Cyclic amp. Medical search

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Cell surface proteins that bind cyclic AMP with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized cyclic AMP receptors are those of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The transcription regulator CYCLIC AMP RECEPTOR PROTEIN of prokaryotes is not included nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic AMP receptor proteins which are the regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES.

A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A transcriptional regulator in prokaryotes which, when activated by binding cyclic AMP, acts at several promoters. Cyclic AMP receptor protein was originally identified as a catabolite gene activator protein. It was subsequently shown to regulate several functions unrelated to catabolism, and to be both a negative and a positive regulator of transcription. Cell surface cyclic AMP receptors are not included (CYCLIC AMP RECEPTORS), nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic AMP receptor proteins, which are the regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of CYCLIC AMP to form adenosine 5'-phosphate. The enzymes are widely distributed in animal tissue and control the level of intracellular cyclic AMP. Many specific enzymes classified under this heading demonstrate additional spcificity for 3',5'-cyclic IMP and CYCLIC GMP.

A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLYL CYCLASES and cyclic AMP.

An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.

An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP. EC 3.5.4.6.

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.

Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases.

A protein that has been shown to function as a calcium-regulated transcription factor as well as a substrate for depolarization-activated CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. This protein functions to integrate both calcium and cAMP signals.

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor with antidepressant properties.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

(11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGE(1)); (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGE(2)); and (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGE(3)). Three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. They are considered primary in that no one is derived from another in living organisms. Originally isolated from sheep seminal fluid and vesicles, they are found in many organs and tissues and play a major role in mediating various physiological activities.

An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.

A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)

Purine bases found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow.

One of the virulence factors produced by virulent BORDETELLA organisms. It is a bifunctional protein with both ADENYLYL CYCLASES and hemolysin components.

Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

N-Isopropyl-N-phenyl-adenosine. Antilipemic agent. Synonym: TH 162.

2-Chloroadenosine. A metabolically stable analog of adenosine which acts as an adenosine receptor agonist. The compound has a potent effect on the peripheral and central nervous system.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.

Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.

A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of oxo-pyrrolidines. A member of this group is 2-oxo pyrrolidine, which is an intermediate in the manufacture of polyvinylpyrrolidone. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.

A set of BACTERIAL ADHESINS and TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL produced by BORDETELLA organisms that determine the pathogenesis of BORDETELLA INFECTIONS, such as WHOOPING COUGH. They include filamentous hemagglutinin; FIMBRIAE PROTEINS; pertactin; PERTUSSIS TOXIN; ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN; dermonecrotic toxin; tracheal cytotoxin; Bordetella LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; and tracheal colonization factor.

One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.

N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.

Nucleotides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms.

A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.

The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteristic of prostaglandins and has been used extensively as an oxytocic agent. The compound also displays a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is found predominantly in inflammatory cells and may play a role in the regulation of CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. The enzyme family includes over twenty different variants that occur due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA of at least four different genes.

Cyclic AMP response element modulator is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is regulated by CYCLIC AMP. It plays an important role in SPERMATID development in the mammalian TESTIS.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. It is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits S1 - S5. S1 contains mono ADPribose transferase activity.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Phosphoric acid esters of inositol. They include mono- and polyphosphoric acid esters, with the exception of inositol hexaphosphate which is PHYTIC ACID.

A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.

Cell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. The two major classes of adrenergic receptors, alpha and beta, were originally discriminated based on their cellular actions but now are distinguished by their relative affinity for characteristic synthetic ligands. Adrenergic receptors may also be classified according to the subtypes of G-proteins with which they bind; this scheme does not respect the alpha-beta distinction.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Twenty-carbon compounds derived from MEVALONIC ACID or deoxyxylulose phosphate.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Nucleoside-2',3'-cyclic phosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the 2'- or 3'- phosphate bonds of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides. Also hydrolyzes nucleoside monophosphates. Includes EC 3.1.4.16 and EC 3.1.4.37. EC 3.1.4.-.

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes.

A class of glucosyltransferases that catalyzes the degradation of storage polysaccharides, such as glucose polymers, by phosphorolysis in animals (GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE) and in plants (STARCH PHOSPHORYLASE).

An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

Cell surface proteins that bind PURINES with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized classes of purinergic receptors in mammals are the P1 receptors, which prefer ADENOSINE, and the P2 receptors, which prefer ATP or ADP.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is inhibited by the binding of CYCLIC GMP to an allosteric domain found on the enzyme and through phosphorylation by regulatory kinases such as PROTEIN KINASE A and PROTEIN KINASE B. The two members of this family are referred to as type 3A, and type 3B, and are each product of a distinct gene. In addition multiple enzyme variants of each subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing.

A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

Catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleotides with the elimination of ammonia.

A class of cell surface receptors that prefer ADENOSINE to other endogenous PURINES. Purinergic P1 receptors are widespread in the body including the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and nervous systems. There are at least two pharmacologically distinguishable types (A1 and A2, or Ri and Ra).

A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Histamine H2 receptors act via G-proteins to stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASES. Among the many responses mediated by these receptors are gastric acid secretion, smooth muscle relaxation, inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart muscle, and inhibition of lymphocyte function. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)

Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.

Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxypropane structure.

A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.

LIPOLYSIS of stored LIPIDS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE to release FREE FATTY ACIDS. Mobilization of stored lipids is under the regulation of lipolytic signals (CATECHOLAMINES) or anti-lipolytic signals (INSULIN) via their actions on the hormone-sensitive LIPASE. This concept does not include lipid transport.

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries.

A CALCIUM and CALMODULIN-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily. The three members of this family are referred to as type 1A, type 1B, and type 1C and are each product of a distinct gene. In addition, multiple enzyme variants of each subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing. Although the type 1 enzymes are classified as 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterases (EC 3.1.4.17), some members of this class have additional specificity for CYCLIC GMP.

A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A division of organisms that exist vegetatively as complex mobile plasmodia, reproduce by means of spores, and have complex life cycles. They are now classed as protozoa but formerly were considered fungi.

The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.

The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Fluids originating from the epithelial lining of the intestines, adjoining exocrine glands and from organs such as the liver, which empty into the cavity of the intestines.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.

A genetically related subfamily of RAP GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that share homology with RAS PROTEINS. They bind to Ras effectors but do not activate them, therefore they may antagonize the effects of RAS PROTEINS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and water to D-fructose 6-phosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.11.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE. It is used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to yield guanosine-5'-phosphate.

An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.

A glycoprotein enzyme present in various organs and in many cells. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a 5'-ribonucleotide to a ribonucleoside and orthophosphate in the presence of water. It is cation-dependent and exists in a membrane-bound and soluble form. EC 3.1.3.5.

A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-TYROSINE and 2-oxoglutarate to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and L-GLUTAMATE. It is a pyridoxal-phosphate protein. L-PHENYLALANINE is hydroxylated to L-tyrosine. The mitochondrial enzyme may be identical with ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASES (EC 2.6.1.1.). Deficiency of this enzyme may cause type II Tyrosinemia (see TYROSINEMIAS). EC 2.6.1.5.

Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects.

The MAP kinase ERK2 inhibits the cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase HSPDE4D3 by phosphorylating it at Ser579. (1/18083)

The extracellular receptor stimulated kinase ERK2 (p42(MAPK))-phosphorylated human cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D3 at Ser579 and profoundly reduced ( approximately 75%) its activity. These effects could be reversed by the action of protein phosphatase PP1. The inhibitory state of PDE4D3, engendered by ERK2 phosphorylation, was mimicked by the Ser579-->Asp mutant form of PDE4D3. In COS1 cells transfected to express PDE4D3, challenge with epidermal growth factor (EGF) caused the phosphorylation and inhibition of PDE4D3. This effect was blocked by the MEK inhibitor PD98059 and was not apparent using the Ser579-->Ala mutant form of PDE4D3. Challenge of HEK293 and F442A cells with EGF led to the PD98059-ablatable inhibition of endogenous PDE4D3 and PDE4D5 activities. EGF challenge of COS1 cells transfected to express PDE4D3 increased cAMP levels through a process ablated by PD98059. The activity of the Ser579-->Asp mutant form of PDE4D3 was increased by PKA phosphorylation. The transient form of the EGF-induced inhibition of PDE4D3 is thus suggested to be due to feedback regulation by PKA causing the ablation of the ERK2-induced inhibition of PDE4D3. We identify a novel means of cross-talk between the cAMP and ERK signalling pathways whereby cell stimuli that lead to ERK2 activation may modulate cAMP signalling. (+info)

The paired-domain transcription factor Pax8 binds to the upstream enhancer of the rat sodium/iodide symporter gene and participates in both thyroid-specific and cyclic-AMP-dependent transcription. (2/18083)

The gene encoding the Na/I symporter (NIS) is expressed at high levels only in thyroid follicular cells, where its expression is regulated by the thyroid-stimulating hormone via the second messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP). In this study, we demonstrate the presence of an enhancer that is located between nucleotides -2264 and -2495 in the 5'-flanking region of the NIS gene and that recapitulates the most relevant aspects of NIS regulation. When fused to either its own or a heterologous promoter, the NIS upstream enhancer, which we call NUE, stimulates transcription in a thyroid-specific and cAMP-dependent manner. The activity of NUE depends on the four most relevant sites, identified by mutational analysis. The thyroid-specific transcription factor Pax8 binds at two of these sites. Mutations that interfere with Pax8 binding also decrease transcriptional activity of the NUE. Furthermore, expression of Pax8 in nonthyroid cells results in transcriptional activation of NUE, strongly suggesting that the paired-domain protein Pax8 plays an important role in NUE activity. The NUE responds to cAMP in both protein kinase A-dependent and -independent manners, indicating that this enhancer could represent a novel type of cAMP responsive element. Such a cAMP response requires Pax8 but also depends on the integrity of a cAMP responsive element (CRE)-like sequence, thus suggesting a functional interaction between Pax8 and factors binding at the CRE-like site. (+info)

Identification of a cAMP response element within the glucose- 6-phosphatase hydrolytic subunit gene promoter which is involved in the transcriptional regulation by cAMP and glucocorticoids in H4IIE hepatoma cells. (3/18083)

The expression of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the human glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was stimulated by both dexamethasone and dibutyryl cAMP in H4IIE hepatoma cells. A cis-active element located between nucleotides -161 and -152 in the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was identified and found to be necessary for both basal reporter-gene expression and induction of expression by both dibutyryl cAMP and dexamethasone. Nucleotides -161 to -152 were functionally replaced by the consensus sequence for a cAMP response element. An antibody against the cAMP response element-binding protein caused a supershift in gel-electrophoretic-mobility-shift assays using an oligonucleotide probe representing the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter from nucleotides -161 to -152. These results strongly indicate that in H4IIE cells the glucose 6-phosphatase gene-promoter sequence from -161 to -152 is a cAMP response element which is important for the regulation of transcription of the glucose 6-phosphatase gene by both cAMP and glucocorticoids. (+info)

PrKX is a novel catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulated by the regulatory subunit type I. (4/18083)

The human X chromosome-encoded protein kinase X (PrKX) belongs to the family of cAMP-dependent protein kinases. The catalytically active recombinant enzyme expressed in COS cells phosphorylates the heptapeptide Kemptide (LRRASLG) with a specific activity of 1.5 micromol/(min.mg). Using surface plasmon resonance, high affinity interactions were demonstrated with the regulatory subunit type I (RIalpha) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (KD = 10 nM) and the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor (KD = 15 nM), but not with the type II regulatory subunit (RIIalpha, KD = 2.3 microM) under physiological conditions. Kemptide and autophosphorylation activities of PrKX are strongly inhibited by the RIalpha subunit and by protein kinase inhibitor in vitro, but only weakly by the RIIalpha subunit. The inhibition by the RIalpha subunit is reversed by addition of nanomolar concentrations of cAMP (Ka = 40 nM), thus demonstrating that PrKX is a novel, type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase that is activated at lower cAMP concentrations than the holoenzyme with the Calpha subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Microinjection data clearly indicate that the type I R subunit but not type II binds to PrKX in vivo, preventing the translocation of PrKX to the nucleus in the absence of cAMP. The RIIalpha subunit is an excellent substrate for PrKX and is phosphorylated in vitro in a cAMP-independent manner. We discuss how PrKX can modulate the cAMP-mediated signal transduction pathway by preferential binding to the RIalpha subunit and by phosphorylating the RIIalpha subunit in the absence of cAMP. (+info)

A2B adenosine and P2Y2 receptors stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. cross-talk between cyclic AMP and protein kinase c pathways. (5/18083)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades underlie long-term mitogenic, morphogenic, and secretory activities of purinergic receptors. In HEK-293 cells, N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) activates endogenous A2BARs that signal through Gs and Gq/11. UTP activates P2Y2 receptors and signals only through Gq/11. The MAPK isoforms, extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK), are activated by NECA and UTP. H-89 blocks ERK activation by forskolin, but weakly affects the response to NECA or UTP. ERK activation by NECA or UTP is unaffected by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (genistein), attenuated by a phospholipase C inhibitor (U73122), and is abolished by a MEK inhibitor (PD098059) or dominant negative Ras. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by GF 109203X failed to block ERK activation by NECA or UTP, however, another PKC inhibitor, Ro 31-8220, which unlike GF 109203X, can block the zeta-isoform, and prevents UTP- but not NECA-induced ERK activation. In the presence of forskolin, Ro 31-8220 loses its ability to block UTP-stimulated ERK activation. PKA has opposing effects on B-Raf and c-Raf-1, both of which are found in HEK-293 cells. The data are explained by a model in which ERK activity is modulated by differential effects of PKC zeta and PKA on Raf isoforms. (+info)

CRE-mediated gene transcription in neocortical neuronal plasticity during the developmental critical period. (6/18083)

Neuronal activity-dependent processes are believed to mediate the formation of synaptic connections during neocortical development, but the underlying intracellular mechanisms are not known. In the visual system, altering the pattern of visually driven neuronal activity by monocular deprivation induces cortical synaptic rearrangement during a postnatal developmental window, the critical period. Here, using transgenic mice carrying a CRE-lacZ reporter, we demonstrate that a calcium- and cAMP-regulated signaling pathway is activated following monocular deprivation. We find that monocular deprivation leads to an induction of CRE-mediated lacZ expression in the visual cortex preceding the onset of physiologic plasticity, and this induction is dramatically downregulated following the end of the critical period. These results suggest that CRE-dependent coordinate regulation of a network of genes may control physiologic plasticity during postnatal neocortical development. (+info)

Prior exposure to neurotrophins blocks inhibition of axonal regeneration by MAG and myelin via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. (7/18083)

MAG is a potent inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Here, inhibition by MAG, and myelin in general, is blocked if neurons are exposed to neurotrophins before encountering the inhibitor; priming cerebellar neurons with BDNF or GDNF, but not NGF, or priming DRG neurons with any of these neurotrophins blocks inhibition by MAG/myelin. Dibutyryl cAMP also overcomes inhibition by MAG/myelin, and cAMP is elevated by neurotrophins. A PKA inhibitor present during priming abrogates the block of inhibition. Finally, if neurons are exposed to MAG/myelin and neurotrophins simultaneously, but with the Gi protein inhibitor, inhibition is blocked. We suggest that priming neurons with particular neurotrophins elevates cAMP and activates PKA, which blocks subsequent inhibition of regeneration and that priming is required because MAG/myelin activates a Gi protein, which blocks increases in cAMP. This is important for encouraging axons to regrow in vivo. (+info)

Mechanisms for generating the autonomous cAMP-dependent protein kinase required for long-term facilitation in Aplysia. (8/18083)

The formation of a persistently active cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is critical for establishing long-term synaptic facilitation (LTF) in Aplysia. The injection of bovine catalytic (C) subunits into sensory neurons is sufficient to produce protein synthesis-dependent LTF. Early in the LTF induced by serotonin (5-HT), an autonomous PKA is generated through the ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolysis of regulatory (R) subunits. The degradation of R occurs during an early time window and appears to be a key function of proteasomes in LTF. Lactacystin, a specific proteasome inhibitor, blocks the facilitation induced by 5-HT, and this block is rescued by injecting C subunits. R is degraded through an allosteric mechanism requiring an elevation of cAMP coincident with the induction of a ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase. (+info)

Lithium was found to increase the basal levels of cyclic AMP but impair receptor coupled stimulation of cyclic AMP production.[ ... Cyclic AMP secondary messengersEdit. Lithium's therapeutic effects are thought to be partially attributable to its interactions ... 72] It is hypothesized that the dual effects of lithium are due to the inhibition of G-proteins that mediate cyclic AMP ... cyclic AMP and adenylate cyclase levels are further changed by gene transcription factors.[72] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_

Botsford, J L; Harman, J G (March 1992). "Cyclic AMP in prokaryotes". Microbiological Reviews. 56 (1): 100-122. doi:10.1128/ ... Montminy, M. (1997). "Transcriptional regulation by cyclic AMP". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 66: 807-822. doi:10.1146/ ... Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a signal molecule whose prevalence is inversely proportional to that of glucose. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_operon

Jones GH, Venuti MC, Alvarez R, Bruno JJ, Berks AH, Prince A (February 1987). "Inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. 1. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagrelide

... and cyclic AMP.[supplied by OMIM] Pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1 has been shown to interact with GATA2 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary-specific_positive_transcription_factor_1

ARPP-21: Cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 21 kDa. *AZI2: encoding protein 5-azacytidine-induced protein 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_3_(human)

Cyclic AMP acts by activating cAMP-sensitive pathways such as protein kinase A and EPAC1. Its derivatives include Colforsin, ... Forskolin is commonly used as a tool in biochemistry to raise levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the study and research of cell ... Adenylyl cyclase Cyclic AMP "Forskolin" (PDF). Sigma Aldrich. "Forskolin". Drugs.com. 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018. Alasbahi, ... Forskolin is a commonly used material in laboratory research to increase levels of cyclic AMP by stimulation of adenylate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forskolin

... is a cyclic AMP binding protein. Members of the RAS subfamily of GTPases function in signal transduction as GTP/GDP- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAPGEF2

... likely associated with changes to the cyclic AMP system. Moreover, experiments with zebra fish showed significant detriments to ... affect components of the cyclic AMP system; and influence other chemical pathways. The enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) detoxifies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpyrifos

... was later termed cyclic AMP. Even though the discovery of cyclic AMP and the idea of second messengers were of great importance ... namely cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cyclic AMP. Sutherland was born on November 19, 1915, in Burlingame, Kansas. The ... Sutherland, E. W; Robison, G. A (1969). "The role of cyclic AMP in the control of carbohydrate metabolism". Diabetes. 18 (12): ... He continued his work on cyclic AMP, receiving financial support from the Career Investigatorship awarded to him by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr.

This cyclic AMP decreases the smooth muscle tone. This drug is 10,000-times more lipid soluble than the short acting beta-2 ... They act on the enzyme adenyl cyclase which increases the concentration of cAMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmeterol

Modulation of inflammation and immunity by cyclic AMP. Science 184: 19 28, 1974. Shearer GM. Cell mediated cytotoxicity to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Shearer

"Differential signaling of cyclic AMP: opposing effects of exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP and cAMP-dependent ... Ponsioen B, Gloerich M, Ritsma L, Rehmann H, Bos JL, Jalink K (May 2009). "Direct spatial control of Epac1 by cyclic AMP". ... Rehmann H, Das J, Knipscheer P, Wittinghofer A, Bos JL (February 2006). "Structure of the cyclic-AMP-responsive exchange factor ... Almahariq M, Mei FC, Cheng X (February 2014). "Cyclic AMP sensor EPAC proteins and energy homeostasis". Trends in Endocrinology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAPGEF3

Bhatt DH, Otto SJ, Depoister B, Fetcho JR (July 2004). "Cyclic AMP-induced repair of zebrafish spinal circuits". Science. 305 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthner_cell

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CGAS gene. It's an enzyme, a nucleotidyltransferase, a ... "CGAS cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". Retrieved 2020-09-12. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) PDBe-KB ... provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (MB21D1) v t e. ... cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164430 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MB21D1

Rodríguez, Carlos Iván; Setaluri, Vijayasaradhi (2014). "Cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in melanocytes and melanoma". Arch. ... which produces cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which activates protein kinase A (PKA), which activates by protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_whitening

Guild BC, Strominger JL (1984). "HLA-A2 antigen phosphorylation in vitro by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Sites of ... Bourdeau I, Stratakis CA (2002). "Cyclic AMP-dependent signaling aberrations in macronodular adrenal disease". Ann. N. Y. Acad ... transforming sequence formed by the fusion of ret tyrosine kinase and the regulatory subunit RI alpha of cyclic AMP-dependent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKAR1A

"Entrez Gene: ARPP-19 cyclic AMP phosphoprotein, 19 kD". Human ARPP19 genome location and ARPP19 gene details page in the UCSC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPP-19

Stellwagen, David; Shatz, Carla J; Feller, Marla B (1999). "Dynamics of Retinal Waves Are Controlled by Cyclic AMP". Neuron. 24 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_J._Shatz

... 's function is related to two substances: cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. They are derivatives of ATP and GTP, respectively, ... AMP levels decreased from normal after .06 microgram dose, then increased for all larger doses. AMP and GMP are both secondary ... cyclic AMP) and its ability to poison via a mechanism different from that of any other known organophosphorus toxicant makes it ... "Activity-Dependent Regulation of HCN Pacemaker Channels by Cyclic AMP". Neuron. 36 (3): 451-461. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTBO

Table 1 McDonald, M-L; MacMullen, C; Liu, D J; Leal, S M; Davis, R L (2 October 2012). "Genetic association of cyclic AMP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum

Its gene is regulated through the cyclic AMP signaling pathway. The protein binds, internalizes and degrades oxidized low- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLR1

Cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 21 kD, also known as ARPP-21, is a human gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000172995 ... "Entrez Gene: ARPP-21 cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 21 kD". CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Human ARPP21 genome ... a cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein enriched in the basal ganglia". Neuropharmacology. 39 (9): 1637-44. doi:10.1016/s0028- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPP-21

DiFrancesco D, Tortora P (May 1991). "Direct activation of cardiac pacemaker channels by intracellular cyclic AMP". Nature. 351 ... Another unusual feature of If is its dual activation by voltage and by cyclic nucleotides. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP ... The molecular determinants of the pacemaker current belong to the HCN channel (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacemaker_current

... up-regulates cyclic AMP levels and promotes neurite outgrowth. Lysophospholipid receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... and GPR12 up-regulates cyclic AMP levels and promotes neurite outgrowth". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (14): 10506- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR6

The latter enzyme causes the formation of cyclic AMP from ATP; two molecules of cyclic AMP bind to the regulatory subunit of ... Calcium ions or cyclic AMP (cAMP) act as secondary messengers. This is an example of negative control. The calcium ions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogenesis

A study of cyclic AMP levels and effects of catecholamines". Agents and Actions. 13 (2-3): 132-7. doi:10.1007/bf01967316. PMID ... It was observed that the fluoride-activation step is accompanied by an elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell

Dransfield DT, Bradford AJ, Smith J, Martin M, Roy C, Mangeat PH, Goldenring JR (Jan 1997). "Ezrin is a cyclic AMP-dependent ... Beebe SJ, Salomonsky P, Holroyd C, Becker D (Dec 1993). "Differential expression of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase ... "Phosphorylation of the type-II regulatory subunit of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase by glycogen synthase kinase 3 and ... "MTG8 proto-oncoprotein interacts with the regulatory subunit of type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in lymphocytes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKAR2A

Rehmann H, Arias-Palomo E, Hadders MA, Schwede F, Llorca O, Bos JL (Sep 2008). "Structure of Epac2 in complex with a cyclic AMP ... Niimura M, Miki T, Shibasaki T, Fujimoto W, Iwanaga T, Seino S (Jun 2009). "Critical role of the N-terminal cyclic AMP-binding ... Rehmann H, Das J, Knipscheer P, Wittinghofer A, Bos JL (Feb 2006). "Structure of the cyclic-AMP-responsive exchange factor ... Murray AJ, Shewan DA (Aug 2008). "Epac mediates cyclic AMP-dependent axon growth, guidance and regeneration". Molecular and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAPGEF4

DiFrancesco, D.; Tortora, P. (1991-05-09). "Direct activation of cardiac pacemaker channels by intracellular cyclic AMP". ... Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated). These channels open at very negative voltages (i.e. immediately after ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential

Increased cyclic AMP levels lead to a relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles. Additionally, cyclic AMP inhibits the release of ... Salmeterol works by stimulating intracellular adenyl cyclase which acts as a catalyst in the production of cyclic AMP. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advair

Cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) can correct 1-bit errors for messages at most 2. n. −. 1. −. 1. {\displaystyle 2^{n-1}-1}. bits ... Received sentence after deinterleaving: T_isI_AnE_amp_eOfInterle_vin_... No word is completely lost and the missing letters can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correction_code

... and the direction in which the apex progresses responds to cyclic AMP levels, including cAMP cyclization by a pollen signalling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_silk

D1 receptor stimulation activates adenylyl cyclase and raises intracellular cyclic AMP, resulting in vasodilation of most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenoldopam

In 1971 Earl Sutherland, Jr., received the prize for his discovery of Cyclic AMP. Stanley Cohen received a Nobel in 1986, as he ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Medical_Center

環狀（英語：Cyclic nucleotide）. *cAMP. *cGMP. *c-di-GMP（英語：Cyclic di-GMP） ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/二磷酸胞苷

... coli is regulated transcriptionally by cyclic AMP.[6] In 1970, he and his wife, Constance Casey, moved to San Francisco, where ... he researched the regulation of bacterial gene expression by cyclic AMP. In 1970, he began postdoctoral research in Bishop's ... Varmus, H.E.; Perlman, R.L.; Pastan, I. (1970). "Regulation of lac messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis by cyclic adenosine 3'- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Varmus

By 1972 they had evidence that the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP (cAMP) was produced in Aplysia ganglia under conditions ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kandel

3.5.4: Cyclic amidines/. Aminohydrolases. *Guanine deaminase. *Adenosine deaminase. *AMP deaminase. *Inosine monophosphate ... specifically in cyclic amidines. The systematic name of this enzyme class is GTP 7,8-8,9-dihydrolase (diphosphate-forming). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTP_cyclohydrolase_II

AANAT is activated through a protein kinase A system in which cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved. The activation of AANAT leads to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinealocyte

3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase. *Protein kinase A. cGMP:. *Transducin. *Gustducin. *Guanylate cyclase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTP-binding_protein_regulators

3.5.4: Cyclic amidines/. Aminohydrolases. *Guanine deaminase. *Adenosine deaminase. *AMP deaminase. *Inosine monophosphate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinyl-diaminopimelate_desuccinylase

"Conversion of protein kinase to a cyclic AMP independent form by affinity chromatography on N0-caproyl 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Wilchek

... an effect mediated by decreased cyclic AMP-mediated phosphorylation-activation of the enzyme.[25] α2 receptors also cause ... decreased intracellular cyclic AMP expression which results in smooth muscle relaxation or decreased secretion.[26] TCAs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

Lin B, Morris DW, Chou JY (1997). "The role of HNF1alpha, HNF3gamma, and cyclic AMP in glucose-6-phosphatase gene activation". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXA3

Cyclic nucleotide. *cAMP. *cGMP. *c-di-GMP. *c-di-AMP. *cADPR. Nucleoside diphosphate. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methyluridine

Signals triggered by binding to the receptor are relayed within the cells by the cyclic AMP second messenger system. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin

... which is necessary for lipid mobilization in response to cyclic AMP, which itself is provided by the activation of Gs protein- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone-sensitive_lipase

When released, ADH binds to V2 G-protein coupled receptors within the distal convoluted tubules, increasing cyclic AMP, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus

Lugnier, C., Keravis, T., Le Bec, A., Pauvert, O., Proteau, S. and Rousseau, E. (1999). "Characterization of cyclic nucleotide ... 3',5'-Ciklični-AMP fosfodiestaraza (EC 3.1.4.53, cAMP-specifična fosfodiesteraza, cAMP-specifična PDE, PDE1, PDE2A, PDE2B, PDE4 ... PDE7, PDE8, PDEB1, PDEB2) je enzim sa sistematskim imenom 3',5'-ciklična-AMP 5'-nukleotidohidrolaza.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Ovaj ... AMP. Za dejstvo ovog enzim je neophodan jon Mg2+ ili Mn2+. ... "Identification of the cpdA gene encoding cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/3

3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase. *Protein kinase A. cGMP:. *Transducin. *Gustducin. *Guanylate cyclase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNB1

S. R. Adams, A. T. Harootunian, Y. J. Buechler, S. S. Taylor un R. Y. Tsien: Fluorescence ratio imaging of cyclic AMP in single ...

https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Yonchien_Tsien

"Isolation and characterization of the human spr1 gene and its regulation of expression by phorbol ester and cyclic AMP.". J. ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPRR1B

Białko CD39 umożliwia rozkład ATP do ADP lub AMP[92]. Drugim istotnym elementem jest cząsteczka CD73, która z kolei przetwarza ... Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a key component of regulatory T cell-mediated suppression. „J Exp Med". 204 (6), s. 1303-1310 ... Cykliczny AMP jest wytwarzany w dużych ilościach przez limfocyty Treg i przedostaje się do komórek docelowych w wyniku ... Cyclic adenosine monophosphate and IL-10 coordinately contribute to nTreg cell-mediated suppression of dendritic cell ...

https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limfocyty_T_regulatorowe

response to organic cyclic compound. • negative regulation of gastric acid secretion. • positive regulation of prostaglandin ... non-cyclic) dithiol nonapeptide called oxytoceine.[120] It has been theorized that oxytoceine may act as a free radical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin

Roskoski R, Roskoski LM (Jan 1987). "Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells by the cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP second ... "Direct phosphorylation of brain tyrosine hydroxylase by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase: mechanism of enzyme activation". ... response to organic cyclic compound. • eating behavior. • cellular response to growth factor stimulus. • heart morphogenesis. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_3-monooxygenase

"Interaction between the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of beta adrenergic agonists and the cyclic AMP PDE inhibitor ...

https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ಖಿನ್ನತೆ-ಶಮನಕಾರಿ

... nuclear located protein kinase C and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase". 》Frontiers in Bioscience》 13 (13): 1206-26. doi: ...

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/지질_

He later identified the compound as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and with his discovery created the concept of second-messenger-mediated ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinologist

3.5.4: Cyclic amidines/. Aminohidrolaze. *Guanin deaminaza. *Adenozin deaminaza. *AMP deaminaza. *Inozin monofosfat sintaza ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihidroorotaza

Cyclic AMP was measured in the isolated rat heart during anoxia in an attempt to demonstrate if this nucleotide is in any way ... The role of cyclic AMP in the modulation of cardiac contractility. Adv. Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 4:163-193.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... Cyclic AMP was measured in the isolated rat heart during anoxia in an attempt to demonstrate if this nucleotide is in any way ... Yellon D.M., Boylett A., Hearse D.J. (1983) Cyclic AMP and Early Contractile Failure. In: Chazov E., Saks V., Rona G. (eds) ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-4441-5_30

Cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor inhibits Ca2+ release from platelet membranes ...

https://www.mendeley.com/papers/cyclic-ampdependent-phosphorylation-inositol145trisphosphate-receptor-inhibits-ca2-release-platelet/

An easy-to-use directory for life science and biomedical research products. Find special deals on products, order catalogs and browse product lines from suppliers of reagents, antibodies, laboratory equipment, and more.

http://www.biosupplynet.com/cfdocs/products/prod_supp.cfm?prod_id=6022

... cyclic AMP) in the mammalian central nervous system is unclear. Brain tissue is rich in cyclic AMP, which is unevenly ... cyclic AMP) in the mammalian central nervous system is unclear. Brain tissue is rich in cyclic AMP, which is unevenly ... Kinetic parameters and renal clearances of plasma cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in man, Clin. Res. 18:73.Google Scholar ... Robison, G. A., Coppen, A. J., Whybrow, P. C., and Prange, A. J., 1970, cyclic AMP in affective disorders. Lancet 2:1028.PubMed ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-2022-7_6

The existence of eukaryotic CNB domains not associated with binding of cyclic nucleotides suggests that orphan CNB domains in ... Toxoplasma gondii cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subunit 3 is involved in the switch from tachyzoite to bradyzoite ... Nucleoside analogue activators of cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase A of Trypanosoma. *Sabine Bachmaier1. , ... Cyclic AMP effectors in African trypanosomes revealed by genome-scale RNA interference library screening for resistance to the ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09338-z?error=cookies_not_supported&code=4b8cfcac-7793-4d9e-8b2a-23d98d5b5547

Cyclic AMP receptors from slime molds are a distinct family of G-protein coupled receptors. These receptors control development ... In D. discoideum, the cyclic AMP receptors coordinate aggregation of individual cells into a multicellular organism, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_AMP_receptors

Cyclic di-AMP (also called c-di-AMP and c-di-adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in ... Cyclic di-AMP has also been linked to bacterial RNA synthesis inhibition. c-di-AMP stimulates the production of (p)ppGpp, an ... At high concentrations, cyclic di-AMP binds to receptor and target proteins to control specific pathways. Elevated c-di-AMP ... December 2012). "The helicase DDX41 recognizes the bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_di-AMP

Discovery of cyclic AMP-GMP-sensing riboswitches. Colleen A. Kellenberger, Stephen C. Wilson, Scott F. Hickey, Tania L. ... Discovery of cyclic AMP-GMP-sensing riboswitches. Colleen A. Kellenberger, Stephen C. Wilson, Scott F. Hickey, Tania L. ... A synthase for cyclic AMP-GMP (cAG, also referenced as 3′-5′, 3′-5′ cGAMP) called DncV is associated with hyperinfectivity of ... GEMM-I riboswitches from Geobacter sense the bacterial second messenger cyclic AMP-GMP. Colleen A. Kellenberger, Stephen C. ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/04/01/1419328112.abstract

Human cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase PKA inhibitor complex. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb3MVJ/pdb ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3MVJ

Agents that inhibit such synthesis and/or activity (antagonists) may, e.g., result in an increased cyclic AMP level within the ... Agents that enhance such synthesis and/or activity (agonists) may, e.g., result in a decreased cyclic AMP level within the ... Such as inhibitors can be used, for example, as a means of increasing cyclic AMP in neurons and thus treating neurological ... See, e.g., Salanova et al, Heterologous Expression and Purification of Recombinant Rolipram-Sensitive Cyclic AMP-Specific ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2005/0289660.html

Nucleotidyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) from ATP and GTP (PubMed:23258413, PubMed: ... ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic G-P2-5A-P3-5. UniProt ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/protein/Q8N884

Browse our Cyclic AMP Antibodies all backed by our Guarantee+. ... Cyclic AMP Antibodies. We offer Cyclic AMP Antibodies for use ... Alternate Names for Cyclic AMP Antibodies. anti-Cyclic AMP antibody, anti-3 5 cyclic adenosine monophosphate antibody, anti- ... Choose from our Cyclic AMP polyclonal antibodies and browse our Cyclic AMP monoclonal antibody catalog. ... Our Cyclic AMP Antibodies can be used in a variety of model species: Human, Mouse, Rat. Use the list below to choose the Cyclic ...

https://www.novusbio.com/primary-antibodies/cyclic-amp

Cyclic AMP compartments and signaling specificity: Role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. J. Gen. Physiol. 143, 29-38 ( ... The cyclic AMP system and Drosophila learning. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 149-150, 271-278 (1995).. ... Cyclic AMP levels, adenylyl cyclase activity, and their stimulation by serotonin quantified in intact neurons. J. Gen. Physiol. ... cAMPr: A single-wavelength fluorescent sensor for cyclic AMP Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ...

https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/11/520/eaah3738

The Hardcover of the Prostaglandins and Cyclic AMP: Biological Actions and Clinical Applications by Raymond H. Kahn at Barnes ... Prostaglandins and Cyclic AMP: Biological Actions and Clinical Applications. by Raymond H. Kahn (Editor), Lands William E. M. ( ...

https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/prostaglandins-and-cyclic-amp-raymond-h-kahn/1000720129

Mediation of hippocampal mossy fiber long-term potentiation by cyclic AMP. By MG Weisskopf, PE Castillo, RA Zalutsky, RA Nicoll ... Mediation of hippocampal mossy fiber long-term potentiation by cyclic AMP. By MG Weisskopf, PE Castillo, RA Zalutsky, RA Nicoll ... Mediation of hippocampal mossy fiber long-term potentiation by cyclic AMP Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to ... Experimental elevation of cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP) both mimics and interferes with tetanus-induced mossy ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/265/5180/1878

Here we describe a novel regulatory mechanism in which the dynamics of signaling through cyclic AMP are mediated by activity- ... Activity-dependent regulation of HCN pacemaker channels by cyclic AMP: signaling through dynamic allosteric coupling.. Wang J1 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12408847?dopt=Abstract

Directional Effects of Cyclic Amp on Platelets F. S. Barnes; F. S. Barnes ... Importance of the Cyclic AMP Concentration for the Rate of Lipolysis in Human Adipose Tissue Clin Sci (Lond) (September,1980) ... Cyclic AMP Responses to Parathyroid Hormone and Glucagon during Lithium Treatment Clin Sci (Lond) (May,1984) ... F. S. Barnes, Elfriede Gamow, Anne Burns, Ann De Boisfleury; Directional Effects of Cyclic Amp on Platelets. Clin Sci Mol Med 1 ...

https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/46/3/307/69796/Directional-Effects-of-Cyclic-Amp-on-Platelets?redirectedFrom=fulltext

J Cyclic Nucleotide Protein Phosphor Res. 1983;9(3):181-9. Research Support, U.S. Govt, P.H.S. ... Pre-treatment with isoproterenol or the cyclic AMP analogue, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, induced refractoriness to forskolin. When C6 ... a general activator of cyclic AMP-generating systems. Forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation peaked at 30 min and ... J Cyclic Nucleotide Protein Phosphor Res. 1983;9(3):181-9.. Forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation mediates protein ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=6199388

... Yan ... Yan Wang, Guo-Hua Su, Fang Zhang, Jing-Xue Chu, and Yun-Shan Wang, "Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is Required for Cell Proliferation ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2015/192329/cta/

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that induces immune activation. In this study, we examined whether ... Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is Required for Cell Proliferation and Inflammatory Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synoviocytes. Yan ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2015/192329/abs/

1998) Cyclic AMP elevation is sufficient to promote the survival of spinal motor neurons in vitro. J Neurosci 18:7361-7371. ... Neuronal Cyclic AMP Controls the Developmental Loss in Ability of Axons to Regenerate. Dongming Cai, Jin Qiu, Zixuan Cao, ... 1997) Immunochemical visualization and quantitation of cyclic AMP in single cells. J Biol Chem 272:31489-31495. ... Immunoassay for cAMP. For each cAMP assay, neurons were dissociated, and cyclic AMP was measured immediately using a ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/13/4731?ijkey=143134844d50b8cced8bd859a96a8cd31112b450&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

One of the important candidates is cyclic AMP (cAMP) which is long known as a potent suppressor at least of T cell activation ... One of the important candidates is cyclic AMP (cAMP) which is long known as a potent suppressor at least of T cell activation ... Cyclic AMP Represents a Crucial Component of Treg Cell-Mediated Immune Regulation. Matthias Klein and Tobias Bopp* ... One of the important candidates is cyclic AMP (cAMP), which is long known as a potent suppressor at least of T cell activation ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00315/full

Blocking CXCR4-Mediated Cyclic AMP Suppression Inhibits Brain Tumor Growth In vivo. Lihua Yang, Erin Jackson, B. Mark Woerner, ... Cyclic AMP-induced G1 phase arrest mediated by an inhibitor (p27Kip1) of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 activation. Cell 1994; 79: ... Furman MA, Shulman K. Cyclic AMP and adenyl cyclase in brain tumors. J Neurosurg 1977; 46: 477-83. ... DeltaRaf-1:ER* bypasses the cyclic AMP block of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 activation but not CDK2 ...

http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/67/2/651

Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1Add BLAST. 341. Amino acid modifications. Feature key. Position(s). Description ... "Cyclic AMP-responsive DNA-binding protein: structure based on a cloned placental cDNA.". Hoeffler J.P., Meyer T.E., Yun Y., ... sp,P16220,CREB1_HUMAN Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 OS=Homo sapiens OX=9606 GN=CREB1 PE=1 SV=2 ... "Serum/glucocorticoid-inducible kinase can phosphorylate the cyclic AMP response element binding protein, CREB.". David S., Kalb ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P16220

Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1Add BLAST. 341. Amino acid modifications. Feature key. Position(s). Description ... sp,P15337,CREB1_RAT Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 OS=Rattus norvegicus GN=Creb1 PE=1 SV=1 ... p> ,p class="publication">Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and ... p> ,p class="publication">Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and ...

http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P15337

... Nature. 1985 Mar 28 ... An essential step in both the induction and maintenance of high NAT activity is an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP. ... Noradrenaline acts via beta-adrenoceptors to increase pineal cyclic AMP by activating adenylate cyclase, and the activation of ... pineal alpha 1-adrenoceptors potentiates beta-adrenergic stimulation not only of NAT but of both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2984573/?dopt=Abstract

where to buy 60-92-4(Cyclic AMP).Also offer free database of 60-92-4(Cyclic AMP) including MSDS sheet(poisoning, toxicity, ... Adenosine cyclic 3,5-monophosphate;Adenosine cyclic monophosphate;Cyclic 3,5-AMP;Cyclic3,5-adenylic acid;Cyclic adenosine ... Product Name: Cyclic AMP Synonyms: cyclic3,5-adenylicacid;cyclic3,5-amp;cyclicadenosine3,5-phosphate;(S)-CYCLIC 3 5-( ... 99%min Adenosin Cyclophosphate/3,5-cyclic AMP/Adenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate CAS 60-92-4 ...

https://www.lookchem.com/cas-60/60-92-4.html

Subpressor infusions of angiotensin II alter glomerular binding, prostaglandin E2, and cyclic AMP production.. J G Douglas ... Subpressor infusions of angiotensin II alter glomerular binding, prostaglandin E2, and cyclic AMP production. ... Subpressor infusions of angiotensin II alter glomerular binding, prostaglandin E2, and cyclic AMP production. ... Subpressor infusions of angiotensin II alter glomerular binding, prostaglandin E2, and cyclic AMP production. ...

http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/9/6_Pt_2/III49

Cyclic AMP is degraded by the phosphodiesterase (PDE) family of enzymes (4, 5). Because many PDE isoforms are targeted to ... Targeting of Cyclic AMP Degradation to β2-Adrenergic Receptors by β-Arrestins ... Targeting of Cyclic AMP Degradation to β2-Adrenergic Receptors by β-Arrestins ... Targeting of Cyclic AMP Degradation to β2-Adrenergic Receptors by β-Arrestins ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/298/5594/834?ijkey=7bfc849d3d4522fb0018fcd1cab1764f49f69f1b&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... c-di-AMP is a second messenger produced in bacteria but not in mammals. This STING agonist can induce a strong immune response ... 3. Parvatiyar K. et al., 2012 The helicase DDX41 recognizes the bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP ... Bis-(3-5)-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a bacterial second messenger implicated in the control of cell ... The mucosal adjuvant cyclic di-AMP exerts immune stimulatory effects on dendritic cells and macrophages. PLoS One. 9(4):e95728 ...

https://www.invivogen.com/cdiamp

Cyclic di-AMP (also called c-di-AMP and c-di-adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in bacteria and archaea. (wikipedia.org)
It is one of many ubiquitous nucleotide second messengers including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine pentaphosphate ((p)ppGpp), and cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP). (wikipedia.org)
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is one of the most important signaling molecules in virtually all cell types and organisms. (sciencemag.org)
Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a bacterial second messenger implicated in the control of cell wall metabolism, osmotic stress responses and sporulation. (invivogen.com)
2011. Bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate: strong Th1/Th2/Th17 promoting mucosal adjuvant.Vaccine. (invivogen.com)
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is an intermediary substance formed during the body's process of creating energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food . (online-vitamins-guide.com)
Here we report a novel role for epinephrine and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the regulation of human SS RBC adhesiveness via the laminin receptor, basal cell adhesion molecule/Lutheran (BCAM/Lu). (bloodjournal.org)
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a key role as an intracellular second messenger for transduction events that follow a number of extracellular signals. (acris-antibodies.com)
3′,5′-AMP ( cyclic AMP ) cyclic adenosine monophosphate . (thefreedictionary.com)
3bprime,5bprime-AMP , cyclic AMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate . (thefreedictionary.com)
We evaluated the effects of cilostazol, a selective inhibitor of cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase, on the pial vessels of adult cats subjected to endothelial damage followed by middle cerebral artery occlusion. (ahajournals.org)
Adenosine can be linked to a chain of one, two, or three phosphate groups to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (thefreedictionary.com)
adenosine monophosphate (AMP) a nucleotide, adenosine 5′-phosphate, involved in energy metabolism and nucleotide synthesis. (thefreedictionary.com)
In the same cell line catabolin was found to have no effect on the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) at times ranging from 30 s to 20 min, even at concentrations up to 15 times greater than that required to promote accelerated release of glycosaminoglycans from cultured bovine nasal cartilage. (bmj.com)

The role of cyclic AMP in the modulation of cardiac contractility. (springer.com)
The chief role of cyclic AMP in several tissues seems to be to facilitate or promote the mobilization of glucose and fatty acid reserves. (diabetesjournals.org)
Another role of cyclic AMP is to enhance or promote the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
Since cyclic AMP is involved in the release as well as several of the actions of insulin, the possible role of cyclic AMP in diabetes has been discussed. (diabetesjournals.org)
At another level, the role of cyclic AMP is more obvious: insulin deficiency leaves unopposed the actions of hormones which stimulate the production of cyclic AMP, thereby contributing to the glucose plethora and ketosis so often seen in the later stages of the disease. (diabetesjournals.org)
The only known role of cyclic AMP is in the synthesis of some proteins that are subject to catabolite repression. (asm.org)
1. The role of cyclic AMP in mediating the action of 5-HT on salivary glands has been studied by measuring transepithelial potentials. (biologists.org)
Hannila SS, Filbin MT. The role of cyclic AMP signaling in promoting axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. (biovendor.com)
Role of cyclic AMP response element binding protein in human leukemias. (biovendor.com)

In mouse hepatocytes, metformin leads to the accumulation of AMP and related nucleotides, which inhibit adenylate cyclase, reduce levels of cyclic AMP and protein kinase A (PKA) activity, abrogate phosphorylation of critical protein targets of PKA, and block glucagon-dependent glucose output from hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
However, blocking cyclic AMP formation with 2′5′-ddAdo, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, greatly reversed the antiplatelet activity of MP407 and related platelet-activating pathways. (ovid.com)
In cya mutants, which lack adenylate cyclase, the addition of cyclic AMP was required for synthesis of proteins that were necessary for phosphotransferase transport and chemotaxis. (asm.org)
Therefore, the concentration of cAMP in a cell is a function of the ratio of the rate of synthesis from ATP by adenylate cyclase and its rate of breakdown to AMP by specific phosphodiesterases. (biomol.com)
The sensitivity of carbachol-contracted tracheal rings to forskolin and nitroprusside (activators of adenylate and guanylate cyclase, respectively) was generally not influenced by N6-2'-O-dibutyryl-cyclic AMP or 8-bromoguanosine-cyclic GMP in concentrations that induced up to 50% relaxation of the trachea. (aspetjournals.org)
This activates an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, which produces cyclic AMP from ATP. (thefreedictionary.com)
Cyclic AMP is produced from ATP by the enzyme adenylate cyclase (AC) and is hydrolyzed by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases. (moleculardevices.com)
4. By contrast, platelet cyclic AMP accumulation in response to a variety of adenylate cyclase stimulators was reduced from early pregnancy, throughout the gestational period, compared with post-natally. (clinsci.org)
5. Compared with healthy women, platelets from women with a previous history of pre-eclampsia tended to accumulate less cyclic AMP in response to adenylate cyclase stimulators. (clinsci.org)
Salmonella typhimurium deletion mutants lacking adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP receptor protein are avirulent and immunogenic. (asm.org)

The stimulatory signal wanes as cAMP is degraded to AMP by a phosphodiesterase, and phosphorylated proteins are dephosphorylated and inactivated. (oxfordreference.com)
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes degrade cyclic di-AMP to the linear molecule 5'-pApA (phosphadenylyl adenosine). (wikipedia.org)
1971). The specific distribution of cyclic AMP in various brain regions reflects the relative activities of the synthetic and degradative enzymes, adenyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase. (springer.com)
Cyclic AMP is degraded by the phosphodiesterase (PDE) family of enzymes ( 4 , 5 ). (sciencemag.org)
No marked increase in settlement resulted from the incubation of cyprids with dibutyryl cyclic GMP, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) (CPT) cyclic AMP or papaverine (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor). (biologists.org)
SRA5 encodes the low-Km cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (asm.org)
sra5 mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were previously shown to suppress the inefficient growth of ras2 strains on nonfermentable carbon sources and to result in deficient low-Km cyclic AMP (cAMP) phosphodiesterase activity. (asm.org)
Effects of a selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase on the pial microcirculation in feline cerebral ischemia. (ahajournals.org)
The lipid soluble, phosphodiesterase-resistant 6-N, 2-0, dibutyryl analog of cyclic AMP (db-cyclic AMP) when administered intracerebroventricularly, dose-dependently shortened narcosis induced by amobarbital [2] and a wide variety of anesthetic, sedative-hypnotic, and tranquilizer agents [3]. (springer.com)
3. Basal platelet cyclic AMP levels, and those in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, did not change throughout the period of the study. (clinsci.org)
One of the most promising new targets for trypanocidal drugs to emerge in recent years is the cyclic AMP (cAMP) phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity encoded by TbrPDEB1 and TbrPDEB2 . (asm.org)

A simple and sensitive saturation assay method for the measurement of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate. (springer.com)
A protein binding assay for adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate. (springer.com)
The role of potassium and calcium ions in the effect of epinephrine on cardiac cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, Phosphorylase kinase and Phosphorylase. (springer.com)
Experimental elevation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) both mimics and interferes with tetanus-induced mossy fiber LTP, and blockers of the cAMP cascade block mossy fiber LTP. (sciencemag.org)
ANG II infusion diminished glomerular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, increased basal cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production, and enhanced ANG II-induced decrements in cAMP production. (ahajournals.org)
Addition of anticyclic AMP antisera but not anticyclic guanosine monophosphate antisera to the postepinephrine sera or to the postepinephrine supernate derived from the endothelial cell monolayers abolished their inhibitory effect of PMN adherence to nylon fibers. (jci.org)
Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is a second messenger that plays an important role in intracellular regulation. (biovendor.com)
Adenosine 3´, 5´-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP, cAMP) is a universal secondary messenger that connects changes in the extracellular environment, as detected by cell surface receptors, to changes in the nucleus, which results in altered patterns of gene expression. (moleculardevices.com)
The intracellular molecule adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) has a postulated role as a mediator of hormone action. (gla.ac.uk)

Regulation of the yeast trehalose-synthase complex by cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation. (unboundmedicine.com)
and (b) cyclic AMP, GTP, and ATP exert their effects by their actions on this phosphorylation mechanism. (pnas.org)
Hypoxia induces phosphorylation of the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein by a novel signaling mechanism. (semanticscholar.org)
Regulation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation by acute and chronic morphine in the rat locus coeruleus. (semanticscholar.org)
Therefore, the antiplatelet activity of MP407 may be modulated by cyclic AMP-dependent regulation of Akt, GSK3β, p38MAPK and VASP phosphorylation. (ovid.com)
In vitro cyclic AMP induced phosphorylation of phospholamban: An early marker of long-term recovery of function following reperfusion of ischaemic myocardium? (eur.nl)
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitory reduced both Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-ATPase activities at concentrations which also inhibited cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. (eurekamag.com)
Cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of the 22-kDa polypeptide was inhibited by the protein kinase inhibitor and calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation was inhibited by chlorpromazine and EGTA. (eurekamag.com)

In bacteria, cyclic di-AMP has been implicated in the control of growth, cell wall homeostasis, bacterial biofilm formation and virulence gene expression, heat and osmotic stress regulation and responses, sporulation, potassium transport, lysis, and antibiotic resistance. (wikipedia.org)
Since cyclic di-AMP is a signaling nucleotide, it is presumed to adhere to the same regulation pathways, where environmental changes are sensed by synthesis or degradation enzymes, which modulate enzyme concentration. (wikipedia.org)
Regulation of c-di-AMP is critical because high c-di-AMP levels lead to abnormal physiology, growth defects, and reduced virulence in infection. (wikipedia.org)
It is possible that in addition to enzymatic regulation, intracellular c-di-AMP levels can be regulated by active transport via multidrug resistance transporters that secrete c-di-AMP from the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclic di-AMP has been linked to fatty acid synthesis regulation in Myobacterium smegmatis, the growth of S. aureus in conditions of low potassium, the sensing of DNA integrity in B. subtilis, and cell wall homeostasis in multiple species. (wikipedia.org)
It is suggested that cyclic di-AMP is involved in the regulation of cell lysis. (wikipedia.org)
Regulation of penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli by cyclic AMP. (nih.gov)
5. Cyclic AMP appears to participate in the regulation of this enzyme at the transcriptional level. (nih.gov)
Cyclic AMP plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism generally. (diabetesjournals.org)
Regulation of the expression of the inflammatory nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) by cyclic AMP. (biovendor.com)
Co-regulation of tracheal tone by cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms. (aspetjournals.org)
The regulation of guinea pig tracheal muscle tone by cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic GMP-dependent relaxant mechanisms was investigated by studying the tracheal relaxant activities of forskolin, nitroprusside, N6-2'-O-dibutyryl-cyclic AMP and 8-bromoguanosine-cyclic GMP. (aspetjournals.org)
Previous studies have shown that adenosine 3´, 5´cyclic monophosphoric acid (cyclic AMP) is a key factor in the regulation of narcosis [1]. (springer.com)
Cohn ML (1975) Cyclic AMP, thryrotropin-releasing factor and somatostatin: key factors in the regulation of the duration of narcosis. (springer.com)
Lysophosphatidic acid regulation of cyclic AMP accumulation in cultured human airway smooth muscle cells. (aspetjournals.org)
The results demonstrated that two cyclic AMP responsive elements (CREs) in the proximal promoter region of C/EBPβ were involved in the positive regulation of C/EBPβ transcription during granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-induced differentiation of bone marrow cells. (harvard.edu)
In enterobacteria, cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in the regulation of the majority of genes expressed under starvation ( 43 ), including those coding for high-affinity sugar transport systems ( 15 ). (asm.org)
Structural and biochemical studies reveal the dual regulation of the ABC transporter OpuA by ionic strength and cyclic-di-AMP. (sciencemag.org)

Nucleotidyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) from ATP and GTP (PubMed:23258413, PubMed:23707061, PubMed:23722159, PubMed:24077100, PubMed:25131990). (rcsb.org)
In cerebellar granule cells, baclofen acted with micromolar concentrations at proposed gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptors to inhibit the formation of cyclic AMP and depolarization-induced release of glutamate. (aspetjournals.org)
The formation of cyclic AMP inside the cell is catalysed by the enzyme adenyl cyclase, which is positioned on the cell membrane. (gla.ac.uk)

Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP. (nih.gov)
cGAS-dependent apoptosis upon DNA stimulation requires both the enzymatic production of cyclic dinucleotides and STING. (asm.org)

c-di-AMP is a signaling nucleotide used in signaling pathways that trigger outputs by using receptor or target proteins to sense c-di-AMP concentrations in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
At high concentrations, cyclic di-AMP binds to receptor and target proteins to control specific pathways. (wikipedia.org)
cell surface proteins that bind cyclic AMP with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behaviour of cells . (biology-online.org)
The transcription regulator cyclic AMP receptor protein of prokaryotes is not included nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic AMP receptor proteins which are the regulatory subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases . (biology-online.org)
CNBs function as regulatory modules in different classes of proteins, such as catabolite activator protein, cyclic nucleotide gated channels, Epac proteins, and guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors, where effector protein and domain activity is controlled by cAMP binding to CNB ( 3 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Abstract Endogenous cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) binds and activates STING to induce type I interferons. (doaj.org)

The involvement of cyclic AMP in the settlement of the cypris larva of Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Darwin has been examined through the use of compounds that affect intracellular cyclic AMP levels. (biologists.org)
We conclude that compounds that alter intracellular cyclic AMP levels alter normal patterns of cyprid settlement. (biologists.org)

pApA is also involved in a feedback inhibition loop that limits GdpP gene-dependent c-di-AMP hydrolysis, leading to elevated c-di-AMP levels. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclic di-AMP has also been linked to bacterial RNA synthesis inhibition. (wikipedia.org)
We discovered that CXCL12-dependent tumor growth is dependent upon sustained inhibition of cyclic AMP (cAMP) production, and that the antitumor activity of the specific CXCR4 antagonist AMD 3465 is associated with blocking cAMP suppression. (aacrjournals.org)
Previous studies have shown that the inhibitions produced by heme-deficiency and double-stranded RNA are prevented by 3': 5'-cyclic AMP, and that GTP, but not ATP, prevents the inhibition of heme-deficiency. (pnas.org)
In view of the recent finding that the inhibitor purified from heme-deficient lysates is associated with a protein kinase which appears to be involved in the mechanism of inhibition, the effects of cyclic AMP, GTP, and ATP on the three modes of inhibition were examines. (pnas.org)
In all three types of inhibition, cyclic AMP or GTP (a) prevents the onset of inhibition when added at zero time, and (b) restores protein synthesis in inhibited lysates. (pnas.org)
In contrast to these effects, ATP potentiates each inhibition, and blocks reversal of inhibition by cyclic AMP or GTP. (pnas.org)
Apoptosis induced by inhibition of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein in vascular smooth muscle cells. (semanticscholar.org)
Inhibition by antidepressant drugs of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein/cyclic AMP response element-directed gene transcription. (semanticscholar.org)
The inhibition of calcium influx and glutamate release were reversed by the cyclic AMP analog, 8-(4-chlorphenylthio)-cyclic AMP. (aspetjournals.org)
These results show similarities between the baclofen-mediated inhibition of cyclic AMP formation and glutamate release, suggesting a relationship between these two events. (aspetjournals.org)
2. There was a progressive decline during pregnancy in sensitivity of platelets to inhibition of the arachidonic acid-induced release reaction by agents which act via cyclic AMP. (clinsci.org)

In some bacteria, loss of the phosphodiesterases that degrade c-di-AMP leads to cell death. (wikipedia.org)
The cAMP signal is neutralized by hydrolysis of cAMP to AMP by phosphodiesterases. (biomol.com)
Deactivated by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases which convert it to 5 ¢ -adenylic acid. (drugfuture.com)

Cyclic AMP receptors from slime molds are a distinct family of G-protein coupled receptors. (wikipedia.org)
In D. discoideum, the cyclic AMP receptors coordinate aggregation of individual cells into a multicellular organism, and regulate the expression of a large number of developmentally-regulated genes. (wikipedia.org)
The best characterised cyclic aMP receptors are those of the slime mold dictyostelium discoideum. (biology-online.org)
Because it has been previously shown that endothelial cells contain β-receptors and respond to catecholamines by raising their intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP, and that PMN adherence is attenuated by cyclic AMP, it would appear that diminished PMN adherence after epinephrine administration is mediated through endothelial cell β-receptor activity, which in turn impairs PMN margination in vivo and could account for the rise in circulating PMN. (jci.org)
Cyclic AMP is a ubiquitous cellular second messenger that is a critical component of a signal transduction pathway linking membrane receptors and their ligands to the activation of internal cellular enzymatic activity and gene expression. (biomol.com)
Cyclic AMP receptors and cation fluxes in the turkey erythrocyte. (aspetjournals.org)
gamma-Aminobutyric acid-B receptors inhibit glutamate release from cerebellar granule cells: consequences of inhibiting cyclic AMP formation and calcium influx. (aspetjournals.org)
The receptor agonist, cyclic AMPS, disrupted slug organization and impaired phototaxis when present at concentrations high enough to saturate cyclic AMP receptors and compete effectively with endogenous cyclic AMP signals of similar magnitude to those observed during aggregation. (biologists.org)

A synthase for cyclic AMP-GMP (cAG, also referenced as 3′-5′, 3′-5′ cGAMP) called DncV is associated with hyperinfectivity of Vibrio cholerae but has not been found in many bacteria, raising questions about the prevalence and function of cAG signaling. (pnas.org)
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that induces immune activation. (hindawi.com)
Here, we define IFI16 dynamics in space and time and its distinct functions from the DNA sensor cyclic dinucleotide GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). (asm.org)
To date, several DNA sensors that activate the canonical STING/TBK-1/IRF3 signaling axis have been proposed, including IFI16 ( 4 - 6 ) and, most recently, the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) ( 15 - 18 ). (asm.org)

Defects in phosphotransferase chemotaxis in cya and cpd mutants previously cited as evidence of a cyclic GMP or cyclic AMP intermediate in signal transduction were not reproduced in a study of chemotaxis in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. (asm.org)
Increasing evidence suggests that ethanol-induced changes in cyclic AMP (cAMP) signal transduction play a critical role in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol. (biochemj.org)

Two C-terminal cyclic nucleotide binding (CNB) domains cooperatively bind two molecules of cAMP, resulting in a conformational change of the R subunit that releases the active catalytic kinase subunit(s) from the inhibitory pseudo-substrate or substrate site of PKAR. (nature.com)
Dibutyryl-cAMP is a cell-permeable cyclic AMP (cAMP) analog that activates cAMP-dependent protein kinases (Schwede et al. (stemcell.com)
Here, we report that the endogenous levels of the cyclic nucleotide, cAMP, are dramatically higher in young neurons in which axonal growth is promoted both by myelin in general and by a specific myelin component, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), than in the same types of neurons that, when older, are inhibited by myelin-MAG. (jneurosci.org)
One of the important candidates is cyclic AMP (cAMP), which is long known as a potent suppressor at least of T cell activation and function. (frontiersin.org)
The cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (CRP) strongly enhanced hapA transcription in the deceleration phase. (asm.org)
Prompted by significant changes in the expression of genes involved in Ca 2+ and cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathways in CAD-resistant MCF7 breast cancer cells, we identified here an early lysosomal Ca 2+ release through P2X purinergic receptor 4 (P2RX4) and subsequent Ca 2+ - and adenylyl cyclase 1 (ADCY1)-dependent synthesis of cAMP as a signaling route mediating CAD-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death. (aacrjournals.org)
Two isoforms of the regulatory subunits of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase that bind cAMP are inversely expressed during ontogeny and cell differentiation. (aacrjournals.org)
The TOR (target of rapamycin) and RAS/cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathways are the two major pathways controlling cell growth in response to nutrients in yeast. (asm.org)
The decoding of dynamic Ca 2+ signals is, in part, mediated by the ability of Ca 2+ to regulate other second messengers, including cyclic AMP (cAMP). (biologists.org)
However, prime candidates, the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-producing Ca 2+ -dependent adenylyl cyclases (ACs), have until recently ( Gorbunova and Spitzer, 2002 ) been refractory to the display of such behaviour. (biologists.org)
The somatostatin (SS) gene is transcriptionally regulated via the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element (CRE), located in the proximal promoter (-41 to -48 bp). (biochemj.org)
A further and pronounced increase in cultivation success was accomplished by the addition of cyclic AMP (cAMP), N -butyryl homoserine lactone, or N -oxohexanoyl- dl -homoserine lactone at a low concentration of 10 μM. (asm.org)
Bacterial cells of strain G100 that were starved for 6 weeks attained a higher growth rate and a higher biomass yield when resuscitated in the presence of cAMP instead of AMP. (asm.org)

Dibutyryl cyclic AMP induces differentiation of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells into a noradrenergic phenotype. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) and retinoic acid (RA) have been demonstrated to be the inducers of morphological differentiation in SH-SY5Y cells, a human catecholaminergic neuroblastoma cell line. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Although the analogue dibutyryl cyclic AMP appeared to increase settlement, the effect was not significant. (biologists.org)
In carbachol (3 X 10(-6) M)-contracted isolated tracheal rings, N6-2'-O-dibutyryl-cyclic AMP and 8-bromoguanosine-cyclic GMP each caused biphasic relaxation responses, which consisted of an acute relaxation followed by a sustained but lesser degree of relaxation. (aspetjournals.org)
Cohn ML, Yamaoka H, Taylor FH, Kraynack B (1973) Action of intracerebroventricular dibutyryl cyclic AMP on amobarbital anaesthesia in rats. (springer.com)
Cohn ML, Cohn M, Taylor FH, Scattaregia F (1975) A direct effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the duration of narcosis induced by sedative, hypnotic, tranquilizer and anaesthetic drugs in the rat. (springer.com)

Porcine catabolin stimulates prostaglandin E2 secretion but does not affect intracellular cyclic AMP production in pig synovial fibroblasts. (bmj.com)

Among the principal effects of cyclic AMP in these tissues are glycogenolysis in muscle and lipolysis in adipose tissue. (diabetesjournals.org)

Phosphotransferase chemotaxis was normal in a cpd mutant of S. typhimurium that has elevated levels of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP. (asm.org)
We examined the effects of dopamine and of a selective DA1 agonist, fenoldopam, on the levels of cyclic AMP in the trabecular meshwork, freshly excised from porcine and canine eyes. (arvojournals.org)

In the liver, glucagon and the catecholamines cause an increase in the intracellular level of cyclic AMPby stimulating adenyl cyclase. (diabetesjournals.org)
One is to stimulate the enzyme adenyl cyclase to synthesize cyclic AMP, which, in turn, stimulates cation transport. (biologists.org)

This increase in the level of .cyclic AMP leads to a net increase in hepatic glucose production by at least three mechanisms: stimulation of phosphorylase activation, suppression of glycogen synthetase activity, and stimulation of gluconeogenesis. (diabetesjournals.org)
Effects of dopamine receptor activation on the level of cyclic AMP in the trabecular meshwork. (arvojournals.org)

Cyclic AMP response element modulator is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is regulated by CYCLIC AMP. (curehunter.com)
We previously showed that the expression of the transcriptional repressor cyclic AMP response element modulator α (CREMα) is increased in SLE T cells and contributes to reduced IL-2 production. (springer.com)
The IL-2 promoter defines a consensus CRE site at position -180, which can bind the cyclic AMP response element binding (CREB) and cyclic AMP response element modulator (CREM) transcription factors. (springer.com)

In eukaryotic cells, c-di-AMP is sensed and subsequently elicits a type I interferon (IFN) response, leading to the activation of defense mechanisms against viral infection. (wikipedia.org)
c-di-AMP may also stimulate dendritic cells, leading to T cell activation. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclic di-AMP has been identified (along with 2'3'-cGAMP) as a ligand that induces closing of the STING dimer, leading to STING polymerization and pathway activation. (wikipedia.org)
The suggestion a decade ago that metformin reduces glucose synthesis through activation of the enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has recently been challenged by genetic loss-of-function experiments. (nih.gov)
2011. MPYS is required for IFN response factor 3 activation and type I IFN production in the response of cultured phagocytes to bacterial second messengers cyclic-di-AMP and cyclic-di-GMP. (invivogen.com)
Cyclic AMP-responsive element-dependent activation of Epstein-Barr virus zebra promoter by human herpesvirus 6. (asm.org)

Cyclic dinucleotides are an expanding class of signaling molecules that control many aspects of bacterial physiology. (pnas.org)
SLC19A1 transports immunoreactive cyclic dinucleotides. (invivogen.com)

Subpressor infusions of angiotensin II alter glomerular binding, prostaglandin E2, and cyclic AMP production. (ahajournals.org)
Prostaglandin E2 regulates Th17 cell differentiation and function through cyclic AMP and EP2/EP4 receptor signaling. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In human purified naive T cells, PGE2 acts via prostaglandin receptor EP2- and EP4-mediated signaling and cyclic AMP pathways to up-regulate IL-23 and IL-1 receptor expression. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Proceedings: A role for noradrenaline and cyclic AMP in prostaglandin E1 Fever. (harvard.edu)

In tissue samples from canine eyes, fenoldopam at a concentration of 10(-4) M increased the endogenous cyclic AMP level from a basal value of 26.0 +/- 4.6 to 64.2 +/- 5.7 pmol/mg protein. (arvojournals.org)

That the cyclic AMP molecule may have played a role in this compensatory mechanism, is discussed. (gla.ac.uk)

We offer Cyclic AMP Antibodies for use in common research applications: ELISA, Western Blot. (novusbio.com)
Our Cyclic AMP Antibodies can be used in a variety of model species: Human, Mouse, Rat. (novusbio.com)
Choose from our Cyclic AMP polyclonal antibodies and browse our Cyclic AMP monoclonal antibody catalog. (novusbio.com)

recently am understandable whites that could store this cyclic amp 1971 year century expansion in und of quantifying Increasing a Great grade or behavior, a SQL treatment or financial tracks. (rollwithitmn.org)
understand if you are such others for this cyclic amp 1971. (rollwithitmn.org)
new cyclic amp 1971 The unwanted table cover with Movement dal. (rollwithitmn.org)
The yuppies in America: skills processes( Great Events acqua cyclic amp 1971 the of 88G il with many others. (rollwithitmn.org)
16We Only poorly survived after we had this cyclic amp 1971. (rollwithitmn.org)

The dinucleotide is also produced by numerous human pathogens, prompting the exploration of numerous c-di-AMP-regulating pathways both in humans and in bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Similarly, c-di-AMP levels affect peptidoglycan precursor synthesis, suggesting a strong link between the c-di-AMP and peptidoglycan synthetic pathways. (wikipedia.org)
It is only possible to determine the changes in the metabolic pathways in time consuming research settings by measuring the various "substrates" , "enzymes" and hormones that are involved in the complex biochemical pathways involving cyclic AMP. (nethealthbook.com)

NH4)3SO4 is known to perturb cyclic AMP binding to its receptor, and ammonia is an inhibitor of cyclic AMP signalling in aggregating amoebae. (biologists.org)

In humans, cyclic di-AMP has been implicated in the control of innate immune response and antiviral response against pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
c-di-AMP activates the innate immune pathway STING (stimulator of interferon genes) to detect damaged DNA. (wikipedia.org)
2011. STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP. (invivogen.com)
Serezani CH, Ballinger MN, Aronoff DM, Peters-Golden M. Cyclic AMP: master regulator of innate immune cell function. (biovendor.com)

Each Cyclic AMP Antibody is fully covered by our Guarantee+, to give you complete peace of mind and the support when you need it. (novusbio.com)

As measured by radioimmunoassay, fenoldopam at a concentration of 10(-5) M caused a 4-fold increase in the cyclic AMP content, from a basal level of 24.4 +/- 1.9 to 101.8 +/- 6.3 pmol/mg protein, of the trabecular meshwork samples from porcine eyes. (arvojournals.org)

Phototaxis and thermotaxis by Dictyostelium discoideum slugs on water agar were impaired by the presence in the agar of adenosine, which is a cyclic AMP receptor antagonist in aggregating amoebae. (biologists.org)

How does Cyclic AMP increase Calcium ions concentration in cardiac muscle and decrease it in smooth muscle (and so the different effect of beta adrenergic stimulation)? (biology-online.org)

Insulin then travels to the liver and adipose tissue to suppress the accumulation of cyclic AMP, and may also antagonize the action of cyclic AMP in muscle. (diabetesjournals.org)

Free energy is supplied to drive metabolic reactions, to transport molecules against concentration gradients (active transport), and to produce mechanical motion (contraction of myofibrils and microtubules), when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate or to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate. (thefreedictionary.com)
Finally, secretions induced a transient rise in the intracellular cyclic AMP concentration in monocytes and Rp-cyclic AMPS inhibited the effects of secretions. (springermedizin.de)

Detection of c-di-AMP by the host cytoplasmic surveillance pathway (CSP) is known to elicit type I IFN responses through a signaling axis that involves STING, TBK1 and IRF3 [1, 2]. (invivogen.com)

It is concluded that cyclic GMP does not determine the frequency of tumbling and is probably not a component of the transduction pathway. (asm.org)

The purpose of this review is to describe the components of the cyclic AMP response unit and to analyze how these components cooperate to induce target gene expression in response to hormonal stimulation. (nih.gov)
Beta-adrenergic stimulation of cyclic AMP content and parathyroid hormone release from isolated bovine parathyroid cells. (harvard.edu)

Whether or not cyclic AMP plays a regulatory role in basement membrane synthesis is presently unknown. (diabetesjournals.org)

Our understanding of cyclic AMP signaling in the nucleus has expanded considerably over the past decade, owing in large part to the characterization of cyclic AMP-responsive promoter elements, transcription factors that bind them, and signal-dependent coactivators that mediate target gene induction. (nih.gov)

Such as inhibitors can be used, for example, as a means of increasing cyclic AMP in neurons and thus treating neurological problems, such as long term memory loss, if not preventing such maladies entirely. (freepatentsonline.com)

The second messenger cyclic AMP, for example, regulates a striking number of physiologic processes, including intermediary metabolism, cellular proliferation, and neuronal signaling, by altering basic patterns of gene expression. (nih.gov)
Cyclic AMP regulates the expression of a number of genes through a conserved promoter element, the CRE1. (semanticscholar.org)

The biphasic nature of this response is suggested to result from a functional counter-balancing of cyclic nucleotide-dependent relaxant mechanisms and the contractile mechanisms stimulated by carbachol. (aspetjournals.org)
These results demonstrate that cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms induce relaxations of the trachea that are functionally additive, each neither potentiating nor depressing the effects of the other. (aspetjournals.org)
In the presence of 3 X 10(-6) M carbachol, the effectiveness of cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-dependent relaxant mechanisms appears to be fixed, and independent of the amount of active tension being maintained by the tracheal muscle itself. (aspetjournals.org)
The secretion of cyclic di-AMP was dependent on MdrT, a multidrug resistance transporter, and LO28 exhibited a very high level of mdrT expression. (asm.org)
Maggot secretions inhibit the pro-inflammatory responses of human monocytes through a cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism. (springermedizin.de)

2. If a gradient of cyclic AMP is generated in such a preparation a large fraction of the spread platelets are oriented with their veils into the gradient. (portlandpress.com)
Moreover, MP407 is able to increase the cyclic AMP formation both in resting and activated platelets. (ovid.com)

The existence of eukaryotic CNB domains not associated with binding of cyclic nucleotides suggests that orphan CNB domains in other eukaryotes may bind undiscovered signalling molecules. (nature.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs116

Phenomena and Processes24

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

The MAP kinase ERK2 inhibits the cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase HSPDE4D3 by phosphorylating it at Ser579. (1/18083)

The paired-domain transcription factor Pax8 binds to the upstream enhancer of the rat sodium/iodide symporter gene and participates in both thyroid-specific and cyclic-AMP-dependent transcription. (2/18083)

Identification of a cAMP response element within the glucose- 6-phosphatase hydrolytic subunit gene promoter which is involved in the transcriptional regulation by cAMP and glucocorticoids in H4IIE hepatoma cells. (3/18083)

PrKX is a novel catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulated by the regulatory subunit type I. (4/18083)

A2B adenosine and P2Y2 receptors stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. cross-talk between cyclic AMP and protein kinase c pathways. (5/18083)

CRE-mediated gene transcription in neocortical neuronal plasticity during the developmental critical period. (6/18083)

Prior exposure to neurotrophins blocks inhibition of axonal regeneration by MAG and myelin via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. (7/18083)

Mechanisms for generating the autonomous cAMP-dependent protein kinase required for long-term facilitation in Aplysia. (8/18083)

Cyclic AMP

Receptors, Cyclic AMP

Bucladesine

Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine

Colforsin

Theophylline

Adenylate Cyclase

AMP Deaminase

Isoproterenol

Adenosine Monophosphate

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein

Cyclic GMP

Rolipram

Kinetics

Stimulation, Chemical

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Prostaglandins E

Cholera Toxin

Calcium

Nucleotides, Cyclic

Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases

Adenosine

Epinephrine

Glucagon

Xanthines

Cells, Cultured

Rats, Inbred Strains

Protein Kinases

Alprostadil

Adenylate Cyclase Toxin

Second Messenger Systems

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Enzyme Activation

Phenylisopropyladenosine

2-Chloroadenosine

Cell Line

Papaverine

4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone

Dictyostelium

Adenosine Triphosphate

Pyrrolidinones

Aminophylline

Virulence Factors, Bordetella

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta

Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP

Thionucleotides

Propranolol

Dinoprostone

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4

Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)

Liver

Guinea Pigs

Adrenergic beta-Agonists

Signal Transduction

Molecular Sequence Data

Pertussis Toxin

Transcription, Genetic

Time Factors

Inositol Phosphates

Carbachol

Receptors, Adrenergic

Norepinephrine

Cycloheximide

Histamine

Escherichia coli

Base Sequence

Diterpenes

Glucose

Phosphorylation

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases

Enzyme Induction

Prostaglandins

Phosphorylases

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone