohmann, S. M., Pilz, R. B. Nitric oxide and cGMP regulate gene expression in neuronal and glial cells by activating type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase. (+info)

The amino-terminal cyclic nucleotide binding site of the type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase is essential for full cyclic nucleotide-dependent activation. (4/31)

For the type I cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKIalpha and cGKIbeta), a high affinity interaction exists between the C2 amino group of cGMP and the hydroxyl side chain of a threonine conserved in most cGMP binding sites. To examine the effect of this interaction on ligand binding and kinase activation in the type II isozyme of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGKII), alanine was substituted for the conserved threonine or serine. cGKII was found to require the C2 amino group of cGMP and its cognate serine or threonine hydroxyl for efficient cGMP activation. Of the two binding sites, disruption of cGMP-specific binding in the NH(2)-terminal binding site had the greatest effect on cGMP-dependent kinase activation, like cGKI. However, ligand dissociation studies showed that the location of the rapid and slow dissociation sites of cGKII was reversed relative to cGKI. Another set of mutations that prevented cyclic nucleotide binding demonstrated the necessity of the NH(2)-terminal, rapid dissociation binding site for cyclic nucleotide-dependent activation of cGKII. These findings suggest distinct mechanisms of activation for cGKII and cGKI isoforms. Because cGKII mediates the effects of heat-stable enterotoxins via the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator Cl(-) channel, these findings define a structural target for drug design. (+info)

Evidence for the presence of cGMP-dependent protein kinase-II in human distal colon and in T84, the colonic cell line. (5/31)

Heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) stimulates intestinal Cl(-) secretion by activating guanylate cyclase C (GCC) to increase intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP). In the colon, cGMP action could involve protein kinase (PK) G-II or PKA pathways, depending on the segment and species. In the human colon, both PKG and PKA pathways have been implicated, and, therefore, the present study examined the mechanism of cGMP-mediated Cl(-) transport in primary cultures of human distal colonocytes and in T84, the colonic cell line. Both cell preparations express mRNA for CFTR, Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1), GCC and PKG-II as detected by RT-PCR. The effects of STa and the PKG-specific cGMP analogues, 8Br-cGMP and 8pCPT-cGMP, on Cl(-) transport were measured using a halide-sensitive probe. In primary human colonocytes and T84 cells, STa, the cGMP analogues and the cAMP-dependent secretagogue, prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)), enhanced Cl(-) transport. The effects of 8Br-cGMP and 8pCPT-cGMP suggested the involvement of PKG, and this was explored further in T84 cells. The effects of 8pCPT-cGMP were dose-dependent and sensitive to the PKG inhibitor, H8 (70 microM), but H8 had no effect on PGE(1)-induced Cl(-) secretion. In contrast, a PKA inhibitor, H7 (50 microM), blocked PGE(1)-mediated but not 8pCPT-cGMP-induced Cl(-) transport. 8pCPT-cGMP enhanced phosphorylation of the PKG-specific substrate, 2A3, by T84 membranes in vitro. This phosphorylation was inhibited by H8. These results strongly suggest that cGMP activates Cl(-) transport through a PKG-II pathway in primary cells and in the T84 cell line of the human colon. (+info)

Autoinhibition and isoform-specific dominant negative inhibition of the type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase. (6/31)

In the absence of cyclic nucleotides, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs) suppress phosphotransfer activity at the catalytic cleft by competitive inhibition of substrate binding with a pseudosubstrate sequence within the holoenzyme. The magnitude of inhibition can be diminished by autophosphorylation near this pseudosubstrate sequence. Activation of type I cGK (cGKI) and type II cGK (cGKII) are differentially regulated by their cyclic nucleotide-binding sites. To address the possibility that the distinct activation mechanisms of cGKII and cGKI result from differences in the autophosphorylation of the inhibitory domain, we investigated the effects of autophosphorylation on the kinetics of activation. Unlike the type I cGKs (cGKIalpha and Ibeta), cGKII autophosphorylation did not alter the basal activity, nor the sensitivity of the enzyme to cyclic nucleotide activation. To determine residues responsible for autoinhibition of cGKII, Ala was substituted for basic residues (Lys(122), Arg(118), and Arg(119)) or a hydrophobic residue (Val(125)) within the putative pseudosubstrate domain of cGKII. The integrity of these residues was essential for full cGKII autoinhibition. Furthermore, a cGKII truncation mutant containing this autoinhibitory region demonstrated a nanomolar IC(50) toward a constitutively active form of cGKII. Finally, we present evidence that the dominant negative properties of this truncation mutant are specific to cGKII when compared with cAMP-dependent protein kinase Calpha and cGKIbeta. These findings extend the known differences in the activation mechanisms among cGK isoforms and allow the design of an isoform-specific cGKII inhibitor. (+info)

Apparent affinity of CFTR for ATP is increased by continuous kinase activity. (7/31)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel which is activated by protein phosphorylation and nucleoside triphosphates. We demonstrate here that fusion of the soluble catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase to the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin yields a constitutively active protein kinase which activates CFTR effectively. As it is membrane-bound it is particularly useful for continuous perfusion of excised inside-out patches. We also tested the effect of a naturally membrane-bound protein kinase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase II, on CFTR. Both kinases, when continuously active, increase apparent affinity of CFTR to ATP about two-fold emphasizing the role of phosphorylation in modulating the interaction of ATP with the nucleotide binding domains. (+info)

cGMP-dependent protein kinase II modulates mPer1 and mPer2 gene induction and influences phase shifts of the circadian clock. (8/31)

BACKGROUND: In mammals, the master circadian clock that drives many biochemical, physiological, and behavioral rhythms is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Generation and maintenance of circadian rhythmicity rely on complex interlocked transcriptional/translational feedback loops involving a set of clock genes. Among the molecular components driving the mammalian circadian clock are the Period 1 and 2 (mPer1 and mPer2) genes. Because the periodicity of the clock is not exactly 24 hr, it has to be adjusted periodically. The major stimulus for adjustment (resetting) of the clock is nocturnal light. It evokes activation of signaling pathways in the SCN that ultimately lead to expression of mPer1 and mPer2 genes conveying adjustment of the clock. RESULTS: We show that mice deficient in cGMP-dependent protein kinase II (cGKII, also known as PKGII), despite regular retinal function, are defective in resetting the circadian clock, as assessed by changes in the onset of wheel running activity after a light pulse. At the molecular level, light induction of mPer2 in the SCN is strongly reduced in the early period of the night, whereas mPer1 induction is elevated in cGKII-deficient mice. Additionally, we show that light induction of cfos and light-dependent phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133 are not affected in these animals. CONCLUSIONS: cGKII plays a role in the clock-resetting mechanism. In particular, the ability to delay clock phase is affected in cGKII-deficient mice. It seems that the signaling pathway involving cGKII influences in an opposite manner the light-induced induction of mPer1 and mPer2 genes and thereby influences the direction of a phase shift of the circadian clock. (+info)

"Localization of the human gene for the type I cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase to chromosome 10". Cytogenetics and Cell ... and characterization of the cGMP-dependent protein kinases I beta and II using the baculovirus system". FEBS Letters. 374 (3): ... of a novel male germ cell-specific cGMP-dependent protein kinase-anchoring protein by cGMP-dependent protein kinase Ialpha". ... 5-trisphosphate receptor by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (12): 8701-7. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKG1

EC 2.7.11.12 Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases and the Cardiovascular System cGMP-Dependent+Protein+Kinases at the US ... Two PKG genes, coding for PKG type I (PKG-I) and type II (PKG-II), have been identified in mammals. The N-terminus of PKG-I is ... cGMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase G (PKG) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by cGMP ... "A crystal structure of the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I{beta} dimerization/docking domain reveals molecular details of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGMP-dependent_protein_kinase

5-trisphosphate receptor by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (12): 8701-7. doi: ... Tanimura A, Tojyo Y, Turner RJ (Sep 2000). "Evidence that type I, II, and III inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors can occur ... "Carbonic anhydrase-related protein is a novel binding protein for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1". The ... Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITPR1 gene. ITPR1 has been shown to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITPR1

The molecular mechanism of smooth muscle relaxation involves the enzyme CGMP-dependent protein kinase, also known as PKG. This ... June 1996). "Sildenafil: an orally active type 5 cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of penile ... Onset is typically within twenty minutes and lasts for about two hours. Common side effects include headaches, heartburn, and ... Francis SH, Busch JL, Corbin JD, Sibley D (September 2010). "cGMP-dependent protein kinases and cGMP phosphodiesterases in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildenafil

... where it stimulates a protein kinase called cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. By phosphorylating proteins, cyclic AMP- ... G proteins). The two most well-studied cyclic nucleotides are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), while cyclic CMP (cCMP) ... Cyclic nucleotides can be found in many different types of eukaryotic cells, including photo-receptor rods and cones, smooth ... Eckly-Michel A, Martin V, Lugnier C (September 1997). "Involvement of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases in cyclic AMP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide

CNG channel activity is controlled by the interaction between cGMP-dependent protein kinase and G1 protein because of cGMP's ... The steep concentration between CNG channels and ligand concentration shows that at least two or three cyclic nucleotides are ... "Induction by cyclic GMP of cationic conductance in plasma membrane of retinal rod outer segment". Nature. 313 (6000): 310-3. ... However, a receptor-type GC in mammalian sperm has yet to be identified. Mouse sperm express other channels such as CatSper1. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide–gated_ion_channel

... inducing a signaling cascade that results in the activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and an ultimate decrease in ... In addition to this, it has already been shown that NO stimulates increased cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels in the smooth muscle cells ... Two proteins are involved in this accumulation of amyloid beta: serum response factor or SRF and myocardin. Together, these 2 ... Various cell types play a role in HR, including astrocytes, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells of blood vessels, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemodynamic_response

... cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinases MeSH D12.644.360.200.575 - protamine kinase MeSH D12.644.360.250 - cyclin-dependent ... interferon type ii MeSH D12.644.276.174.440.893.510 - interferon-gamma, recombinant MeSH D12.644.276.174.480 - lymphokines MeSH ... map kinase kinase kinase 3 MeSH D12.644.360.400.400 - map kinase kinase kinase 4 MeSH D12.644.360.400.500 - map kinase kinase ... map kinase kinase kinases MeSH D12.644.360.400.100 - map kinase kinase kinase 1 MeSH D12.644.360.400.200 - map kinase kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.644)

"Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype". Journal of Vascular Research. 34 (4): 245 ... Hydrogen sulfide is also involved in the disease process of type 1 diabetes. The beta cells of the pancreas in type 1 diabetes ... demonstrating that the vasodilatatory effects of these two gases are mutually dependent. Additionally, H 2S reacts with ... Lincoln, T. M.; Cornwell, Taylor (March 1990). "cGMP-dependent protein kinase mediates the reduction of Ca2+ by cAMP in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_functions_of_hydrogen_sulfide

Vrolix, M; Raeymaekers, L; Wuytack, F; Hofmann, F; Casteels, R (Nov 1, 1988). "Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase stimulates ... L-type calcium channel expression increases in spastic vascular smooth muscle cells, which could result in excessive calcium ... "Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase signaling pathway inhibits RhoA-induced Ca2+ sensitization of contraction in vascular ... Nicorandil stimulates guanylate cyclase to increase formation of cyclic GMP (cGMP). cGMP activates protein kinase G (PKG), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicorandil

... through cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms. NO prolongs the ability of human dendritic cells to internalize antigens at sites of ... The alveolar macrophage is the third cell type in the alveolus, the others are the type I and type II pneumocytes. Alveolar ... protein kinase A (PKA) and the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac-1 and -2). Epac-1 and PKA are both important ... The lungs are especially sensitive and prone to damage, thus to avoid collateral damage to type 1 and type II pneumocytes, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_macrophage

... which is a heterodimeric enzyme with subsequent formation of cyclic-GMP. Cyclic-GMP activates protein kinase G, which causes ... demonstrating that the vasodilatatory effects of these two gases are mutually dependent. Additionally, H 2S reacts with ... It is a known bioproduct in almost all types of organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants, fungi, and animal cells. NO is ... mitogen-activated protein kinase, PPAR gamma, HIF1A, NRF2, ion channels, cystathionine beta synthase, and numerous other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasotransmitter

... which contributes to the contraction of myocytes by phosphorylation through cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and Ca2+ ... and cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels fall in vascular smooth muscle. This impairs relaxation in the vasculature and is a part of the ... this kinase improves the Ca2+ inward current through the L-type Ca2+ channels, which leads to calcium-induced calcium release ... a special type of smooth ER) and decreasing the calcium available for contraction. In myocytes, the increase of cAMP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrinone

... bone morphogenetic protein receptors, type ii MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.125 - ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent protein kinase ... beta-adrenergic-receptor kinase MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.150 - cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinases MeSH D08.811. ... cyclic nucleotide-regulated protein kinases MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125 - cyclic amp-dependent protein kinases ... map kinase kinase kinase 1 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.559.200 - map kinase kinase kinase 2 MeSH D08.811.913.696.620.682. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

In vivo phosphorylation of thromboxane by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ... phosphorylate messengers via protein kinase A (PKA). These signaling elements include thromboxane A2, receptor type α, ... ADP-dependent aggregation is mediated by two receptors: the purinergic P2Y1, coupled to Gαq, mediates the shape in the ... Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates cGMP production and therefore the activation cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G kinase). This kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboregulation

Upon binding DNA, the protein cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) triggers reaction of GTP and ATP to form cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). ... Ishikawa H, Ma Z, Barber GN (October 2009). "STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate ... GMP) connected by two phosphodiester bonds. However, cGAMP differs from other CDNs in that it contains a unique phosphodiester ... STING is also thought to activate the NF-κB transcription factor through the activity of the IκB kinase (IKK), though the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGAS–STING_cytosolic_DNA_sensing_pathway

This in turn leads to increased cAMP-dependent protein kinase or PKA (protein kinase A) activity, ultimately promoting ... Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP in cell signaling and drug development". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 2003-11. ... Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is abundant in the pulmonary tissue, hydrolyzes the cyclic bond of cGMP. Consequently, ... Patients with left heart failure or hypoxemic lung diseases (groups II or III pulmonary hypertension) should not routinely be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension

"A Cyclic GMP-Dependent K + Channel in the Blastocladiomycete Fungus Blastocladiella emersonii". Eukaryotic Cell. 14 (9): 958- ... Two opsin types exist: Type 1 opsins are used by prokaryotes and by some algae (as a component of channelrhodopsins) and fungi ... Histidine kinases in fungi are hybrid histidine kinases due to the fusion of histidine kinase/histidine kinase-like ATPase ... Other fluorescent proteins, including tdTomato, mClover3, mCitrine, and mCerulean3, are functional in S. punctatus. A high- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spizellomyces_punctatus

Group I and II introns perform splicing similar to the spliceosome without requiring any protein. This similarity suggests that ... Yeast tRNA kinase then phosphorylates the 5'-hydroxyl group using adenosine triphosphate. Yeast tRNA cyclic phosphodiesterase ... Two types of spliceosomes have been identified (major and minor) which contain different snRNPs. The major spliceosome splices ... NAD-dependent 2'-phosphotransferase then removes the 2'-phosphate group. Splicing occurs in all the kingdoms or domains of life ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_splicing

CEF scientists showed that GABARAP proteins are not only involved in autophagy but also in the ubiquitin-dependent degradation ... or for the manipulation of cyclic GMP. Several CEF groups joined forces not only to unravel the photocycle of ChR2 at different ... the two cellular systems used to degrade faulty or superfluous proteins, complexes and organelles. Additional foci of CEF ... "The leukemogenic AF4-MLL fusion protein causes P-TEFb kinase activation and altered epigenetic signatures". Leukemia. 25 (1): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_of_Excellence_Frankfurt_Macromolecular_Complexes

Cyclic GMP binds to the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG1) which phosphorylates several proteins that results in decreased ... "Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor use in type 2 diabetes is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality". Heart. 102 ( ... PDE5A3 is not as widespread as the other two isoforms, and is only found in smooth muscle tissues, it is found in the heart, ... cGMP binding proteins and protein kinase G (PKG). The effect on PKG reduces levels of calcium leading to relaxation of smooth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_phosphodiesterase_5_inhibitors

"Direct phosphorylation of brain tyrosine hydroxylase by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase: mechanism of enzyme activation". ... Roskoski R, Roskoski LM (Jan 1987). "Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells by the cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP second ... Haycock JW, Ahn NG, Cobb MH, Krebs EG (Mar 1992). "ERK1 and ERK2, two microtubule-associated protein 2 kinases, mediate the ... Tyrosine hydroxylase is also an autoantigen in Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome (APS) type I. A consistent abnormality in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase

"Cyclic AMP/GMP-dependent modulation of Ca2+ channels sets the polarity of nerve growth-cone turning". Nature. 423 (6943): 990-5 ... Overall, these studies show that regulating effects of netrin is dependent on the type of vascular tissue. Recently, netrin has ... DCC and UNC-5 proteins mediate netrin-1 responses. The UNC-5 protein is mainly involved in signaling repulsion. DCC, which is ... The two versions, netrin-G1 and netrin-G2, are found only in vertebrates. It is believed that they evolved independently of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netrin

... type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.4: type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease EC 3.1.21.5: type III site-specific ... ADP-dependent medium-chain-acyl-CoA hydrolase EC 3.1.2.20: acyl-CoA hydrolase EC 3.1.2.21: dodecanoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) ... cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase EC 3.1.4.36: Now with EC 3.1.4.43 EC 3.1.4.37: 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase EC 3.1 ... protein-tyrosine-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.49: [pyruvate kinase]-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.50: sorbitol-6-phosphatase EC 3.1.3.51: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)

This structural change causes an increased affinity for the regulatory protein called transducin (a type of G protein). Upon ... Second, it serves as an adaptor protein to aid the receptor to the clathrin-dependent endocytosis machinery (to induce receptor ... As rhodopsin is phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase (a member of the GPCR kinases(GRKs)), it binds with high affinity to the ... The bound arrestin can contribute to the desensitization process in at least two ways. First, it prevents the interaction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_cell

Cyclic GMP possibly opens cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) K+-selective channels, thereby causing hyperpolarization of the ... cAMP and protein kinase A as well as soluble guanylyl cyclase, cGMP, inositol trisphosphate receptor and store-operated Ca2+ ... This gradient-dependent sperm accumulation was observed over a wide temperature range (29-41 °C). Since temperature affects ... In humans, there are at least two different origins of sperm chemoattractants. One is the cumulus cells that surround the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_guidance

Then, it converts adenosine triphosphate into cyclic AMP, which activates Protein kinase A. PKA leads to protein tyrosine ... "Cyclic GMP signaling is involved in the luteinizing hormone-dependent meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes". Biology of ... There are two main types of purinergic receptors, P1 binding to adenosine, and P2 binding to ATP or ADP, presenting different ... These proteins activate protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) that phosphorylates various proteins important for capacitation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade

... through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism". Biochem J. 466 (2): 379-90. doi:10.1042/bj20140881. PMID 25422863. Milo, Ron; ... Pugh, E. N. Jr.; Lamb, T. D. (1990). "Cyclic GMP and calcium: The internal messengers of excitation and adaptation in ... This type of dysfunction can be seen in cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes. Calcium coordination plays an ... An example a protein with calcium coordination is von Willebrand factor (vWF) which has an essential role in blood clot ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology

Cyclic-GMP activates protein kinase G, which causes reuptake of Ca2+ and the opening of calcium-activated potassium channels. ... In cells, two broad classes of reactions of nitric oxide involve the S-nitrosation of thiols and the nitrosylation of some ... The neuronal enzyme (NOS-1) and the endothelial isoform (NOS-3) are calcium-dependent and produce low levels of this gas as a ... "Threshold Effects of Nitric Oxide-Induced Toxicity and Cellular Responses in Wild-Type and p53-Null Human Lymphoblastoid Cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_functions_of_nitric_oxide

IkB kinase EC 2.7.11.11: cAMP-dependent protein kinase EC 2.7.11.12: cGMP-dependent protein kinase EC 2.7.11.13: protein kinase ... cyclic GMP-AMP synthase The remaining entries have no Wikipedia articles EC 2.7.7.87: L- synthase EC 2.7.7.88: GDP ... type I protein arginine methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.320: type II protein arginine methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.321: type III ... mitogen-activated protein kinase EC 2.7.11.25: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase EC 2.7.11.26: tau-protein kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)

Cyclic GMP / metabolism * Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6 / metabolism * G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 / ... and phosphodiesterase 6-dependent but protein kinase G-independent. β-Adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (βARK 1 or GRK2) mediates ... Melanopsin mediates light-dependent relaxation in blood vessels Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Dec 16;111(50):17977-82. doi: ... Gautam Sikka 1 , G Patrick Hussmann 2 , Deepesh Pandey 1 , Suyi Cao 1 , Daijiro Hori 3 , Jong Taek Park 1 , Jochen Steppan 1 , ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25404319/

... type II and cGMP-gated ion channels (cyclic GMP agonist). Increased met ... Activator of cGMP-dependent protein kinases I α, I β & ... "Cyclic GMP/Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase System Prevents ... "Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways by Cyclic GMP and Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase in Contractile ... Activator of cGMP-dependent protein kinases I α, I β & type II and cGMP-gated ion channels (cyclic GMP agonist). Increased ...

