Management of Irukandji syndrome in northern Australia. (1/30)
INTRODUCTION: Irukandji syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition that follows the sting of small carybdeid jellyfish, occurs along the northern Australian coastline from Broome, Western Australia in the west to Rockhampton, Queensland in the east. Much of this area is classified rural or remote. Because correct patient management is essential to avoid unnecessary fatality, and stings are relatively uncommon in any specific location, it was considered important to document current approaches to Irukandji syndrome management throughout coastal northern Australia, comparing urban and more rural health facilities, and to assess the availability of management guidelines for health staff. METHODS: A telephone survey of the clinicians responsible for Irukandji syndrome patient management at 34 coastal northern Australian health facilities that might encounter this patient presentation was conducted during November and December 2003. Healthcare providers responsible for Irukandji syndrome management on the day of survey were interviewed using a structured, standardized questionnaire, which included a description of a hypothetical patient with Irukandji syndrome. This was used to stimulate a spontaneous description of the usual response of the particular health facility to such a patient presentation. Additional vignettes were used to investigate further specific aspects of patient management, including first aid, and pain and blood pressure management. Respondents were also asked about the existence of Irukandji treatment guidelines at their facility. RESULTS: All 34 facilities contacted agreed to participate. Five health facilities were in urban centres with a population of 50,000 or greater, four were within 50 km of such centres, 20 were more remote and five facilities were on islands. Basic clinical monitoring (blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation) was generally adequately practised. Topical application of vinegar as a first aid measure was described by 79% of respondents, with spontaneous mention of vinegar significantly associated with increasing remoteness (p = 0.023). Other sting site management was variable, with uncertainty about the use of pressure immobilisation bandaging. Intravenous opiate analgesia was administered at 91% of facilities, and magnesium sulphate, a treatment that is still being evaluated for its role in Irukandji syndrome-related pain and hypertension, was mentioned by 12% of respondents for pain relief. Twelve different pharmacological treatments were used for syndrome-associated hypertension, with magnesium sulphate being mentioned by 21% of respondents. Of the 22 facilities with guidelines, 14 used either the Primary Clinical Care Manual or the Central Australian Rural Practitioners Association Standard Treatment Manual. The remaining guidelines were independently produced protocols. The availability of guidelines was associated with appropriate use of intravenous opiate for adequate pain relief (p = 0.037). Although all urban health centres and 75% of health facilities <50 km away had guidelines, only 56% of more remote or island facilities reported the availability of guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Although monitoring and pain management of patients with Irukandji syndrome were generally appropriate, a variety of inappropriate first aid and hypertension management approaches were found. In general, appropriate practice was associated with the presence of guidelines but, unfortunately, guidelines were less often present in remote health facilities. This is particularly important because the majority of respondents who reported no experience of managing Irukandji syndrome were located in more remote settings. There is a need for uniform, evidence-based guidelines, and mechanisms for effective dissemination of these guidelines with training for all health staff who may be required to manage Irukandji syndrome, particularly in remote areas of northern Australia. (+info)Muscle organization of the cubozoan jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora Conant 1897. (2/30)
