Crystallization. Medical search

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The branch of science that deals with the geometric description of crystals and their internal arrangement. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Diagnostic aid in pancreas function determination.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Devices for accelerating protons or electrons in closed orbits where the accelerating voltage and magnetic field strength varies (the accelerating voltage is held constant for electrons) in order to keep the orbit radius constant.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.

Anaerobic hyperthermophilic species of ARCHAEA, isolated from hydrothermal fluid samples. It is obligately heterotrophic with coccoid cells that require TRYPTOPHAN for growth.

A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in hot springs of neutral to alkaline pH, as well as in hot-water heaters.

Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

Proteins found in any species of archaeon.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Technique by which phase transitions of chemical reactions can be followed by observation of the heat absorbed or liberated.

The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.

A species of extremely thermophilic, sulfur-reducing archaea. It grows at a maximum temperature of 95 degrees C. in marine or deep-sea geothermal areas.

Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A family of anaerobic METHANOCOCCALES whose organisms are motile by means of flagella. These methanogens use carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor.

Enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of aldose and ketose compounds.

The diversion of RADIATION (thermal, electromagnetic, or nuclear) from its original path as a result of interactions or collisions with atoms, molecules, or larger particles in the atmosphere or other media. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A genus of poisonous snakes of the VIPERIDAE family. About 50 species are known and all are found in tropical America and southern South America. Bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and B. jararaca is the jararaca. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336)

The technique of washing tissue specimens with a concentrated solution of a heavy metal salt and letting it dry. The specimen will be covered with a very thin layer of the metal salt, being excluded in areas where an adsorbed macromolecule is present. The macromolecules allow electrons from the beam of an electron microscope to pass much more readily than the heavy metal; thus, a reversed or negative image of the molecule is created.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].

Materials that have a limited and usually variable electrical conductivity. They are particularly useful for the production of solid-state electronic devices.

Materials which have structured components with at least one dimension in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. These include NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTUBES; and NANOWIRES.

Electrical devices that are composed of semiconductor material, with at least three connections to an external electronic circuit. They are used to amplify electrical signals, detect signals, or as switches.

Inorganic compounds that contain silicon as an integral part of the molecule.

Energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation.

Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.

Individual members of North American ethnic groups with ancient historic ancestral origins in Asia.

The study of natural phenomena by observation, measurement, and experimentation.

Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent.

Probing interactions between HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and its DNA substrate with backbone-modified nucleotides. (1/7757)

BACKGROUND: To gain a molecular understanding of a biochemical process, the crystal structure of enzymes that catalyze the reactions involved is extremely helpful. Often the question arises whether conformations obtained in this way appropriately reflect the reactivity of enzymes, however. Rates that characterize transitions are therefore compulsory experiments for the elucidation of the reaction mechanism. Such experiments have been performed for the reverse transcriptase of the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 RT). RESULTS: We have developed a methodology to monitor the interplay between HIV-1 RT and its DNA substrate. To probe the protein-DNA interactions, the sugar backbone of one nucleotide was modified by a substituent that influenced the efficiency of the chain elongation in a characteristic way. We found that strand elongation after incorporation of the modified nucleotide follows a discontinuous efficiency for the first four nucleotides. The reaction efficiencies could be correlated with the distance between the sugar substituent and the enzyme. The model was confirmed by kinetic experiments with HIV-1 RT mutants. CONCLUSIONS: Experiments with HIV-1 RT demonstrate that strand-elongation efficiency using a modified nucleotide correlates well with distances between the DNA substrate and the enzyme. The functional group at the modified nucleotides acts as an 'antenna' for steric interactions that changes the optimal transition state. Kinetic experiments in combination with backbone-modified nucleotides can therefore be used to gain structural information about reverse transcriptases and DNA polymerases. (+info)

Crystal structure of an MHC class I presented glycopeptide that generates carbohydrate-specific CTL. (2/7757)

T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of nonpeptidic and modified peptide antigens has been recently uncovered but is still poorly understood. Immunization with an H-2Kb-restricted glycopeptide RGY8-6H-Gal2 generates a population of cytotoxic T cells that express both alpha/beta TCR, specific for glycopeptide, and gamma/delta TCR, specific for the disaccharide, even on glycolipids. The crystal structure of Kb/RGY8-6H-Gal2 now demonstrates that the peptide and H-2Kb structures are unaffected by the peptide glycosylation, but the central region of the putative TCR binding site is dominated by the extensive exposure of the tethered carbohydrate. These features of the Kb/RGY8-6H-Gal2 structure are consistent with the individual ligand binding preferences identified for the alpha/beta and gamma/delta TCRs and thus explain the generation of a carbohydrate-specific T cell response. (+info)

Structural basis of Rab effector specificity: crystal structure of the small G protein Rab3A complexed with the effector domain of rabphilin-3A. (3/7757)

The small G protein Rab3A plays an important role in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. The crystal structure of activated Rab3A/GTP/Mg2+ bound to the effector domain of rabphilin-3A was solved to 2.6 A resolution. Rabphilin-3A contacts Rab3A in two distinct areas. The first interface involves the Rab3A switch I and switch II regions, which are sensitive to the nucleotide-binding state of Rab3A. The second interface consists of a deep pocket in Rab3A that interacts with a SGAWFF structural element of rabphilin-3A. Sequence and structure analysis, and biochemical data suggest that this pocket, or Rab complementarity-determining region (RabCDR), establishes a specific interaction between each Rab protein and its effectors. RabCDRs could be major determinants of effector specificity during vesicle trafficking and fusion. (+info)

Phe161 and Arg166 variants of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase. Implications for NADPH recognition and structural stability. (4/7757)

Phe161 and Arg166 of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens belong to a newly discovered sequence motif in flavoprotein hydroxylases with a putative dual function in FAD and NADPH binding [1]. To study their role in more detail, Phe161 and Arg166 were selectively changed by site-directed mutagenesis. F161A and F161G are catalytically competent enzymes having a rather poor affinity for NADPH. The catalytic properties of R166K are similar to those of the native enzyme. R166S and R166E show impaired NADPH binding and R166E has lost the ability to bind FAD. The crystal structure of substrate complexed F161A at 2.2 A is indistinguishable from the native enzyme, except for small changes at the site of mutation. The crystal structure of substrate complexed R166S at 2.0 A revealed that Arg166 is important for providing an intimate contact between the FAD binding domain and a long excursion of the substrate binding domain. It is proposed that this interaction is essential for structural stability and for the recognition of the pyrophosphate moiety of NADPH. (+info)

Identification of 17-methyl-18-norandrosta-5,13(17-dien-3beta-ol, the C19 fragment formed by adrenal side chain cleavage of a 20-aryl analog of (20S)-20-hydroxycholesterol. (5/7757)

Incubation of (20R)-20-phenyl-5-pregnene-3beta,20-diol, an aromatic analog of (23S)-20-hydroxycholesterol, with an adrenal mitochondrial preparation leads to the formation of four compounds: pregnenolone, phenol, a C8 ketone, acetophenone, and a nonpolar C19 compound. This latter compound has now been identified by reverse isotope dilution analysis and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as 17-methyl-18-norandrosta-5,13(17)-dien-3beta-ol. From these results it is evident that enzymatic fission of the C-17,20 bond of this synthetic derivative occurs. On the other hand, when (20S)-20-hydroxy[21-14C]cholesterol was used as substrate, the analogous cleavage did not take place. Thus, substitution of an aromatic group on C-20 facilitates side chain cleavage between that carbon atom and the nucleus whereas neither of the naturally occuring precursors, cholesterol or its 20-hydroxylated counterpart, are metabolized to a C8 fragment. (+info)

Relationship between supersaturation and calcium oxalate crystallization in normals and idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers. (6/7757)

BACKGROUND: In an earlier study on recurrent CaOx stone formers with no detectable abnormalities, we found that the urine of these subjects had a lower tolerance to oxalate load than controls and that the removal of urinary macromolecules with a molecular weight greater than 10,000 D improved their tolerance to oxalate. METHODS: The effects on CaOx crystallization of reduced urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate (CaOx), induced by night water load, were studied in 12 normal males and in 15 male OxCa stone formers who were free from urinary metabolic abnormalities. The effect of the macromolecules, purified and retrieved from the natural and diluted urine, were analyzed in a metastable solution of CaOx. RESULTS: The water load caused an increase in urine volume (from 307 +/- 111 to 572 +/- 322 ml/8 hr, P = 0.014 in normal subjects, and from 266 +/- 92 to 518 +/- 208 ml/8 hr, P = 0.001 in the stone formers) and a concomitant reduction of the relative CaOx supersaturation (from 8.7 +/- 2.5 to 5.1 +/- 2.5 ml/8 hr, P = 0.001 in normal subjects, and from 10.4 +/- 3.5 to 5.0 +/- 2.7 ml/8 hr, P = 0.001 in the stone formers). The decrease in CaOx supersaturation was accompanied by an increase of the permissible increment in oxalate, both in normal subjects (from 43.8 +/- 10.1 to 67.2 +/- 30. 3 mg/liter, P = 0.018) and in the stone formers (from 25.7 +/- 9.4 to 43.7 +/- 17.1 mg/liter, P = 0.0001), without any significant variations of the upper limit of metastability for CaOx (from 21.6 +/- 5.3 to 20.5 +/- 4.2 mg/liter in normal subjects, and from 18.7 +/- 4.5 to 17.1 +/- 3.7 mg/liter in the stone formers). The inhibitory effect of urinary macromolecules with molecular weight greater than 10,000 Daltons did not undergo any change when the latter were recovered from concentrated or diluted urine, either in normal subjects or in the stone formers. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced CaOx supersaturation by means of water load has a protective effect with regards to CaOx crystallization in subjects who do not present any of the common urinary stone risk factors. (+info)

Cryoelectron microscopy of a nucleating model bile in vitreous ice: formation of primordial vesicles. (7/7757)

Because gallstones form so frequently in human bile, pathophysiologically relevant supersaturated model biles are commonly employed to study cholesterol crystal formation. We used cryo-transmission electron microscopy, complemented by polarizing light microscopy, to investigate early stages of cholesterol nucleation in model bile. In the system studied, the proposed microscopic sequence involves the evolution of small unilamellar to multilamellar vesicles to lamellar liquid crystals and finally to cholesterol crystals. Small aliquots of a concentrated (total lipid concentration = 29.2 g/dl) model bile containing 8.5% cholesterol, 22.9% egg yolk lecithin, and 68.6% taurocholate (all mole %) were vitrified at 2 min to 20 days after fourfold dilution to induce supersaturation. Mixed micelles together with a category of vesicles denoted primordial, small unilamellar vesicles of two distinct morphologies (sphere/ellipsoid and cylinder/arachoid), large unilamellar vesicles, multilamellar vesicles, and cholesterol monohydrate crystals were imaged. No evidence of aggregation/fusion of small unilamellar vesicles to form multilamellar vesicles was detected. Low numbers of multilamellar vesicles were present, some of which were sufficiently large to be identified as liquid crystals by polarizing light microscopy. Dimensions, surface areas, and volumes of spherical/ellipsoidal and cylindrical/arachoidal vesicles were quantified. Early stages in the separation of vesicles from micelles, referred to as primordial vesicles, were imaged 23-31 min after dilution. Observed structures such as enlarged micelles in primordial vesicle interiors, segments of bilayer, and faceted edges at primordial vesicle peripheries are probably early stages of small unilamellar vesicle assembly. A decrease in the mean surface area of spherical/ellipsoidal vesicles was correlated with the increased production of cholesterol crystals at 10-20 days after supersaturation by dilution, supporting the role of small unilamellar vesicles as key players in cholesterol nucleation and as cholesterol donors to crystals. This is the first visualization of an intermediate structure that has been temporally linked to the development of small unilamellar vesicles in the separation of vesicles from micelles in a model bile and suggests a time-resolved system for further investigation. (+info)

Purification and properties of a low-molecular-weight, high-alkaline pectate lyase from an alkaliphilic strain of Bacillus. (8/7757)

A low-molecular-weight, high-alkaline pectate lyase (pectate transeliminase, EC 4.2.2.2) was found in an alkaline culture of Bacillus sp. strain KSM-P15, purified to homogeneity, and crystallized. The enzyme had a relative molecular weight of approximately 20,300 as measured by sedimentation equilibrium, with a sedimentation coefficient (s20,w0) of 1.73 S. It was a basic protein with an isoelectric point of pH 10.3, and the alpha-helical content was only 6.6%. In the presence of Ca2+ ions, the enzyme degraded polygalacturonic acid in a random manner to yield 4,5-unsaturated oligo-galacturonides and had its optimal activity around pH 10.5 and 50-55 degrees C. It also had a protopectinase-like activity on cotton fibers. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the intact protein (28 amino acids) and its two lysyl endopeptidase-cleaved peptide fragments (8 and 12 amino acids) had very low sequence similarity with pectate lyases reported to date. These results strongly suggest that the pectate lyase of Bacillus sp. strain KSM-P15 may be a novel enzyme and belongs in a new family. (+info)

Crystallization[edit]. Main article: Crystallization (love). In Stendhal's 1822 classic On Love he describes or compares the " ... This journey or crystallization process (shown above) was detailed by Stendhal on the back of a playing card while speaking to ... In a word, in Bologna "crystallization" has not yet begun. When the journey begins, love departs. One leaves Bologna, climbs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal

Crystallization[edit]. There are four ways in which a racemate can be crystallized, depending on the substance; three of which ... There are various methods, including crystallization, chromatography, and the use of enzymes. The first successful resolution ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemic

Crystallization[edit]. Main article: Crystallization. Most liquids freeze by crystallization, formation of crystalline solid ... Crystallization consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth. "Nucleation" is the step wherein the molecules ... In spite of the second law of thermodynamics, crystallization of pure liquids usually begins at a lower temperature than the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing

Crystallization[edit]. Further information: Crystallization, Recrystallization (chemistry) § Single perfect crystals (for X-ray ... Impurities in the molecules or in the crystallization solutions are often inimical to crystallization. Conformational ... 1999). Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins: A Practical Approach (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0- ... Rupp B, Wang J (November 2004). "Predictive models for protein crystallization". Methods. 34 (3): 390-407. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

Crystallization and melting. Thermal transitions in (A) amorphous and (B) semicrystalline polymers, represented as traces from ... Instead, crystallization and melting refer to the phase transitions between two solid states (i.e., semi-crystalline and ... Whereas crystallization and melting are first-order phase transitions, the glass transition is not.[51] The glass transition ... In polymers, crystallization and melting do not suggest solid-liquid phase transitions, as in the case of water or other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymeric

Phase change (crystallization and condensation)[edit]. Supersaturated solutions will also undergo crystallization under ... Crystallization will occur to allow the solution to reach a lower energy state.(Keep in mind that this process can be ... "1 Introduction to protein crystallisation". www.xray.bioc.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2015-04-21.. ... If a string or stick is present in the solution as it cools, the crystallization will occur on that solid and create a candy. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersaturation

Crystallization is the process of forming a crystalline structure from a fluid or from materials dissolved in a fluid. (More ... In practice, large salt crystals can be created by solidification of a molten fluid, or by crystallization out of a solution. ... Crystallization is a complex and extensively-studied field, because depending on the conditions, a single fluid can solidify ... The vast majority of igneous rocks are formed from molten magma and the degree of crystallization depends primarily on the ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/بلور?match=en

Crystallization. Finally, norm crystallization refers to how much variance exists within the curve; translated from the ... A group norm like how many cups of coffee first years should drink would probably have low crystallization since a lot of ... Showing the overall group norm, the return potential model in Figure 1 does not indicate the crystallization. However, a return ... the norm of not plagiarizing another student's work would likely have high crystallization, as people uniformly agree on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_norm

Fractional crystallization. Fractional freezing Hydrothermal synthesis. Kyropoulos process. Laser-heated pedestal growth. Micro ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaxy

For the crystallization of hard spheres the classical theory is a very reasonable approximate theory.[8] So for the simple ... The most common crystallisation process on Earth is the formation of ice. Liquid water does not freeze at 0 °C unless there is ... Experimental observations on the nucleation times for the crystallisation of small volumes[edit]. It is typically difficult to ... Botsaris, GD (1976). "Secondary Nucleation - A Review". In Mullin, J (ed.). Industrial Crystallization. Springer. pp. 3-22. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleation

Crystallization of thaumatinEdit. Since thaumatin crystallizes rapidly and easily in the presence of tartrate ions, thaumatin- ... McPherson A, Delucas LJ (2015). "Microgravity protein crystallization". Npj Microgravity. 1: 15010. doi:10.1038/npjmgrav. ... "Effects of Protein Purity and Precipitant Stereochemistry on the Crystallization of Thaumatin". Crystal Growth & Design. 8 (12 ... tartrate mixtures are frequently used as model systems to study protein crystallization. The solubility of thaumatin, its ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaumatin

Crystallization and meltingEdit. Thermal transitions in (A) amorphous and (B) semicrystalline polymers, represented as traces ... Instead, crystallization and melting refer to the phase transitions between two solid states (i.e., semi-crystalline and ... Whereas crystallization and melting are first-order phase transitions, the glass transition is not.[47] The glass transition ... However, semicrystalline polymers (B) undergo crystallization and melting (at temperatures Tc and Tm, respectively). ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymers

CrystallizationEdit. Ostwald studied the crystallization behavior of solids, especially those solids that are capable of ... Related to solubility and crystallization was Ostwald's finding that dissolution of a solid depends on the size of the crystal ... In certain circumstances, the result of this periodic crystallization behavior is easily visually observed, for example, in ... Ostwald recognized that substances can crystallize in a periodic fashion wherein the crystallization behavior follows a spatial ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald

"Crystallization". Acta Crystallogr. F. 61 (Pt 10): 945-8. doi:10.1107/S1744309105029246. PMC 1991305. PMID 16511203. Chikwana, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PreQ1_synthase

Mechanics of rubber spring systems; viscoelastic behavior of polymers; stress relaxation; failure processes; crystallization. A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Neville_Gent

Cold Crystallization Plant I: The cold crystallization plant is independent of the hot leach facility. It is operated under ... Drying Cold Crystallization Plant II: A second Cold Crystallization Plant (II) came into operation in September 2010 to give a ... The new plant is much similar to the Cold Crystallization Plant I, but it encompasses certain areas of modified processes and ... It includes the following processes: Carnallite Receiving; Flotation; Crystallization; Cold Leaching; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Potash

McPherson A, Delucas LJ (2015). "Microgravity protein crystallization". Npj Microgravity. 1: 15010. doi:10.1038/npjmgrav. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_C

Methane hydrate crystallization. *High grade water recycling. *Seawater greenhouse. Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistage_flash_distillation

Methane hydrate crystallization. *High grade water recycling. *Wave-powered desalination. Desalination is a process that takes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_desalination

Because it has a high crystallization temperature (about 4,400 °C (7,950 °F)), diamond was probably the first mineral to form. ... Early mineralogy was determined by crystallization of igneous rocks and further bombardments. This phase was then replaced by ... These rocks were repeatedly recycled by fractional melting, fractional crystallization and separation of magmas that refuse to ... fractional crystallization; and partial melting. Allowable combinations of elements in minerals are determined by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_evolution

Larsson, A. M. (2009). "Preparation and crystallization of selenomethionine protein". Protein Crystallization. IUL ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenomethionine

Evaporation/Crystallization; The next step with thermal processes or evaporation, evaporates all the leftover water, collect it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_liquid_discharge

See water of crystallization.[17]. *Linkage isomerism occurs with ambidentate ligands that can bind in more than one place. For ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_compound

The crystallization of jack bean seed proteins has been studied extensively since the early 20th century and was of particular ... Canavalin has since been used as a model system for studying protein crystallization, most notably in the study of protein ... McPherson, Alexander; DeLucas, Lawrence James (2015-09-03). "Microgravity protein crystallization". NPJ Microgravity. 1 (1): ... though Sumner's group never fully characterized canavalin and it remained of little interest until its crystallization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavalin

... as a normal constituent of boar seminal plasma; purification and crystallization; site of formation and function ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergothioneine

McPherson, Alexander; Delucas, Lawrence James (2015). "Microgravity protein crystallization". NPJ Microgravity. 1: 15010. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip_yellow_mosaic_virus

... purification and crystallization". Biochem. J. 71 (3): 492-9. PMC 1196822. PMID 13638255. Appleby CA, Morton RK (November 1959 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-lactate_dehydrogenase_(cytochrome)

Opinion still remains open, but most geologists now agree that in-place crystallization and density currents… ... produced by such phenomena as in-place crystallization of monomineralic layers on the floor of a magma chamber or density ... Other articles where In-place crystallization is discussed: mineral deposit: Magmatic cumulates: … ... produced by such phenomena as in-place crystallization of monomineralic layers on the floor of a magma chamber or density ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/in-place-crystallization

A seed crystal is dropped into an unstable supersaturatedsolution of sodium acetate NaC2H3O2 and it completelycrystallized in front of your eyes. This chemistry more... demonstration is prepared by heating 700 grams of sodiumacetate in 50mL of water in a flask until all the soliddissolves. The solution is then cooled back to roomtemperature. Drop a seed crystal and see the very coolresults.

https://www.metacafe.com/watch/404010/rapid_crystallization_supersaturated_solution_demo/

Crystallization and precipitation: Crystallization is a technique that has long been used in the purification of substances. ... Other articles where Crystallization is discussed: separation and purification: ... crystallizationUnit cells cluster together to form crystals in a process called crystallization.. Created and produced by QA ... In separation and purification: Crystallization and precipitation. Crystallization is a technique that has long been used in ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/crystallization

High throughput crystallization techniques are frequently employed to generate the large numbers of high purity protein ... Which scientific fields use protein crystallization screening?. High-throughput protein crystallization screening is useful for ... High throughput crystallization techniques are frequently employed to generate the large numbers of high purity protein ... Crystallization screening: the influence of history on current practice - doi.org/0.1107/S2053230X1401262X. ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Protein-Crystallization-Screening.aspx

... polymer crystallization from solution and melt, driven assembly, confined crystallization, polymer crystal structure-property ... 621i) Uniqure Crystallization Behavior of Isotactic Polypropylene in the Presence of L-Isoleucine and Its Inhibition and ... This session will focus on the crystallization of polymers for myriad applications. Theoretical, computational, and ... as well as research investigating emerging technologies through the exploitation of macromolecular crystallization. ***Note to ...

https://www.aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2017/proceeding/session/polymer-crystallization

Scientific American is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology, explaining how they change our understanding of the world and shape our lives.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-crystallization-of-tin/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=2db0a773-da7e-432a-9f8c-3cf08994e3a5

B12 riboswitch Fluoride riboswitch RNA secondary structure Crystallization This is a preview of subscription content, log in to ... Price SR, Ito N, Oubridge C et al (1995) Crystallization of RNA-protein complexes. I. Methods for the large-scale preparation ... Peselis A., Gao A., Serganov A. (2016) Preparation and Crystallization of Riboswitches. In: Ennifar E. (eds) Nucleic Acid ... Pikovskaya O, Serganov AA, Polonskaia A et al (2009) Preparation and crystallization of riboswitch-ligand complexes. Methods ...

https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007/978-1-4939-2763-0_3

Crystallization or crystallisation is the process by which a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized ... Tank crystallization is an old method still used in some specialized cases. Saturated solutions, in tank crystallization, are ... In chemical engineering, crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is therefore related to precipitation, ... In crystallization Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules or atoms dispersed in the solvent start to gather into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

While different crystallizations of a construct imbue specificity, this specificity may come at a cost of being seen as ... Writing destined for peer review likely contains more specific language that refers to a given crystallization of the broader ... Each facet of the construct brings with it certain inherent assumptions; assumptions for this crystallization include that ... This crystallization is reflected in the specificity of the language I use to describe the construct of interest-here, I view ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40037-018-0422-0

This journey or crystallization process, shown above, was detailed by Stendhal on the back of a playing card while speaking to ... Crystallization is a concept, developed in 1822 by the French writer Stendhal, which describes the process, or mental ... Stripped of its leaves by the winter it was certainly anything but dazzling until the crystallization of the salt covered its ... Here they discovered the phenomenon of salt "crystallization" and used it as a metaphor for human relationships. "In the salt ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization_(love)

Crystallization can also be observed indirectly through its effects on stress-strain and fatigue behavior. Crystallization of ... Strain crystallizations effect on the micro-structure greatly increases the strength of the polymer or elastomer it is induced ... Strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber as detected real-time by wide-angle X-ray diffraction technique. ISSN 0032- ... Strain crystallization is a phenomenon in which an initially amorphous solid material undergoes a phase transformation due to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_crystallization

Crystallization from surfactant-free, monodisperse emulsions was investigated as a method for controlling the crystal size ... The CV of the size of crystals produced by emulsion crystallization was as low as 14%, compared with 40% for seeded bulk ...

https://www.aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2005/proceeding/paper/470c-crystallization-monodisperse-emulsions-0

Here, we report experimental observations of a crystallization front propagating in a supercooled region of a three-dimensional ... 1, where the crystallization progress is shown at two different times. Freezing starts at the bottom, then the crystallization ... Figure 2: Series of colour-coded images of the crystallization process.. Consecutive images are 1/15 s apart. The colour ... Figure 3: Fractal structure of the crystallization front.. The plot shows how the fractal dimension of the 2D contour of the ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys242?error=cookies_not_supported&code=47013f7b-963d-4429-b41b-4dc5e093a634

Intensified Separation through Continuous Crystallisation comes with its own set of unique challenges. TNO has extensive ... Continuous Crystallisation. Intensified separation through continuous crystallisation comes with its own set of unique ... Of all the forms of intensified separation, TNO has the most knowledge and experience in the field of crystallisation. With a ... New advancements in the crystallisation process can reduce costs and increase quality and control during the production of ...

https://www.tno.nl/en/focus-areas/industry/roadmaps/sustainable-chemical-industry/voltachem-for-electrification-in-the-chemical-industry/continuous-crystallisation/

Crystallization of honey.. Artificial methods. For artificial crystallization of a solute from solution, the conditions must be ... Crystallization Process Systems. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0750655200. *Mullin, J. W. 2001. Crystallization, 4th ... Thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization. The nature of a crystallization process is governed by both thermodynamic and ... Acid-base extraction · Chromatography · Crystallization · Dissolved air flotation · Distillation · Drying · ...

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Crystallization

The classical view on polymer crystallization basically focused on the expla- tion of a few macroscopically observable ... Polymer Crystallization Viewed in the General Context of Particle Formation and Crystallization ... Polymer Crystallization. Obervations, Concepts and Interpretations. Editors: Reiter, Günter, Sommer, Jens-Uwe (Eds.) ... A Comparative Study of the Mechanisms of Initial Crystallization and Recrystallization after Melting in Syndiotactic ...

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783540443421

A relatively small amount of a catalyst element for promoting crystallization is added to an amorphous silicon film, and an ... The amorphous silicon film is annealed at a temperature which is lower than a crystallization temperature of usual amorphous ... A film containing a catalyst element for promoting crystallization is closely contacted with the impurity region, or a ... the lower the temperature of crystallization is and the shorter the time of crystallization is. By the study of this inventors ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US5569936?dq=U.S.+patent+number+7,325,728&ei=Y93TTteOAe702wW6uqi1BQ

Scientific American is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology, explaining how they change our understanding of the world and shape our lives.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ruscher-apos-s-process-of-sugar-crystallization/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=866ed5e2-2663-45c7-a22d-56ce1c274ba0

The present invention can realize the crystallization at a low temperature of 40 to 50 C. or below and prevents the ... introducing the obtained mixture into a crystallization tank and gradually cooling the mixture under condition under which new ... containing a great deal of crystals in an amount of 0.5 to 5 times that of said fructose solution into a seed crystallization ... The present invention relates to a process for continuously crystallizing fructose anhydride using a seed crystallization tank ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US4666527?dq=ELIST

United States MITs Self-Assembly Lab has exhibited the Fluid Crystallization project as part of the 2013 Architectural League ... Fluid Crystallization / Skylar Tibbits + Arthur Olson Fluid Crystallization / Skylar Tibbits + Arthur Olson *01:00 - 28 July, ... Fluid Crystallization was made possible by support from the Department of Architecture, MIT and the Architectural League of New ... The Fluid Crystallization installation - a collaboration between MIT Self-Assembly Lab director Skylar Tibbits and The ...

https://www.archdaily.com/407750/fluid-crystallization-skylar-tibbits-arthur-olson

For example, when in the absence of crystallization modifying additives the temperature of crystallization of a given ... This uniform distribution remains substantially unaffected during the crystallization, both when crystallization progresses ... Polymer crystallization method. US3332926 *. 21 Feb 1964. 25 Jul 1967. Allied Chem. Thermal degradation of polyolefins in the ... to 2 percent by weight, of a crystallization modifying salt Na X where m is the valence of X, and X is the anion of a ...

http://www.google.es/patents/US3207739

Crystallization - Download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation ... Heat of crystallisation.56 kg/s of a 40 per cent aqueous solution of the salt at 353 K? The and the required product rate of ... CRYSTALLIZATION. Student No:________ A hot solution of Ba(NO3)2 from an evaporator contains 30. For a feed solution of 100 kg ... heat of crystallization of (NH4)2SO4 is 75. . Calculate the cooling consist of the deca-hydrate (molecular mass = 322 kg/kmol ...

https://www.scribd.com/presentation/357597706/Crystallization

The foundation for the new method was laid in the 1990s with the method called "in meso crystallisation": the proteins are ... "Our procedure not only improved the crystallisation, but also produced extremely compact crystals belonging to a new ... and in meso crystallization of GLIC protein in a highly swollen... view more ... Design of ultra-swollen lipidic mesophases for the crystallization of membrane proteins with large extracellular domains. ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-03/ez-ntf030518.php

and normalized by the area under the APAP diffraction peaks when crystallization was complete (. ) [4, 12, 21-24].. ... Impact of Additives on Heterogeneous Crystallization of Acetaminophen. Hsinyun Hsu,1 Lynne S. Taylor,2 and Michael T. Harris1 ... it would be interesting to investigate their combinational effects on crystallization. In this study, crystallization of ... At the crystallization temperature, 40°C, which is much lower than the melting point of APAP, crystal growth of APAP is under ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijce/2018/3604320/

Crystallization of the Complex of D-Amino-Acid Oxidase and Benzoate. *KUNIO YAGI1. , ... YAGI, K., OZAWA, T. & HARADA, M. Crystallization of the Complex of D-Amino-Acid Oxidase and Benzoate. Nature 188, 745-746 (1960 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/188745a0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c83929c5-5883-4d5a-85ad-abb00830af6d

Crystallisation definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. Look it up ... crystallisation. *. You can play at crystallisation there as much as you please. ... crystalli-, crystalliferous, crystallin, crystalline, crystalline lens, crystallisation, crystallite, crystallization, ... This crystallisation begins early, and makes the ice very dangerous and uncertain. ...

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/crystallisation

Results for crystallization equipment from Specac, AMETEK PI, Specac Gateway and other leading brands. Compare and contact a ... Any kind of crystallization and mechanical dewatering equipment can be replaced by an SGS type fluid bed. The final product ... Further applications are the supervision of crystallization or phase separation processes for a proper product identification. ...

https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/keyword-crystallization-2514/location-taiwan/order-recommended

Results for crystallization equipment from Environnement S.A. - ENVEA, Specac, NIRMaster and other leading brands. Compare and ... Further applications are the supervision of crystallization or phase separation processes for a proper product identification. ...

https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/location-taiwan/?keyword=crystallization

In an antisolvent crystallization, the solvent addition rate, addition location and mixing impact local supersaturation in a ... In an antisolvent crystallization, the solvent addition rate, addition location and mixing impact local supersaturation in a ... Seeding Studies For Crystallization Seeding is one of the most critical steps in optimizing crystallization behavior. When ... Seeding a Crystallization Process. Seeding is a key step in optimizing a crystallization process, ensuring a consistent ...

https://www.mt.com/us/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_Crystallization/Anti-Solvent-Addition-on-Supersaturation.html

... they made possible the crystallization of these proteins. To further simplify the production and crystallization experiments we ... Alpha repeat proteins (αRep) as expression and crystallization helpers.. Chevrel A1, Mesneau A1, Sanchez D1, Celma L1, ... Artificial repeat proteins; Crystallization helper; Fusion protein; Protein complementation assay; Protein library ... these fusions cannot usually be used for crystallization. With specific expression partners like a cognate αRep this is no ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28823563

The freezing process, also called crystallization, involves cooling salt water to form crystals of pure ice. (britannica.com)
High throughput crystallization techniques are frequently employed to generate the large numbers of high purity protein crystals needed for protein crystallography. (news-medical.net)
High-throughput protein crystallization screening is useful for any academic or industrial application for which the creation of well-refracting protein crystals is essential, most commonly for the purpose of accurately determining the structure of that protein. (news-medical.net)
Crystallization from surfactant-free, monodisperse emulsions was investigated as a method for controlling the crystal size distribution (CSD) of lactose crystals. (aiche.org)
The CV of the size of crystals produced by emulsion crystallization was as low as 14%, compared with 40% for seeded bulk crystallization. (aiche.org)
Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process of formation of solid crystals from a homogeneous solution or melt , or more rarely directly from a gas . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
One of the superlative properties of all metals is crystallization, and on the exact condition of the crystals in any metal often hangs every degree of usefulness. (chestofbooks.com)
The present invention can realize the crystallization at a low temperature of 40 to 50 C. or below and prevents the decomposition and the polymerization of fructose which often occur above 50 C. by mixing an aqueous fructose solution and a great deal of crystals at a high speed, whereby large and uniform crystals of fructose anhydride can be obtained in an enhanced yield. (google.com)
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein said mixture removed from the lower portion of the seed crystallization tank and fed to the upper crystallization chamber is heated to dissolve fine crystals in said removed mixture. (google.com)
4. A process according to claim 1 which comprises providing said crystallization tank with a low speed agitator which prevents crystals from being damaged. (google.com)
Once active preparations of protein were available, crystallization studies were performed and crystals were obtained. (mit.edu)
Our procedure not only improved the crystallisation, but also produced extremely compact crystals belonging to a new crystallographic group for this protein," says Mezzenga. (eurekalert.org)
Therefore, foreign surfaces can be used to dictate crystallization of molecules and form crystals with the desired properties. (hindawi.com)
Subsequently, the crystallization time has been reduced to two days, and the crystals now isolated have retained their full enzymatic activity. (pnas.org)
Finally, MIPT's scientists found a way to transfer membrane proteins embedded in nanodiscs directly to the lipid based crystallization matrix and grow membrane protein crystals suitable for high resolution X-ray diffraction studies. (eurekalert.org)
Industrial Fractional Melt Crystallization features generation of crystals by nucleation, crystal growth and the recovery of crystals from residual mother liquor. (sulzer.com)
In layer crystallization the crystals grow onto a cooled surface. (sulzer.com)
At the start of a crystallization process, the surface area of crystals present in the slurry is low - meaning nucleation can dominate over growth, regardless of other kinetic factors. (mt.com)
All you need for taking part in the global experiment - The art of crystallisation: What are the best conditions for growing the biggest crystals? (rsc.org)
It is known that crystallization of such ChG can improve their physical, mechanical, and thermal properties considerably, but it is difficult to produce IR-transmitting glass-ceramics properly because growing crystals is generally out of control during heat treatment, which makes the material opaque [ 5 , 6 ]. (degruyter.com)
In addition, not only is heterogeneous nucleation typically dominant in the formation of bulk crystals, but it is also, of course, crucial in the ever-growing field of crystallisation in confinement. (cecam.org)
Crystallization experiments were performed in hanging drops by vapor diffusion technique at 37 ° C, 19 ° C and 4 ° C. Crystals were grown in 20 µl droplets applied to the inside of the lid of sterile plastic Petri dish. (scripps.edu)
Created as part of her Spring/Summer 2010 collection called Crystallization, the designs were inspired by the transformation of liquid into crystals. (dezeen.com)
The technology offers compelling advantages in low-nanolitre crystallization trials by providing significant reagent savings and presenting seamless scalability for those crystals that require larger volume optimization experiments using the same vapor-diffusion format. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Continue these evaporations and crystallizations , till no more crystals will shoot in the liquor. (thesaurus.com)
Online and offline monitoring during crystallization may also provide valuable insight into nucleation and growth of the crystals as well as the polymorphic form. (amriglobal.com)

Supersaturation is the driving force of the crystallization process-the rates of nucleation and growth are driven by supersaturation within the solution. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In recent years, there are somewhat contradictory reports on the early stage of crystallisation, deviating from the classical nucleation and growth mechanism. (esrf.eu)
Previous work [13] shows that crystallization processes like nucleation and growth is also responsible for AE, but this will not be included in this work. (thefreedictionary.com)

Of all the forms of intensified separation, TNO has the most knowledge and experience in the field of crystallisation. (tno.nl)

The aim of this BBSRC-funded post is to develop a novel methodology for membrane protein crystallisation that utilises NMR-derived information and very high magnetic fields. (weizmann.ac.il)
Candidates with experience in membrane protein crystallisation and/or NMR are particularly encouraged to apply. (weizmann.ac.il)
The Protein Crystallisation Diagnostics Facility (PCDF) is a multi-user instrument for the fundamental study of the processes of nucleation and crystallisation of biological macro-molecules, and specifically, how these processes are influenced by gravity. (esa.int)
The Protein Crystallisation Diagnostics Facility consists of a processing unit and an electronics unit. (esa.int)
The utilisation scenario for the Protein Crystallisation Diagnostics Facility is based on that of the European Drawer Rack - the host facility. (esa.int)
The Protein Crystallisation Diagnostics Facility is run in the European Drawer Rack that was launched into space inside the European Columbus laboratory in February 2008. (esa.int)
they require small sample volumes, provide high-throughput screening, and allow control of the protein crystallisation. (qub.ac.uk)
On this premise: Innovative "pharma-on-a-chip" continuous microfluidic devices for protein crystallisation will be designed and fabricated in collaboration with engineering in Queen's and protein engineers in Immunocore. (qub.ac.uk)

co-crystallization experiments with inhibitors and substrates were also performed. (mit.edu)
To further simplify the production and crystallization experiments we have explored the production of chimeric proteins corresponding to covalent association between the targets and their specific binders strengthened by a linker. (nih.gov)
Precipitation and crystal formation under these conditions are used to direct efforts for further crystallisation experiments. (els.net)
This single day event, presented by a selection of industrialists and academics in their field of expertise, will provide an introduction to this area, specifically initial crystallisation experiments, solid form selection and formulation and how these matters are handled using real industrial examples. (iucr.org)
The crystallization experiments were carried out in hanging drops by the vapor diffusion technique at room temperature (20 ° C). The solution in the crystallization drop was prepared by mixing 10 µl of phage solution with 10 µl of 5% ammonium sulfate in 0.04 M TRIS-HCl (pH 8.0), 0.15 M NaCl and 0.02% NaN3. (scripps.edu)
We offer different modes of access for different users: we can set up experiments for users who provide macromolecular material, we can provide training in robotic crystallisation screening and imaging for new users who will make regular use of the facility, and we can provide experimental advice to more experienced scientists. (psi.ch)
What can we do when high-throughput crystallisation experiments doesn't deliver? (psi.ch)
In conclusion, the unprecedented sensitivity realised in SAXS/WAXS experiments allowed us to detect the primary nucleation events in polymer crystallisation from melt. (esrf.eu)

In most practical circumstances, crystallization begins with heterogeneous nucleation on foreign substrates [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
By doing this, we believe that our workshop will achieve a step change in research in crystallisation and heterogeneous nucleation. (cecam.org)

This session will focus on the crystallization of polymers for myriad applications. (aiche.org)
Strain crystallization occurs in natural rubber, as well as other elastomers and polymers. (wikipedia.org)
Strain crystallization occurs when the chains of molecules in a material become ordered during deformation activities in some polymers and elastomers. (wikipedia.org)
Crystallization of polymers Some polymers that strain crystallize Polyethylene Polyethylene Terephthalate Some elastomers that strain crystallize Natural rubber (polyisoprene) Polychloroprene Some elastomers that do not strain crystallize Polybutadiene Styrene-butadiene Rao, I.J. (wikipedia.org)
This invention relates to an improved crystallization method for the production of composites of solid crystalline polymers with crystallization modifying additives. (google.es)
The invention relates more specifically to an improvement in a crystallization method for the production of shaped articles, and of resin composites suitable for use in producing shaped articles, from resins consisting substantially of crystallizable polymers, particularly those produced in the presence of low pressure catalysts of the Zeigler-Natta type. (google.es)

Crystallization is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal. (wikipedia.org)
The suppression of crystallization prevents precipitation and sedimentation. (environmental-expert.com)

Further applications are the supervision of crystallization or phase separation processes for a proper product identification. (environmental-expert.com)
Crystallization kinetics are characterized in terms of two dominant processes, nucleation kinetics and growth kinetics, occurring during crystallization from solution. (mt.com)
This technique strikes the right balance between controlling supersaturation and excessive nucleation, while avoiding very long batch times (P. Barrett, B. Smith, J. Worlitschek, V. Bracken, B. O'Sullivan, and D. O'Grady 2005) A Review of the Use of Process Analytical Technology for the Understanding and Optimization of Production Batch Crystallization Processes. (mt.com)
Such crystallization processes can be adequately studied at the level of atomistic structural arrangement using numerous experimental measuring techniques, such as IR vibrational and Raman scattering spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. [ 7 - 12 ]. (degruyter.com)
My research into crystallization processes in magma chambers has involved investigation of both natural and artificial magmatic systems. (nmt.edu)
Crystallization processes of anorthoclase phenocrysts in the Mt. Erebus magmatic system: Evidence from crystal composition, crystal size distributions and volatile contents of melt inclusions. (nmt.edu)
Crystallization processes in an artificial magma: variations in crystal shape, growth rate and composition with melt cooling history. (nmt.edu)
The second part builds on the basics, exploring how crystallization processes can be developed, either batch-wise or continuous, from solution or from the melt. (researchandmarkets.com)
Mixing and its influence on the crystallization as well as the mutual interference of down-stream processes with the crystallization are also treated. (researchandmarkets.com)
Experienced scientists and engineers offer a fit-for-purpose approach to crystallization processes adapted for each stage of pharmaceutical development. (amriglobal.com)
The project investigates continuous mixing in pharmaceutical crystallisation and introduce rational design principles into development of mixing-controlled industrial crystallisation processes. (strath.ac.uk)
It is well known that many mixing-induced crystallisation processes are strongly dependent on how mixing is performed. (strath.ac.uk)
However, there is a very limited understanding of mixing phenomena in crystallisation processes. (strath.ac.uk)
This knowledge will help to introduce rational design principles into development of mixing-controlled industrial crystallisation processes. (strath.ac.uk)
Through orientation and crystallization processes , thermal properties for the material could be tailored to reach above 500 F. (thefreedictionary.com)
By examining the sequences of snapshots, the scientists hope to view a veritable motion picture of polymerization and crystallization processes in space. (thefreedictionary.com)
The value of the crystallization activation energy [DELTA]E of -72.366 kJ/mol is about the same as that for isothermal crystallization, and this result indicates that the combined Avrami-Ozawa method is correct in describing the isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization processes for the BDIS (IA-12.5%) polyamide. (thefreedictionary.com)
The increased rate of crystallization also yields reduced postextrusion shrinkage by reducing secondary crystallization processes that can cause further volume reduction and shrinkage in the solid state. (thefreedictionary.com)

The chemistry involved in crystallization is potentially very complex, though the parameters that are frequently adjusted during optimization are: pH, dielectric constant of the solvent, salt presence in order to adjust the hydrophilic or hydrophobic interactions between the proteins, and the presence and concentration of stabilizing agents. (news-medical.net)
The foundation for the new method was laid in the 1990s with the method called "in meso crystallisation": the proteins are isolated and concentrated using stable water-lipid mixtures known as lipidic mesophases. (eurekalert.org)
Alpha repeat proteins (αRep) as expression and crystallization helpers. (nih.gov)
αReps binding specifically to proteins difficult to crystallize have been selected and in several examples, they made possible the crystallization of these proteins. (nih.gov)
Although chimeric proteins with expression partners are classically used to enhance expression, these fusions cannot usually be used for crystallization. (nih.gov)
A team of scientists from the Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Membrane Proteins at MIPT, Research Center Jülich (Germany), and Institut de Biologie Structurale (France) have developed a new approach to membrane protein crystallization. (eurekalert.org)
Due to their amphipathic nature, membrane proteins must be extracted from the cell membrane and solubilized in an aqueous solution to enable biochemical studies and subsequent crystallization. (eurekalert.org)
Direct use of membrane proteins embedded in nanodiscs for crystallization would be of great importance for structural biology, however, despite considerable efforts, researches were not yet able to demonstrate that this was possible. (eurekalert.org)
In the newly proposed approach, nanodiscs harboring membrane proteins "dissolve" in the crystallization matrix, after which crystallization is driven by the properties of the lipidic bilayer phase as a whole. (eurekalert.org)
Aggarwal A (1990) Crystallization of DNA binding proteins with oligodeoxynucleotides. (els.net)
It was shown, using SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, that during the crystallization process the scaffolding proteins B and D dissociated from the procapsid particles and precipitated, leaving the degraded particles to crystallize. (scripps.edu)
This technology was applied in protein crystallization, successfully transferring a diverse set of proteins as well as hundreds of precipitant solutions from custom and commercial crystallization screens and achieving crystallization in drop volumes as small as 20 nl. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The acoustic technology was implemented in a workflow, successfully reproducing active crystallization systems and leading to the discovery of crystallization conditions for previously uncharacterized proteins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Crystallization of integral membrane proteins in general continues to be a challenge. (hu-berlin.de)

Introducing foreign substrates or additives is the common way to regulate polymorphism or kinetics of crystallization. (hindawi.com)
Expert speakers from around the world shared up to date developments on topics such as crystallisation, crystal structure, polymorphism and physical interactions in both model systems and real products. (soci.org)

Crystallization is a technique that has long been used in the purification of substances. (britannica.com)
Artificial crystallization includes two major groups of applications: crystal production and purification. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Fractional Melt Crystallization is one of the most powerful purification techniques available in process engineering. (sulzer.com)
When all conventional purification techniques find their limits, Fractional Melt Crystallization will succeed at giving you the purest product to meet the most demanding specifications. (sulzer.com)
Fractional Melt Crystallization features an environmentally friendly, energetically efficient and economically competitive process for separation and purification of organics. (sulzer.com)
This research report categorizes the protein crystallization & crystallography market on the basis of technologies (protein purification, protein crystallization, protein crystal mounting, and protein crystallography), products (analyzers and reagents), and end users (pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, government institutes, and academic institutions). (sbwire.com)
Major strategic developments take place in the field of protein crystallization and protein purification, which exhibit high-growth potential in the near future. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Dominant market players such as Rigaku, Jena Bioscience, Hampton Research, GE Healthcare, and MiTeGen introduced several automated workstations and purification systems for protein purification and crystallization studies in order to sustain their growth in this market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
After purification dynamic light (DynaPro, Wyatt) scattering enable us to investigate the hydrodynamic behavior of the received sample to judge its suitability for crystallization. (hu-berlin.de)
Crystallisation is a cost effective and easily scalable purification technique for the recovery of target products. (qub.ac.uk)
Crystallization is used at some stage in nearly all process industries as a method of production, purification or recovery of solid materials. (researchandmarkets.com)
The book describes the breadth of crystallization operations, from isolation from a reaction broth to purification and finally to tailoring product properties. (researchandmarkets.com)
A discussion of the purification during crystallization serves as a link between the two sections, where practical aspects and an insight using theoretical concepts are combined. (researchandmarkets.com)
Crystallisation is widely used for purification of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals and advanced materials. (strath.ac.uk)

In order to unravel these scenarios of polymer crystallisation, we have reinvestigated the early stage of isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) crystallisation with unprecedented sensitivity and time resolution at the beamline ID02 using combined small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS, respectively). (esrf.eu)

Theoretical, computational, and experimental papers are welcome on topics including (but not limited to) polymer crystallization from solution and melt, driven assembly, confined crystallization, polymer crystal structure-property relationship, as well as research investigating emerging technologies through the exploitation of macromolecular crystallization. (aiche.org)
Macromolecular crystallisation. (els.net)
The Macromolecular Crystallisation Facility at the PSI is maintained by the SLS and the BIO division . (psi.ch)
If you are interested in using the facility, or in discussing any aspects of macromolecular crystallisation, we would be very glad to hear from you. (psi.ch)

There are many examples of natural process that involve crystallization. (wikipedia.org)
There are many examples of crystallization in nature, some of which are noted below. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

There are various techniques for measuring crystallization in rubber, including: x-ray diffraction, specific heat changes, and density changes. (wikipedia.org)
Cold' crystallization in 80GeSe 2 -20Ga 2 Se 3 chalcogenide glass nanostructurized due to thermal annealing at 380°C for 10, 25, 50, 80, and 100 h are probed with X-ray diffraction, atomic force, and scanning electron microscopy, as well as positron annihilation spectroscopy performed in positron annihilation lifetime and Doppler broadening of annihilation line modes. (degruyter.com)

Supersaturation is one of the driving forces of crystallization, as the solubility of a species is an equilibrium process quantified by Ksp. (wikipedia.org)
By plotting temperature vs. solubility, scientists can create the framework needed to develop the desired crystallization process. (mt.com)
Once an appropriate solvent is chosen, the solubility curve becomes a critical tool for the development of an effective crystallization process. (mt.com)
This theme includes research on understanding and predicting the solubility of drug compunds and their crystallisation behaviour including structure prediction and physical stability. (imperial.ac.uk)
Furthermore, the solubility of the substance and its dependences on process conditions and the various techniques of crystallization and their possibilities and limitations are discussed. (researchandmarkets.com)
Solid form understanding and preliminary solubility data must be gathered to identify possible crystallization techniques and solvent systems for the design of a scalable process. (amriglobal.com)
Our scientists have access to specialized equipment for crystallization process development, including controlled laboratory reactors from 50 mL to 2 L, equipment for solubility and metastable zone width determination and in situ or at-line monitoring of crystal form, supersaturation, nucleation, particle size and morphology. (amriglobal.com)

The three primary factors that affect strain crystallization are the molecular structure of the polymer or elastomer, the temperature, and the deformation being applied to the material. (wikipedia.org)
If a polymer's molecular structure is too irregular, strain crystallization can not be induced because it is impossible to order the chains of molecules. (wikipedia.org)
The Fluid Crystallization installation - a collaboration between MIT Self-Assembly Lab director Skylar Tibbits and The Molecular Graphics Lab director Arthur Olson - investigates hierarchical and non-deterministic self-assembly with large numbers of parts in a fluid medium. (archdaily.com)
Tailor-made auxiliaries that can have molecular recognition with crystallizing molecules have been used to change crystallization behavior [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
However, molecular mechanisms governing rapid protein crystallization in vivo or in vitro are largely unknown. (pnas.org)
ii) Crystallisation in confined molecular systems, such as nanoporous materials and microemulsions. (cecam.org)
Nevertheless, crystallisation of protein is intrinsically more difficult and uncertain than for small molecules, particularly from complex mixtures, due to their large molecular weights, structural complexities and the presence of impurities. (qub.ac.uk)
By designing new molecular building blocks and using polymer self-assembly (crystallization, microphase separation, specific hydrogen bonding, and $\pi -\pi $ and other interactions), ordered structures of modified nanoparticles were assembled in the bulk and at the interface. (aps.org)

In all of these cases, positive and negative electric charges are produced by the mechanical separation of surfaces and during the crystallization process. (britannica.com)
Crystallization is also a chemical solid-liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. (wikipedia.org)
Intensified separation through continuous crystallisation comes with its own set of unique challenges. (tno.nl)
Fractional Melt Crystallization is a stagewise separation technique that relies upon liquid-solid phase transition and enables multicomponent mixtures to be split into narrow fractions, ultimately leading to top purities of selected components, through the virtue of selectivity found in solid liquid equilibria. (sulzer.com)
Fractional Melt Crystallization is most frequently encountered in the separation of organic materials ranging from isomers separations to tar chemical mixtures and from organic acids to Monomers. (sulzer.com)
Since the product from suspension crystallization is a slurry, the separation of residual mother liquor from large specific surface area is usually carried out in dedicated Equipment. (sulzer.com)
We can design, optimize or troubleshoot your crystallization process for product purity, recovery or solids separation and isolation. (amriglobal.com)

TNO applies its extensive knowledge and expertise in this area to provide fine chemical manufacturers with the exact tools needed to get the most out of continuous crystallisation. (tno.nl)
In Continuous Crystallisation, TNO leads the industry in technologies and methodologies that create pure, reproducible particles to exact specifications. (tno.nl)
Our expertise in the field of Continuous Crystallisation can be put to work to solve any of our partners' challenges. (tno.nl)
The aim of this project is to develop a fundamental understanding of continuous mixing of miscible liquids involved in mixing-induced crystallisation. (strath.ac.uk)

In order to induce strain crystallization, the polymer or elastomer is stretched while its temperature is kept above its glass transition temperature. (wikipedia.org)
The amorphous silicon film is annealed at a temperature which is lower than a crystallization temperature of usual amorphous. (google.com)
A relatively small amount of a catalyst element for promoting crystallization is added to an amorphous silicon film, and an annealing process is conducted at a temperature which is lower than the distortion temperature of a substrate, thereby crystallizing the amorphous silicon film. (google.com)
In suspension crystallization a melt or a solution is cooled below saturation temperature. (sulzer.com)
Azimuthal sectors of SAXS and WAXS patterns recorded simultaneously following a rapid temperature quench to the crystallisation temperature of 145°C (tIso evolves after the sample reached the isothermal condition). (esrf.eu)

These are schematic illustrations of a normal Pn3m cubic mesophase composed of MP :water (left), GLIC protein structure (middle), and in meso crystallization of GLIC protein in a highly swollen. (eurekalert.org)
Crystallization trials are set either following the "classical" vapour diffusion approach or in meso (lipidic cubic phase) using an Oryx 4 crystallization robot (Douglas Instruments). (hu-berlin.de)

Crystallization can also be observed indirectly through its effects on stress-strain and fatigue behavior. (wikipedia.org)
Computed dependence of rubber's fatigue behavior on strain crystallization. (wikipedia.org)

Honey crystallization (nearly all types of honey crystallize). (wikipedia.org)
crystallization 1660s, noun of action from crystallize. (thesaurus.com)

We demonstrate that a specific domain is responsible for enhancing the rate of self-assembly, unveiling possible evolutionary mechanisms to enhance the kinetics of 2D protein crystallization. (pnas.org)
Many biomineralization systems start from transient amorphous precursor phases, but the exact crystallization pathways and mechanisms remain largely unknown. (mdpi.com)
The study of a well-defined biomimetic crystallization system is key for elucidating the possible mechanisms of biomineralization and monitoring the detailed crystallization pathways. (mdpi.com)
In this review, we focus on amorphous phase mediated crystallization (APMC) pathways and their crystallization mechanisms in bio- and biomimetic-mineralization systems. (mdpi.com)
Crystallisation starts with nucleation, and there are two possible mechanisms for nucleation. (cecam.org)
Therefore, selection of the chemical composition of the base glasses in combination with the mechanisms of controlled nucleation and crystallization are the driving forces for the design of microstructures of glass-ceramics with special properties not exhibited by glasses or sintered ceramics. (frontiersin.org)
The aim of this research topic is to allow young scientist to publish their results on mechanisms of nucleation and crystallization. (frontiersin.org)

Initial crystallisation trials are set up using a concentrated stock of protein-DNA complex of interest with premade formulations that sparsely sample crystallisation space. (els.net)

Strain crystallization is a phenomenon in which an initially amorphous solid material undergoes a phase transformation due to the application of strain. (wikipedia.org)
This volume introduces and reports on the state-of-the-art regarding both theoretical and experimental aspects of phase transitions in polymeric solutions or melts that lead to crystallization. (springer.com)
Jin W, Jiang S, Pan H, Tang R. Amorphous Phase Mediated Crystallization: Fundamentals of Biomineralization. (mdpi.com)
Because nanoparticles are very small and interact in liquid solutions, verifying their crystallization pathways through direct observation was not possible before liquid-phase electron microscopy, said Chen, who led the experimental portion of the study. (phys.org)
What we have observed is an intermediate amorphous phase that occurs along the crystallization pathway for nanoparticles-something not witnessed before this work," Chen said. (phys.org)
Nanocrystallites of Ga 2 Se 3 and/or GeGa 4 Se 8 phases and prevalent GeSe 2 phase extracted mainly at the surface of thermally treated samples with preceding nucleation and void agglomeration in the initial stage of annealing are characteristic features of cold crystallization. (degruyter.com)
The accepted theory of crystallization, developed in the first half of the previous century, predicts that without impurities, a small solid core generated at random in the interior of the droplet initiates the phase transformation. (medgadget.com)
Crystallization can occur from a solution, from the melt or via deposition of material from the gas phase (desublimation). (researchandmarkets.com)

The chapter describes how to design, prepare, and conduct crystallization screening of riboswitch-ligand complexes. (springer.com)
Pikovskaya O, Serganov AA, Polonskaia A et al (2009) Preparation and crystallization of riboswitch-ligand complexes. (springer.com)
A large number of crystal screens are now commercially available, including those designed for crystallisation of protein-nucleic acid complexes. (els.net)
Yokota, M. , Nakamura, R. and Doki, N. (2016) Organic Melt Crystallization as a Method for Synthesis of Supramolecular Complexes. (scirp.org)

Crystallization or crystallisation is the process by which a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. (wikipedia.org)
In crystallization Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules or atoms dispersed in the solvent start to gather into clusters, on the microscopic scale (elevating solute concentration in a small region), that become stable under the current operating conditions. (wikipedia.org)

The growing need to identify new ligands for the drug discovery process and the rising popularity of structure-based/rational drug design are factors that present opportunities for the protein crystallization & crystallography market. (sbwire.com)
Geographically, North America commanded the largest market share of the protein crystallization & crystallography market, followed by Europe. (sbwire.com)

produced by such phenomena as in-place crystallization of monomineralic layers on the floor of a magma chamber or density currents carrying mineral grains from the walls and roof of a magma chamber to the floor. (britannica.com)
Might not this possibly be capable of throwing some light on the phenomena of crystallization? (wikisource.org)

In addition to substrates, introducing additives is another popular approach to control crystallization. (hindawi.com)

Nevertheless, crystallizing without confinement, the additive-APAP interaction is more effective at controlling the crystallization of APAP, and the substrates did not have much effect. (hindawi.com)
and crystallisation in confinement. (cecam.org)
Mohsin Qasi investigates the physics behind the influence of spatial confinement and crystallization modifying additives on the crystallization of the most commonly used salt, NaCl. (uva.nl)

The crystallization of magma is a complex process because magma is a complex substance. (britannica.com)
Play media The crystallization process consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth which are driven by thermodynamic properties as well as chemical properties. (wikipedia.org)
The process of strain crystallization directly affects the micro-structure of the material by adding crystalline structures. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, kinetic measurements (at the individual particle level) of the crystallization process and its dynamics are of great interest. (nature.com)
New advancements in the crystallisation process can reduce costs and increase quality and control during the production of ingredients supplied to the pharmaceutical, food and household product industries. (tno.nl)
Crystallization is a valuable process for both research and industrial applications. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The solution that remains after a crystallization process is called the mother liquor . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The present invention relates to a process for continuously crystallizing fructose anhydride using a seed crystallization tank and a crystallization tank separated from each other, comprising feeding an aqueous fructose solution containing at least 90% of fructose and containing at least 87 W/W % of. (google.com)
However, effective and evidence-based crystallization process development and improvement is more nuanced. (mt.com)
Fractional Melt Crystallization is a solvent-free process. (sulzer.com)
When a linear cooling rate is applied (as shown on the right) to a crystallization process, it is possible for supersaturation to build up initially when there is no surface area available for growth. (mt.com)
In order to try to boost the efficiency of the crystallization process, Joachimiak and his colleagues at the MCSG and SGC inserted a protease-a certain type of enzyme that breaks down the bonds that connect a protein's amino acids. (anl.gov)
Our findings could advance the understanding of the freezing process, or 'crystallization,' in many areas of nature and technology," said Eli Sutter, a scientist at Brookhaven's Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN) and the lead author of the study. (medgadget.com)
Crystallization is a natural occurring process but also a process abundantly used in the industry. (researchandmarkets.com)
We take a quality by design approach to crystallization process development, aiming for the consistent preparation of batches with the desired purity, crystal form and particle properties. (amriglobal.com)
Crystallization is therefore the process by which a floating charge becomes fixed on to particular assets. (thefreedictionary.com)

It is well to vary the conditions of heat, amount of solvent, and rate of crystallization , to get the best possible results. (thesaurus.com)

for a perceptible degree of crystallization to take place, there must be a finite amount of "supercooling" below the freezing point b (which is also the melting point, T m , of the corresponding crystal). (britannica.com)
This result shows that by changing supersaturation in a crystallization system, it is possible to modify crystal size, shape, and the degree of agglomeration. (mt.com)
Under these conditions crystal growth rate is 10 to 100 times faster than in suspension crystallization. (sulzer.com)
The C-terminal crystallization domain forms the physiological 2-dimensional (2D) crystal lattice, but full-length protein crystallizes multiple orders of magnitude faster due to the N-terminal nucleation domain. (pnas.org)
Crystallization trials (for BTV 1SA) were carried out by vapor diffusion (sitting drop) using microbridges supplied by Crystal Microsystems. (scripps.edu)

Crystallization was by vapor diffusion with AAV at approx. (scripps.edu)
Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary field of science based on the manipulation of fluids in sub-millimetre dimensions, and the conditions that microfluidics offer are completely different from those of bulk set-ups, and thus they are very interesting for the study of crystallisation because diffusion, mixing, mass and heat transport, can controlled. (qub.ac.uk)

Crystallization is practiced on all scales: from the isolation of the first milligrams of a newly synthesized substance in the research laboratory to isolating products on the mulit-million tonne scale in industry. (researchandmarkets.com)

To find a production report, enter information about your protein crystallization product below, and press the Search button. (qiagen.com)

The loss of synthetase activity that can result from prolonged exposure during crystallization is attributable specifically to damage of the enzyme component responsible for condensation activity. (pnas.org)

Ultra-high purity is the credo of Fractional Melt Crystallization and Sulzer has more than 40 years of experience in supplying suspension, static and falling film crystallization technologies as well as freeze concentration. (sulzer.com)

Various other additives are added to encourage stabilization, crystallization, and lattice formation, and discourage protein aggregation. (news-medical.net)

The third part of the book is dedicated to accounts of actual developments and of carried-out crystallizations. (researchandmarkets.com)

The value of my lectures would depend altogether upon suggestiveness,-not upon any crystallizations of fact. (thesaurus.com)

Our computer simulations, developed by Northwestern University graduate student Ziwei Wang, allow us to sort out the details of the fundamental driving forces behind nanoparticle motion and crystallization," Luijten said. (phys.org)
Crystallisation is a fundamental and complex problem, and it is of importance in fields from materials and pharmaceuticals to climate science and ice-cream production. (cecam.org)

However, there are details about crystallization pathways that cannot be measured by imaging alone, the researchers said. (phys.org)
Kinetic pathways of crystallization at the nanoscale, Nature Materials (2019). (phys.org)

We have followed identical crystallisation protocols as in the previous studies and in addition we precisely determined the isothermal condition (t Iso =0) from the scattered intensity itself. (esrf.eu)

Screening provides optimal conditions for crystallization of a particular protein to be determined, and in well-funded research institutions and manufacturing facilities is performed by robots that handle liquids in the nanoliter range. (news-medical.net)

For artificial crystallization of a solute from solution, the conditions must be adjusted such that the solution becomes supersaturated with the solute. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

With the increased demand for APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients) to reach the marketplace, chemists in early stage development are expected to have a greater understanding of solid form and crystallisation. (iucr.org)

Controlling crystallization is important in many areas of science and technology, such as manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, production of semiconductors and nonlinear optics, as well as the formation of biominerals. (hindawi.com)

Crystallization occurs in two major steps. (wikipedia.org)
In chemical engineering, crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we report that rapid crystallization of a bacterial surface layer protein occurs through a multistep pathway involving a crystalline intermediate. (pnas.org)

Cold' crystallization in nanostructurized 80GeSe2-20Ga2Se3 glass, Nanoscale Research Letters . (degruyter.com)
The large numbers of ongoing research projects involving protein crystallization, and the increased variety of reagents and analytical techniques employed are are also major drivers for the protein crystallography reagents market. (sbwire.com)
A research paper, " In situ proteolysis for protein crystallization and structure determination ," that detailed the study appeared in the December 4 issue of Nature Methods . (anl.gov)
In addition to these services, we are active in research to develop crystallisation methods. (psi.ch)
In accordance with the philosophy of the journal "Frontiers in Materials", this research topic "Nucleation and Crystallization of Glasses and Glass-ceramics" is focused on the development of products with special properties: for example, high strength, high toughness, good machinability or moldability, or unique electrical/electronic or magnetic properties, exceptional optical or unusual thermal or chemical properties and with the possibility of combining these characteristics. (frontiersin.org)
This conference aimed to review the latest research into the crystallisation and physical properties of fats. (soci.org)

Here, we report experimental observations of a crystallization front propagating in a supercooled region of a three-dimensional fluid complex plasma. (nature.com)
In this paper, we present and discuss the first experimental observations of the propagation of a crystallization front through an undercooled fluid complex plasma. (nature.com)
YAGI, K., OZAWA, T. & HARADA, M. Crystallization of the Complex of D -Amino-Acid Oxidase and Benzoate. (nature.com)
Delegates will leave with a better understanding about the underlying reasons why it is necessary to formulate novel crystallization screens with relatively complex conditions, such as the ones found in the MORPHEUS screens. (iucr.org)

Modern crystallisation screens, which encapsulate the accumulated wisdom of prior investigations, serve as an excellent starting point for experimentation. (els.net)
The electrophoresis technology, liquid handling systems & robotics, and reagents (crystallization screens and other reagents & consumables) are the blue-eyed segments for the players to invest in. (marketsandmarkets.com)

Organisms6

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs15

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes13

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science2

Named Groups3

Health Care2

Probing interactions between HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and its DNA substrate with backbone-modified nucleotides. (1/7757)

Crystal structure of an MHC class I presented glycopeptide that generates carbohydrate-specific CTL. (2/7757)

Structural basis of Rab effector specificity: crystal structure of the small G protein Rab3A complexed with the effector domain of rabphilin-3A. (3/7757)

Phe161 and Arg166 variants of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase. Implications for NADPH recognition and structural stability. (4/7757)

Identification of 17-methyl-18-norandrosta-5,13(17-dien-3beta-ol, the C19 fragment formed by adrenal side chain cleavage of a 20-aryl analog of (20S)-20-hydroxycholesterol. (5/7757)

Relationship between supersaturation and calcium oxalate crystallization in normals and idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers. (6/7757)

Cryoelectron microscopy of a nucleating model bile in vitreous ice: formation of primordial vesicles. (7/7757)

Purification and properties of a low-molecular-weight, high-alkaline pectate lyase from an alkaliphilic strain of Bacillus. (8/7757)

Crystallization

Crystallography, X-Ray

X-Ray Diffraction

Crystallography

Selenomethionine

Protein Conformation

Synchrotrons

Bacterial Proteins

Calcium Oxalate

Cloning, Molecular

Escherichia coli

Recombinant Proteins

Models, Molecular

Molecular Sequence Data

Hemoglobin C

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Amino Acid Sequence

Muramidase

Pyrococcus horikoshii

Volatilization

Detergents

Solubility

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Solutions

Temperature

Thermus thermophilus

Calcium Carbonate

Archaeal Proteins

Proteins

Differential Thermal Analysis

Chemical Precipitation

Polyethylene Glycols

Urinary Calculi

Archaeoglobus fulgidus

Kidney Calculi

Chromatography, Gel

Methanococcaceae

Aldose-Ketose Isomerases

Scattering, Radiation

Protein Structure, Quaternary

Bothrops

Negative Staining

Diffusion

Silicon

Semiconductors

Nanostructures

Transistors, Electronic

Silicon Compounds

Solar Energy

African Americans

Indians, North American

Science

Asian Americans

Probing interactions between HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and its DNA substrate with backbone-modified nucleotides. (1/7757)

Crystal structure of an MHC class I presented glycopeptide that generates carbohydrate-specific CTL. (2/7757)

Structural basis of Rab effector specificity: crystal structure of the small G protein Rab3A complexed with the effector domain of rabphilin-3A. (3/7757)

Phe161 and Arg166 variants of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase. Implications for NADPH recognition and structural stability. (4/7757)

Identification of 17-methyl-18-norandrosta-5,13(17-dien-3beta-ol, the C19 fragment formed by adrenal side chain cleavage of a 20-aryl analog of (20S)-20-hydroxycholesterol. (5/7757)

Relationship between supersaturation and calcium oxalate crystallization in normals and idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers. (6/7757)

Cryoelectron microscopy of a nucleating model bile in vitreous ice: formation of primordial vesicles. (7/7757)

Purification and properties of a low-molecular-weight, high-alkaline pectate lyase from an alkaliphilic strain of Bacillus. (8/7757)

vacuum crystallization process - Buy Quality vacuum crystallization process on m.alibaba.com

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