https://www.biolog.de/8-br-cgmp

PRKG1 codes for the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKGI). Activation of PKGI leads to the inhibition of RhoA and Rho- ... Two additional immune T cell types called Th17 and regulatory T cells are of interest to Dr. Fernandez Ruiz as well due to ... By studying the plasmacytoid dendritic cells and two types of T cells from patients with and without the PRKG1 genetic risk ... Impact of a Lupus-Associated PRKG1 Variant on Type I Interferons and Immune Dysregulation. * Email Sign Up ...

https://www.lupusresearch.org/for-researchers/funded-research/grant/impact-of-a-lupus-associated-prkg1-variant-on-type-i-interferons-and-immune-dysregulation-2/

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II Entry term(s). Cyclic GMP Dependent Protein Kinase Type II cGK II cGMP Dependent ... Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase type II Entry term(s):. Cyclic GMP Dependent Protein Kinase Type II. cGK II. cGMP Dependent ... 2013; CGMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE II (now CYCLIC GMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE II) was indexed under CYCLIC GMP-DEPENDENT ... Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II - Preferred Concept UI. M0570525. Scope note. A cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=54934

... encoding cGMP-dependent protein kinase II) and Npr3 (natriuretic peptide decoy receptor) genes. Conversely, DEX was found to ... In contrast, recent studies have shown that C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) is an important anabolic regulator of cartilage ... Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II plays a critical role in C-type natriuretic peptide-mediated endochondral ossification. ... encoding cGMP-dependent protein kinase I, A) and Prkg2 (encoding cGMP-dependent protein kinase II, B) mRNA levels were ...

https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-7-87

Cyclic GMP via cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) was shown to inhibit mast cell (MC) degranulation [1]. During ... Regulation of leukocyte degranulation by cGMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase: potential roles in ... Both peptides activate cyclic GMP (cGMP) formation by binding to their specific receptors: the particulate guanylyl cyclases A ... Inhibition of Microcirculatory Endothelial Ca2+ and Permeability Response to Histamine Involves cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase I ...

https://bmcpharmacoltoxicol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2050-6511-16-S1-A41

Protein Kinase A, Type II BX - Protein Kinase Type II, Cyclic AMP-Dependent MH - Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIIalpha ... members of this class have additional specificity for CYCLIC-GMP. HN - 2008(1981) for CA++ CALMODULIN DEPENDENT CYCLIC AMP ... Protein Kinase A, Type I BX - Protein Kinase Type I, Cyclic AMP-Dependent MH - Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic ... CYCLIC-AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE II such as CAMP PROTEIN KINASE RIIALPHA or CAMP PROTEIN KINASE RIIBETA. HN - 2008 MH ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/dcsnew2008.txt

Deschatrettes E, Jouvert P, Zwiller J. Overexpression of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase reduces MeCP2 and HDAC2 expression ... C-type natriuretic peptide inhibiting vascular calcification might involve decreasing bone morphogenic protein 2 and ... Effect of atriopeptin II on determinants of glomerular filtration rate in the in vitro perfused dog glomerulus. Am J Physiol. ... CNP, but not ANP or BNP, relax human isolated subcutaneous resistance arteries by an action involving cyclic GMP and BKCa ...

https://genderi.org/literatura-aalkjaer-c-mulvany-mj-nyborg-nc-atrial-natriuretic/genderi.org/literatura-aalkjaer-c-mulvany-mj-nyborg-nc-atrial-natriuretic.html

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II. Proteína Quinase Dependente de GMP Cíclico Tipo II. Proteína Quinasa Dependiente ... Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II. Proteína Quinase Dependente de GMP Cíclico Tipo II. Proteína Quinasa Dependiente ... Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I. Proteína Quinase Dependente de GMP Cíclico Tipo I. Proteína Quinasa Dependiente de ... Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I. Proteína Quinase Dependente de GMP Cíclico Tipo I. Proteína Quinasa Dependiente de ...

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/I/new_2013.htm

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/I/new_2013.htm

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/I/new_2013.htm

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/I/new_2013.htm

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/I/new_2013.htm

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/I/new_2013.htm

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/I/new_2013.htm

The orphan histidine protein kinase SgmT is a c-di-GMP receptor and regulates composition of the extracellular matrix together ... In Myxococcus xanthus the extracellular matrix is essential for type IV pili-dependent motility and starvation-induced fruiting ... The GGDEF domain binds the second messenger bis-(3-5)-cyclic-dimeric-GMP (c-di-GMP) and functions as a c-di-GMP receptor to ... Proteins of two-component systems including the orphan DNA binding response regulator DigR are essential in regulating the ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Santos,+N%C3%BAria

https://decs2014.bvsalud.org/I/dcsnew2008.txt

https://decs2012.bvsalud.org/I/dcsnew2008.txt

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https://decs2009.bvsalud.org/I/dcsnew2008.txt

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a ubiquitous and abundant serine-threonine kinase, has emerged as an ... cyclic phosphodiesterase (PDE5; also known as phosphodiesterase type 5)113. H2S can increase sGC levels via sulfhydration of ... GMP124. Other studies have also demonstrated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in response to H2S donors via a NO-cGMP- ... phosphodiesterase-cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG; also known as cGMP-dependent protein kinase) vascular relaxation signalling ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-022-00741-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=271f9730-5002-4035-84bb-2aed32df8bd9

Cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinase pathway underlying smooth muscle, depression.. *is lexapro the strongest antidepressent ... Can buy these two powerful active. Full content visible, women! Senior faculty member of aortic procedure? Isabelle van ... Samples, mohamed o. Life pharmacy near you have regular usage of phosphodiesterase type of our doctor. Sudden visual ... Cyclic gmp, high-yield videos and reports prepared to speak with flashcards need of all drugs purchased as citrate is? Begin to ...

http://poochdecor.com/der-kleine-nils-viagra/

N-terminal myristoylation is required for membrane localization of cGMP-dependent protein kinase type II ... To detect low concentration of cyclic nucleotides, samples were first acetylated before being assayed by a cyclic AMP or GMP ... through PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the R domain (Chang et al., 1993). Evidence supports cGMP-dependent protein kinase G ( ... Membrane targeting of cGMP-dependent protein kinase is required for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl- ...

https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/9/8/bio053116/225318/Vardenafil-increases-intracellular-accumulation-of

It activates cyclic GMP -dependent protein kinase G . The activated PKG can directly phosphorylate and potentially turns on ... Also Check: Type 2 Diabetes Meter Readings How Does A Man 66 With Insulin Dependent Diabetes Retire And Afford Medicine. Can ... The major difference between the two is that the Somogyi effect leads to hypoglycemia followed by hyperglycemia. One of the ... dependent protein kinase C phosphorylation regulating Focal adhesion kinase /paxillin-mediated cell division cycle 42 /actin- ...

https://www.diabetesprohelp.com/does-melatonin-lower-blood-sugar/

... it has not been reported whether resveratrol has effects on cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase G, PKG), a ... Cyclic GMP/protein kinase G type-Ialpha (PKG-Ialpha) signaling pathway promotes CREB phosphorylation and maintains higher c- ... Statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by one- or two-way ANOVA using GraphPad Prism 5 software (GraphPad, ... Involvement of cyclic GMP and protein kinase G in the regulation of apoptosis and survival in neural cells. Neurosignals 11: ...

https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/35/1/273.full

9.B.33 - The Sensor Histidine Kinase (SHK) Family. 9.B.34 - The Kinase/Phosphatase/Cyclic-GMP Synthase/Cyclic di-GMP Hydrolase ... Outer Membrane Pore-forming Protein II (OMPP-II) Superfamily Niederweis, M. (2003). Mycobacterial porins--new channel proteins ... 3.A.20 - The Peroxisomal Protein Importer (PPI) Family. 3.A.24 - The Type VII or ESX Protein Secretion System (T7SS) Family. 3. ... 9.A.14 - The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Family. 9.A.63 - The Retromer-dependent Vacuolar Protein Sorting (R-VPS) Family ...

https://tcdb.org/superfamily.php

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases Medicine & Life Sciences 83% * Peptide Receptors Medicine & Life Sciences 78% ... While searching for downstream PKG partners using a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human heart cDNA library, we unexpectedly ... Natriuretic peptide binding to type I receptors (NPRA and NPRB) activates their intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity, resulting ... Atrial natriuretic peptide induces natriuretic peptide receptor-cGMP-dependent protein kinase interaction. In: Journal of ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/atrial-natriuretic-peptide-induces-natriuretic-peptide-receptor-c-2

... leading to the production of cyclic GMP. Intracellular cyclic GMP leads to activation of protein kinase G (PKG) resulting in ... M13 family members contain type II integral membrane proteins with zinc metalloprotease activity, and their function is ... We examined the effect of ET-1 on cyclic AMP levels in rat cerebral cortex. The peptide caused a concentration-dependent ... Two more RAMP proteins, RAMP2 and RAMP3, were discovered from database searches. These proteins share approximately 30% ...

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/02/17/action-of-hormones-on-the-circulation/

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and its downstream effector cGMP kinase I (cGKI) have been suggested to be an important anti-hypertrophic signalling pathway (1). (biomedcentral.com)
Both inhibitors augment cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to activate protein kinase G, with PDE5-I regulating nitric oxide (NO) and PDE9-I natriuretic peptide-dependent signaling. (omicsdi.org)
Natriuretic peptides, their receptors, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent signaling functions. (cocites.com)

Nanamori M, Chen J, Du X, Ye RD: Regulation of leukocyte degranulation by cGMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase: potential roles in phosphorylation of target membrane SNARE complex proteins in rat mast cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Phosphorylation of the receptor by an unknown serine/threonine kinase is required before ligand binding can activate the cyclase. (elsevier.com)
Recently, we showed that within the NO-induced cGMP response in human platelets, activation and phosphorylation of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) occurred. (omicsdi.org)
Here, we identify cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I as the kinase responsible for the NO-induced PDE5 phosphorylation. (omicsdi.org)
2007). It has been suggested that although PKG is involved in the stimulation of SERT at Thr-276, it does not directly phosphorylate the residue, rather it initiates a kinase cascade that leads to SERT phosphorylation by an as yet unidentified protein kinase (Wong et al. (phosphosolutions.com)
Inhibition of PDE2 acted by diminishing the Ca 2+ dependent reduction of mitochondrial cAMP, thereby promoting NCLX phosphorylation. (biorxiv.org)
This protein has been shown to interact with and be involved in the phosphorylation of tumor suppressor protein Rb. (anticorps-enligne.fr)
Phosphorylation of proteins is an essential signalling mechanism in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. (researchgate.net)
In the present study, two MS fragmentation methods, ECD (electron-capture dissociation) and CID (collision-induced dissociation), were tested as tools for analysis of N-phosphorylation of three model peptides, RKRSRAE, RKRARKE and PLSRTLSVAAKK. (researchgate.net)
Furthermore, AMP treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and decreased the expression of its downstream apoptosis-related proteins in liver, thus effectively alleviating TAA-induced liver fibrosis. (bvsalud.org)
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most routinely studied post-translational modifications and is involved in a variety of cellular signaling processes. (researchsquare.com)
This was most recently demonstrated by Lee et al who showed differences in protein kinase G (PKG) induced phosphoproteomic signatures depending on the upstream activating cascade.1 Here we identified unique sets of PKG-mediated phosphorylation targets, stimulated by phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5A or 9A inhibition. (researchsquare.com)
Protein phosphorylation plays a role in a variety of cellular processes such as gene expression, metabolism, signal transduction, apoptosis, and cellular growth, division, and differentiation3-5. (researchsquare.com)
The levels of phosphorylation of any particular protein are under the strict control of protein kinases and phosphatases6 and dysregulation of these symbiotic systems has been linked to pathological diseases such as cancer7-9 and cardiovascular disease,1,10-13 as well as others. (researchsquare.com)

Both peptides activate cyclic GMP (cGMP) formation by binding to their specific receptors: the particulate guanylyl cyclases A (GC-A) and B (GC-B). Cyclic GMP via cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) was shown to inhibit mast cell (MC) degranulation [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Natriuretic peptide binding to type I receptors (NPRA and NPRB) activates their intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity, resulting in a rapid increase in cytosolic cGMP that subsequently activates PKG. (elsevier.com)
Since PKA is known to stimulate SR Ca2+ release by phosphorylating ryanodine receptors, the present findings provide an important link between the activation of GC with NO donors and the NO-dependent mobilization of SR Ca2+ in SA node which we reported previously. (ox.ac.uk)
In the brainstem muscarinic receptors modulate the level of consciousness, 1 and in cortical regions 2,3 and striatum 4 they affect memory and learning. (asahq.org)
[ 40 , 47 ] Two recent studies identified STING and the cytoplasmic helicase DDX41 as host cell receptors for c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP. (medscape.com)
Neonatal exposure to a Type-I pyrethroid (bioallethrin) induces dose-response changes in brain muscarinic receptors and behaviour in neonatal and adult mice. (cdc.gov)
This effect of ANG II was completely abolished by losartan, which is an antagonist of type 1 angiotensin (AT 1 ) receptors. (mssm.edu)
In contrast, inhibition of type 2 angiotensin (AT 2 ) receptors did not block the stimulatory effect of ANG II. (mssm.edu)
We conclude that ANG II increases basolateral K-channel activity via the stimulation of AT 1 receptors, and the stimulatory effect of ANG II is mediated by a nitric oxide-dependent cGMP pathway. (mssm.edu)
Current studies are focused on determining the mechanisms for: 1) the over-expression of the receptors and 2) the signaling pathways involved in the oncogenic effects. (musc.edu)

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases comprise an 11-member superfamily yielding near 100 isoform variants that hydrolyze cAMP or cGMP to their respective 5'-monophosphate form. (omicsdi.org)

Signaling is both soluble guanylyl cyclase- and phosphodiesterase 6-dependent but protein kinase G-independent. (nih.gov)
However, the role of downstream cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) signaling, a pathway activated by NO/eNOS, in pro- and anti-angiogenic effects of resveratrol is still unclear. (iiarjournals.org)
Conclusion: Resveratrol-induced anti-angiogenesis/pro-apoptosis induced suppression of PKG signaling and decreased expression of the cell-survival proteins c-IAP1, c-IAP2, livin and XIAP. (iiarjournals.org)
Structures of wild-type and mutant constructs are correlated with ligand response in vivo, clearly associating them with distinct signaling states. (embl.de)
SERT is regulated by several processes, including a cyclic GMP signaling pathway involving nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). (phosphosolutions.com)
found that TRIF induces caspase-11 expression via auto/parakrine type-I IFN signaling, which leads to a noncanonical activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in response to live Gram-negative bacteria. (medscape.com)
[ 43 ] Moreover, TRIF-dependent responses are crucial for host defense against systemic E. coli infections in mice, [ 40 ] which is further underscored by studies demonstrating protective effects of TRIF signaling during respiratory and intestinal Gram-negative bacterial infections. (medscape.com)
kinase homology domain of ANPRA (guanylyl cyclase-A) activates downstream targets of ANP/ANPR signaling. (cusabio.com)
Traditionally, we have assessed PTMs regulation of intracellular protein signaling pathways by western blot analyses of targeted modified and unmodified protein. (researchsquare.com)
Finally, the anti-PTM antibody normally is only raised against a single modified amino acid residue making it challenging if a protein has multiple modified residues that are modulate by a particular signaling cascade. (researchsquare.com)

Activation of PKGI leads to the inhibition of RhoA and Rho-associated kinases (ROCK). (lupusresearch.org)
Chen W, Oberwinkler H, Werner F, Gassner B, Nakagawa H, Feil R, et al: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide-Mediated Inhibition of Microcirculatory Endothelial Ca2+ and Permeability Response to Histamine Involves cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase I and TRPC6 Channels. (biomedcentral.com)
In ventricular myocytes, NO can increase cAMP levels through a cGMP-dependent inhibition of PDE3. (ox.ac.uk)
We found that protection of neurons against excitotoxic insults, conferred by PDE2 inhibition, was diminished in NCLX KO neurons, thus is NCLX dependent. (biorxiv.org)
Inhibition of either PLA 2 or PKC did not block the effect of ANG II on basolateral K-channel activity. (mssm.edu)
Inhibition of either PLA2 or PKC did not block the effect of ANG II on basolateral K-channel activity. (mssm.edu)
mTOR inhibition by rapamycin partially reduces arginine-induced protein synthesis. (genomeitall.com)

In contrast, recent studies have shown that C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) is an important anabolic regulator of cartilage growth, and loss-of-function mutations in the human CNP receptor gene cause dwarfism. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, DEX stimulates expression of Prkg2 (encoding cGMP-dependent protein kinase II) and Npr3 (natriuretic peptide decoy receptor) genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Andrade FA, Restini CB, Grando MD, Ramalho LN, Bendhack LM.Vascular relaxation induced by C-type natriuretic peptide involves the ca2+/NO-synthase/NO pathway. (genderi.org)
Mechanism of relaxations to C-type natriuretic peptide in veins. (genderi.org)
Circulating natriuretic peptides such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) counterbalance the effects of hypertension and inhibit cardiac hypertrophy by activating cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). (elsevier.com)
Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. (cocites.com)

After ligand binding, NPRA is rapidly internalized and trafficked from the cell surface into endosomes, Res and lysosomes, with concurrent generation of intracellular cyclic GMP in HEK-293 cells. (cusabio.com)
Ligand binding to MC4R activates adenylyl cyclase, resulting in increased levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a secondary messenger that regulates several cellular processes. (bvsalud.org)

Materials and Methods: Endogenous NO/cGMP/PKG pathway and downstream cell-survival proteins (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins, IAPs) were studied in relation to pro- and anti-angiogenic effects of resveratrol in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). (iiarjournals.org)
Arginine is a known inducer of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and is responsible for inducing protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway. (genomeitall.com)

However, it has not been reported whether resveratrol has effects on cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase G, PKG), a biologically- and clinically-important serine/threonine-kinase mediating many physiological and pharmacological effects of nitric oxide (NO), an important pro-angiogenic factor, or on downstream proteins regulated by PKG. (iiarjournals.org)
While searching for downstream PKG partners using a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human heart cDNA library, we unexpectedly found an upstream association with NPRA. (elsevier.com)
We now illustrate how these conformational changes are propagated to a downstream domain by fusing Af1503 HAMP variants to the DHp domain of EnvZ, a bacterial histidine kinase. (embl.de)

Using PCR, we demonstrate that Opn4 (a classic G protein-coupled receptor) is expressed in blood vessels. (nih.gov)
β-Adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (βARK 1 or GRK2) mediates desensitization of photorelaxation, which is greatly reduced by GRK2 inhibitors. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, PKG participates in a ligand-dependent gain-of-function loop that significantly increases the intrinsic cyclase activity of the receptor. (elsevier.com)
Mechanism of regulation of receptor histidine kinases. (embl.de)
Blood-pressure reduction with LCZ696, a novel dual-acting inhibitor of the angiotensin II receptor and neprilysin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active comparator study. (cocites.com)
Importantly, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor protein TRIF is required for both inflammasome activation and IFN-β production, indicating its central role in the detection of microbial viability. (medscape.com)
Metformin regulation of progesterone receptor isoform-B phrase inside human endometrial cancers cellular material can be glucose-dependent. (kspinhibitors.com)
minor loading of L1( CHL1) stops a glutamine of the postmeiotic NEXT of receptor lipid startups increased by panels of MAPKs and region in the eukaryotic and 9+2 several aminoacyl. (evakoch.com)

H 2 S is involved in many biological functions, including interactions with nitric oxide, activation of molecular signalling cascades, post-translational modifications and redox regulation. (nature.com)
Active research areas include: (1) mechanisms and biology of caspase-1 activating inflammasome complexes, (2) nucleic acid sensors, with a particular focus on cytosolic DNA recognition systems and (3) role of long non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) in the regulation of inflammatory gene expression. (umassmed.edu)
We propose that altered recognition of the catalytic domain by DHp, rather than a shift in position of the phospho-accepting histidine, forms the basis for regulation of kinase activity. (embl.de)
To explore the role of Ca 2+ -dependent pathways in the regulation of basolateral K channels, the effects of ANG II on channel activity were examined in the presence of arachidonyltrifluoromethyl ketone to inhibit phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ), GF-109203X [a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor], and N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) to inhibit nitric oxide synthase. (mssm.edu)

Of particular interest are the kinase inhibitory effects of resveratrol. (iiarjournals.org)
The actual quantitative structure-activity relationship research, endeavors to check out your constitutionnel and physicochemical needs involving 2-sulfonyl-phenyl-indol types (d = Thirty) for COX-2 inhibitory exercise employing chemical, topological, geometric, along with https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lovastatin-mevacor.html quantum descriptors. (kspinhibitors.com)
The top a number of linear regression equation purchased from factor analysis (FA-MLR) since the preprocessing stage could forecast 77.5% from the deviation of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory action whilst that produced by genetic calculations part minimum piazzas could foresee Eighty four.2% regarding variances. (kspinhibitors.com)
The outcome of quantitative structure-activity connection versions suggested the importance of lipophilicity, electronegativity, molecular region and steric parameters on the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory exercise.Toxins produced through peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation regarding a couple of xenobiotics, very toxic Sudan My spouse and i with an anticancer broker ellipticine, easily assault unmodified meats however, not glycoproteins. (kspinhibitors.com)
Despite the key roles played by the various stimulatory and inhibitory kinases, the proteins phosphorylated by these kinases during steroidogenesis remain poorly characterized. (bvsalud.org)
In the present study, we have used a quantitative LC-MS/MS approach, using total and phosphopeptide-enriched proteins to identify the global changes that occur in the proteome and phosphoproteome of MA-10 Leydig cells during both the stimulatory phase (Fsk/cAMP treatment) and inhibitory phase (AICAR-mediated activation of AMPK) of steroidogenesis. (bvsalud.org)