The musculature of the cubomedusa Tripedalia cystophora was investigated using immunohistochemical staining with an anti-actin antibody and histochemical staining with fluorescent phalloidin. The subumbrella is lined with a sheet of circular, striated muscle that is interrupted at the perradii, and by the nerve ring. The sheet is continuous with circular, striated muscle of the velarium, which turns radially on each face of the four velarial frenula. Perradial strips of smooth muscle run radially from just above the level of the rhopalia into the manubrium and lips. The strips give off perpendicular offshoots that run a short distance in parallel with the circular swim muscle. Musculature of the tentacles and pedalia is longitudinal and limited to the oral side of the pedalia. The pedalial muscle connects with bundles of smooth muscle that runs circularly from the tentacle base well into the subumbrella. The arrangement of striated muscle in the frenula suggests that these structures may function in directional nozzle formation of the velarium during turning. In addition, the perpendicular branching of the radial strips and the circular extensions of pedalial muscle may function in hinge formation to aid bending of the pedalia and tentacles into the subumbrella during feeding and protective responses. (+info)A randomized, controlled field trial for the prevention of jellyfish stings with a topical sting inhibitor. (3/30)
BACKGROUND: Jellyfish stings are a common occurrence among ocean goers worldwide with an estimated 150 million envenomations annually. Fatalities and hospitalizations occur annually, particularly in the Indo-Pacific regions. A new topical jellyfish sting inhibitor based on the mucous coating of the clown fish prevents 85% of jellyfish stings in laboratory settings. The field effectiveness is unknown. The objective is to evaluate the field efficacy of the jellyfish sting inhibitor, Safe Sea. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial occurred at the Dry Tortugas National Park, FL, USA and Sapodilla Cayes, Belize. Participants were healthy volunteers planning to snorkel for 30 to 45 minutes. Ten minutes prior to swimming, each participant was directly observed applying a blinded sample of Safe Sea (Nidaria Technology Ltd, Jordan Valley, Israel) to one side of their body and a blinded sample of Coppertone (Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ, USA) to the contralateral side as placebo control. Masked 26 g samples of both Safe Sea SPF15 and Coppertone SPF15 were provided in identical containers to achieve 2 mg/cm(2) coverage. Sides were randomly chosen by participants. The incidence of jellyfish stings was the main outcome measure. This was assessed by participant interview and examination as subjects exited the water. RESULTS: A total of 82 observed water exposures occurred. Thirteen jellyfish stings occurred during the study period for a 16% incidence. Eleven jellyfish stings occurred with placebo, two with the sting inhibitor, resulting in a relative risk reduction of 82% (95% confidence interval: 21%-96%; p= 0.02). No seabather's eruption or side effects occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Safe Sea is a topical barrier cream effective at preventing >80% jellyfish stings under real-world conditions. (+info)The spectral sensitivity of the lens eyes of a box jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora (Conant). (4/30)
Box jellyfish, or cubomedusae (class Cubozoa), are unique among the Cnidaria in possessing lens eyes similar in morphology to those of vertebrates and cephalopods. Although these eyes were described over 100 years ago, there has been no work done on their electrophysiological responses to light. We used an electroretinogram (ERG) technique to measure spectral sensitivity of the lens eyes of the Caribbean species Tripedalia cystophora. The cubomedusae have two kinds of lens eyes, the lower and upper lens eyes. We found that both lens eye types have similar spectral sensitivities, which likely result from the presence of a single receptor type containing a single opsin. The peak sensitivity is to blue-green light. Visual pigment template fits indicate a vitamin A-1 based opsin with peak sensitivity near 500 nm for both eye types. (+info)Visually guided obstacle avoidance in the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora and Chiropsella bronzie. (5/30)
Box jellyfish, cubomedusae, possess an impressive total of 24 eyes of four morphologically different types. Two of these eye types, called the upper and lower lens eyes, are camera-type eyes with spherical fish-like lenses. Compared with other cnidarians, cubomedusae also have an elaborate behavioral repertoire, which seems to be predominantly visually guided. Still, positive phototaxis is the only behavior described so far that is likely to be correlated with the eyes. We have explored the obstacle avoidance response of the Caribbean species Tripedalia cystophora and the Australian species Chiropsella bronzie in a flow chamber. Our results show that obstacle avoidance is visually guided. Avoidance behavior is triggered when the obstacle takes up a certain angle in the visual field. The results do not allow conclusions on whether color vision is involved but the strength of the response had a tendency to follow the intensity contrast between the obstacle and the surroundings (chamber walls). In the flow chamber Tripedalia cystophora displayed a stronger obstacle avoidance response than Chiropsella bronzie since they had less contact with the obstacles. This seems to follow differences in their habitats. (+info)Unique structure and optics of the lesser eyes of the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora. (6/30)
(+info)Assembly of the cnidarian camera-type eye from vertebrate-like components. (7/30)
(+info)Preliminary observations on the response of Chironex fleckeri (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Chirodropida) to different colors of light. (8/30)
Cubozoans are well known for their attraction to light and light-colored objects. Two highly venomous types are a public safety concern in Australian waters and elsewhere: Chironex fleckeri, long considered the world's deadliest animal and colloquially called the box jellyfish; and the irukandjis, a group of at least 10 species that cause various degrees of debilitating illness. We were asked by the tourism industry whether there might be a color of light that box jellyfish and irukandjis are not attracted to, such that nighttime diving activities might pose less risk of being stung. Our preliminary trials with Chironex fleckeri indicated a marked positive response to lights of white, red, yellow, green, orange, and blue. All colors elicited a strong and directed attraction to light; however, medusae slowed down their pulsation rate, streamed out their tentacles, and performed a series of figure-eight patterns back and forth through the lighted area when exposed to blue light, which we interpreted as feeding behavior. This compares curiously with a report subsequent to our testing, in which the small, mangrove-inhabiting cubomedusa Tripedalia cystophora and the beach-dwelling Chiropsella bronzie demonstrate a peak sensitivity to blue-green light in the region of 500 nm, and that the former is behaviorally attracted to blue and green light, but ignores red. This leaves open the possibility that Irukandji species, which are more closely related to Tripedalia than to Chironex, may be blind to red. (+info)
Carybdea
This genus of venomous box jellyfish is categorized in the class Cubozoa. Cubozoans are referred to as box jellyfish due to the ... 2019). Revision of the genus Carybdea (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeidae): Clarifying the identity of its type species Carybdea ... Myers, P., & Burch, J. (2001). Cubozoa. Retrieved March 29, 2021, from https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cubozoa/ Boltovskoy ... Cubozoa) along the eastern Tunisian coast (Central Mediterranean), Italian Journal of Zoology, 82:3, 430-435, DOI: 10.1080/ ...
Cnidaria
For example, in Scyphozoa (jellyfish) and Cubozoa (box jellies) a larva swims until it finds a good site, and then becomes a ... Although the eyes probably do not form images, Cubozoa can clearly distinguish the direction from which light is coming as well ... Several free-swimming species of Cubozoa and Scyphozoa possess balance-sensing statocysts, and some have simple eyes. Not all ... Cubozoa (box jellies); and Hydrozoa (a diverse group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms, ...
Carybdea marsupialis
Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida)". Plankton Benthos Res. 12 (2): 129-138. doi:10.3800/pbr.12.129. Bordehore, C.; S. Nogué; J.-M. ... Carybdea marsupialis, is a venomous species of box jellyfish, in the small family Carybdeidae within the class Cubozoa. ... Cubozoa) in South-Western Mediterranean coasts". PLOS ONE. 12 (7): e0181611. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1281611C. doi:10.1371/journal. ... Gili; M.J. Acevedo; V.L. Fuentes (2014). "Carybdea marsupialis (Cubozoa) in the Mediterranean Sea: The First Case of a Sting ...
List of marine cnidarians of South Africa
Several free-swimming species of Cubozoa and Scyphozoa possess balance-sensing statocysts, and some have simple eyes. Not all ... Cubozoa (box jellies); and Hydrozoa (a diverse group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms, ...
Box jellyfish
Cubozoa represents the smallest cnidarian class with approximately 50 species.[better source needed] Class Cubozoa Order ... Box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are cnidarian invertebrates distinguished by their box-like (i.e. cube-shaped) body. Some species ... "Box Jellyfish (Cubozoa: Carybdeida) in Hawaiian Waters, and the First Record of Tripedalia cystophora in Hawai'i". {{cite ... Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida)". Plankton Benthos Res. 12 (2): 129-138. doi:10.3800/pbr.12.129. Gershwin L (2009). "Staurozoa, ...
Alatina
... is a genus of box jellyfish within class Cubozoa. It is the largest of the three known genera in the family Alatinidae ... Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida). Plankton and Benthos Research. 2017, Vol.12, No.2, p.129. Gershwin, L. 2005. Carybdea alata ... World list of Cubozoa. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2018-01-08. Ilka Straehler-Pohl, George I. Matsumoto, Melisa ...
Copula sivickisi
World list of Cubozoa. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2018-01-09. "Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names ...
Chironex yamaguchii
Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Chirodropida)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2030: 59-65. ISSN 1175-5334. "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - ...
Chironex
Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Chirodropida)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2030: 59-65. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2030.1.5. ISSN 1175-5326. Fenner, P. J. ( ...
Chironex indrasaksajiae
nov.(Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Chirodropida): a new species of box jellyfish from the Gulf of Thailand" (PDF). Phuket Mar Biol Cent ... Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Chirodropida)". doi:10.5281/ZENODO.186248. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) (CS1 ...
Chiropsella bronzie
This is most likely due to eyes being ellipsoid in shape and very soft, unlike the spherical shape of other cubozoa that ... This variation in box jellyfish sensory systems is expected due to the wide range of habitat cubozoa occupy, including sandy ... Cnidaria: Cubozoa) from Madagascar". Marine Biodiversity Records. 6: e118. doi:10.1017/S1755267213000924. ISSN 1755-2672. ... Collins, A.G.; Jarms, G. (2021). "World List of Cubozoa. Chiropsella bronzie Gershwin, 2006". WoRMS. World Register of Marine ...
Tripedaliidae
... is a family of box jellyfish within class Cubozoa. Copula Bentlage, Cartwright, Yanagihara, Lewis, Richards & ... World list of Cubozoa. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2018-01-09. v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...
Manokia
World list of Cubozoa. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2018-01-08. v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...
Chiropsoides
Many jellyfish of the class Cubozoa have tubules that can be categorized as microbasic, meaning that the tubule is not longer ... Gershwin, Lisa-Ann (2006). "Nematocysts of the Cubozoa" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1232: 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1232.1.1. Rizman-Idid, ... Bentlage, Bastian (2009). "Inferring distributions of chirodropid box-jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) in geographic and ... Scyphozoa and Cubozoa) in Malaysia" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 55 (55): e35. doi:10.6620/ZS.2016.55-35. PMC 6511900. PMID ...
Linuche aquila
"Linuche aquila (Mayer, 1910)". Information system on Scyphozoa, Cubozoa and Staurozoa. Retrieved 26 May 2018. Cleland, John ...
Mastigias siderea
"Mastigias siderea (Chun, 1896)". Information system of Scyphozoa, Cubozoa and Staurozoa. Retrieved 8 March 2018. v t e ( ...
Lipkea
... cubozoa, and staurozoa". "World Register of Marine Species - Lipkea". Retrieved 2019-08-19. v t e (Articles with short ...
Jack Rudloe
Cnidaria: Cubozoa) from Madagascar Marine Biodiversity Records". Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 6: e118. ...
Mastigias ocellatus
"Mastigias ocellata (Madeer, 1791)". Information system of Scyphozoa, Cubozoa and Staurozoa. Retrieved 8 March 2018. v t e ( ...
Blue jellyfish
Cornelius, P.F.S. (2001). Cubozoa, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of ...
Jellyfish
Cubozoa (box jellyfish) have a (rounded) box-shaped bell, and their velarium assists them to swim more quickly. Box jellyfish ... There are over 200 species of Scyphozoa, about 50 species of Staurozoa, about 20 species of Cubozoa, and the Hydrozoa includes ... Seymour, Jamie E.; O'Hara, Emily P. (2020). "Pupillary Response to Light in Three Species of Cubozoa (Box Jellyfish)". Plankton ... The subphylum include the major taxa, Scyphozoa (large jellyfish), Cubozoa (box jellyfish) and Hydrozoa (small jellyfish), and ...
Tamoya haplonema
Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida, Tamoyidae) from West African waters". Plankton and Benthos Research. 15 (3): 189-206. doi: ... Morandini, André C.; Ascher, Denise; Stampar, Sergio N.; Ferreira, João Fernando V. (2005). "Cubozoa e Scyphozoa (Cnidaria: ... Lawley, Jonathan W.; Faria Júnior, Edson (2018). "First record of association between Tamoya haplonema (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) and ... Nogueira Júnior, Miodeli; Haddad, Maria Angélica (2008). "The diet of cubomedusae (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) in southern Brazil". ...
Evolution of the eye
Coates, Melissa M. (2003). "Visual Ecology and Functional Morphology of Cubozoa (Cnidaria)". Integrative and Comparative ...
Tripedalia cystophora
Chapman, D. M. (1978). "Microanatomy of the cubopolyp, Tripedalia cystophora (Class Cubozoa)". Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche ...
Irukandji jellyfish
2013). Biology and ecology of Irukandji jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa). Advances in Marine Biology 66: 1-85. Barnes, J. H. (13 ... Cubozoa: Carybdeida), lethal to humans, from Queensland, Australia". Zootaxa. 1659 (1659): 55-68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1659.1.2 ... Cubozoa, Cnidarians of Australia, Invertebrate common names). ...
Morbakka fenneri
Toshino, Sho (2019). "New records of two species of Cubozoa from Thailand". Plankton and Benthos Research. 14 (3): 143-149. doi ...
Crossota millsae
Cubozoa, Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa) in Mexico". Mexican Journal of Biodiversity. 85: 154-163. doi:10.7550/rmb.32513. Arctic Images ...
Carukiidae
... is a family of box jellyfish within the Cubozoa class. Carukiidae can be easily classified by their lack of cirri ... Gershwin, Lisa-Ann (2014). "Two new species of box jellies (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida) from the central coast of Western ... Gershwin, Lisa-Ann; Alderslade, Phil (2005). "A new genus and species of box jellyfish (Cubozoa: Carybdeida) from tropical ... Gershwin, L. (2005). "Two New Species Of Jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida) From Tropical Western Australia, Presumed ...
Carukia barnesi
This species falls within the Medusozoa subphylum and the Cubozoa class. It is a type of "box jellyfish" that is known for ...
Carybdeida
Evolution of box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa), a group of highly toxic invertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: ...
Chirodropidae Haeckel 1880 media
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Encyclopedia of Life
Cubozoa (box jellyfish); Chirodropida; Chirodropidae; Chironex; Cnidaria (cnidarians); Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa ( ... Chironex; Chirodropidae; Chirodropida; Chironex fleckeri (box jellyfish); Cubozoa (box jellyfish); Cnidaria (cnidarians); ... Chirodropus gorilla; Chirodropus; Chirodropidae; Chirodropida; Cubozoa (box jellyfish); Cnidaria (cnidarians); Metazoa (Animal) ... Chironex; Chirodropidae; Chironex fleckeri (box jellyfish); Chirodropida; Cubozoa (box jellyfish); Cnidaria (cnidarians); ...
Periphylla periphylla - Wikipédia
Canadian Register of Marine Species - Periphyllidae Haeckel, 1880
Register of Antarctic Marine Species (RAMS) - Atolla vanhoeffeni Russell, 1957
Cubozoan Sting-Site Seawater Rinse, Scraping, and Ice Can Increase Venom Load: Upending Current First Aid Recommendations -...
A crown-group cnidarian from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK | Nature Ecology & Evolution
Jellyfish stings: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Biomarkers Search
MeSH Browser
Cubozoa Preferred Term Term UI T480055. Date01/30/2002. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2003). ... Cubozoa Preferred Concept UI. M0412878. Registry Number. txid6137. Related Numbers. txid45395. txid78581. Scope Note. The class ... Cubozoa. Tree Number(s). B01.050.500.308.361. Unique ID. D037462. RDF Unique Identifier. http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D037462 ...
TREE NUMBER DESCRIPTOR
Netteldieren - Wikipedy
Managing an Unidentified Jellyfish Sting with Mixed Envenomation Syndrome at a Noncoastal Hospital: Is This a New Form of...
References Used for Viet Nam
DeCS
Cubozoa - Preferred Concept UI. M0412878. Scope note. The class of box jellyfish, in the phylum CNIDARIA, characterized by ... Cubozoa Entry term(s). Box Jellyfish Box Jellyfishs Cubozoas Jellyfish, Box Jellyfishs, Box Sea Wasp Sea Wasps Wasp, Sea Wasps ... Cubozoa Entry term(s):. Box Jellyfish. Box Jellyfishs. Carybdea. Carybdeas. Chironex. Chironices. Cubozoas. Jellyfish, Box. ...
MeSH Browser
Cubozoa Preferred Term Term UI T480055. Date01/30/2002. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2003). ... Cubozoa Preferred Concept UI. M0412878. Registry Number. txid6137. Related Numbers. txid45395. txid78581. Scope Note. The class ... Cubozoa. Tree Number(s). B01.050.500.308.361. Unique ID. D037462. RDF Unique Identifier. http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D037462 ...
Difference Between True Jellyfish and Box Jellyfish - Profolus
Mouth. Medical search
Checklist of cnidarians from Pakistani waters
E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Key words: Anthozoa; Cubozoa; Hydrozoa; Scyphozoa; northern Arabian Sea ...
Hydroid | Cifonauta: Marine Biology Image Database | CEBIMar USP
IRMNG - Chiropsalmus buitendijki van der Horst, 1907
Graduate Studies - Scholarly Output - Augusta University Research Profiles
Wen, L., Tang, F., Hong, Y., Luo, S. W., Wang, C. L., He, W., Shen, C., Jung, J. U., Xiong, F., Lee, D. H., Zhang, Q., Brann, D. W., Kim, T. W., Yan, R., Mei, L. & Xiong, W., Nov 2011, In: Journal of Cell Biology. 195, 5, p. 765-779 15 p.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review ...
Shortfin Mako Shark
A New Species of Box Jellyfish (Cnidaria: Tripedaliidae: Tripedalia) from Hong Kong, China - Hong Kong Baptist University
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Scyphozoa5
- 2009. Medusozoans (Cnidaria: Cubozoa, Scyphozoa, and Hydrozoa) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 369-379 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds. (wikipedia.org)
- 7. Preliminary Taxonomic Survey and Molecular Documentation of Jellyfish Species (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa and Cubozoa) in Malaysia. (nih.gov)
- The true jellyfish is a collective term for different species under the Scyphozoa class while the box jellyfish includes all species under the Cubozoa class. (profolus.com)
- It is thought that nowadays there are more than 9,000 species, classified in four classes: Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa and Hydrozoa. (wordpress.com)
- In fact, the collection is so distributed that around 10,000 species of cnidarians are fit into only four classes - the Anthozoa , Scyphozoa , Cubozoa , and Hydrozoa . (scienceandpandas.com)
Cnidaria2
- Cnidaria ) foarmje in stamme fan it ryk fan 'e dieren ( Animalia ), it ûnderryk fan 'e echte dieren ( Metazoa ), en it tuskenryk fan 'e radiaaldieren ( Radiata ). (wikipedia.org)
- 2014. Ocular and Extraocular Expression of Opsins in the Rhopalium of Tripedalia cystophora (Cnidaria: Cubozoa)) . (ucsb.edu)
Jellyfish3
- Box jellyfish (Cubozoa) all have a box-like body or "bell" with tentacles extending from each corner. (medlineplus.gov)
- Various species of box jellyfish have been identified around Penang Island, Malaysia, and these include multitentacled and four-tentacled box jellyfish (class Cubozoa). (physiciansweekly.com)
- The jellyfish from Scyphozoan and Cubozoa is one of the oldest creatures in the world. (chromenewtab.com)
Costello1
- Cubozoa, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (wikipedia.org)
Class1
- Jellyfishes of the Cubozoa class have cube-like shape, with one or more tentacles in each edge. (wordpress.com)