Cyclic gmp. Medical search

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to yield guanosine-5'-phosphate.

A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.

A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.

A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES

A group of cyclic GMP-dependent enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues of proteins.

The portion of a retinal rod cell situated between the ROD INNER SEGMENT and the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. It contains a stack of photosensitive disk membranes laden with RHODOPSIN.

That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.

Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases.

3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of CYCLIC AMP to form adenosine 5'-phosphate. The enzymes are widely distributed in animal tissue and control the level of intracellular cyclic AMP. Many specific enzymes classified under this heading demonstrate additional spcificity for 3',5'-cyclic IMP and CYCLIC GMP.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.

Cell surface proteins that bind ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. They contain intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity.

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to guanosine 5'-phosphate (GMP) in the presence of AMMONIA and NADP+. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.6.6.8.

A diverse group of agents, with unique chemical structures and biochemical requirements, which generate NITRIC OXIDE. These compounds have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and the management of acute myocardial infarction, acute and chronic congestive heart failure, and surgical control of blood pressure. (Adv Pharmacol 1995;34:361-81)

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC GMP. It is found predominantly in vascular tissue and plays an important role in regulating VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction.

A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in SMOOTH MUSCLE tissues and plays a role in regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Two isoforms, PKGIalpha and PKGIbeta, of the type I protein kinase exist due to alternative splicing of its mRNA.

An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.

Quinolines substituted in any position by one or more amino groups.

An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6)

Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. Several have been sequenced (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE).

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.

A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLYL CYCLASES and cyclic AMP.

A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.

A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.

A phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor with antidepressant properties.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.

A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309)

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

The conformation, properties, reaction processes, and the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.

A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.

A species of the true toads, Bufonidae, becoming fairly common in the southern United States and almost pantropical. The secretions from the skin glands of this species are very toxic to animals.

Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

Nucleotides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein that mediates the light activation signal from photolyzed rhodopsin to cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase and is pivotal in the visual excitation process. Activation of rhodopsin on the outer membrane of rod and cone cells causes GTP to bind to transducin followed by dissociation of the alpha subunit-GTP complex from the beta/gamma subunits of transducin. The alpha subunit-GTP complex activates the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to 5'-GMP. This leads to closure of the sodium and calcium channels and therefore hyperpolarization of the rod cells. EC 3.6.1.-.

Nucleoside-2',3'-cyclic phosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the 2'- or 3'- phosphate bonds of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides. Also hydrolyzes nucleoside monophosphates. Includes EC 3.1.4.16 and EC 3.1.4.37. EC 3.1.4.-.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of oxo-pyrrolidines. A member of this group is 2-oxo pyrrolidine, which is an intermediate in the manufacture of polyvinylpyrrolidone. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Compounds that specifically inhibit PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A group of indole-indoline dimers which are ALKALOIDS obtained from the VINCA genus of plants. They inhibit polymerization of TUBULIN into MICROTUBULES thus blocking spindle formation and arresting cells in METAPHASE. They are some of the most useful ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.

A class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions of amino acids.

A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A compound formed by the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen. It is a complex in which the oxygen is bound directly to the iron without causing a change from the ferrous to the ferric state.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta-methylacetylcholine (methacholine).

The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra.

Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.

An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.

A genus of the Ambystomatidae family. The best known species are the axolotl AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM and the closely related tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. They may retain gills and remain aquatic without developing all of the adult characteristics. However, under proper changes in the environment they metamorphose.

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.

Endogenously-synthesized compounds that influence biological processes not otherwise classified under ENZYMES; HORMONES or HORMONE ANTAGONISTS.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid, H3Fe(CN)6.

Slender tubular or hairlike excretory structures found in insects. They emerge from the alimentary canal between the mesenteron (midgut) and the proctodeum (hindgut).

Compounds or factors that act on a specific enzyme to increase its activity.

A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.

Purine bases found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.

A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC GMP. It is found predominantly in the outer segment PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS of the RETINA. It is comprised of two catalytic subunits, referred to as alpha and beta, that form a dimer. In addition two regulatory subunits, referred to as gamma and delta, modulate the activity and localization of the enzyme.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

The absence of light.

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

Photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral retina, with their density increases radially away from the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Being much more sensitive to light than the RETINAL CONE CELLS, the rod cells are responsible for twilight vision (at scotopic intensities) as well as peripheral vision, but provide no color discrimination.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A cyclic nucleotide formed from CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE by the action of cytidylate cyclase. It is a potential cyclic nucleotide intracellular mediator of signal transductions.

Relaxin is a potent renal vasodilator in conscious rats. (1/5723)

The kidneys and other nonreproductive organs vasodilate during early gestation; however, the "pregnancy hormones" responsible for the profound vasodilation of the renal circulation during pregnancy are unknown. We hypothesized that the ovarian hormone relaxin (RLX) contributes. Therefore, we tested whether the administration of RLX elicits renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration in conscious adult, intact female rats. After several days of treatment with either purified porcine RLX or recombinant human RLX 2 (rhRLX), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased by 20%-40%. Comparable renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration was also observed in ovariectomized rats, suggesting that estrogen and progesterone are unnecessary for the renal response to rhRLX. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester completely abrogated the increase in ERPF and GFR elicited by chronic administration of purified porcine RLX. In contrast, the renal vasoconstrictory response to angiotensin II was attenuated by the RLX treatment. Short-term infusion of purified porcine RLX to conscious rats over several hours failed to increase ERPF and GFR. Plasma osmolality was consistently reduced by the chronic administration of both RLX preparations. In conclusion, the renal and osmoregulatory effects of chronic RLX administration to conscious rats resemble the physiological changes of pregnancy in several respects: (a) marked increases in ERPF and GFR with a mediatory role for nitric oxide; (b) attenuation of the renal circulatory response to angiotensin II; and (c) reduction in plasma osmolality. (+info)

Role of nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in adrenomedullin-induced vasodilation in the rat. (2/5723)

We previously reported that adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasodilator peptide discovered in pheochromocytoma cells, stimulates nitric oxide (NO) release in the rat kidney. To further investigate whether the NO-cGMP pathway is involved in the mechanisms of AM-induced vasodilation, we examined the effects of E-4021, a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on AM-induced vasorelaxation in aortic rings and perfused kidneys isolated from Wistar rats. We also measured NO release from the kidneys using a chemiluminescence assay. AM (10(-10) to 10(-7) mol/L) relaxed the aorta precontracted with phenylephrine in a dose-dependent manner. Denudation of endothelium (E) attenuated the vasodilatory action of AM (10(-7) mol/L AM: intact (E+) -25.7+/-5.2% versus denuded (E-) -7. 8+/-0.6%, P<0.05). On the other hand, pretreatment with 10(-8) mol/L E-4021 augmented AM-induced vasorelaxation in the intact aorta (-49. 0+/-7.9%, P<0.05) but not in the denuded one. E-4021 also enhanced acetylcholine (ACh)-induced vasorelaxation in the rat intact aorta (10(-7) mol/L ACh -36.6+/-8.4% versus 10(-8) mol/L E-4021+10(-7) mol/L ACh -62.7+/-3.1%, P<0.05). In perfused kidneys, AM-induced vasorelaxation was also augmented by preincubation with E-4021 (10(-9) mol/L AM -15.4+/-0.6% versus 10(-8) mol/L E-4021+10(-9) mol/L AM -23.6+/-1.2%, P<0.01). AM significantly increased NO release from rat kidneys (DeltaNO: +11.3+/-0.8 fmol. min-1. g-1 kidney at 10(-9) mol/L AM), which was not affected by E-4021. E-4021 enhanced ACh-induced vasorelaxation (10(-9) mol/L ACh -9.7+/-1.7% versus 10(-8) mol/L E-4021+10(-9) mol/L ACh -18.8+/-2.9%, P<0.01) but did not affect ACh-induced NO release from the kidneys. In the aorta and the kidney, 10(-4) mol/L of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an NO synthase inhibitor, and 10(-5) mol/L of methylene blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, reduced the vasodilatory effect of AM. These results suggest that the NO-cGMP pathway is involved in the mechanism of AM-induced vasorelaxation, at least in the rat aorta and kidney. (+info)

Nitric oxide modulates endothelin 1-induced Ca2+ mobilization and cytoskeletal F-actin filaments in human cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells. (3/5723)

A functional interrelation between nitric oxide (NO), the endothelial-derived vasodilating factor, and endothelin 1 (ET-1), the potent vasoconstrictive peptide, was investigated in microvascular endothelium of human brain. Nor-1 dose-dependently decreased the ET-1-stimulated mobilization of Ca2+. This response was mimicked with cGMP and abrogated by inhibitors of guanylyl cyclase or cGMP-dependent protein kinase G. These findings indicate that NO and ET-1 interactions involved in modulation of intracellular Ca2+ are mediated by cGMP/protein kinase G. In addition, Nor-1-mediated effects were associated with rearrangements of cytoskeleton F-actin filaments. The results suggest mechanisms by which NO-ET-1 interactions may contribute to regulation of microvascular function. (+info)

Elevated expression of the CD4 receptor and cell cycle arrest are induced in Jurkat cells by treatment with the novel cyclic dinucleotide 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid. (4/5723)

The effect of the novel, naturally occurring nucleotide cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) on the lymphoblastoid CD4+ Jurkat cell line was studied. When exposed to 50 microM c-di-GMP, Jurkat cells exhibited a markedly elevated expression of the CD4 receptor of up to 6.3-fold over controls. C-di-GMP also causes blockage of the cell cycle at the S-phase, characterized by increased cellular thymidine uptake, reduction in G2/M-phase cells, increase in S-phase cells and decreased cell division. Additionally c-di-GMP naturally enters these cells and binds irreversibly to the P21ras protein. The effects described appear to be unique for c-di-GMP. (+info)

Enantioselective inhibition of the biotransformation and pharmacological actions of isoidide dinitrate by diphenyleneiodonium sulphate. (5/5723)

1. We have shown previously that the D- and L- enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate (D-IIDN and L-IIDN) exhibit a potency difference for relaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in isolated rat aorta and that this is related to preferential biotransformation of the more potent enantiomer (D-IIDN). The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of the flavoprotein inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium sulphate (DPI), on the enantioselectivity of IIDN action. 2. In isolated rat aortic strip preparations, exposure to 0.3 microM DPI resulted in a 3.6 fold increase in the EC50 value for D-IIDN-induced relaxation, but had no effect on L-IIDN-induced relaxation. 3. Incubation of aortic strips with 2 microM D- or L-IIDN for 5 min resulted in significantly more D-isoidide mononitrate formed (5.0 +/- 1.5 pmol mg protein(-1)) than L-isoidide mononitrate (2.1 +/- 0.7 pmol mg protein(-1)) and this difference was abolished by pretreatment of tissues with 0.3 microM DPI. DPI had no effect on glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity or GSH-dependent biotransformation of D- or L-IIDN in the 105,000 x g supernatant fraction of rat aorta. 4. Consistent with both the relaxation and biotransformation data, treatment of tissues with 0.3 microM DPI significantly inhibited D-IIDN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation, but had no effect on L-IIDN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation. 5. In the intact animal, 2 mg kg(-1) DPI significantly inhibited the pharmacokinetic and haemodynamic properties of D-IIDN, but had no effect L-IIDN. 6. These data suggest that the basis for the potency difference for relaxation by the two enantiomers is preferential biotransformation of D-IIDN to NO, by an enzyme that is inhibited by DPI. Given that DPI binds to and inhibits NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, the data are consistent with a role for the cytochromes P450-NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase system in this enantioselective biotransformation process. (+info)

Accelerated intimal hyperplasia and increased endogenous inhibitors for NO synthesis in rabbits with alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia. (6/5723)

1. We examined whether endogenous inhibitors of NO synthesis are involved in the augmentation of intimal hyperplasia in rabbits with hyperglycaemia induced by alloxan. 2. Four weeks after the endothelial denudation of carotid artery which had been performed 12 weeks after alloxan, the intimal hyperplasia was greatly augmented with hyperglycaemia. The degree of hyperplasia was assessed using three different parameters of histopathological findings as well as changes in luminal area and intima: media ratio. 3. There were positive and significant correlations between intima:media ratio, plasma glucose, and concentrations of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and N(G), N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) in endothelial cells, that is, the intima:media ratio became greater as plasma glucose and endothelial L-NMMA and ADMA were increased. Furthermore, endothelial L-NMMA and ADMA were increased in proportion to the increase in plasma glucose. 4. In contrast, there were inverse and significant correlations between cyclic GMP production by carotid artery strips with endothelium and plasma glucose, between cyclic GMP production and endothelial L-NMMA and ADMA, and between the intima:media ratio and cyclic GMP production. 5. Exogenously applied L-NMMA and ADMA inhibited cyclic GMP production in a concentration-dependent manner. IC50 values were determined to be 12.1 microM for the former and 26.2 microM for the latter. The cyclic GMP production was abolished after the deliberate removal of endothelium from the artery strips. 6. These results suggest that the augmentation of intimal hyperplasia with hyperglycaemia is closely related to increased accumulation of L-NMMA and ADMA with hyperglycaemia, which would result in an accelerated reduction in NO production/release by endothelial cells. (+info)

Growth-inhibitory effect of cyclic GMP- and cyclic AMP-dependent vasodilators on rat vascular smooth muscle cells: effect on cell cycle and cyclin expression. (7/5723)

1. The possibility that the antiproliferative effect of cyclic GMP- and cyclic AMP-dependent vasodilators involves an impaired progression of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) through the cell cycle and expression of cyclins, which in association with the cyclin-dependent kinases control the transition between the distinct phases of the cell cycle, was examined. 2. FCS (10%) stimulated the transition of quiescent VSMC from the G0/G1 to the S phase (maximum within 18-24 h and then to the G2/M phase (maximum within 22-28 h). Sodium nitroprusside and 8-Br-cyclic GMP, as well as forskolin and 8-Br-cyclic AMP markedly reduced the percentage of cells in the S phase after FCS stimulation. 3. FCS stimulated the low basal protein expression of cyclin D1 (maximum within 8-24 h) and E (maximum within 8-38 h) and of cyclin A (maximum within 14-30 h). The stimulatory effect of FCS on cyclin D1 and A expression was inhibited, but that of cyclin E was only minimally affected by the vasodilators. 4. FCS increased the low basal level of cyclin D1 mRNA after a lag phase of 2 h and that of cyclin A after 12 h. The vasodilators significantly reduced the FCS-stimulated expression of cyclin D1 and A mRNA. 5. These findings indicate that cyclic GMP- and cyclic AMP-dependent vasodilators inhibit the proliferation of VSMC by preventing the progression of the cell cycle from the G0/G1 into the S phase, an effect which can be attributed to the impaired expression of cyclin D1 and A. (+info)

Nonanticoagulant heparin prevents coronary endothelial dysfunction after brief ischemia-reperfusion injury in the dog. (8/5723)

BACKGROUND: Coronary endothelial dysfunction after brief ischemia-reperfusion (IR) remains a clinical problem. We investigated the role of heparin and N-acetylheparin, a nonanticoagulant heparin derivative, in modulating coronary endothelial function after IR injury, with an emphasis on defining the role of the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP pathway in the heparin-mediated effect. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male mongrel dogs were surgically instrumented, and the effects of both bovine heparin and N-acetylheparin on coronary endothelial vasomotor function, expressed as percent change from baseline flow after acetylcholine challenge, were studied after 15 minutes of regional ischemia of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. In dogs treated with placebo (saline), coronary vasomotor function was significantly (P+info)

... to be regulated by cyclic di-GMP. Riboswitches called the cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitch and cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitch regulate ... Cyclic di-GMP (also called cyclic diguanylate and c-di-GMP) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in a wide variety ... The PilZ domain has been shown to bind cyclic di-GMP and is believed to be involved in cyclic di-GMP-dependent regulation, but ... Some diguanylate cyclase enzymes are allosterically inhibited by cyclic di-GMP. Cyclic di-GMP levels regulate other processes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_di-GMP

May 2013). "Cyclic [G(2',5')pA(3',5')p] is the metazoan second messenger produced by DNA-activated cyclic GMP-AMP synthase". ... Wu J, Sun L, Chen X, Du F, Shi H, Chen C, Chen ZJ (February 2013). "Cyclic GMP-AMP is an endogenous second messenger in innate ... The human gene encoding cGAS is MB21D1 on chromosome 6. Sun L, Wu J, Du F, Chen X, Chen ZJ (February 2013). "Cyclic GMP-AMP ... Zhang X, Shi H, Wu J, Zhang X, Sun L, Chen C, Chen ZJ (July 2013). "Cyclic GMP-AMP containing mixed phosphodiester linkages is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_GMP-AMP_synthase

... cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, cyclic 3′,5′-GMP phosphodiesterase, cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase, ... Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 334: 368-377. doi:10.1016/0005-2744(74)90180-6. Portal: ... The systematic name is 3′,5′-cyclic-GMP 5'-nucleotidohydrolase. Other names in common use include guanosine cyclic 3',5'- ... The enzyme 3′,5′-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.35) catalyzes the reaction guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate + H2O ⇌ {\ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3',5'-cyclic-GMP_phosphodiesterase

A second class of riboswitch that binds cyclic di-GMP is called the cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitch. The two classes of cyclic di- ... some bacteria in which cyclic di-GMP has been studied lack cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches, e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cyclic di ... Cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches are a class of riboswitch that specifically bind cyclic di-GMP, which is a second messenger that ... Page for Cyclic_di-GMP_riboswitch at Rfam v t e (GO template errors, Cis-regulatory RNA elements, Riboswitch, All stub articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_di-GMP-I_riboswitch

... es (also c-di-GMP-II riboswitches) form a class of riboswitches that specifically bind cyclic di-GMP ... Cyclic di-GMP II riboswitches are structurally unrelated to cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches, though they have the same function. ... There is significant overlap between species that use cyclic di-GMP-I and cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitches, as both riboswitch ... Page for Cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitch at Rfam v t e (GO template errors, Cis-regulatory RNA elements, Riboswitch, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_di-GMP-II_riboswitch

Guanylyl cyclases and signaling by cyclic GMP. Pharmacological reviews, 52(3), 375-414.Guanylyl cyclases and cyclic GMP, ... SA Waldman, Cyclic GMP synthesis and function, Pharmacological Reviews 39, 163-196 (1987) According to Google Scholar, this ... Waldman, S. A.; Murad, F. (1987). "Cyclic GMP synthesis and function". Pharmacological Reviews. 39 (3): 163-196. ISSN 0031-6997 ... Atrial natriuretic factor selectively activates particulate guanylate cyclase and elevates cyclic GMP in rat tissues./ Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Waldman

"Guanylyl cyclases and signaling by cyclic GMP". Pharmacol. Rev. 52 (3): 375-414. PMID 10977868. Chhajlani V, Frändberg PA, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUCY1B3

... cyclic di-GMP). Degradation of cyclic di-GMP to guanosine monophosphate (GMP) is catalyzed by a phosphodiesterase (PDE). ... Cyclic di-GMP binds to interface between the DGC and D2 domains stabilizing the open structure and preventing catalysis. Strong ... Jenal U, Malone J (2006). "Mechanisms of cyclic-di-GMP signaling in bacteria". Annual Review of Genetics. 40: 385-407. doi: ... D'Argenio DA, Miller SI (August 2004). "Cyclic di-GMP as a bacterial second messenger". Microbiology. 150 (Pt 8): 2497-502. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diguanylate_cyclase

Jenal, Urs; Reinders, Alberto; Lori, Christian (6 February 2017). "Cyclic di-GMP: second messenger extraordinaire" (PDF). ... "Cyclic di-GMP acts as a cell cycle oscillator to drive chromosome replication" (PDF). Nature. 523 (7559): 236-239. Bibcode: ... Jenal received international acclaim through his discovery of a new signalling network, which is based on the cyclic di- ... With the model bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, Jenal discovered that c-di-GMP controls the transition from motile bacteria to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs_Jenal

Zimmerman, A. L.; Baylor, D. A. (May 1986). "Cyclic GMP-sensitive conductance of retinal rods consists of aqueous pores". ... Burns, Marie E.; Mendez, Ana; Chen, Jeannie; Baylor, Denis A. (September 2002). "Dynamics of Cyclic GMP Synthesis in Retinal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Baylor

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CGAS gene. It's an enzyme, a nucleotidyltransferase, a ... "CGAS cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". Retrieved 2020-09-12. PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure ... information available in the PDB for Human Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (MB21D1) v t e (Genes on human chromosome 6, All stub ... cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164430 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MB21D1

Yau KW, Baylor DA (1989). "Cyclic GMP-activated conductance of retinal photoreceptor cells". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 12 ... "Cyclic GMP-activated conductance of retinal photoreceptor cells", 590 citations 1990 "Primary structure and functional ... Dhallan RS, Yau KW, Schrader KA, Reed RR (1990). "Primary structure and functional expression of a cyclic nucleotide-activated ... expression of a cyclic nucleotide-activated channel from olfactory neurons", 672 citations 1998 "Identification of ligands for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-Wai_Yau

A gating loop in BcsA closes over the channel; it opens when cyclic di-GMP is bound to the enzyme. In plants, cellulose is ... At the C-terminal end is a PilZ domain conserved in bacteria, which forms part of the cyclic di-GMP binding surface together ... Divisions for other models, such as 4hg6, follow similarly.) The enzyme is stimulated by cyclic di-GMP. In vivo but not in ... Morgan JL, McNamara JT, Zimmer J (May 2014). "Mechanism of activation of bacterial cellulose synthase by cyclic di-GMP". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_synthase_(UDP-forming)

... (cyclic GMP-AMP, cGAMP) is the first cyclic di-nucleotide found in ... May 3, 2013). "Cyclic [G(2′,5′)pA(3′,5′)p] Is the Metazoan Second Messenger Produced by DNA-Activated Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase ... Wu, J; Sun, L; Chen, X; Du, F; Shi, H; Chen, C; Chen, ZJ (Dec 20, 2012). "Cyclic GMP-AMP is an endogenous second messenger in ... Sun, L; Wu, J; Du, F; Chen, X; Chen, ZJ (Dec 20, 2012). "Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate–adenosine_monophosphate

This increases biosynthesis of cyclic GMP, resulting in vasodilation. Riociguat, another drug stimulating sGC, but with a ... reducing cyclic GMP degradation. Schubert-Zsilavecz, M, Wurglics, M, Neue Arzneimittel 2009 v t e (Drugs not assigned an ATC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinaciguat

... cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine pentaphosphate ((p)ppGpp), and cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP). c-di-AMP is a ... Cyclic di-GMP Dey B, Dey RJ, Cheung LS, Pokkali S, Guo H, Lee JH, Bishai WR (April 2015). "A bacterial cyclic dinucleotide ... December 2012). "The helicase DDX41 recognizes the bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a ... September 2011). "STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP". Nature. 478 (7370): 515-8. Bibcode:2011Natur.478.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_di-AMP

Two classes of cyclic di-GMP riboswitches are known: cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitches and cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitches. These ... cyclic AMP-GMP riboswitches bind the signaling molecule cyclic AMP-GMP. These riboswitches are structurally related to cyclic ... "cyclic di-GMP" below). cyclic di-AMP riboswitches (also called ydaO/yuaA) bind the signaling molecule cyclic di-AMP. cyclic di- ... GMP riboswitches bind the signaling molecule cyclic di-GMP in order to regulate a variety of genes controlled by this second ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboswitch

"Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype". Journal of Vascular Research. 34 (4): 245 ... cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). In H 2S therapy immediately following an AMI, increased cGMP triggers an increase in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_functions_of_hydrogen_sulfide

Vrolix, M; Raeymaekers, L; Wuytack, F; Hofmann, F; Casteels, R (Nov 1, 1988). "Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase stimulates ... Nicorandil stimulates guanylate cyclase to increase formation of cyclic GMP (cGMP). cGMP activates protein kinase G (PKG), ... "Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase signaling pathway inhibits RhoA-induced Ca2+ sensitization of contraction in vascular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicorandil

... cyclic GMP-AMP, or cGAMP). After cyclic GMP-AMP bound STING is activated, it enhances TBK1's activity to phosphorylate IRF3 and ... Shu C, Yi G, Watts T, Kao CC, Li P (Jul 2012). "Structure of STING bound to cyclic di-GMP reveals the mechanism of cyclic ... Wu J, Sun L, Chen X, Du F, Shi H, Chen C, Chen ZJ (Feb 2013). "Cyclic GMP-AMP is an endogenous second messenger in innate ... Sun L, Wu J, Du F, Chen X, Chen ZJ (Feb 2013). "Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulator_of_interferon_genes

A Purkinje cell substrate of the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (6): 3485-95. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP1R17

"Enzymic basis for cyclic GMP accumulation in degenerative photoreceptor cells of mouse retina". Journal of Cyclic Nucleotide ... Anant JS, Ong OC, Xie HY, Clarke S, O'Brien PJ, Fung BK (Jan 1992). "In vivo differential prenylation of retinal cyclic GMP ... Organization of the gene for the beta-subunit of human photoreceptor cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase]". Bioorganicheskaia Khimiia ... Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta is the beta subunit of the protein complex PDE6 that is encoded ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE6B

Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP in cell signaling and drug development". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 2003-11. ... Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is abundant in the pulmonary tissue, hydrolyzes the cyclic bond of cGMP. Consequently, ... This sends a signal to increase adenylate cyclase activity, which leads to increased synthesis of cyclic adenosine ... leading to increased formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). The cGMP then ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension

"A Cyclic GMP-Dependent K + Channel in the Blastocladiomycete Fungus Blastocladiella emersonii". Eukaryotic Cell. 14 (9): 958- ... "The evolution of phototransduction from an ancestral cyclic nucleotide gated pathway". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spizellomyces_punctatus

Lei S, Jackson MF, Jia Z, Roder J, Bai D, Orser BA, MacDonald JF (June 2000). "Cyclic GMP-dependent feedback inhibition of AMPA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_signaling

... 's function is related to two substances: cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. They are derivatives of ATP and GTP, respectively, ... Mattsson, Hillevi (1980). "Bicyclic phosphates increase the cyclic GMP level in rat cerebellum, presumably due to reduced GABA ... GMP levels for all doses were relatively similar. They spiked after dosage, but each dose produced a similar sized spike. AMP ... Through testing a variety of doses of IPTBO on mice, researchers were able to study the corresponding effect on AMP and GMP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTBO

... cyclic di-GMP. At low cyclic di-GMP concentration, P. aeruginosa has a free-swimming mode of life. But when cyclic di-GMP ... and cyclic di-GMP form a positive feedback loop. PSL stimulates cyclic di-GMP production, while high cyclic di-GMP turns on the ... The intracellular concentration of cyclic di-GMP increases within seconds when P. aeruginosa touches a surface (e.g.: a rock, ... Recent studies have shown that the dispersed cells from P. aeruginosa biofilms have lower cyclic di-GMP levels and different ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa

GMP can also exist as a cyclic structure known as cyclic GMP. Within certain cells the enzyme guanylyl cyclase makes cGMP from ... GMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine; hence it is a ribonucleoside ... Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), also known as 5′-guanidylic acid or guanylic acid (conjugate base guanylate), is a nucleotide ... As an acyl substituent, it takes the form of the prefix guanylyl-. GMP synthesis starts with D-ribose 5′-phosphate, a product ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate

"Nitric Oxide Regulation of Cyclic di-GMP Synthesis and Hydrolysis inShewanella woodyi". Biochemistry. 51 (10): 2087-2099. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewanella_woodyi

Cyclic-di-GMP signaling had also been involved in the regulation of antimicrobial peptide resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ... May 2013). "Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP regulates antimicrobial peptide resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Antimicrobial ... oral cyclic peptide Telavancin, bacterial infection, IV Vancomycin, bacterial infection, IV. Guavanin 2, bacterial infection ... cyclic peptide) Dalbavancin, bacterial infections, IV Daptomycin, bacterial infections, IV Enfuvirtide, HIV, subcutaneous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_peptides

... increases cyclic GMP levels in the brain and liver by activation of guanylate cyclase. Sodium azide solutions ... Kimura, Hiroshi; Mittal, Chandra K.; Murad, Ferid (1975-10-23). "Increases in cyclic GMP levels in brain and liver with sodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_azide

"A Bacteriophytochrome Mediates Interplay between Light Sensing and the Second Messenger Cyclic Di-GMP to Control Social ... A Bacteriophytochrome Mediates Interplay between Light Sensing and the Second Messenger Cyclic Di-GMP to Control Social ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthoferrin

... an orally active type 5 cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of penile erectile dysfunction". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_in_science

However, since some known cis-regulatory RNAs, e.g., cyclic di-GMP riboswitches do control a wide variety of genes, it is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOOT_RNA_motif

... cyclic di-guanylate (GMP) synthetase and cyclic di-GMP hydrolase catalytic domains, as well as various non-catalytic domains ( ... The Kinase/Phosphatase/Cyclic-GMP Synthase/Cyclic di-GMP Hydrolase (KPSH) Family The first identified substrates for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BART_superfamily

GMP) library contains a mpz_powm() function [5] to perform modular exponentiation Custom Function @PowerMod() for FileMaker Pro ... mod c Diffie-Hellman key exchange uses exponentiation in finite cyclic groups. The above methods for modular matrix ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation

Cyclic GMP possibly opens cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) K+-selective channels, thereby causing hyperpolarization of the ... Yoshida, M., Inaba, K., Ishida, K. and Morisawa, M. (1994) Calcium and cyclic AMP mediate sperm activation, but Ca2+ alone ... On hyperpolarization, hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels allow the influx of Na+ that leads ... The consequential hyperpolarization activates hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_chemotaxis

... cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in human epithelial cells expressing the FLT-1 receptor". Growth Factors. 19 (3): 193-206. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_growth_factor

"Synergism between calcium and cyclic GMP in cyclic AMP response element-dependent transcriptional regulation requires ... Hoeffler JP, Meyer TE, Yun Y, Jameson JL, Habener JF (Dec 1988). "Cyclic AMP-responsive DNA-binding protein: structure based on ... Pandey SC (Oct 2004). "The gene transcription factor cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein: role in positive and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CREB1

... since both NO and PDE5 inhibitors increase cyclic GMP levels and the sum of their pharmacodynamic effects will greatly exceed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasospasm

... cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate synthase * * No Wikipedia article EC 6.6.1.1: magnesium chelatase EC 6.6.1.2: cobaltochelatase EC ... GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) EC 6.3.4.2: CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolysing) EC 6.3.4.3: formate-tetrahydrofolate ... GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) EC 6.3.5.3: phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase EC 6.3.5.4: asparagine synthase ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)

"Primary structure and functional expression from complementary DNA of the rod photoreceptor cyclic GMP-gated channel". Nature. ... Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1, also known as CNGA1, is a human gene encoding an ion channel protein. Heterologously ... Chen, T.-Y.; Peng, Y.-W.; Dhallan, R. S.; Ahamed, B.; Reed, R. R.; Yau, K.-W. (April 1993). "A new subunit of the cyclic ... "Entrez Gene: CNGA1 cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 1". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-08-02. Kaupp, U. Benjamin; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_1

... inhibition with BAY 73-6691 increases corpus cavernosum relaxations mediated by nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway in mice". ... The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases comprise a group of enzymes that degrade the phosphodiester bond in the second ... Although PDE2 can hydrolyze both cyclic nucleotides, binding of cGMP to the regulatory GAF-B domain will increase cAMP affinity ... 1] phosphosite.org[full citation needed] Weiss,B. and Winchurch, R.A.: Analyses of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase

June 1996). "Sildenafil: an orally active type 5 cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of penile ... Sildenafil protects cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) from degradation by cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildenafil

... cyclic AMP 3′,5′-cyclic dAMP 3′,5′-cyclic IMP 3′,5′-cyclic GMP 3′,5′-cyclic CMP There are 11 distinct phosphodiesterase ... cyclic CMP), cyclic 3′,5-nucleotide monophosphate phosphodiesterase, nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate diesterase, nucleoside-3 ... cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase, cyclic 3′,5′-phosphodiesterase, 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase, 3':5'-cyclic ... Kroll S, Phillips WJ, Cerione RA (March 1989). "The regulation of the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase by the GDP-bound form of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide_phosphodiesterase

This suggests that TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 are G protein-coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclases to decrease cyclic ... GMP). These taste-enhancer molecules are unable to activate the receptor alone, but are rather used to enhance receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS1R1

... which changes the conformation of the opsin GPCR leading to signal transduction cascades which causes closure of cyclic GMP- ... PDE hydrolyzes cGMP, forming GMP. This lowers the intracellular concentration of cGMP and therefore the sodium channels close. ... stopping the transformation of cGMP to GMP. This deactivation step of the phototransduction cascade (the deactivation of the G ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_phototransduction

"Cyclic GMP from the surrounding somatic cells regulates cyclic AMP and meiosis in the mouse oocyte". Development. 136 (11): ... Vaccari, S; Weeks JL, 2nd (September 2009). Hsieh, M; Menniti, FS; Conti, M. "Cyclic GMP signaling is involved in the ... Then, it converts adenosine triphosphate into cyclic AMP, which activates Protein kinase A. PKA leads to protein tyrosine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade

... a ubiquitous signaling motif and a new class of cyclic GMP receptor". The EMBO Journal. 19 (20): 5288-99. doi:10.1093/emboj/ ... In mammals, GAF domains are found in five members of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase superfamily: PDE2, PDE5, and PDE6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAF_domain

In addition, nucleotides participate in cell signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate or cGMP and cyclic adenosine ... AMP and GMP are subsequently synthesized from this intermediate via separate, two-step pathways. Thus, purine moieties are ... Signaling cyclic nucleotides are formed by binding the phosphate group twice to the same sugar molecule, bridging the 5'- and 3 ... Uric acid is formed when GMP is split into the base guanine and ribose. Guanine is deaminated to xanthine which in turn is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide

... group at the Biozentrum in Basel is studying the mechanisms of signal transduction of the messenger substrate cyclic di-GMP and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilman_Schirmer

Assay Kit for studying Cyclic GMP in the research area. ... Cyclic GMP XP® Chemiluminescent Assay Kit Cyclic GMP XP® ... Cyclic GMP XP® Chemiluminescent Assay Kit 8020. Toggle Between Dark and Light Modes Filter: * ... The Cyclic GMP XP® Chemiluminescent Assay Kit is a competition enzyme-linked immunoassay used to determine cGMP levels in cells ... Figure 1: cGMP Standard was diluted in 1X Cell Lysis Buffer #9803 and samples were assayed following the Cyclic GMP XP® ...

https://www.cellsignal.com/products/cellular-assay-kits/cyclic-gmp-xp-chemiluminescent-assay-kit/8020

Compare Cyclic GMP ELISA Kits and find the right product on antibodies-online.com. ... Order Cyclic GMP ELISA Kits for many Reactivities. ... Cyclic GMP ELISA Kits by Method Type. Find Cyclic GMP ELISA ... Cyclic GMP ELISA Kits by Reactivity. Find Cyclic GMP ELISA Kits for a variety of species such as anti-Chemical Cyclic GMP, anti ... Cyclic GMP ELISA Kits by Sample. Find Cyclic GMP ELISA Kits with a specific Sample. The Sample listed below are among those ...

https://www.antibodies-online.com/cy/cyclic-gmp-63987/cyclic-gmp-elisa-kits-63989/

Among these receptors, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) has been identified as a major and universal cytosolic DNA sensor that is ... Among these receptors, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) has been identified as a major and universal cytosolic DNA sensor that is ... More information: Xinyue Tao et al, Ku proteins promote DNA binding and condensation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, Cell Reports ( ... Researchers identify Ku proteins as new co-sensors of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. by Zhang Nannan, Chinese Academy of Sciences ...

https://phys.org/news/2022-09-ku-proteins-co-sensors-cyclic-gmp-amp.html

The importance of cyclic nucleotides (cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP) in the development of malignant disease. ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379348

... markedly and transiently stimulated the production of cyclic GMP without affecting that of cyclic AMP. Treatment of endothelial ... The production of cyclic GMP evoked by oxytocin was inhibited selectively by [d(CH2)5, Tyr(OMe)2, Orn8]-vasotocin, an oxytocin ... The production of cyclic GMP evoked by Arg-vasopressin and substance P was inhibited selectively by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine ... The production of cyclic GMP evoked by Arg-vasopressin and Lys-vasopressin was inhibited by [beta-mercapto-beta, beta- ...

https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/255/3/994

Anti-Cyclic GMP Antibody quantity. Add to cart. SKU: 28102 Categories: Antibody Products, Neuroscience and Signal Transduction ... Product Name Anti-Cyclic GMP Antibody (28102). Description Anti-Cyclic GMP Sheep Polyclonal Antibody ... Specificity This antibody reacts specifically with cyclic GMP.. Target ID Cyclic GMP ...

https://www.qedbio.com/product/cyclic-gmp/

Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger that controls the switch from a single- ... Solution structure of the PilZ domain protein PA4608 complex with cyclic di-GMP identifies charge clustering as molecular ... Solution structure of the PilZ domain protein PA4608 complex with cyclic di-GMP identifies charge clustering as molecular ... c-di-GMP binds as an intercalated, symmetric dimer to one side of the ?-barrel, thereby displacing the C-terminal helix of the ...

https://edoc.unibas.ch/19158/

Cyclic GMP Direct ELISA Kits Have a question? Need help with an order?. Reach out! Were available by email or phone and can ... Cyclic Nucleotide (cAMP and cGMP) Assays and Capture ELISA for Quantitative Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum Blood-stage ...

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Phospholipase A2 modulation of cyclic GMP metabolism: activation of guanylate cyclase. Indian Journal of Biochemistry & ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/26344

Our results indicate that azathioprine can prevent biofilm formation in E. coli through inhibition of c-di-GMP biosynthesis and ... was able to inhibit WspR-dependent c-di-GMP biosynthesis in bacterial cells. However, in vitro enzymatic assays ruled out ... which suggests that inhibition of c-di-GMP biosynthesis by azathioprine may be due to perturbation of intracellular nucleotide ... suggesting efficient inhibition of c-di-GMP biosynthesis in this bacterium. ...

https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01044946

2P236 Directional reversal of electrotactic movements in cyclic GMP metabolic mutants(39. Cell motility,Poster Session,Abstract ...

https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206541216384

Little is known about how extracellular signals modulate c-di-GMP metabolism to control T3SSs. Here is the answer. ... Cyclic di-GMP transduces extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses to modulate important biological processes. ... Cyclic di-GMP is central to the function of T3SSs. Cyclic di-GMP transduces extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses ... Cyclic di-GMP is central to the function of T3SSs. Cyclic di-GMP transduces extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses ...

https://microbiologycommunity.nature.com/posts/cyclic-di-gmp-is-central-to-the-function-of-t3sss

We found that this phenomenon is caused not by telomere shortening, but by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizing cytosolic ... Dysfunctional telomeres trigger cellular senescence mediated by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase.. Abdisalaam, Salim; Bhattacharya, ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/resource/es/mdl-32540968

Cyclic AMP / pharmacology * Cyclic GMP / pharmacology * Hippocampus / cytology * Hippocampus / drug effects * Hippocampus / ... or ligand-gated calcium channel antagonists or cyclic nucleotides. In these cultures, neither omega-conotoxin, nifedipine, ... in low-density hippocampal cultures was not directly altered either by calcium channel blockers or by the addition of cyclic ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7723935/?dopt=Abstract

Human Cyclic Gmp-Amp Synthase (Cgas) in Complex with 2,3-Cgamp ... The binding sites of Zinc atom in the Human Cyclic Gmp-Amp ... Zinc in PDB 5vdp: Human Cyclic Gmp-Amp Synthase (Cgas) in Complex with 2,3-Cgamp. Enzymatic activity of Human Cyclic Gmp-Amp ... The structure of Human Cyclic Gmp-Amp Synthase (Cgas) in Complex with 2,3-Cgamp, PDB code: 5vdp was solved by L.J.Byrnes, J.D ... A full contact list of Zinc with other atoms in the Zn binding site number 1 of Human Cyclic Gmp-Amp Synthase (Cgas) in Complex ...

http://zinc.atomistry.com/pdb5vdp.html

A New Pathway of Nitric Oxide/Cyclic GMP Signaling InvolvingS-Nitrosoglutathione*. *B. Mayer, S. Pfeiffer, A. Schrammel, D. ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Artifactual-free-analysis-of-S-nitrosoglutathione-Tsikas-Denker/d9ba639247ed7516a0d86c9a784a22174e5184b8

Isosorbide dinitrate relaxes vascular smooth muscle by stimulating intracellular cyclic GMP. It decreases left ventricular ... It blocks the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel responsible for the cardiac pacemaker I(f) " ... By directly stimulating sGC, independently of and synergistically with NO, vericiguat augments levels of intracellular cyclic ... Milrinone is a type 3 phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases inotropy, chronotropy, and lusitropy, acting via cyclic ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/163062-86726/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-beta-blockers-beta-1-selective-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-heart-failure

STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP. Nature. 2011 Sep 25;478(7370):515-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10429. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sting-associated-vasculopathy-with-onset-in-infancy

Involvement of cyclic GMP and potassium channels in relaxation evoked by the nitric oxide donor, diethylamine NONOate, in the ... Involvement of cyclic GMP and potassium channels in relaxation evoked by the nitric oxide donor, diethylamine NONOate, in the ... Analysis of Variance, Animals, Cyclic GMP, Hydrazines, Male, Mesenteric Arteries, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular, Nitric Oxide Donors ...

https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/publications/106520

Dissociation of increases in levels of 3:5-cyclic AMP and 3:5-cyclic GMP from induction of ornithine decarboxylase by the ... Dissociation of increases in levels of 3:5-cyclic AMP and 3:5-cyclic GMP from induction of ornithine decarboxylase by the ... Radioimmunoassay for cyclic nucleotides. I. Preparation of antibodies and iodinated cyclic nucleotides. ... Guanosine 3:5-cyclic monophosphate: a possible intracellular mediator of mitogenic influences in lymphocytes ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37582251

Cyclic GMP and cilia motility. Authors. Wyatt TA Source. Cells 2015 Sep; 4(3):315-330 ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=asthma+OR+%27allerg%2A%27+OR+%27immune%2A%27&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=1051&RecNo=1051&View=b&

Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterase. 3,5-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases. 3,5-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase. 3,5-Cyclic-AMP ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/rep_i2008.htm

3,5-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase;. guanosine cyclic 3,5-phosphate phosphodiesterase;. cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase;. cyclic ... rod cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta. K13757 cone cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit ... cGMP-specific 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase, invertebrate. K18438 cAMP and cAMP-inhibited cGMP 3,5-cyclic phosphodiesterase ... 3,5-GMP phosphodiesterase;. cyclic guanosine 3,5-monophosphate phosphodiesterase;. cyclic guanosine 3,5-phosphate ...

https://www.genome.jp/entry/3.1.4.35

Cyclic di-GMP is essential for the survival of the Lyme disease spirochete in ticksexternal icon. He M, Ouyang Z, Troxell B, Xu ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v3issue30.html

Cyclic di-GMP Regulation of PilB in Motility and Biofilm. Yang, Z. Z. & Kelly, D. ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/projects/?format=&page=13

When PDE5 is blocked, your body makes more cyclic GMP. And when you have more cyclic GMP, the blood vessels and muscles in your ... For ED, it works by blocking PDE5, which then increases cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP). The increase in cyclic GMP causes ... Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) is a chemical in your body that relaxes the muscles in the penis and increases blood flow ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cialis

cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase. (STING). Stimulator of Interferon Genes. Copyright The copyright holder for this preprint is the ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491678v1

The family of second messengers now includes c-di-AMP and distinct versions of mixed cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) compounds. In ... A review of the roles of cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) in signaling systems including transcription, ion transport, bacterial ... cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) have emerged as widely used signaling molecules in most kingdoms of life. ... we will focus on recent discoveries and emerging themes that illustrate the ubiquity and versatility of cyclic dinucleotide ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nchembio.2337?error=cookies_not_supported&code=585565b1-ca3a-4516-ba19-23b4046c28c5

Among these receptors, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) has been identified as a major and universal cytosolic DNA sensor that is independent of specificity of DNA sequence and/or cell type. (phys.org)
Xinyue Tao et al, Ku proteins promote DNA binding and condensation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, Cell Reports (2022). (phys.org)
Dysfunctional telomeres trigger cellular senescence mediated by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. (bvsalud.org)
We found that this phenomenon is caused not by telomere shortening , but by cyclic GMP -AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizing cytosolic chromatin fragments and then activating the stimulator of interferon genes ( STING ) cytosolic DNA -sensing pathway and downstream interferon signaling. (bvsalud.org)
The Catalytic Mechanism of Cyclic Gmp-Amp Synthase (Cgas) and Implications For Innate Immunity and Inhibition. (atomistry.com)
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase promotes the inflammatory and autophagy responses in Huntington disease. (postdocjobs.com)
Inside the APCs, the microbubbles release cGAMP to activate the GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, which stimulates type I interferon responses that are essential for priming tumor-specific T cells. (mdanderson.org)

Activated cGAS catalyzes the synthesis of the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) from ATP and GTP. (phys.org)
Natural agonists, such as cyclic dinucleotides, activate the cGAS-STING pathway, but concerns over poor cytosolic entry, serum stability and systemic toxicity have been major limitations for clinical translation. (mdanderson.org)

Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger that controls the switch from a single-cell lifestyle to surface-attached, multicellular communities called biofilms. (unibas.ch)
Adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate assay at 10-15 mole level. (wikidata.org)
A simple and sensitive saturation assay method for the measurement of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate. (wikidata.org)
Vericiguat stimulates sGC, the intracellular receptor for endogenous NO, which catalyzes cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production. (medscape.com)
c-di-AMP Fluorinated (c-di[2'FdAMP]) is a synthetic analog of cyclic diadenylate monophosphate (c-di-AMP) with a fluorine atom at 2' position of the nucleosides. (invivogen.com)
Its mechanism of action shows it selectively targets and inhibits cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), thereby inhibiting the PDE5-mediated degradation of cGMP found in smooth muscle in animal subjects. (blogarama.com)
As the first-of-its-kind platform, the Microbubble-assisted UltraSound-guided Immunotherapy of Cancer (MUSIC) approach employs nanocomplexes combined with microbubbles to effectively deliver cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), an immunotransmitter involved in anticancer immunity, into antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (mdanderson.org)

The intracellular concentration of c-di-GMP is regulated by the opposing activities of diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes. (conicet.gov.ar)
Sildenafil: an orally active type 5 cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of penile erectile dysfunction. (blogarama.com)
Cyclic GMP is normally broken down by another chemical in the body called phosphodiesterase type 5. (cheapmeds4u.com)
Viagra Super Active works by preventing the action of phosphodiesterase type 5, thus stopping the breakdown of cyclic GMP. (cheapmeds4u.com)

Figure 1: cGMP Standard was diluted in 1X Cell Lysis Buffer #9803 and samples were assayed following the Cyclic GMP XP ® Chemiluminescent Assay Kit protocol. (cellsignal.com)
Figure 2: Treatment of RFL-6 cells with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) increases cGMP concentration as detected by Cyclic GMP XP ® Chemiluminescent Assay Kit #8020. (cellsignal.com)

The immunosuppressive drug azathioprine inhibits biosynthesis of the bacterial signal molecule cyclic-di-GMP by interfering with intracellular nucleotide pool availability. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Azathioprine is an inhibitor of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide (AICAR) transformylase, an enzyme involved in purine biosynthesis, which suggests that inhibition of c-di-GMP biosynthesis by azathioprine may be due to perturbation of intracellular nucleotide pools. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Cyclic di-GMP transduces extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses to modulate important biological processes. (nature.com)
Identification of YedQ as a bile receptor in enteric pathogens including S . Typhimurium and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) suggests bile salts will induce a rise in intracellular c-di-GMP levels when these pathogens enter the host gut. (nature.com)
Bis(3′,5′)-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) is a cyclic dinucleotide that has recently been recognized as an important intracellular signaling molecule in diverse bacteria. (conicet.gov.ar)

PRKG1 codes for the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKGI). (lupusresearch.org)
Lack of association between polymorphism of the human cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase gene and obesity. (cdc.gov)

The production of endothelium-derived nitric oxide was assessed indirectly by the accumulation of cyclic GMP, a response that is due to the increased activity of soluble guanylate cyclase of the endothelial cells after release of the mediator. (aspetjournals.org)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Phospholipase A2 modulation of cyclic GMP metabolism: activation of guanylate cyclase. (who.int)

Find Cyclic GMP ELISA Kits for a variety of species such as anti-Chemical Cyclic GMP, anti-Various Species Cyclic GMP, anti-Chicken Cyclic GMP. (antibodies-online.com)
Find Cyclic GMP ELISA Kits with a specific Detection Method. (antibodies-online.com)
Find Cyclic GMP ELISA Kits with a specific Sample. (antibodies-online.com)

British Library EThOS: The importance of cyclic nucleotides (cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP) in the development of malignant disease. (bl.uk)
We have used low-density, serum-free cultures of hippocampal neurons to determine whether the neurotoxicity of A beta protein in vitro can be altered by voltage- or ligand-gated calcium channel antagonists or cyclic nucleotides. (nih.gov)
Thus, the toxicity of beta protein in low-density hippocampal cultures was not directly altered either by calcium channel blockers or by the addition of cyclic nucleotides. (nih.gov)
The positive control of cell proliferation by the interplay of calcium ions and cyclic nucleotides. (wikidata.org)
Control of ornithine decarboxylase activity by cyclic nucleotides in the phytohemagglutinin induced lymphocyte transformation. (wikidata.org)
Radioimmunoassay for cyclic nucleotides. (wikidata.org)
I. Preparation of antibodies and iodinated cyclic nucleotides. (wikidata.org)

The peptide antagonists affected only minimally or not at all the production of cyclic GMP evoked by a donor of nitric oxide, SIN-1 (3-Morpholino-Sydnonimine). (aspetjournals.org)
Involvement of cyclic GMP and potassium channels in relaxation evoked by the nitric oxide donor, diethylamine NONOate, in the rat small isolated mesenteric artery. (ox.ac.uk)
2004. An evolutionarily conserved mechanism for sensitization of soluble guanylyl cyclase reveals extensive nitric oxide-mediated upregulation of cyclic GMP in insect brain. (le.ac.uk)
Many developing insect neurones pass through a phase when they respond to nitric oxide (NO) by producing cyclic GMP. (janelia.org)

In Gram-negative bacteria, production of the signal molecule c-di-GMP by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) is a key trigger for biofilm formation, which, in turn, is often required for the development of chronic bacterial infections. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Our results indicate that azathioprine can prevent biofilm formation in E. coli through inhibition of c-di-GMP biosynthesis and suggest that such inhibition might contribute to its anti-inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
In a previous work we determined that high c-di-GMP enhances biofilm formation and decreases motility in B. bronchiseptica. (conicet.gov.ar)
Expression of acute virulence factors is positively regulated by cAMP, whereas biofilm formation is positively regulated by c-di-GMP. (microbiologyresearch.org)
cAMP-mediated inhibition of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation required Vfr, and involved a reduction of the level of c-di-GMP, as well as reduced production of biofilm matrix components. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Little is known about how extracellular signals modulate c-di-GMP metabolism to control T3SSs. (nature.com)
However, extracellular signals that modulate c-di-GMP metabolism to control bacterial secretion systems and c-di-GMP effectors that relay environmental stimuli to changes in activity of the secretion systems remain largely obscure. (nature.com)
Our work provides new insights into how environmental stimuli modulate bacterial c-di-GMP metabolism, as well as the molecular mechanism underlying c-di-GMP-mediated control of bacterial T3SSs. (nature.com)

PilZ domain proteins are a family of bacterial c-di-GMP receptors, which control various cellular processes. (unibas.ch)
Anna is studying how several proteins interact with cyclic-di-GMP, in particular a biosynthetic enzyme involved in coronatine production. (jic.ac.uk)
PilZ domain-containing proteins have been demonstrated to bind c-di-GMP and to serve as important downstream effector proteins and have been implicated in bacterial motility and pathogenesis of several pathogens.Bordetella bronchiseptica is a pathogenic bacterium that causes respiratory infections in a wide variety of host. (conicet.gov.ar)

and 3) the production of cyclic GMP evoked by Arg-vasopressin and Lys-vasopressin is due mostly to activation of V1-vasopressinergic receptors. (aspetjournals.org)

We have solved the solution structure of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa single-domain PilZ protein PA4608 in complex with c-di-GMP by NMR spectroscopy. (unibas.ch)
Anna is investigating how the bacterial signal cyclic-di-GMP controls Pseudomonas syringae infection of tomato plants. (jic.ac.uk)
The vfr gene product, required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and protease production, belongs to the cyclic AMP receptor protein family. (microbiologyresearch.org)

2011. MPYS is required for IFN response factor 3 activation and type I IFN production in the response of cultured phagocytes to bacterial second messengers cyclic-di- AMP and cyclic-di-GMP. (invivogen.com)

Cyclic GMP and cilia motility. (cdc.gov)
Analysis of a Bordetella bronchiseptica cyclic-di-GMP-binding protein reveals a role in motility and virulence. (conicet.gov.ar)

2P236 Directional reversal of electrotactic movements in cyclic GMP metabolic mutants(39. (nii.ac.jp)
A mutant screen and characterization of defined knockout mutants suggested that a subset of c-di-GMP-degrading phosphodiesterases is involved in cAMP-Vfr-mediated biofilm inhibition in P. aeruginosa . (microbiologyresearch.org)

STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP. (medlineplus.gov)

Combining reasonable speculation with experimental verification, we identify the T3SS-1 chaperone SicA as a previously unknown c-di-GMP effector and thus reveal the underlying mechamism of c-di-GMP-mediated control of the T3SS-1. (nature.com)

Characterisation of the interaction between cyclic-di-GMP and this biosynthetic enzyme will contribute to our understanding of bacterial signalling and its importance during plant infection. (jic.ac.uk)

Our study reveals that the quorum sensing signal autoinducer-2 (AI-2) and bile salts induce c-di-GMP synthesis via directly targeting a GAPES1 domain-containing diguanylate cyclase (DGC) YeaJ and the transmembrane DGC YedQ, respectively. (nature.com)

Specificity This antibody reacts specifically with cyclic GMP. (qedbio.com)

Here, the authors show that AI-2 and bile salts induce cyclic-di-GMP synthesis via YeaJ and YedQ, respectively, to repress the T3SS via a cyclic-di-GMP-responsive T3SS chaperone. (nature.com)
As AI-2 induces c-di-GMP synthesis, it is not surprising that AI-2 also represses T3SS-1 gene expression. (nature.com)

Cyclic-di-GMP is a nucleotide second messenger which is important for P. syringae virulence. (jic.ac.uk)

Cyclic GMP likely constitutes part of a retrograde signalling pathway between a neurone and its synaptic partner. (janelia.org)

One of these chemical messengers is called cyclic GMP and Viagra Super Active influences it directly. (cheapmeds4u.com)

The neurohypophyseal hormones and related peptides stimulated the accumulation of cyclic GMP in a concentration-dependent manner, with the following relative order of potency: oxytocin greater than Lys-vasopressin greater than Arg-vasopressin much greater than [deamino-Cys1, D-Arg8]-vasopressin. (aspetjournals.org)
Our study resolves this conundrum by linking the bile stimulus to changes in c-di-GMP concentration in S . Typhimurium. (nature.com)

Neurohypophyseal peptides and tachykinins stimulate the production of cyclic GMP in cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Treatment of endothelial cells with either hemoglobin or methylene blue reduced significantly both the basal and stimulated level of cyclic GMP. (aspetjournals.org)
We found that azathioprine, an immunosuppressive drug used in the treatment of Crohn's disease, was able to inhibit WspR-dependent c-di-GMP biosynthesis in bacterial cells. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Effect of dibutyryl cyclic GMP on cultured beating rat heart cells. (wikidata.org)

however, it affected production of extracellular structures in E. coli clinical isolates, suggesting efficient inhibition of c-di-GMP biosynthesis in this bacterium. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

It has been reported that the DGC YedQ increases c-di-GMP concentrations through sensing of L-arginine and other nutrient-related signals by its periplasmic sensory domain 4 . (nature.com)
However, it remains unclear if and how the activity of other 8 c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzymes with periplasmic sensory domains is modulated by extracellular signals. (nature.com)

Isotope labeling by (13)C and (15)N of both the ligand and the protein made it possible to define the structure of c-di-GMP in the complex at high precision by a large number of intermolecular and intraligand NOEs and by two intermolecular hydrogen bond scalar couplings. (unibas.ch)
The 110 Vc2 RNA appeared to form a one-to-one saturable complex with a dissociation constant (KD) of ~1 nM for cyclic di-GMP (Fig.1C and fig. S5). (harvard.edu)

Arg-vasopressin, oxytocin, substance P and physalae-min (an analog of substance P, pGlu-Ala-Asp-Pro-Asn-Lys-Phe-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2) markedly and transiently stimulated the production of cyclic GMP without affecting that of cyclic AMP. (aspetjournals.org)
The production of cyclic GMP evoked by Arg-vasopressin and substance P was inhibited selectively by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine but not by its D-enantiomer. (aspetjournals.org)
The production of cyclic GMP evoked by oxytocin was inhibited selectively by [d(CH2)5, Tyr(OMe)2, Orn8]-vasotocin, an oxytocin antagonist. (aspetjournals.org)
The production of cyclic GMP evoked by Arg-vasopressin and Lys-vasopressin was inhibited by [beta-mercapto-beta, beta-cyclopentamethylene-propionyl1, O-Me-Tyr2, Arg8]-vasopressin, a selective V1-receptor antagonist. (aspetjournals.org)
The moderate production of cyclic GMP evoked by [deamino-Cys1, D-Arg8]-vasopressin was inhibited significantly by the V1-receptor antagonist. (aspetjournals.org)

The last question is how c-di-GMP signaling control the T3SS-1. (nature.com)

Diurnal fluctuation and -adrenergic elevation of cyclic AMP in mouse epidermis in vivo. (wikidata.org)

We determined that the only PilZ containing domain protein in B. bronchiseptica (BB1561) is able to specifically bind c-di GMP. (conicet.gov.ar)

Anatomy11

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs81

Phenomena and Processes12

Relaxin is a potent renal vasodilator in conscious rats. (1/5723)

Role of nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in adrenomedullin-induced vasodilation in the rat. (2/5723)

Nitric oxide modulates endothelin 1-induced Ca2+ mobilization and cytoskeletal F-actin filaments in human cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells. (3/5723)

Elevated expression of the CD4 receptor and cell cycle arrest are induced in Jurkat cells by treatment with the novel cyclic dinucleotide 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid. (4/5723)

Enantioselective inhibition of the biotransformation and pharmacological actions of isoidide dinitrate by diphenyleneiodonium sulphate. (5/5723)

Accelerated intimal hyperplasia and increased endogenous inhibitors for NO synthesis in rabbits with alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia. (6/5723)

Growth-inhibitory effect of cyclic GMP- and cyclic AMP-dependent vasodilators on rat vascular smooth muscle cells: effect on cell cycle and cyclin expression. (7/5723)

Nonanticoagulant heparin prevents coronary endothelial dysfunction after brief ischemia-reperfusion injury in the dog. (8/5723)

Cyclic GMP

Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP

Guanylate Cyclase

Purinones

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases

Methylene Blue

Cyclic AMP

Nitroprusside

Nitric Oxide

Nucleotides, Cyclic

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

Guanosine Monophosphate

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine

Oxadiazoles

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Rod Cell Outer Segment

Muscle Relaxation

Photoreceptor Cells

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Penicillamine

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases

Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases

Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor

Aorta, Thoracic

S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine

Arginine

Quinoxalines

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

Molsidomine

GMP Reductase

Nitric Oxide Donors

Calcium

Nitric Oxide Synthase

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5

Rana catesbeiana

Muscle, Smooth, Vascular

Kinetics

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I

Papaverine

Aminoquinolines

Nitroarginine

Nitroso Compounds

Natriuretic Peptides

Vasodilator Agents

Carbachol

Theophylline

omega-N-Methylarginine

Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Rats, Inbred Strains

S-Nitrosoglutathione

Rolipram

Cattle

Bucladesine

Acetylcholine

Endothelium, Vascular

NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester

Trazodone

Stimulation, Chemical

Organic Chemistry Phenomena

Guinea Pigs

Second Messenger Systems

Indazoles

Nitroglycerin

Aorta

Enzyme Inhibitors

Cells, Cultured

Isoproterenol

Bufo marinus

Guanosine Triphosphate

Bradykinin

Light

Rats, Wistar

Enzyme Activation

Guanine Nucleotides

Inosine Triphosphate

Muscle Contraction

Calcimycin

Thionucleotides

Colforsin