Atrial- and C-type- natriuretic peptides (ANP, CNP) are both vasodilatatory hormones which are mainly secreted from cardiac atria and vascular endothelium, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

Specifically, resveratrol has been shown to inhibit the kinase (catalytic) activity of several PKC isoforms, the MAP-kinase ERK1/2 and Syk, a tyrosine protein kinase ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)

Tumor angiogenesis also involves the vascular endothelium-induced stimulation of cancer cell growth (1) and the higher expression levels of certain "cell survival proteins", such as the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs, including c-IAP1, Livin and Survivin), which are expressed in both the proliferating cancer cells (2, 3) and the vascular endothelial cells involved in tumor angiogenesis (4). (intechopen.com)

Eating dinner close to bedtime when endogenous melatonin levels are high is associated with decreased insulin secretion and decreased glucose tolerance, which increase the risk of type 2 diabetes . (diabetesprohelp.com)
These ATPase are found as coomponents of several protein secretion systems as well as synaptosomal fusion systems. (tcdb.org)
Type VI secretion delivers bacteriolytic effectors to target cells. (ucsf.edu)

Recent studies of proteins containing kinase-like domains that lack catalytic residue(s) classically required for phosphotransfer, termed pseudokinases, have uncovered important roles in cell signalling across the kingdoms of life. (embl.de)
The stimulatory effect of cGMP binding on the catalytic activity of PDE5 suggests that this mechanism of enzyme activation may be common among other GAF domain-containing proteins. (omicsdi.org)

H 2 S regulates various pathophysiological functions via interaction with nitric oxide, activation of molecular signalling cascades, post-translational modification of proteins and control of redox-dependent responses. (nature.com)
PDE5 exhibited time- and concentration-dependent reversible activation in response to cGMP, with the highest activation (9- to 11-fold) observed at low substrate concentrations (0.1 micro M cGMP). (omicsdi.org)
bases influence and are such TSP before the activation is to the partnership( kinase). (evakoch.com)
The pituitary hormone, LH, stimulates testosterone production in Leydig cells by increasing the intracellular cAMP levels, which leads to the activation of various kinases and transcription factors, ultimately stimulating the expression of the genes involved in steroidogenesis. (bvsalud.org)

Activator of cGMP-dependent protein kinases I α, I β & type II and cGMP-gated ion channels (cyclic GMP agonist). (biolog.de)
Lukowski R, Rybalkin SD, Loga F, Leiss V, Beavo JA, Hofmann F: Cardiac hypertrophyis not amplified by deletion of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I in cardiomyocytes. (biomedcentral.com)

The second messenger, cAMP, is subsequently degraded to AMP, and the increase in the intracellular AMP levels activates AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). (bvsalud.org)

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element-binding protein-1-regulated transcription coactivator-1 (CRTC1) is a cytoplasmic coactivator that translocates to the nucleus in response to cAMP and is reportedly involved in obesity. (bvsalud.org)

Western blot analyses showed that anti-angiogenic concentrations of resveratrol suppress endogenous PKG kinase activity and decrease the expression of four cell-survival proteins, c-IAP1, c-IAP2, livin and XIAP. (iiarjournals.org)

Here we contrast 2 closely related therapies, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type 5 or type 9 (PDE5-I, PDE9-I), given to mice subjected to sustained cardiac pressure overload (PO). (omicsdi.org)
On this evaluate, we review recent surveys describing the actual functions option splicing and also RNA detective perform within place adaptation to environmental stresses and also the regulating the circadian clock.Picky self-consciousness involving cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors is a strategy in developing regarding effective anti-inflammatory materials with substantially lowered unwanted effects. (kspinhibitors.com)
The present invention relates to the discovery that salt inducible kinases (SIKs) suppress the formation of anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10, which are important for the resolution of inflammation and identifies SIK inhibitors that may be used to treat disorders associated with undesirable inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease and/or autoimmune disorders. (justia.com)

Responses to C(4)-dicarboxylates depend on typical two-component systems (TCS) consisting of a transmembrane sensor histidine kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. (embl.de)

these can be expressed in cells and endogenous cellular proteins that copurify with the bait can be identified as putative interacting proteins using mass spectrometry. (embl.de)
The evolution of proteomics-based mass spectrometry has greatly expanded the understanding of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) and has allowed for the un-biased analysis of a variety of PTMs and their potential roles in biology and disease. (researchsquare.com)

protein_coding" "AAC73829","ybgE","Escherichia coli","putative inner membrane protein in cydABX-ybgE operon [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
THUMP domain, Putative RNA methylase family UPF0020, S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
XV" YOL105C 1 15 18 YOL105C "Putative integral membrane protein containing novel cysteine motif. (davidson.edu)

In contrast, using a mouse model that lacks cGKI expression in CM (2), we recently showed that the absence of this kinase does not alter the onset of hypertrophy induced by TAC or isoproterenol infusion (2). (biomedcentral.com)

We have found that a combination of: 1) the variable sequence of the C-terminus of the bait with 2) a C-terminal valine "cloning scar" present in a commercially available ORF library, can in some cases create a peptide motif that results in the aberrant co-purification of endogenous cellular proteins. (embl.de)
Specific for endogenous levels of the ~76 kDa SERT protein phosphorylated at Thr276. (phosphosolutions.com)

Cyclic GMP can directly stimulate If but it is ∼10-fold less potent than the 'physiological' If-gating nucleotide, cAMP. (ox.ac.uk)
Most notably, the bacterially-produced cyclic dinucleotides c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP stimulate robust production of type-I IFN, which is also a hallmark response to viable bacteria. (medscape.com)

Iron( complex) and virus( amelogenesis) inactivate two then increased proteins although kappa, polymerase, guanylyltransferase and complement protein endoplasmic detected tyrosine results. (evakoch.com)

The protein is myristoylated on its N-terminus which may play a role its membrane localization. (bvsalud.org)
Phylogeny as a Guide to Structure and Function of Membrane Transport Proteins. (tcdb.org)
BAT consists of a group of specialized cells with abundant uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the inner mitochondrial membrane and also fulfills endocrine functions. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, addition of the membrane-permeant 8-bromo-guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-bromo-cGMP) not only increased channel activity but also abolished the stimulatory effect of ANG II on channel activity. (mssm.edu)
This can be a tedious and not-always fruitful process, as this method involves probing with an antibody against one or two PTM-protein(s), followed by stripping of the membrane, re-probing for the total form of the protein(s), and then maybe another round of stripping/re-probing for additional targeted sites on the same protein. (researchsquare.com)
protein_coding" "AAC74072","gfcA","Escherichia coli","O-antigen capsule production threonine-rich inner membrane protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)

MicroRNAs (miRs) posttranscriptionally regulate mRNA and its translation into protein, and are considered master controllers of genes modulating normal physiology and disease. (omicsdi.org)
Localized delivery of IL-12 dramatically improves the therapeutic index and this approach is being applied in the clinic based on in-vivo electroporation of naked plasmid DNA encoding IL-12, mRNA formulations, viral vectors and tumor-targeted fusion proteins. (unav.edu)

Life pharmacy near you have regular usage of phosphodiesterase type of our doctor. (poochdecor.com)

However, the stimulatory effect of ANG II was absent in the CCDs treated with L-NAME. (mssm.edu)

VEGF, EGF) and apoptosis/cell death-regulating proteins ( e.g. survivin, p53, Bcl-2) ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)

One of the major outcomes of a genome sequencing project is the availability of amino acid sequences of all the proteins encoded in the genome of the organism concerned. (iisc.ac.in)
2009. Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen: I. Amino acids, glucose and ions in uterine lumenal flushings of cyclic and pregnant ewes. (tamu.edu)
protein_coding" "AAC73253","folK","Escherichia coli","2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihyropteridine pyrophosphokinase [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Basidiocarps of A. hygrometricus are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, crude fibre and essential amino acids with lower concentration of fat. (fulltxt.org)
Basidiocarp of this macrofungi contains considerable amount of carbohydrate, protein, fibre, minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids and very minute concentration of fat. (fulltxt.org)
4 Edible mushrooms are low calorie-low fat food supplement with generous amount of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals amino acids 5 and dietary fibre. (fulltxt.org)

2] However, OAB is a complex and chronic condition that cannot be fully resolved by current treatments. (e-urol-sci.com)

The mitotic important kinase cytosol proceeds partial and the electron itself, subunits, is integrated from the RB1 cell for arginine. (evakoch.com)

To avoid this interaction, take iron 2 hours before or 2 hours Darmausgang taking antibiotics. (langfoerden-seagulls.de)
The download Shady Lady: A of PCNA accumulates functional as it may be as a energy checkpoint in charging MMR proteins to using interaction, are with MLH1: PMS2 and Exonuclease 1( EXO1) to prevent depolarization of the possibly initiated quota and phosphorylated figure expression pregnenolone to be photophosphorylation of terms. (evakoch.com)

PKG translocation is ANP-dependent but not nitric oxide-dependent. (elsevier.com)

Two additional immune T cell types called Th17 and regulatory T cells are of interest to Dr. Fernandez Ruiz as well due to their key role in controlling lupus-associated inflammation. (lupusresearch.org)
By studying the plasmacytoid dendritic cells and two types of T cells from patients with and without the PRKG1 genetic risk variant, the research team will identify new biological pathways that can be targeted to reduce the inflammation in lupus patients related to high levels of interferon alpha. (lupusresearch.org)
2) Assess whether the PRKG1 genotype affects the frequency and functional activity of Th17 and Treg cells. (lupusresearch.org)
The differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts is regulated by the activity of the Sox9 transcription factor, which controls the expression of principal genes encoding the extracellular matrix proteins of cartilage, such as collagen type II and aggrecan [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
HN - 2008 BX - Granulosa Cells, Cumulus MH - Coronary Sinus UI - D054326 MN - A07.231.908.194.500 MS - A short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous blood from the MYOCARDIUM and drains into the RIGHT ATRIUM. (bvs.br)
Radioresistant cells initiate lymphocyte-dependent lung inflammation and IFN? (umassmed.edu)
The alveoli consist of Type I and II epithelial cells with a number of other immune cells such as alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils (Lerner, Borel and Gutierrez Iron can decrease how much quinolone antibiotic the body absorbs from the stomach. (langfoerden-seagulls.de)
Perfused attached human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to carbachol (1 mm, 2 min) in the absence and presence of isoflurane (1 mm) and in the absence and presence of extracellular Ca (1.5 mm). (asahq.org)
In addition, stimulation of murine macrophages or dendritic cells with live avirulent bacteria significantly enhanced the production of type-I IFN. (medscape.com)
Cells block up extension by formed determinant, via surface proteins( GLUTs) characterised with the complex reticulum, a related dephosphorylation. (evakoch.com)

Cyclic dinucleotides are bacterial second messenger molecules, which were recently shown to activate innate immune responses. (medscape.com)

A comparison of the thrombolytic and hemorrhagic effects of tissue-type plasminogen activator and streptokinase in rabbits. (mcmaster.ca)

In this report, the water-soluble periplasmic sensor domain of Sinorhizobium meliloti DctB (DctBp) was studied, and three crystal structures were solved: the apo protein, a complex with C(4) succinate, and a complex with C(3) malonate. (embl.de)
Most privileges set aside.Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the particular etiologic realtor involving man granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), has body's genes expected for you to scribe AS2863619 three sensor kinases, such as annotated PleC, along with a few reply authorities, one of which is PleD. (kspinhibitors.com)

HN - 2008 MH - Transverse Sinuses UI - D054064 MN - A07.231.908.224.833 MS - The two large endothelium-lined venous channels that begin at the internal occipital protuberance at the back and lower part of the CRANIUM and travels laterally and forward ending in the internal jugular vein (JUGULAR VEINS). (bvs.br)
Differentiation of an embryonic stem cell to hemogenic endothelium by defined factors: essential role of bone morphogenetic protein 4. (ucsf.edu)

This review describes the mechanisms by which FGF21 induces "browning" of adipose tissue and how it may have a role in the treatment of human metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. (frontiersin.org)

The isoflurane sensitive Ca entry involves a cationic channel different from the L- or N- type voltage-dependent Ca channels. (asahq.org)

Interest has been focused on differentiating anatomical, molecular, and physiological characteristics of the types of mammalian adipose tissues. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy6

Organisms4

Chemicals and Drugs72

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes22

Information Science3

Atrial natriuretic peptide-stimulated Ca2+ reabsorption in rabbit kidney requires membrane-targeted, cGMP-dependent protein kinase type II. (1/31)

Serine 19 of human 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase is phosphorylated by cGMP protein kinase II. (2/31)

Nitric oxide and cGMP regulate gene expression in neuronal and glial cells by activating type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase. (3/31)

The amino-terminal cyclic nucleotide binding site of the type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase is essential for full cyclic nucleotide-dependent activation. (4/31)

Evidence for the presence of cGMP-dependent protein kinase-II in human distal colon and in T84, the colonic cell line. (5/31)

Autoinhibition and isoform-specific dominant negative inhibition of the type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase. (6/31)

Apparent affinity of CFTR for ATP is increased by continuous kinase activity. (7/31)

cGMP-dependent protein kinase II modulates mPer1 and mPer2 gene induction and influences phase shifts of the circadian clock. (8/31)

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2

Protein Kinases

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I

Cyclic GMP

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

Benzylamines

Protein Kinase C

Phosphorylation

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Cyclic AMP

Adaptor Protein Complex 3

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1

Enzyme Activation

Isoenzymes

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit

Calcium

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

Molecular Sequence Data

Kinetics

Signal Transduction

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Amino Acid Sequence

Cells, Cultured

Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP

Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)

Calmodulin

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Cell Line

Paramecium tetraurelia

MAP Kinase Signaling System

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Enzyme Inhibitors

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Nucleotides, Cyclic

eIF-2 Kinase

Protein Binding

Protein Kinase C-alpha

Pyruvate Kinase

Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

Substrate Specificity

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunits

Base Sequence

Binding Sites

Mutation

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

Blotting, Western

Transfection

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3

Protein Kinase C-delta

Cattle

Isoquinolines

Calcium-Binding Proteins

JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Peptide T

Recombinant Proteins

Phosphoprotein Phosphatases

Guanylate Cyclase

Phosphoproteins

Adenosine Triphosphate

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases

RNA, Messenger

Serine

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Molecular Weight

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

Protamine Kinase

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

src-Family Kinases

Protein Kinase C-epsilon

Purinones

Protein Kinase C beta

Rabbits

1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase