Cyanides. Medical search

Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.

A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes.

A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.

A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.

Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.

A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.

Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS.

Inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid, H3Fe(CN)6.

Enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of or oxidation of compounds containing primary amines.

Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.

A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. All strains can utilize FRUCTOSE for energy. It is occasionally isolated from humans and some strains are pathogenic to WATERMELON.

Organic derivatives of thiocyanic acid which contain the general formula R-SCN.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the planetary sulfur atom of thiosulfate ion to cyanide ion to form thiocyanate ion. EC 2.8.1.1.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.

A cyanogenic glycoside found in the seeds of Rosaceae.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Myoglobin which is in the oxidized ferric or hemin form. The oxidation causes a change in color from red to brown.

The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.

Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)

A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

A species of nonpathogenic fluorescent bacteria found in feces, sewage, soil, and water, and which liquefy gelatin.

Compounds in which a methyl group is attached to the cyano moiety.

Iodinated derivatives of acetic acid. Iodoacetates are commonly used as alkylating sulfhydryl reagents and enzyme inhibitors in biochemical research.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.

A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).

The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.

Proteins that contain an iron-porphyrin, or heme, prosthetic group resembling that of hemoglobin. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p480)

A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed)

A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.

Enzymes which transfer sulfur atoms to various acceptor molecules. EC 2.8.1.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Derivatives of formic acids. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are formed with a single carbon carboxy group.

Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.

A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.

Chemical agents that increase the permeability of CELL MEMBRANES to PROTONS.

Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.

A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport.

Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Cyanide poisoning: pathophysiology and treatment recommendations. (1/1572)

This paper aims to assess and compare currently available antidotes for cyanide poisoning. Such evaluation, however, is difficult. Thus, extrapolation from the results of animal studies has potential pitfalls, as significant inter-species differences in response may exist, and these experiments often involve administration of toxin and antidote almost simultaneously, rather than incorporating a more realistic time delay before initiation of treatment. Direct inference from human case reports is also problematic; either because of uncertainties over the exposure levels involved (and hence the likely outcome without treatment), or because of difficulties in identifying the specific contribution of a particular antidote within the overall treatment regimen. Certainly an effort to compare the relative efficacy of cyanide antidotes produces equivocal findings, with no single regimen clearly standing out. Indeed, factors such as the risks of antidote toxicity to various individuals and other practical issues, may be more important considerations. There is therefore no single treatment regimen which is best for all situations. Besides individual risk factors for antidote toxicity, the nature of the exposure and hence its likely severity, the evolving clinical features and the number of persons involved and their proximity to hospital facilities, all need to be considered. Clinically mild poisoning may be treated by rest, oxygen and amyl nitrite. Intravenous antidotes are indicated for moderate poisoning. Where the diagnosis is uncertain, sodium thiosulphate may be the first choice. With severe poisoning, an additional agent is required. Given the various risks with methaemoglobin formers or with unselective use of kelocyanor, hydroxocobalamin may be preferred from a purely risk-benefit perspective. However the former alternatives will likely remain important. (+info)

Alternative oxidase inhibitors potentiate the activity of atovaquone against Plasmodium falciparum. (2/1572)

Recent evidence suggests that the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum utilizes a branched respiratory pathway including both a cytochrome chain and an alternative oxidase. This branched respiratory pathway model has been used as a basis for examining the mechanism of action of two antimalarial agents, atovaquone and proguanil. In polarographic assays, atovaquone immediately reduced the parasite oxygen consumption rate in a concentration-dependent manner. This is consistent with its previously described role as an inhibitor of the cytochrome bc1 complex. Atovaquone maximally inhibited the rate of P. falciparum oxygen consumption by 73% +/- 10%. At all atovaquone concentrations tested, the addition of the alternative oxidase inhibitor, salicylhydroxamic acid, resulted in a further decrease in the rate of parasite oxygen consumption. At the highest concentrations of atovaquone tested, the activities of salicylhydroxamic acid and atovaquone appear to overlap, suggesting that at these concentrations, atovaquone partially inhibits the alternative oxidase as well as the cytochrome chain. Drug interaction studies with atovaquone and salicylhydroxamic acid indicate atovaquone's activity against P. falciparum in vitro is potentiated by this alternative oxidase inhibitor, with a sum fractional inhibitory concentration of 0.6. Propyl gallate, another alternative oxidase inhibitor, also potentiated atovaquone's activity, with a sum fractional inhibitory concentration of 0.7. Proguanil, which potentiates atovaquone activity in vitro and in vivo, had a small effect on parasite oxygen consumption in polarographic assays when used alone or in the presence of atovaquone or salicylhydroxamic acid. This suggests that proguanil does not potentiate atovaquone by direct inhibition of either branch of the parasite respiratory chain. (+info)

Preparation and properties of S-cyano derivatives of creatine kinase. (3/1572)

The two reactive thiol groups of rabbit muscle creatine kinase were stoichiometrically reacted with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). In the resulting inactive mixed disulfide derivative they were subsequently substituted with [14C]cyanide, the smallest uncharged thiol-blocking group. The modified enzyme contained 1.6 mol label/mol protein and showed by Ellman's titration and amino acid analysis a concomitant loss of about 0.8 - 0.9-SH group per subunit. This mono-S-cyano derivative of creatine kinase was found 73% as active as the native unmodified protein. It was still able to react in the native state with a variety of thiol reagents with the further blocking of another pair of thiol groups; their substitution once more with cyanide resulted in the bis-S-cyano derivative of creatine kinase, which lost 2 thiol groups per subunit and had about 50% of the original catalytic activity. It is concluded that the four cyanylated thiol groups are not required for the catalytic activity of creatine kinase and the cyanoprotein derivatives described are shown to be useful tools for some interesting investigations related to this enzyme. (+info)

Nitric oxide inhibits L-type Ca2+ current in glomus cells of the rabbit carotid body via a cGMP-independent mechanism. (4/1572)

Previous studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits carotid body sensory activity. To begin to understand the cellular mechanisms associated with the actions of NO in the carotid body, we monitored the effects of NO donors on the macroscopic Ca2+ current in glomus cells isolated from rabbit carotid bodies. Experiments were performed on freshly dissociated glomus cells from adult rabbit carotid bodies using the whole cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. The NO donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 600 microM, n = 7) and spermine nitric oxide (SNO; 100 microM, n = 7) inhibited the Ca2+ current in glomus cells in a voltage-independent manner. These effects of NO donors were rapid in onset and peaked within 1 or 2 min. In contrast, the outward K+ current was unaffected by SNP (600 microM, n = 6), indicating that the inhibition by SNP was not a nonspecific membrane effect. 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO; 500 microM), an NO scavenger, prevented inhibition of the Ca2+ current by SNP (n = 7), whereas neither superoxide dismutase (SOD; 2,000 U/ml, n = 4), a superoxide scavenger, nor sodium hydrosulfite (SHS; 1 mM, n = 7), a reducing agent, prevented inhibition of the Ca2+ current by SNP. However, SNP inhibition of the Ca2+ current was reversible in the presence of either SOD or SHS. These results suggest that NO itself inhibits Ca2+ current in a reversible manner and that subsequent formation of peroxynitrites results in irreversible inhibition. SNP inhibition of the Ca2+ current was not affected by 30 microM LY 83, 583 (n = 7) nor was it mimicked by 600 microM 8-bromoguanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP; n = 6), suggesting that the effects of NO on the Ca2+ current are mediated, in part, via a cGMP-independent mechanism. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM; 2.5 mM, n = 6) prevented the inhibition of the Ca2+ current by SNP, indicating that SNP is acting via a modification of sulfhydryl groups on Ca2+ channel proteins. Norepinephrine (NE; 10 microM) further inhibited the Ca2+ current in the presence of NEM (n = 7), implying that NEM did not nonspecifically eliminate Ca2+ current modulation. Nisoldipine, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker (2 microM, n = 6), prevented the inhibition of Ca2+ current by SNP, whereas omega-conotoxin GVIA, an N-type Ca2+ channel blocker (1 microM, n = 9), did not prevent the inhibition of Ca2+ current by SNP. These results demonstrate that NO inhibits L-type Ca2+ channels in adult rabbit glomus cells, in part, due to a modification of calcium channel proteins. The inhibition might provide one plausible mechanism for efferent inhibition of carotid body activity by NO. (+info)

Influence of different types of effectors on the kinetic parameters of suicide inactivation of catalase by hydrogen peroxide. (5/1572)

The effects of cyanide and azide ions (class A), sodium-n-dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and 2-mercaptoethanol (class B), 3-aminotriazole (class C) and NADPH (class D) on the initial activity (ai), inactivation rate constant (ki) and the partition ratio (r) of bovine liver catalase reaction with its suicide substrate, hydrogen peroxide, were studied in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 at 27 degrees C. The above kinetic parameters were determined by processing the progress curve data. In class A, which contains fast and reversible inhibitors of catalase, a proportional decrease in ai and ki was observed by inhibitors, so that the r remained constant. In class B, which contains slow and irreversible inactivators, a decrease in ai and constancy of ki and r were observed when catalase was incubated in the presence of such inactivators for a determined time. In class C, containing effector which can combine with intermediate compound I, ai was relatively unchanged but an increase in ki and a decrease in r were observed. In class D, containing effector which reduces compound I to ferricatalase, ai was not affected significantly but some decrease in ki was detected which was linked with an increase in r. These results demonstrate that different classes of effectors affect the determined kinetic parameters of catalase in various ways. Thus, determination of such parameters by simple kinetic experiments can be carried out for classification of the agents which have an effect on the kinetics of catalase. (+info)

The superoxide dismutase activity of desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774. (6/1572)

Desulfoferrodoxin (Dfx), a small iron protein containing two mononuclear iron centres (designated centre I and II), was shown to complement superoxide dismutase (SOD) deficient mutants of Escherichia coli [Pianzzola, M.J., Soubes M. & Touati, D. (1996) J. Bacteriol. 178, 6736-6742]. Furthermore, neelaredoxin, a protein from Desulfovibrio gigas containing an iron site similar to centre II of Dfx, was recently shown to have a significant SOD activity [Silva, G., Oliveira, S., Gomes, C.M., Pacheco, I., Liu, M.Y., Xavier, A.V., Teixeira, M., Le Gall, J. & Rodrigues-Pousada, C. (1999) Eur. J. Biochem. 259, 235-243]. Thus, the SOD activity of Dfx isolated from the sulphate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774 was studied. The protein exhibits a SOD activity of 70 U x mg-1, which increases approximately 2.5-fold upon incubation with cyanide. Cyanide binds specifically to Dfx centre II, yielding a low-spin iron species with g-values at 2.27 (g perpendicular) and 1.96 (g parallel). Upon reaction of fully oxidized Dfx with the superoxide generating system xanthine/xanthine oxidase, Dfx centres I and II become partially reduced, suggesting that Dfx operates by a redox cycling mechanism, similar to those proposed for other SODs. Evidence for another SOD in D. desulfuricans is also presented - this enzyme is inhibited by cyanide, and N-terminal sequence data strongly indicates that it is an analogue to Cu,Zn-SODs isolated from other sources. This is the first indication that a Cu-containing protein may be present in a sulphate-reducing bacterium. (+info)

Phenylacetyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase, a membrane-bound molybdenum-iron-sulfur enzyme involved in anaerobic metabolism of phenylalanine in the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica. (7/1572)

Phenylacetic acids are common intermediates in the microbial metabolism of various aromatic substrates including phenylalanine. In the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica phenylacetate is oxidized, under anoxic conditions, to the common intermediate benzoyl-CoA via the intermediates phenylacetyl-CoA and phenylglyoxylate (benzoylformate). The enzyme that catalyzes the four-electron oxidation of phenylacetyl-CoA has been purified from this bacterium and studied. The enzyme preparation catalyzes the reaction phenylacetyl-CoA + 2 quinone + 2 H2O --> phenylglyoxylate + 2 quinone H2 + CoASH. Phenylacetyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase is a membrane-bound molybdenum-iron-sulfur protein. The purest preparations contained three subunits of 93, 27, and 26 kDa. Ubiquinone is most likely to act as the electron acceptor, and the oxygen atom introduced into the product is derived from water. The protein preparations contained 0.66 mol Mo, 30 mol Fe, and 25 mol acid-labile sulfur per mol of native enzyme, assuming a native molecular mass of 280 kDa. Phenylglyoxylyl-CoA, but not mandelyl-CoA, was observed as a free intermediate. All enzyme preparations also catalyzed the subsequent hydrolytic release of coenzyme A from phenylglyoxylyl-CoA but not from phenylacetyl-CoA. The enzyme is reversibly inactivated by a low concentration of cyanide, but is remarkably stable with respect to oxygen. This new member of the molybdoproteins represents the first example of an enzyme which catalyzes the alpha-oxidation of a CoA-activated carboxylic acid without utilizing molecular oxygen. (+info)

Neonatal rabbit proximal tubule basolateral membrane Na+/H+ antiporter and Cl-/base exchange. (8/1572)

The present in vitro microperfusion study examined the maturation of Na+/H+ antiporter and Cl-/base exchanger on the basolateral membrane of rabbit superficial proximal straight tubules (PST). Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured with the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 2', 7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein in neonatal and adult superficial PST. Na+/H+ antiporter activity was examined after basolateral Na+ addition in tubules initially perfused and bathed without Na+. Neonatal Na+/H+ antiporter activity was approximately 40% that of adult segment (9.7 +/- 1.5 vs. 23.7 +/- 3.2 pmol. mm-1. min-1; P < 0.001). The effect of bath Cl- removal on pHi was used to assess the rates of basolateral Cl-/base exchange. In both neonatal and adult PST, the Cl-/base exchange activity was significantly higher in the presence of 25 mM HCO-3 than in the absence of HCO-3 and was inhibited by cyanide and acetazolamide, consistent with Cl-/HCO-3 exchange. The proton flux rates in the presence of bicarbonate in neonatal and adult tubules were 14.1 +/- 3.6 and 19.5 +/- 3.5 pmol. mm-1min-1, respectively (P = NS), consistent with a mature rate of Cl-/HCO-3 exchanger activity in neonatal tubules. Basolateral Cl-/base exchange activity in the absence of CO2 and HCO-3, with luminal and bath cyanide and acetazolamide, was greater in adult than in neonatal PST and inhibited by bath DIDS consistent with a maturational increase in Cl-/OH- exchange. We have previously shown that the rates of the apical membrane Na+/H+ antiporter and Cl-/base exchanger were approximately fivefold lower in neonatal compared with adult rabbit superficial PST. These data demonstrate that neonatal PST basolateral membrane Na+/H+ antiporter and Cl-/base exchanger activities are relatively more mature than the Na+/H+ antiporter and Cl-/base exchangers on the apical membrane. (+info)

... has niche uses as a precursor to other organoaluminium compounds, such as diethylaluminium cyanide: 1 2 Al 2 ... Wataru Nagata and Yoshioka Mitsuru (1988). "Diethylaluminum Cyanides". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, 6, p. 436 TEA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylaluminium

"The Facts About Cyanides". /www.health.ny.gov. New York State: Department of Health. "Cyanide in Drinking-water" (PDF). www.who ... This process allows humans to intake small amounts of cyanide in food like apple seeds and survive small amounts of cyanide gas ... However, unlike alcohol, one cannot effectively condition the liver against cyanide. Relatively larger amounts of cyanide are ... One interesting minor subversion is cyanide, which bypasses the immune system, but can be metabolized by the liver. The enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridatism

Cyanide Studios would later develop the video game version of Blood Bowl in 2009, which itself utilizes certain features from ... According to Eurogamer, Cyanide originally pitched the game idea to Games Workshop in hopes of developing a licensed Blood Bowl ... Games Workshop has announced that Cyanide Studios now have a license to create computer games based on Blood Bowl and that "Any ... Chaos League is a fantasy-based sports management game developed by Cyanide Studios and published by Digital Jesters. It was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_League

... and it takes only a tiny amount of cyanide to kill a human. While there are antidotes to cyanide poisoning, their effectiveness ... Cyanide has been used in New Zealand since the 1940s, and is licensed for killing possums and wallabies. It is a highly lethal ... Ground-laid cyanide has killed native species and other animals in the past (including kiwi, kea, weka, and bats) ... Cyanide. A review of current knowledge. Version 1.5, Department of Conservation, DOCDM-25420. Eason, C., Murphy, E., Ogilvie, S ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080_usage_in_New_Zealand

In May 2012, Cyanide and Focus announced the next version of the game, Blood Bowl: Chaos Edition would be released, with 3 new ... In August 2007, Cyanide announced that a new game for Microsoft Windows computers would be developed, due to be released in ... In October 2009 Cyanide Studios announced a free expansion containing the Dark Elves race. The Update was released on November ... In April 2010, Cyanide announced the next version of the game, Blood Bowl: Legendary Edition would be released in November 2010 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Bowl_(2009_video_game)

Cyanide fishing • Ghost nets • Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing • Overfishing • Shark culling • Shark finning • ... Cyanide • DDT • Endocrine disruptors • Explosives • Environmental impact of the coal industry • Herbicides • Hydrocarbons • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues

doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)84388-9. Vedejs, E.; Telschow, J. E. (1976-02-20). "Synthesis of cyanohydrins from cyanides. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoOPH

Fortunately, cyanide extraction had ceased and actual cyanide levels were low. Then owners, Delta Gold, undertook a Mine ... "Ban Cyanide!". Rainforest Information Centre. Retrieved 30 August 2018. "Timbarra Mine Rehabilitation Memo (2002) and Press ... Unsuitable site for heap-leach cyanide mining due to wetland conditions and high rainfall. Ross Mining countered the criticism ... The mine was closed in 2001 after heavy rainfall resulted in two successive overflows from the cyanide ponds vindicated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbarra_Gold_Mine

In this case, the cyanide anion is the synthetic equivalent for the −COOH synthon, while benzyl bromide is the synthetic ... "Benzyl Cyanide". Organic Syntheses.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collective Volume, 1, p. 107 Centre for ... itself prepared by the analogous reaction of benzyl chloride with sodium cyanide. Manipulation of functional groups can lead to ... phenylacetic acid has been synthesized from benzyl cyanide, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis

Halogen cyanides can be obtained by the reaction of halogens with metal cyanides or the halogenation of hydrocyanic acid. M C N ... A lethal dose of cyanide is time-dependent because of the body's ability to detoxify and excrete small amounts of cyanide ... Bromine cyanide melts at 52 °C and boils at 61 °C. Iodine cyanide sublimates at normal pressure. Cyanogen fluoride boils at -46 ... Halogen cyanides are stable at normal pressure below 20 °C and in the absence of moisture or acids. In the presence of free ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen_halide

"Iodine cyanide - Compound Summary (CID 10478)". PubChem. NIH. "Iodine Cyanide; International Chemical Safety Card No. 0662 (U.S ... Cyanogen iodide is prepared by combining I2 and a cyanide, most commonly sodium cyanide in ice-cold water. The product is ... Cyanogen iodide or iodine cyanide (ICN) is a pseudohalogen composed of iodine and the cyanide group. It is a relatively ... Results confirm that cyanides are much weaker salts in pyridine than are iodides, although cyanogen iodide solutions are able ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen_iodide

Examples include the formation of cyclopropyl cyanide and cyclopropylacetylene This mechanism also forms the basis of the ... Schlatter, M. J. (1943). "Cyclopropyl Cyanide". Organic Syntheses. 23: 20. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.023.0020.; Collective Volume, 3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopropanation

"Cyanide". cyanide-studio.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. "Cyanide". cyanide-studio.com. Archived from the ... "Blood Bowl PC is available!". Cyanide (Studio). 26 June 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009. Dobson, Jason (13 November 2007). "Cyanide ... Cyanide Studio confirmed that the next videogame adaptation, Blood Bowl 3, would use the new ruleset. Blood Bowl is a two- ... Cyanide Studios released an adaption of Dungeonbowl in the same year. A sequel, Blood Bowl 2, was released in 2015. Another ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Bowl

Sparkling Cyanide; Endless Night; Crooked House; Death in the Clouds; The Moving Finger; Taken at the Flood; Death Comes as the ... he is poisoned with cyanide. Luckily, his Time Lord physiology allows him to detoxify. During a failed attempt to reveal the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unicorn_and_the_Wasp

... cyanide evaporates rapidly and tabun-a major part of Iraq's chemical arsenal at the time-contains cyanide as an essential ... No cyanide." In fact, far from having a meaningful chemical warfare capability, Iran's effectiveness merely in protecting its ... If those Iranian claims are accepted, then "By that logic, Iraq could also be implicated in any Halabja deaths by cyanide." ... "Iranian physicians reported that victims of the chemical attacks on Halabja showed characteristic symptoms of cyanide poisoning ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_chemical_attack

Sparkling Cyanide (2003); and Jericho (2005). He appeared in The Prince and Me 2: The Royal Wedding (2006), The Prince and Me 3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Firth

19b Hydrogen cyanide; 19 Benzene/hydrogen cyanide; 20 Benzene dimer; 21 Indole/benzene; 22a Phenol; 22 Phenol dimer For a list ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[email protected]

"Facts About Cyanide". Centers for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010. "Iraq events - Chemical warfare ... Hirst, David (22 March 1988). "The Kurdish victims caught unaware by cyanide". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 June 2006. AK ... as cyanide is a natural byproduct of impure Tabun. Before the war ended the Iraqis moved in on the ground and completely ... It is occasionally suggested that cyanide was also included among these chemical weapons, though this assertion has been cast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja

As the bank's police guards gave chase, a cornered Sivakumaran swallowed a vial of cyanide, dying instantly. Sivakumaran became ... Fearing torture if he was arrested, Sivakumaran started carrying cyanide pills. On 4 June 1974 TSF militants including ... Sri Kantha, Sachi (27 June 2014). "Sivakumaran's Cyanide Suicide". Ilankai Tamil Sangam. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link ... Sivakumaran tried to shoot Wijesundera but misfired whereupon Wijesundera captured Sivakumaran who then swallowed cyanide. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pon_Sivakumaran

... s are produced when cyanides are oxidized. Use of this fact is made in cyanide decontamination processes where oxidants ... ISBN 0-19-855125-8. v t e Salts and covalent derivatives of the cyanide ion. ... such as permanganate and hydrogen peroxide are used to convert toxic cyanide to safer cyanate. Cyanate is an ambidentate ligand ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanate

Illustrative is the synthesis of benzyl cyanide by the reaction of benzyl chloride and sodium cyanide. In some cases cuprous ... and can take advantage of benzyl cyanide or acetonitrile as a cyanide source, via reductive C-C bond cleavage: Sandmeyer ... "cyanide substitution of bromobenzene". Wu, Jeff (2002). "Catalytic Rosenmund-von Braun reaction in halide-based ionic liquids ... Generally, KCN or its less toxic surrogate Zn(CN)2 are used as nucleophilic cyanide sources. To further diminish toxicity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanation

Foot (1966), p. 179 Marks, Leo (1998). 'Between Silk and Cyanide'. London: Harper Collins; ISBN 0 00 255 944 7 pp. 30, 75, 167- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Buckmaster

Marks, Leo (1998). Between Silk and Cyanide. New York: The Free Press (Simon and Schuster). p. 454. ISBN 0-684-86422-3. "With ... Leo Marks (1998). Between Silk and Cyanide. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255944-7. Marks relates his briefing of Violette ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_That_I_Have

... has been used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. It has also been shown to be effective in treating ... Metol Kampe S, Iffland R, Korenkov M, Diefenbach C (December 2000). "Survival from a lethal blood concentration of cyanide with ... Vick JA, Froehlich H (July 1991). "Treatment of cyanide poisoning". Mil Med. 156 (7): 330-9. doi:10.1093/milmed/156.7.330. PMID ... Vick JA, Von Bredow JD (1996). "Effectiveness of intramuscularly administered cyanide antidotes on methemoglobin formation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Dimethylaminophenol

Foster was shot eight times with hollow-point bullets that had been packed with cyanide. His deputy, Robert Blackburn, was also ... ISBN 978-0-8122-4435-9. "Oakland Bullets Had Cyanide". The Washington Post. November 11, 1973. p. A2. Retrieved 2007-08-18. ... Investigators say bullets used in the murder of Oakland's school superintendent contained cyanide. Roland Prahl, chief ... "distinctive odor of cyanide." A coroner's report verified the presence of the poison. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Foster

Marks, Leo (1998). Between Silk and Cyanide. New York: The Free Press (Simon and Schuster). p. 454. ISBN 0-684-86422-3. v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacope

ISBN 978-1-64129-100-2. Leo Marks (1998). Between Silk and Cyanide. London: HarperCollins. pp. chapter 15. ISBN 0-00-255944-7. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_&_Co

A Cyanide & Happiness short, in which Pinocchio exclaims "I want to be a RealDoll!". Agalmatophilia Galatea (mythology) Gynoid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealDoll

"Creeper - Cyanide (Official Video)". YouTube. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020. Moore, Sam (22 May 2020). "Watch the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creeper_discography

Rahm, Martin; Bélanger-Chabot, Guillaume; Haiges, Ralf; Christe, Karl O. (2014-07-01). "Nitryl Cyanide, NCNO 2". Angewandte ... Horsewood, Peter; Kirby, Gordon W. (1980). "Preparation and dienophilic reactions of nitrosyl cyanide". Journal of the Chemical ... Sulfur pentafluoride isocyanide isomerises to sulfur pentafluoride cyanide. Haynes, W. M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of ... Lösking, Oliver; Willner, Helge (September 1989). "Sulfur Cyanide Pentafluoride SF5 CN". Angewandte Chemie International ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gases

... or preliminary UV irradiation allow cyanide speciation of free cyanide, available cyanide, and total cyanide respectively. The ... Hydrogen cyanide is produced by adding acid to a solution containing a cyanide salt. Alkaline solutions of cyanide are safer to ... In inorganic cyanides, the cyanide group is present as the anion CN−. Soluble salts such as sodium cyanide and potassium ... 2 CH4 + 2 NH3 + 3 O2 → 2 HCN + 6 H2O Sodium cyanide, the precursor to most cyanides, is produced by treating hydrogen cyanide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide

Aluminium cyanide is a metallic cyanide. The chemical formula is Al(CN)3. Aluminium cyanide was produced as an ammoniate by ... Aluminium cyanide is destroyed by water to form aluminium hydroxide. Bergstrom, F. W. (July 1924). "The Reaction Between ... v t e Salts and covalent derivatives of the cyanide ion. ... Mercuric Cyanide and Certain Metals in Liquid Ammonia". Journal ... reacting aluminium metal with mercuric cyanide in liquid ammonia. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_cyanide

Materials of interest as chemical agents are the cyanide hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid; AC) and the simple cyanogen, ... Also, the use of blood agent for cyanide connotes to some people that the site of action of cyanide is in the blood, an ... The U.S. maintained a small number of cyanide munitions during World War II (WWII). Japan allegedly used cyanide against China ... Industrial concerns in the U.S. manufacture over 300,000 tons of hydrogen cyanide annually. Cyanides find widespread use in ...

https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/army/mmcch/Cyanide.htm

... potassium cyanide was the most important source of alkali metal cyanides.[4] In this historical process, potassium cyanide was ... Potassium gold cyanide[edit]. Main article: Potassium gold cyanide. In gold mining, KCN forms the water-soluble salt potassium ... Potassium cyanide is highly toxic. The moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide due to hydrolysis, which smells like ... Main article: Cyanide poisoning. Potassium cyanide is a potent inhibitor of cellular respiration, acting on mitochondrial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_cyanide

Cyanide mining[edit]. See also: Cyanide process. Sodium gold cyanide[edit]. Sodium cyanide is used mainly to extract gold and ... Main article: Cyanide poisoning. Sodium cyanide, like other soluble cyanide salts, is among the most rapidly acting of all ... A similar process uses potassium cyanide (KCN, a close relative of sodium cyanide) to produce potassium gold cyanide (KAu(CN)2 ... Sodium cyanide is a poisonous compound with the formula NaCN. It is a white, water-soluble solid. Cyanide has a high affinity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_cyanide

Hydrogen cyanide interferes with the bodys use of oxygen and may cause harm to the brain, heart, blood vessels, and lungs. ... Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a colorless or pale-blue liquid or gas with a bitter, almond-like odor. ... Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a colorless or pale-blue liquid or gas with a bitter, almond-like odor. Hydrogen cyanide interferes ... 77-108 Presents a standard to prevent the adverse effects of exposure to Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts over a working ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hydrogen-cyanide/default.html

Cyanide has been found in at least 415 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection ... Exposure to high levels of cyanide harms the brain and heart, and may cause coma and death. Exposure to lower levels may result ... Examples of simple cyanide compounds are hydrogen cyanide, sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide. Certain bacteria, fungi, and ... Most cyanide in surface water will form hydrogen cyanide and evaporate.. *Cyanide in water does not build up in the bodies of ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=71&toxid=19

Blood Cyanide. Chemical Hazards of the Workplace. JB Lippincott Company. 1978.. Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, Hughes JP.. Blood ... Cyanide. CAS No: 57-12-5. NOTE:. (1) Efficacy of Medical Tests has not been evaluated.. (2) NIOSH references include diagnostic ... Cyanide. Editor(s). /Author(s). Specific Medical Test(s) or Examination(s). Reference(s). ... Blood Cyanide. Biological Monitoring Methods for Industrial Chemicals. 3rd Edition. Chemical Toxicology Institute,1997.. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-110/nmed0061.html

Art can be scary!" says Mark Osterman, as he instructs a group of students on the uses of cyanide. He offers further tips: have ... Collodion photography: self-portrait in cyanide. The ancient collodion process produces images of eerie, mysterious beauty. ...

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/photography/7871164/Collodion-photography-self-portrait-in-cyanide.html

Sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide are examples of simple cyanide compounds. Cyanide can be produced by certain bacteria, ... In your body, cyanide can combine with a chemical (hydroxocobalamin) to form vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). In certain plant ... Cyanide can interact with metals and other organic compounds (compounds that include carbon). ... cyanide occurs as part of naturally occurring sugars or other complex organic compounds. ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/PHS/PHS.aspx?phsid=70&toxid=19

Cyanide poisoning of livestock by way of cyanide buildup in grasses and other plants cultivated for cattle grazing have been so ... Due to its wide range of uses, it is important to understand cyanides effects on plant life should any amount of cyanide be ... At low concentrations, soil micro-organisms convert cyanide into hydrogen cyanide and other compounds that evaporate out of ... its important to know the signs of cyanide exposure just to err on the side of caution. The earliest effects of cyanide ...

https://www.ehow.com/info_11373550_cyanide-effects-plants.html

How cyanide works *The extent of poisoning caused by cyanide depends on the amount of cyanide a person is exposed to, the route ... Where cyanide is found and how it is used *Cyanide is released from natural substances in some foods and in certain plants such ... Cyanide gas is less dense than air; so it will rise. *Cyanide prevents the cells of the body from using oxygen. When this ... Cyanide can be a colorless gas, such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or cyanogen chloride (CNCl), or a crystal form such as sodium ...

https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/cyanide/basics/facts.asp

The caller claimed that cyanide was put into two boxes of sugarfree Jell-O gelatin in Jewel Food Stores in the Chicago area and ... The FBI said there was no evidence that Allen actually placed cyanide in any Jell-O. ... claiming that Jell-O products had been contaminated with cyanide. ...

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/07/15/man-held-in-cyanide-threat/c5040b2c-2a5a-4aa3-b50e-7d9d3aee9d09/

... is usually included among the CW agents causing general poisoning. There is no confirmed ... Both gaseous and liquid hydrogen cyanide, as well as cyanide salts in solution, can also be taken up through the skin. Its high ... Cyanide can also be bound by metallic ions supplied to the blood in suitable form. Among others, cobalt can be supplied in the ... The cyanide ion has high affinity to trivalent iron (Fe3+). The divalent iron in blood haemoglobin can be oxidized to trivalent ...

https://www.opcw.org/about-chemical-weapons/types-of-chemical-agent/blood-agents/hydrogen-cyanide/

Perry, J.H.; Porter, Frank, THE VAPOR PRESSURES OF SOLID AND LIQUID HYDROGEN CYANIDE 1, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1926, 48, 2, [299]- ... Giauque, W.F.; Ruehrwein, R.A., The Entropy of Hydrogen Cyanide. Heat Capacity, Heat of Vaporization and Vapor Pressure. ... Giauque, W.F.; Ruehrwein, R.A., The entropy of hydrogen cyanide. Heat capacity, heat of vaporization and vapor pressure. ... Sinozaki, Heima; Hara, Ryozaburo; Mitsukuri, Shinroku, THE VAPOUR PRESSURES OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1926, 1 ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C74908&Mask=4

Cyanide Oxides and Complex Cyanides Market in China: Business Report 2019 report has been added to... ... 2. CYANIDES, CYANIDE OXIDES AND COMPLEX CYANIDES MARKET IN CHINA. 2.1. Overview of cyanides, cyanide oxides and complex ... Downstream markets of Cyanides, Cyanide Oxides and Complex Cyanides in China. 5.2. Cyanides, Cyanide Oxides and Complex ... Producers of others cyanides and cyanide oxides. 3. CHINAS FOREIGN TRADE IN CYANIDES, CYANIDE OXIDES AND COMPLEX CYANIDES. 3.1 ...

https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2019-cyanides-cyanide-oxides-and-complex-cyanides-market-in-china-business-report-300846422.html

... as the leaves contain high amounts of cyanide... ... Does cyanide build up over time though? I thought it passed ... You cannot get "cyanide poisoning" from cyanocobalamine. This is b12. Its actually the benign molecule that is formed when we ... I am also curious about cyanide ,I was going for cyanocobalamin injections once a week for like 1.5 years. Then I cut down to ... I recently found out that a maximum of 2 eucalyptus leaves should be used in tea, as the leaves contain high amounts of cyanide ...

https://www.reddit.com/r/toxicology/comments/hxw26y/please_help_eucalyptus_tea_cyanide_poisoning/

Information on cyanide, a potential agent for chemical terrorism. Provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( ... Facts About Cyanide Overview of cyanide, including signs & symptoms, protection, & treatment * Case Definition: Cyanide ... Hydrogen Cyanide Emergency Response Card: Information for First Responders Agent-specific identification, medical symptoms, ... Potassium Cyanide Emergency Response Card: Information for First Responders Agent-specific identification, medical symptoms, ...

https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/cyanide/

Lyrics to Cyanide Assassin by Cannibal Corpse: Staking out the residence / Of the chosen target / Entering the empty home / ... Cyanide Assassin Lyrics Languages Arabic Deutsch Greek English Spanish French Italian Japanese Korean Netherlands Portuguese ... Cyanide assassin. Life, my task to end. Death, I dont regret. Select the proper tools. Analyze the next assignment. Gas will ... Cyanide assassin. Enclosed space filled with poision gas. Life, it should end fast. Death, he now should pass. Face, fixed with ...

http://www.lyricsfreak.com/c/cannibal+corpse/cyanide+assassin_20179043.html

Other names: 4-Aminophenylacetonitrile; p-Aminobenzyl cyanide; p-Aminophenylacetonitrile; Benzeneacetonitrile, 4-amino-; 4- ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C8H8N2/c9-6-5-7-1-3-8

Cyanides (C0010505) Definition (MSH). Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes ... Absorbed effect (Hydrogen cyanide, Cyanogen chloride). *Binds ferric ions in mitochondrial cytochromes ... Symptoms: Low level Cyanide Vapor exposure. *Intense eye, nose and airway irritation ... Allows for enzymatic conversion (via rhodanese) of Cyanide to a renally excreted form ...

https://fpnotebook.com/legacy/ER/Toxin/Cynd.htm

Phenytoin, folate, vitamin B12, and cyanide. Br Med J 1970; 4 :686 ... Phenytoin, folate, vitamin B12, and cyanide.. Br Med J 1970; 4 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.4.5736.686-a (Published 12 ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/4/5736/686.2

... for extracting gold or silver from ore by dissolving the ore in an alkaline solution of sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide and ... cyanide process. noun 1. a process for recovering gold and silver from ores by treatment with a weak solution of sodium cyanide ... Including the most recent Improvements in the cyanide process. A Textbook of Assaying: For the Use of Those Connected with ... a process for extracting gold or silver from ore by dissolving the ore in an alkaline solution of sodium cyanide or potassium ...

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/cyanide-process?qsrc=2446

Coroners said cyanide-tainted Extra-Strength Excedrin killed asuburban Seattle bank manager in the fifth fatal tampering case ... Coroners said cyanide-tainted Extra-Strength Excedrin killed asuburban Seattle bank manager in the fifth fatal tampering case ... It was the fifth death in 1986 linked to over-the-counter medication poisoned with cyanide. Three of the previous cases ... An autopsy the following day revealed she died from acute cyanide poisoning, but it was not until Monday night that ...

https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/06/17/Cyanide-laced-capsules-kill-bank-manager/7809519364800/?spt=su

Cyanide exposures commonly originate from smoke inhalation or direct exposure to either cyanide salt or hydrogen cyanide (HCN) ... Unless cyanide is discovered at the time of death on the mouth or nose, elevated cyanide concentrations can only be found for ... Postmortem formation of cyanide may also occur and complicate the interpretation of cyanide results. Therefore, the presence of ... The detection of stable biomarkers of cyanide is needed to extend the time in which cyanide exposure can be reliably assayed in ...

http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112466569/forensic-research-extends-detection-of-cyanide-poisoning/

Transcript of Cyanide and Happiness. Sodium Nitroprusside. A Succinct Analysis of Cyanide Poisoning and the Role of Cyanide in ... Regular use of cyanide in the mining industry is used in weak concentrations, harmful...but not deadly..... The night of ...

https://prezi.com/ler_qjnyqblh/cyanide-and-happiness/

Discover Cyanide Saints concert details and information. Explore Cyanide Saints photos, videos, and more from past shows. ... Find all tickets for all Cyanide Saints upcoming shows. ...

https://www.livenation.com/artists/82777/cyanide-saints

If mercury cyanide burns in a fire, toxic nitrous oxides are... ... Mercury cyanide, or Hg(CN)2, is an odorless white powder at ... If mercury cyanide burns in a fire, toxic nitrous oxides are formed in smoke clouds. When mixed with water, mercury cyanide ... Exposure to mercury cyanide produces symptoms of mercury poisoning and cyanide poisoning. If inhaled, rescue breathing must ... Mercury cyanide poisoning affects kidneys, sensorimotor skills and breathing.. Physical properties of mercury cyanide include ...

https://www.reference.com/science/mercury-cyanide-e34bd73b462c4596

Transcript of Cyanide. Cyanide. Chapter 3. Created by: Owen, Aaron, David, and Sarah Types of Cyanide. Potassium Cyanide. ... Hydrogen Cyanide. Sodium Cyanide. How Does This Poison Work. Works in the span of 2-5 minutes. Lesser amounts kill more slowly ... Blum D. (2010). Cyanide. The Poisoners Handbook (50-75). New York: Penguin Press.. New drug to treat cyanide poisoning. (2007 ... If High Level of Cyanide Blue Layer Immediately Forms. If Only a Little Cyanide Turn Green, Then Slowly Blue. First Uses. ...

https://prezi.com/itmorqpg2f3k/cyanide/

Soluble salts such as sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide are highly toxic. (wikipedia.org)
It is obtained by acidification of cyanide salts. (wikipedia.org)
In inorganic chemistry, salts containing the C≡N− ion are referred to as cyanides. (wikipedia.org)
This dangerous process represents a significant risk associated with cyanide salts. (wikipedia.org)
NIOSH Criteria Documents: Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts -DHHS (NIOSH) No. 77-108 Presents a standard to prevent the adverse effects of exposure to Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts over a working lifetime. (cdc.gov)
The severity of the harmful effects following cyanide exposure depends in part on the form of cyanide, such as hydrogen cyanide gas or cyanide salts. (cdc.gov)
ToxFAQsTM Internet address is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html depends in part on the form of cyanide, such as hydrogen cyanide smoke from burning plastics contains cyanide (and carbon gas or cyanide salts. (cdc.gov)
Cyanide salts are used in metallurgy for electroplating, metal cleaning, and removing gold from its ore. (cdc.gov)
Both gaseous and liquid hydrogen cyanide, as well as cyanide salts in solution, can also be taken up through the skin. (opcw.org)
Alkali burns of the gastrointestinal tract often can be observed during autopsy in cases where cyanide salts have been ingested. (redorbit.com)
Since cyanide salts are solid crystalline, their presence in a crime scene or in the areas near victim's nose or mouth can be easily discovered, collected and preserved for further forensic testing. (redorbit.com)
The various cyanides are salts or esters of HCN (hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid), whereby the hydrogen is replaced with a metal or radical, yielding such as potassium cyanide (KCN), calcium cyanide (CA(CN) 2 ), or ethyl cyanide (CH 3 CH 2 CN). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
As salts or esters of hydrogen cyanide (HCN, or hydrocyanic acid), cyanides are formed by replacing the hydrogen of hydrogen cyanide with a metal, such as sodium or potassium , or by replacing the hydrogen with a radical (such as ammonium). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
For the salts such as sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide , these compounds are highly toxic. (wikipedia.org)
Because they do not release cyanide ions, nitriles are generally far less toxic than cyanide salts. (wikipedia.org)
The salts of the cyanide anion are known as cyanides. (wikipedia.org)
Cyanides salts are extremely toxic. (foxnews.com)
Activated charcoal can be used in patients presenting after ingestion of cyanide salts or organic cyanides. (medscape.com)
The assessment summary for potassium silver cyanide is based on the Toxicological Review for Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts (see related topics). (epa.gov)
The RfD for potassium cyanide is presented in section I.A.3 of the hydrogen cyanide and cyanide salts IRIS Summary. (epa.gov)
Some inorganic compounds, such as cyanide salts, potassium cyanide, and sodium cyanide, are important in industry for extracting gold and silver from their ores or in electroplating, and other cyanide compounds are used in manufacture of synthetic rubber and textiles or as pesticides. (thefreedictionary.com)

Exposure to high levels of cyanide harms the brain and heart, and may cause coma and death. (cdc.gov)
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a monoxide). (cdc.gov)
As well as bitter apricot kernels, low levels of cyanide are also present in almonds, sweet apricot kernels and in the stones of other fruits such as cherries. (foodnavigator.com)
Batch cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were able to produce only low levels of cyanide during logarithmic growth with adequate aeration. (springer.com)
Elevated levels of cyanide in the water near Sandvik en in eastern Sweden caused toolmaker Sandvik to warn its employees not to drink the water on Monday. (thelocal.se)
The researchers found that the prey produced levels of cyanide high enough to inhibit, but not kill, the B. bacteriovorus HD100 . (eurekalert.org)

Alhough nitriles generally do not release cyanide ions, the cyanohydrins do and are thus rather toxic. (wikipedia.org)
Potassium cyanide is highly toxic . (wikipedia.org)
Being highly toxic, sodium cyanide is used to kill or stun rapidly such as in widely illegal cyanide fishing and in collecting jars used by entomologists . (wikipedia.org)
At the high concentrations, cyanide becomes toxic to soil microorganisms. (cdc.gov)
At the high source of food in tropical countries), cyanides occur naturally concentrations, cyanide becomes toxic to soil microorganisms. (cdc.gov)
At high concentrations, however, cyanide is toxic to the very micro-organisms responsible for its conversion into evaporative forms, meaning that cyanide not only remains in soil where it can damage plants but also can easily find its way to groundwater. (ehow.com)
Breathing cyanide gas causes the most harm, but swallowing cyanide can be toxic as well. (cdc.gov)
The most important toxic effect of hydrogen cyanide is by inhibiting the metal-containing enzymes. (opcw.org)
If mercury cyanide burns in a fire, toxic nitrous oxides are formed in smoke clouds. (reference.com)
Mercury cyanide is used in the manufacture of antiseptics, biocides, photographs and cyanogen gas, which is a toxic, colorless gas produced by oxidizing mercury cyanide. (reference.com)
Those that can release the cyanide ion CN - are highly toxic. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Most cyanides are toxic to humans and have been used as chemical weapons, including by Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein against the Kurds and by Nazi Germany as an agent of genocide in death camps (Lerner and Lerner 2004). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Potassium cyanide is a highly toxic and fast-acting substance, and it also functions effectively as an insecticide. (reference.com)
The less toxic ethyl acetate (C 4 H 8 O 2 ) has now largely replaced the use of cyanide in insect killing jars. (bionity.com)
Police confirmed that highly toxic sodium cyanide was present near the site, raising fears that spread of the chemical could cause more casualties. (npr.org)
The People's Daily newspaper tweeted that anti-chemical warfare troops were "to handle highly toxic sodium cyanide discovered at #TianjinBlast site. (npr.org)
When myclobutanil is heated, it releases toxic fumes, one of which is hydrogen cyanide. (digitaljournal.com)
While poisoning may occur following exposure to any substance that releases cyanide ions, it can also occur concurrently if another toxic ion is present (for example, with mercuric cyanide). (thefreedictionary.com)

The cyanide anion is a ligand for many transition metals. (wikipedia.org)
The term cyanide refers to the anion CN - , or to its acidic form, hydrocyanic acid (HCN). (fas.org)
A cyanogen usually refers to a nitrile that liberates the cyanide anion during metabolism and produces the biological effects of the cyanide anion. (fas.org)
Here we report a scalable catalytic asymmetric Strecker reaction that uses an accessible chiral variant of oligoethylene glycol as the catalyst and KCN to generate a chiral cyanide anion. (nature.com)
Therefore, we presumed that our chiral anion generator can be applied to catalytic enantioselective Strecker synthesis by generating a chiral cyanide anion to provide a more general and practical method to access enantiomerically pure non-natural amino acids. (nature.com)

Hydrocyanic acid, also known as hydrogen cyanide, or HCN, is a highly volatile liquid that is produced on a large scale industrially. (wikipedia.org)
Useful search terms for hydrogen cyanide include "formonitrile," "hydrocyanic acid," and "prussic acid. (cdc.gov)
A solution of hydrogen cyanide in water , represented as HCN, is called hydrocyanic acid . (wikipedia.org)
A solution of hydrogen cyanide in water is called hydrocyanic acid. (bionity.com)
Hydrogen cyanide (hydrocyanic acid, HCN) is a highly poisonous compound found widely in nature. (gopetsamerica.com)

Workers may be harmed from exposure to hydrogen cyanide. (cdc.gov)
The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to hydrogen cyanide. (cdc.gov)
Smoking cigarettes and breathing smoke-filled air during fires are major sources of cyanide exposure. (cdc.gov)
cyanide uptake into the body through the skin is slower than these other means of exposure. (cdc.gov)
The immediate effects on plant life of cyanide exposure vary tremendously depending on the species of plant. (ehow.com)
still, it's important to know the signs of cyanide exposure just to err on the side of caution. (ehow.com)
The earliest effects of cyanide exposure are rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath followed by convulsions (seizures) and loss of consciousness. (ehow.com)
Prolonged exposure to small amounts of cyanide over long periods of time has been linked to breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches and enlargement of the thyroid gland. (ehow.com)
Exposure to large amounts of cyanide in a short time can cause brain and heart damage and in some cases can lead to coma and death. (ehow.com)
Smoking cigarettes is probably one of the major sources of cyanide exposure for people who do not work in cyanide-related industries. (cdc.gov)
The extent of poisoning caused by cyanide depends on the amount of cyanide a person is exposed to, the route of exposure, and the length of time that a person is exposed. (cdc.gov)
Since breathing it is likely to be the primary route of exposure to cyanide, leave the area where the cyanide gas was released and get to fresh air. (cdc.gov)
Quickly moving to an area where fresh air is available is highly effective in reducing exposure to cyanide gas. (cdc.gov)
Symptoms of cyanide poisoning vary and depend on, for example, route of poisoning, total dose and the exposure time. (opcw.org)
Cyanide exposures commonly originate from smoke inhalation or direct exposure to either cyanide salt or hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and occur in military, firefighting, industrial and forensic settings. (redorbit.com)
Due to the relatively short half-life of cyanide (from minutes to hours depending on the matrix), toxicological detection of cyanide to confirm cyanide poisoning may only be feasible within the first few hours following exposure. (redorbit.com)
The detection of stable biomarkers of cyanide is needed to extend the time in which cyanide exposure can be reliably assayed in a post mortem examination. (redorbit.com)
Exposure to mercury cyanide produces symptoms of mercury poisoning and cyanide poisoning. (reference.com)
The delay between exposure and the onset of symptoms depends on the type of cyanide involved, the route of entry, and the dose. (medscape.com)
Rapidity of symptom onset, depending on the type of cyanide exposure, occurs in the following order (most rapid to least rapid): gas, soluble salt, insoluble salt, and cyanogens. (medscape.com)
Physical findings of cyanide exposure are generally nonspecific, yet the onset of illness may be dramatic. (medscape.com)
Harmful exposure to potassium cyanide may occur after consuming contaminated food or beverages, inhaling droplets in the air or accidentally absorbing the chemical through the skin or eyes. (reference.com)
Exposure to cyanide gas or to food products that contain cyanide may cause a sudden rapid heartbeat, nausea, headache, dizziness and difficulty breathing. (livestrong.com)
Exposure to larger amounts of cyanide may cause more severe symptoms, including loss of consciousness and respiratory distress or failure. (livestrong.com)

Cyanide has a high affinity for metals, which leads to the high toxicity of this salt. (wikipedia.org)
Hydrogen cyanide has high toxicity and in sufficient concentrations it rapidly leads to death. (opcw.org)
However, human beings have the unique skill of pre-ingestion food processing that can overcome this toxicity, as well as a physiological ability to satisfactorily detoxify cyanide with a sufficient protein diet generally, allowing them to consume such foods (Jones 1998). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
For example, bitter almonds (as opposed to sweet almonds) can yield dangerous amounts of prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide) when eaten raw, but the toxicity can be removed by heating. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The Food Standard Agency (FSA)'s scientific committee, the committee on toxicity of chemicals in food, consumer products and the environment (COT), expressed concern last week that, when ingested, bitter apricot kernels can produce cyanide. (foodnavigator.com)
We wish to thank Bebarta for drawing our attention to the position of sodium thiosulfate in the treatment of cyanide toxicity and giving us the opportunity to clarify our statements. (lww.com)
Although sodium thiosulfate is considered an ineffective antidote for acute cyanide toxicity because of poor intracellular penetration, slow onset of effect, a short half-life, and limited distribution volume, it is often used in conjunction with other rapid-acting antidotes. (lww.com)
Although there may be a theoretically synergistic action of sodium thiosulfate and hydroxocobalamin in cyanide toxicity, there is no evidence to support this at the moment, either in human data, or in animal data. (lww.com)
This monotherapy of hydroxocobalamin should be effective for severe cyanide toxicity, provided it is administered in sufficiently high doses. (lww.com)
Antidotal therapy is indicated for any patient in whom the diagnosis of cyanide toxicity is considered on clinical grounds, even before laboratory confirmation. (medscape.com)
Hydroxocobalamin (HCO, vitamin B-12) is the first-line therapy for cyanide toxicity. (medscape.com)
However, in cases of smoke inhalation in which cyanide toxicity is suspected, administration of sodium thiosulfate is safe. (medscape.com)
Antidotes either directly counteract cyanide's toxicity on the electron transport chain or help the body eliminate the cyanide molecule. (medscape.com)
Hydroxocobalamin may be used in combination with sodium thiosulfate for treatment of acute cyanide toxicity. (medscape.com)
Low-dose hydroxocobalamin in combination with sodium thiosulfate has been used successfully to prevent cyanide toxicity in patients receiving prolonged sodium nitroprusside infusions. (medscape.com)
Half the original dose may be repeated in 1 hour if the patient continues to exhibit signs of cyanide toxicity. (medscape.com)
In such a situation, ironically the symptoms of toxicity may change to those of the second ion when the antidote to cyanide is used. (thefreedictionary.com)

Nitriles usually do not release cyanide ions. (wikipedia.org)
In aqueous solution, KCN is dissociated into hydrated potassium (K + ) ions and cyanide (CN − ) ions. (wikipedia.org)
The common form of solid KCN, stable at ambient pressure and temperature, has the same cubic crystal structure as sodium chloride , with each potassium ion surrounded by six cyanide ions, and vice versa. (wikipedia.org)
Despite the cyanide ions being diatomic, and thus less symmetric than chloride, they rotate so rapidly, their time-averaged shape is spherical. (wikipedia.org)
At low temperature and high pressure, this free rotation is hindered, resulting in a less symmetric crystal structure with the cyanide ions arranged in sheets. (wikipedia.org)
The divalent iron in blood haemoglobin can be oxidized to trivalent, which leads to the formation of methaemoglobin which binds cyanide ions. (opcw.org)
Cyanide can also be bound by metallic ions supplied to the blood in suitable form. (opcw.org)
[14] Cyanide ions interfere with iron-containing respiratory enzymes. (wikipedia.org)

An example of a nitrile is CH3CN, acetonitrile, also known as methyl cyanide. (wikipedia.org)
For example, CH 3 CN is referred to by the names acetonitrile or ethanenitrile per IUPAC, but occasionally it is labeled using the common name methyl cyanide. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Thus, CH 3 CN can be methyl cyanide but more commonly is referred to as acetonitrile. (bionity.com)

KCN and sodium cyanide (NaCN) are widely used in organic synthesis for the preparation of nitriles and carboxylic acids , particularly in the von Richter reaction . (wikipedia.org)
Cyanide can be a colorless gas, such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or cyanogen chloride (CNCl), or a crystal form such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) or potassium cyanide (KCN). (cdc.gov)

Plants that have metabolized large amounts of cyanide can be hazardous to animals who eat those plants. (ehow.com)
Cyanide poisoning of livestock by way of cyanide buildup in grasses and other plants cultivated for cattle grazing have been so problematic that botanists have developed strains of cattle-grazing plants resistant to the buildup of large amounts of cyanide. (ehow.com)
When a human drinks water or touches soil that has large amounts of cyanide, health problems can quickly ensue. (ehow.com)
Similarly, humans can be put at risk when eating foods harvested from plants containing large amounts of cyanide. (ehow.com)
The researchers verified that C. piscinae produced large amounts of cyanide when cultured in nutrient-rich broth, and that those cultured in HEPES, a nutrient-poor buffer, didn't. (eurekalert.org)

Cyanides are found in substantial amounts in certain seeds and fruit stones, e.g., those of bitter almonds, apricots, apples, and peaches. (wikipedia.org)
The French used about 4000 tons of cyanide in WWI without notable military success, possibly because the small one- to two-pound munitions used could not deliver the large amounts needed to cause biological effects. (fas.org)
The moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide due to hydrolysis , which smells like bitter almonds . (wikipedia.org)
the moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide, which smells like bitter almonds (not everyone can smell it-the ability thereof is due to a genetic trait [7] ). (wikipedia.org)
However, the edible parts of plants that are eaten in the United States, including tapioca which is made from cassava roots, contain relatively low amounts of cyanide. (cdc.gov)
However, the portions of these plants that are eaten in the United States contain relatively low amounts of cyanide. (cdc.gov)
You are not likely to be exposed to large enough amounts of cyanide in the environment to cause adverse health effects. (cdc.gov)
contain relatively low amounts of cyanide. (cdc.gov)
States contain relatively low amounts of cyanide. (cdc.gov)
Pits and seeds of common fruits, such as apricots, apples, and peaches, may have substantial amounts of chemicals which are metabolized to cyanide. (cdc.gov)
I recently found out that a maximum of 2 eucalyptus leaves should be used in tea, as the leaves contain high amounts of cyanide which can eventually lead to a Parkinsons-like syndrome. (reddit.com)
When broken down, it discharges small amounts of hydrogen cyanide gas, which can be hazardous when inhaled in enclosed or poorly ventilated areas. (reference.com)
Hydrogen cyanide gas prevents the body from circulating healthy amounts of oxygen, causing essential organs to fail. (reference.com)
The public's enduring love affair with gold can be satisfied only by extracting tiny amounts from ores with a chemical like cyanide that binds to gold and separates it in a modern-day version of alchemy. (acs.org)
The seed of an apple is not poisonous but it might give a stomach ache.Contrary to this, apple seeds do contain small amounts of cyanide, however, this is not enough to be poisonous by a long way. (answers.com)

Organic compounds that feature cyanide as a functional group (responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules) are called nitriles in IUPAC nomenclature. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Hydrogen cyanide is produced by the combustion or pyrolysis of certain materials under oxygen-deficient conditions. (wikipedia.org)
The cyanide ion can rapidly combine with iron in cytochrome a 3 (a component of the cytochrome aa 3 or cytochrome oxidase complex in mitochrondria) to inhibit this enzyme, thus preventing intracellular oxygen utilization. (fas.org)
Hydrogen cyanide interferes with the body's use of oxygen and may cause harm to the brain, heart, blood vessels, and lungs. (cdc.gov)
Cyanide prevents the cells of the body from using oxygen. (cdc.gov)
Cyanide is more harmful to the heart and brain than to other organs because the heart and brain use a lot of oxygen. (cdc.gov)
Cyanide shuts down body's ability to carry or absorb oxygen. (prezi.com)
Cyanide shreds energy mechanisms, breaks down cellular respiration, and causes rapid cell death due to oxygen deprivation. (prezi.com)
He said if discharged into a human body, cyanide was rapidly distributed through the body, and cut off the ability of living cells to use oxygen. (news24.com)
Classically, the skin of a cyanide-poisoned patient is described as cherry red in color due to elevated venous oxygen content resulting from failure of tissues to extract oxygen. (medscape.com)
Sodium cyanide is harmful because it interferes with the body's ability to use oxygen. (reference.com)
The tight binding of cyanide prevents oxygen from participating in electron transport. (madsci.org)
Oxygen is the initial agent used in suspected or confirmed cyanide poisoning. (medscape.com)
In cases of cyanide poisoning, the venous blood is bright red because the oxygen has not been used. (gopetsamerica.com)
since cyanide prevents tissue use of oxygen, most of its compounds are deadly poisons. (thefreedictionary.com)

Despite an opinion by the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation that tests cannot determine the type of cyanide found in a body, Roberts said the FBI has assured him such results are possible. (chicagotribune.com)
However, the FDA reports that most manufacturing processes wash this type of cyanide away. (livestrong.com)

Due to its wide range of uses, it is important to understand cyanide's effects on plant life should any amount of cyanide be accidentally introduced to an ecosystem. (ehow.com)
Your dose will depend on your body weight and the amount of cyanide in the leaves. (reddit.com)

In cases where no suspicious substances are observed in the scene of the death, the presence of cyanide in the victim's body can be confirmed chemically using a colorimetric test, followed by a laboratory analysis using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). (redorbit.com)
Therefore, the presence of cyanide becomes less feasible when the detection window is passed or the victims' body has been damaged by fire or advanced decomposition. (redorbit.com)
Tests performed on samples taken from water near the Sandvik Materials Technology plant on January 27th revealed a presence of cyanide 20 times above recommended levels. (thelocal.se)
If this was the case, a simple blood test can confirm the presence of cyanide. (madsci.org)
Meanwhile, an official of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said its preliminary tests were focusing on the possible presence of cyanide in the drink, noting that the victims died within minutes after ingestion. (inquirer.net)

Chemical compounds that can release cyanide are known as cyanogenic compounds. (wikipedia.org)
Among the most important cyanide coordination compounds are the octahedrally coordinated compounds potassium ferrocyanide and the pigment Prussian blue, which are both essentially nontoxic due to the tight binding of the cyanides to a central iron atom. (wikipedia.org)
Cyanide has a high affinity for certain sulfur compounds (sulfanes, which contain two covalently bonded but unequally charged sulfur atoms) and for certain metallic complexes, particularly those containing cobalt and the trivalent form of iron (Fe 3+ ). (fas.org)
Several commercially significant chemical compounds are derived from cyanide, including cyanuric chloride , cyanogen chloride , and many nitriles . (wikipedia.org)
Cyanide is usually found joined with other chemicals to form compounds. (cdc.gov)
Examples of simple cyanide compounds are hydrogen cyanide, sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide. (cdc.gov)
In certain plant foods, including almonds, millet sprouts, lima beans, soy, spinach, bamboo shoots, and cassava roots (which are a major source of food in tropical countries), cyanides occur naturally as part of sugars or other naturally-occurring compounds. (cdc.gov)
Some cyanide compounds in soil can form hydrogen cyanide and evaporate, whereas some cyanide compounds will be transformed into other chemical forms by microorganisms in soil. (cdc.gov)
Eating foods naturally containing cyanide compounds, such as tapioca (made from cassava roots), lima beans, and almonds. (cdc.gov)
Examples of simple cyanide compounds are ` Cyanide in water does not build up in the bodies of fish. (cdc.gov)
In certain compounds in soil can form hydrogen cyanide and evaporate, plant foods, including almonds, millet sprouts, lima beans, soy, whereas some cyanide compounds will be transformed into other spinach, bamboo shoots, and cassava roots (which are a major chemical forms by microorganisms in soil. (cdc.gov)
Workers who inhaled low levels of hydrogen cyanide certain plastics (e.g., polyacrylamines, polyacrylics, over a period of years had breathing difficulties, chest pain, polyurethane, etc.). vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the Compounds that release cyanide are naturally present in plants. (cdc.gov)
At low concentrations, soil micro-organisms convert cyanide into hydrogen cyanide and other compounds that evaporate out of soil. (ehow.com)
Of the many kinds of cyanide compounds, some are gases , while others are solids or liquids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The -CN group is sometimes referred to as a cyanide group or cyano group and compounds with them are sometimes referred to as cyanides. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Iridium Potassium Cyanide is one of numerous organo-metallic compounds sold by American Elements under the trade name AE Organo-Metallics™ for uses requiring non-aqueous solubility such as recent solar energy and water treatment applications. (americanelements.com)
most cyanide compounds are deadly poisons. (thefreedictionary.com)
Potassium cyanide is widely applied in organic synthesis for the synthesis of many organic compounds, for example in the synthesis of hydantoins, spiro heterocycles, nitriles, carboxylic acids, cyanohydrins and in von richter reaction. (fishersci.ca)

The biosynthesis of cyanide in the [NiFe]-hydrogenases proceeds from carbamoyl phosphate, which converts to cysteinyl thiocyanate, the CN− donor. (wikipedia.org)
The enzyme rhodanese is present in the body, mainly in the liver, and together with sulphur transforms cyanide into thiocyanate, which is passed out in the urine. (opcw.org)
The biosynthesis of cyanide in the [NiFe]-hydrogenases proceeds from carbamoylphosphate, which converts to cysteinyl thiocyanate, the CN - donor. (bionity.com)
The use of barbituric acid for the photometric determination of cyanide and thiocyanate. (springer.com)
Sodium thiosulfate acts as a sulfur donor to detoxify cyanide to thiocyanate by the enzyme rhodanese, whereas hydroxocobalamin binds cyanide and forms the nontoxic cyanocobalamin, which is renally excreted. (lww.com)
Sodium thiosulfate enhances the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate , which is renally excreted. (medscape.com)
It donates sulfur, which is used as a substrate by rhodanese and other sulfur transferases for detoxification of cyanide to thiocyanate. (medscape.com)

When present in air, it is usually in the form of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. (cdc.gov)
This reaction is sometimes the basis of accidental poisonings because the acid converts a nonvolatile cyanide salt into the gaseous HCN. (bionity.com)

Raw flax may increase your blood cyanide level. (livestrong.com)
While most flaxseed supplements are safe, taking flax the wrong way can increase your blood cyanide levels. (livestrong.com)
Measurement of carboxyhemoglobin and blood cyanide concentrations will help to differentiate between CO and HCN poisoning. (gopetsamerica.com)

Various agents have been used to treat cyanide poisoning, in particular those that transform haemoglobin to methaemoglobin, which avidly binds cyanide. (thefreedictionary.com)

The RfD value for potassium silver cyanide is presented in Section I.A.3 of the IRIS Summary as well as Section 5.1.3 of the toxicological review. (epa.gov)

Industrial concerns in the U.S. manufacture over 300,000 tons of hydrogen cyanide annually. (fas.org)
State records released last year show the Suncor refinery releases 8.5 tons of hydrogen cyanide annually. (denverpost.com)

The cyanide ion is ubiquitous in nearly all living organisms which tolerate and even require the ion in low concentrations. (fas.org)
The preferred way to deliver cyanide is by large munitions (bombs, large shells), because smaller weapons will not provide the concentrations needed for effects. (fas.org)
In some species, high concentrations of cyanide can inhibit respiration and affect a plant's ability to absorb nutrients from soil, in some cases causing plant death. (ehow.com)
Its high volatility probably makes hydrogen cyanide difficult to use in warfare since there are problems in achieving sufficiently high concentrations outdoors. (opcw.org)
Unless cyanide is discovered at the time of death on the mouth or nose, elevated cyanide concentrations can only be found for up to two days under current toxicological testing. (redorbit.com)
Regular use of cyanide in the mining industry is used in weak concentrations, harmful. (prezi.com)
The presence of saturating concentrations of CO had no effect on the rate or extent of cyanide inactivation of hydrogenases. (osti.gov)

Hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ), sometimes called prussic acid , is a chemical compound [11] with the chemical formula HCN. (wikipedia.org)

[15] The new component was what is now known as hydrogen cyanide. (wikipedia.org)

In cases of poisoning with hydrogen cyanide it is of the utmost importance that countermeasures are immediately introduced. (opcw.org)

Akyildiz BN, Kurtoglu S, Kondolot M, Tunc A. Cyanide poisoning caused by ingestion of apricot seeds. (medscape.com)

Cyanide is also known by the military designations AC (for hydrogen cyanide) and CK (for cyanogen chloride). (cdc.gov)
Cyanide reacts with chlorine to form Cyanogen Chloride which yields red. (prezi.com)

Organic cyanides are usually called nitriles. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike nitriles, cyanohydridins do release hydrogen cyanide. (wikipedia.org)
In organic synthesis , cyanide, which is classified as a strong nucleophile , is used to prepare nitriles , which occur widely in many chemicals, including pharmaceuticals. (wikipedia.org)
Some nitriles, which occur naturally as cyanohydrins , release hydrogen cyanide. (wikipedia.org)
Organic cyanides are generally called nitriles. (bionity.com)

Sodium cyanide is a poisonous compound with the formula Na C N . It is a white, water-soluble solid. (wikipedia.org)
Mercury cyanide, or Hg(CN)2, is an odorless white powder at room temperature that is extremely poisonous if inhaled, touched or ingested. (reference.com)
a white odourless crystalline soluble poisonous compound with an odour of hydrogen cyanide when damp. (dictionary.com)
Cyanide, in minute quantities and in proper food forms, instead of being poisonous, actually is essential to health. (realityzone.com)
Both varieties contain a chemical pre-curser to cyanide which can become poisonous under damp conditions. (answers.com)
Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless, very poisonous , and highly volatile liquid that boils slightly above room temperature at 26 °C (78.8 °F). HCN has a faint, bitter, almond -like odor that some people are unable to detect due to a genetic trait . (bionity.com)

The enzymes called hydrogenases contain cyanide ligands attached to iron in their active sites. (wikipedia.org)
The Fe-only and [NiFe]- hydrogenase enzymes contain cyanide ligands at their active sites. (bionity.com)

Prussian blue can produce hydrogen cyanide when exposed to acids. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The reduction of aeration caused a rapid increase in the ability of such cultures to produce hydrogen cyanide. (springer.com)

Cyanide is a rapidly acting lethal agent that is limited in its military usefulness by its high LCt 50 and high volatility. (fas.org)
Other factors included the high volatility of cyanide (which quickly evaporated and dispersed) and its 'all or nothing' biological activity, i.e., it caused few effects below the lethal Ct (this is in contrast to mustard, which causes eye damage at 1% of the lethal amount). (fas.org)
On the other hand, the concentration of hydrogen cyanide may rapidly reach lethal levels if it is released in confined spaces. (opcw.org)
A recent study found that a biomarker, ACTA (2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid), was found significantly increased in liver samples following a sub-lethal dose of cyanide. (redorbit.com)
On Thursday, Davidson County Medical Examiner Dr. Charles Harlan said an autopsy revealed 20 times the lethal dose of cyanide in Green`s body. (chicagotribune.com)
Talk about cyanide, and images of a lethal pill used by spies to avoid capture come to mind. (acs.org)
Newser) - Indonesian authorities arrested a woman Saturday for allegedly lacing her friend's coffee with a lethal does of cyanide, Australia's News Network reports. (newser.com)
Studies indicate 0.5 to 3.5 milligrams (mg) cyanide per kilogram of body weight can be lethal. (europa.eu)

Cyanides, Cyanide Oxides and Complex Cyanides market is analyzed by different parameters including domestic production and consumption. (prnewswire.com)
Overview of cyanides, cyanide oxides and complex cyanides market, 2.2. (prnewswire.com)
Here we report the detection of the complex cyanides CH 3 CN and HC 3 N (and HCN) in the protoplanetary disk around the young star MWC 480. (nature.com)
We find that the abundance ratios of these nitrogen-bearing organics in the gas phase are similar to those in comets, which suggests an even higher relative abundance of complex cyanides in the disk ice. (nature.com)
Figure 1: ALMA detections of simple and complex cyanides in the MWC 480 protoplanetary disk. (nature.com)

The fruits and seeds (especially pits) of many plants, such as cherries, peaches, almonds, and lima beans, contain cyanogens capable of releasing free cyanide following enzymatic degradation. (fas.org)
What happens to cyanide when it enters the as tapioca (made from cassava roots), lima beans, and almonds. (cdc.gov)
Cyanide is released from natural substances in some foods and in certain plants such as cassava, lima beans and almonds. (cdc.gov)
Can the cyanide in Almonds give you a stomach ache? (answers.com)
Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless gas with a smell that reminds many of almonds. (denverpost.com)

An autopsy the following day revealed she died from acute cyanide poisoning, but it was not until Monday night that toxicologists traced the poison to a bottle of Extra-Strength Excedrin capsules in her home, the medical examiner's office said. (upi.com)
Toxicological tests indicated Faries died of acute cyanide poisoning on May 20 or May 21. (upi.com)
In the investigation of deaths, a bitter almond odor emanating from the victim and the presence of pink lividity during postmortem examination are two common indicators of acute cyanide poisoning. (redorbit.com)
Although my experience is with the inhalation of cyanide, I would think that if your dog ingested cyanide and it died suddenly, it was an acute poisoning of cyanide (which can be found in pest control media like rat poison). (madsci.org)

One of my favourite webcomics, Cyanide and Happiness , just got its own iPhone app, and you all need to get it right now. (intomobile.com)
As an added bonus, you can even watch the Cyanide and Happiness video shorts , which would otherwise be inaccessible in their dark, dank Flash-based prison. (intomobile.com)
The #1 web comic, Cyanide & Happiness, is back with a brand new collection of comics sure to leave you gasping in horror or guffawing with laughter. (waterstones.com)
The Cyanide & Happiness Adventure Game is now officially called Cyanide & Happiness: Freakpocalypse! (explosm.net)

The cyanide ion has high affinity to trivalent iron (Fe3+). (opcw.org)
Hydroxocobalamin contains cobalt ion, which is able to bind to cyanide with greater affinity than cytochrome oxidase to form nontoxic cyanocobalamin (vitamin B-12), which is excreted in urine. (medscape.com)
Cyanide binding to fully reduced Pseudomonas aeruginosa cd(1) nitrite reductase (Pa cd(1) NiR) has been investigated for the wild-type enzyme and a site-directed mutant in which the active-site His369 was replaced by Ala. This mutation reduces the affinity toward cyanide (by approximately 13-fold) and especially decreases the rate of binding of cyanide to the reduced d(1) heme (by approximately 100-fold). (rcsb.org)

The effects of cyanide on membrane-associated and purified hydrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii were characterized. (osti.gov)

Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has been exposed to cyanide. (cdc.gov)
If hydrogen cyanide has been inhaled, the initial symptoms are restlessness and increased respiratory rate. (opcw.org)

Cyanide antidotes are the key medications for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) poisoning. (medscape.com)
Sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrate are used as antidotes to cyanide poisoning. (thefreedictionary.com)

The toxicological detection of cyanide involves extraction and measurement of HCN from biological extracts. (redorbit.com)

Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless gas with a faint, bitter, almond-like odor. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a colorless gas or highly volatile liquid that boils at 26°C (78.8°F), and is a weak acid. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

The cyanide ion is isoelectronic with carbon monoxide and with molecular nitrogen. (wikipedia.org)
When regulating oil refineries, the EPA has primarily focused on other pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, rather than hydrogen cyanide. (denverpost.com)

At the time of the introduction of cyanide in World War I, the other chemical agents in use caused mainly local effects: riot control agents injured the skin and mucous membranes from direct contact, and phosgene damaged the lungs after inhalation. (fas.org)
Cyanide is most commonly encountered through inhalation by the burning of certain plastics and is also found in some paints as well as certain fruit seeds. (madsci.org)

A cyanide is a chemical compound that contains the group C≡N. This group, known as the cyano group, consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. (wikipedia.org)
Hydrogen cyanide is a chemical compound with chemical formula HCN. (bionity.com)

The treatment against cyanide poisoning given to civilians is based on encouraging and speeding-up the body's own ability to excrete cyanide and to bind cyanide in the blood. (opcw.org)

Cyanide is a cellular toxin that binds to cytochrome oxidase, inhibiting cellular respiration. (medscape.com)
Cyanide reversibly inhibit cytochrome oxidase. (gopetsamerica.com)

New drug to treat cyanide poisoning. (prezi.com)

Many jurisdictions have strict regulations controlling the destruction of cyanide and metal cyanide in tailings prior to discharge into the environment. (sgs.com)
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the double metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst comprises zinc hexacyanocobaltate. (google.es)

If it was chronic cyanide poisoning (a little cyanide ingested over a long period of time), hair and nail samples can be taken to prove cyanide poisoning. (madsci.org)

The Madagascar bamboo Cathariostachys madagascariensis produces cyanide as a deterrent to grazing. (wikipedia.org)
Washington, DC - December 19, 2017 - Microbiologists in South Korea report this week in mBio that the bacterium Chromobacterium piscinae produces cyanide when under attack from Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 , a microbial predator found in rivers and soils that ingests its prey from the inside out. (eurekalert.org)

Because of its unique molecular structure, this compound releases cyanide only at the cancer site, thus destroying cancer cells while nourishing non-cancer tissue. (realityzone.com)

A nitrile is an organic compound that contains cyanide. (fas.org)
You could be exposed to cyanide by breathing air, drinking water, eating food, or touching soil that contains cyanide. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy1

Organisms2

Chemicals and Drugs47

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes7

Cyanide poisoning: pathophysiology and treatment recommendations. (1/1572)

Alternative oxidase inhibitors potentiate the activity of atovaquone against Plasmodium falciparum. (2/1572)

Preparation and properties of S-cyano derivatives of creatine kinase. (3/1572)

Nitric oxide inhibits L-type Ca2+ current in glomus cells of the rabbit carotid body via a cGMP-independent mechanism. (4/1572)

Influence of different types of effectors on the kinetic parameters of suicide inactivation of catalase by hydrogen peroxide. (5/1572)

The superoxide dismutase activity of desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774. (6/1572)

Phenylacetyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase, a membrane-bound molybdenum-iron-sulfur enzyme involved in anaerobic metabolism of phenylalanine in the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica. (7/1572)

Neonatal rabbit proximal tubule basolateral membrane Na+/H+ antiporter and Cl-/base exchange. (8/1572)

Cyanides

Hydrogen Cyanide

Potassium Cyanide

Sodium Cyanide

Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone

Hydroxocobalamin

Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

Antidotes

Ferricyanides

Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH2 Group Donors

Uncoupling Agents

Azides

Methemoglobin

Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes

Thiocyanates

Thiosulfate Sulfurtransferase

Spectrophotometry

Cobamides

Antimycin A

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Cytochromes

Oxidation-Reduction

Thiosulfates

Amygdalin

Kinetics

Electron Transport Complex IV

Carbon Monoxide

Metmyoglobin

Heme

Antimetabolites

Sodium Azide

Oxygen Consumption

Oxidoreductases

Pseudomonas fluorescens

Acetonitriles

Iodoacetates

Electron Transport

Valinomycin

Oligomycins

Hydroxyquinolines

Hemeproteins

2,4-Dinitrophenol

Iodoacetic Acid

Adenosine Triphosphate

Ninhydrin

Mitochondria

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Sulfurtransferases

Biological Transport, Active

Formates

Nitriles

Peroxidases

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

Proton Ionophores

Sodium Nitrite

Rotenone

Ionophores

Nigericin

Oxygen

Cyanide poisoning: pathophysiology and treatment recommendations. (1/1572)

Alternative oxidase inhibitors potentiate the activity of atovaquone against Plasmodium falciparum. (2/1572)

Preparation and properties of S-cyano derivatives of creatine kinase. (3/1572)

Nitric oxide inhibits L-type Ca2+ current in glomus cells of the rabbit carotid body via a cGMP-independent mechanism. (4/1572)

Influence of different types of effectors on the kinetic parameters of suicide inactivation of catalase by hydrogen peroxide. (5/1572)

The superoxide dismutase activity of desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774. (6/1572)

Phenylacetyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase, a membrane-bound molybdenum-iron-sulfur enzyme involved in anaerobic metabolism of phenylalanine in the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica. (7/1572)

Neonatal rabbit proximal tubule basolateral membrane Na+/H+ antiporter and Cl-/base exchange. (8/1572)

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Environmental & Health Effects | International Cyanide Management Code (ICMI) For The Manufacture, Transport and Use of Cyanide...

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