Cryptococcus gattii

Cryptococcus

Cryptococcosis

Cryptococcus neoformans

Northwestern United States

British Columbia

Mycological Typing Techniques

Meningitis, Cryptococcal

Genes, Mating Type, Fungal

Antifungal Agents

Environmental Microbiology

Communicable Diseases, Emerging

Fluconazole

Bromthymol Blue

Fruiting Bodies, Fungal

Lung Diseases, Fungal

Neosartorya

Virulence

DNA, Fungal

Amphotericin B

Serotyping

Fungal Proteins

Disease Outbreaks

Triazoles

Trees

Pancoast Syndrome

Granuloma, Lethal Midline

Stellate Ganglion

Cryptococcus gattii

Cryptococcus

Opportunistic infection

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

Cryptococcus neoformans

Yeast

Cryptococcosis

Joseph Heitman

Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals

Tetrazole

Red Raper

Eugenia calycina

Emerging infectious disease

Pathogenic fungus

Basidiomycota

2014 Ju-Jitsu World Championships

Bolley Johnson

Don't Say No

Dewoitine D.371

Noor-ul-Ain

Benoist Land Tractor Type XII

Santa Cruz Barillas

Maria Margaret Pollen

Ronald Fogleman

Peachtree Street (song)

We, Too, Have a Job to Do

2021 Akkar explosion

Straubing Tigers

Leina, Saare County

Sestiere

Cryptococcosis16

• While most disease is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans , Cryptococcus gattii , a genotypically and phenotypically distinct species, is responsible for 11-33% of global cases of cryptococcosis. (nih.gov)
• In terms of cryptococcosis , we will see maybe five to eight cases a year, of which half will be due to C gattii and the other half due to C neoformans . (medscape.com)
• Distribution of survey respondents who have seen any patient(s) with cryptococcosis during the past year and who have ever treated a patient with Cryptococcus gatti infection, Emerging Infections Network survey, March-February 2011. (cdc.gov)
• Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. (nih.gov)
• Cryptococcosis: update and emergence of Cryptococcus gattii. (nih.gov)
• Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii species complexes (phylum Basidiomycota ) are environmental yeasts and are the main cause of human cryptococcosis worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
• Cryptococcosis is infection with the fungi Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii . (nih.gov)
• Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis ( Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii ). (nih.gov)
• Cryptococcosis, a potentially fatal mycosis, is caused by members of the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes. (urosario.edu.co)
• Analysis of publicly available molecular data from 5686 clinical, environmental, and veterinary cryptococcal isolates from member countries of the Latin American Cryptococcal Study Group showed that, as worldwide, C. neoformans molecular type VNI is the most common cause of cryptococcosis (76.01%) in HIV-infected people, followed by C. gattii molecular type VGII (12.37%), affecting mostly otherwise healthy hosts. (urosario.edu.co)
• Cryptococcus gattii was considered a tropical fungus primarily found in places like Brazil, New Guinea and Australia, but it was found to be the cause of the Pacific Northwest Outbreak of Cryptococcosis in the US and Canada which began in 1999 and has seen hundreds of humans and animals being infected. (news-medical.net)
• Four years ago the University of Birmingham carried out research which demonstrated that the high virulence of this Cryptococcosis gattii strain results from its remarkable ability to grow rapidly within human white blood cells which relies on a unique 'division of labor' mechanism within the infection. (news-medical.net)
• The Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex members are the main agents of systemic cryptococcosis. (unl.pt)
• Cryptococcus , a genus of yeast-like fungi, is the etiologic agent of cryptococcosis. (mhmedical.com)
• Until recently, cryptococcal strains were separated into two species, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii , both of which can cause cryptococcosis in humans. (mhmedical.com)
• The geographic distribution of C. gattii was thought to be largely limited to tropical regions until an outbreak of cryptococcosis caused by a new serotype B strain began in Vancouver in 1999. (mhmedical.com)

Meningitis13

• Today we're discussing everything you need to know about managing Cryptococcus gattii meningitis in immunocompetent patients with Dr Sharon Chen. (medscape.com)
• I'm so delighted to have you join us to talk about C gattii meningitis . (medscape.com)
• Where I see patients here in San Francisco, California, we have really seen an uptick in the number of patients presenting with C gattii meningitis. (medscape.com)
• It has blown me away in terms of how different these patients can be compared with patients with HIV or even transplant patients presenting with Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis and also how challenging it has been to take care of some of these patients. (medscape.com)
• Maybe you could start, Dr Chen, by telling us a little bit about the practice setting in which you work and how frequently patients with C gattii meningitis are seen in your hospital and in your clinics. (medscape.com)
• Although C gattii meningitis is an interest of mine and the interest of many of my colleagues, we do see C neoformans meningitis, as well. (medscape.com)
• Can you speak a little bit first about the typical patient who is infected with C gattii , which patients present with C gattii meningitis, and then some of the risk factors for C gattii infection? (medscape.com)
• The typical patient with C gattii meningitis is not someone living with HIV and probably not someone with an organ transplant, although we do see organ transplant patients infected with C gattii . (medscape.com)
• Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast ubiquitous in nature which, when it infects humans, typically causes pulmonary disease and occasionally meningitis [1]. (who.int)
• Christopher Uejio] C. gattii usually infects the lungs or the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord), causing diseases like pneumonia and meningitis, but it can also affect other parts of the body. (cdc.gov)
• 9. Antifungal susceptibilities of Cryptococcus neoformans cerebrospinal fluid isolates and clinical outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients with/without fluconazole prophylaxis. (nih.gov)
• 14. [Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in patients with AIDS at the Saint Thomas Hospital]. (nih.gov)
• gattii meningitis in an HIV-positive patient: first observation in the United Kingdom. (nih.gov)

Fungus that can cause1

• Christopher Uejio] Cryptococcus gattii is a fungus that can cause illness in humans and animals. (cdc.gov)

Fungi6

• Cryptococcus is a genus of fungi, of which two species, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, cause nearly all human and animal cryptococcal infections. (cdc.gov)
• C neoformans and C gattii are the fungi that cause this disease. (nih.gov)
• 17. Identification and properties of plasma membrane azole efflux pumps from the pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans. (nih.gov)
• Specific chapters are devoted to the major disease-causing fungi, such as Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus species. (cshlpress.com)
• CM is caused by inhalation of the etiologic agents Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gatii, encapsulated fungi found in the environment, bird feces, and decaying wood. (emdocs.net)
• Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gatti are fungi characterized by their high virulence and ability to cross the blood-brain-barrier, rapid antigenic variation in their polysaccharide capsule to evade host defenses, and environmentally stable spore form. (emdocs.net)

Isolates13

• Molecular typing and antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes from the National Invasive Fungal Surveillance Network of Uruguay. (bvsalud.org)
• We obtained and analyzed 116 C. neoformans/C. gattii species complexes isolates from the Public Health Surveillance Laboratory between 2008-2013 and 2017-2021 (C. gattii species complex = 1 and C. neoformans species complex = 115). (bvsalud.org)
• the C. gattii species complex isolates comprised one VGII. (bvsalud.org)
• 2. In vitro susceptibilities of Malaysian clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. (nih.gov)
• 4. Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii isolates from both HIV-infected and uninfected patients: antifungal susceptibility and outcome of cryptococcal disease. (nih.gov)
• 5. Molecular epidemiology and in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of 108 clinical Cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato and Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato isolates from Denmark. (nih.gov)
• 6. Antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates in Jabalpur, a city of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. (nih.gov)
• 9. In vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles and genotypes of 308 clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. (nih.gov)
• 13. In vitro susceptibility of Cryptococcus gattii clinical isolates. (nih.gov)
• 16. Molecular typing, in vitro susceptibility and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex clinical isolates from south-eastern Brazil. (nih.gov)
• Cryptococcus gattii was also not found although some isolates yielded a positive canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue test. (unl.pt)
• C. gattii , although not divided into varieties, also is antigenically diverse, encompassing serotypes B and C. However, genome sequencing studies have now revealed tremendous diversity among isolates previously assigned to each species, suggesting that some may be reclassified as new species. (mhmedical.com)
• Most clinical microbiology laboratories do not routinely distinguish between C. neoformans and C. gattii or among varieties, but rather identify and report all isolates simply as C. neoformans . (mhmedical.com)

VGII4

• Multilocus sequence typing subcategorizes C. gattii into four genotypes: VGI, VGII, VGIII, and VGIV. (cdc.gov)
• Although VGII is the genotype most commonly associated with the outbreak in the United States and British Columbia, it is uncommon in other C. gattii --endemic parts of the world, where VGI is isolated most frequently ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
• 12. Comparative antifungal susceptibility analyses of Cryptococcus neoformans VNI and Cryptococcus gattii VGII from the Brazilian Amazon Region by the Etest, Vitek 2, and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution methods. (nih.gov)
• 14. In vitro susceptibility testing of amphotericin B for Cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii AFLP1/VNI and Cryptococcus gattii AFLP6/VGII by CLSI and flow cytometry. (nih.gov)

Pathogen4

• The World Health Organization's recently released Fungal Priority Pathogen List classified C. gattii as a medium-priority pathogen due to the lack of effective therapies and robust clinical and epidemiological data. (nih.gov)
• Infections caused by the emerging pathogen Cryptococcus gattii are increasing in frequency in North America. (nih.gov)
• Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: clinical aspects of infection with an emerging pathogen. (nih.gov)
• 10. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of T-2307, a novel arylamidine, against Cryptococcus gattii: an emerging fungal pathogen. (nih.gov)

Infections7

• Cryptococcus species are a major cause of life-threatening infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. (nih.gov)
• This narrative review summarizes the latest research on the taxonomy, epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory testing, and management of C. gattii infections. (nih.gov)
• The two human infections reported from Oregon in 2004 and 2005 were from C. gattii subtypes VGIIa and VGIIc ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
• Autochthonous and dormant Cryptococcus gattii infections in Europe. (nih.gov)
• gattii has been more frequently associated with disease in tropical and subtropical areas, infections throughout the world, including the United States and Europe, have been reported [3,4]. (who.int)
• The effects of recent climate change are already evident in the northward presence of Vibrio vulnificus infecting oysters in Prince William Sound, the tropical Cryptococcus gattii fungal infections in the Pacific Northwest, expansion of tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden, and suggestions of shorter respiratory syncytial virus seasons in the United Kingdom. (cdc.gov)
• This outbreak has extended into the United States, and C. gattii infections are being encountered increasingly in several states in the Pacific Northwest. (mhmedical.com)

Emergence1

• In 2008, in response to the emergence of C. gattii in the United States, CDC, state and local public health authorities, and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) formed the Cryptococcus gattii Public Health Working Group ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Antifungal3

• grubii and Cryptococcus gattii to five antifungal drugs. (nih.gov)
• 8. Antifungal susceptibility testing with YeastONE™ is not predictive of clinical outcomes of Cryptococcus neoformans var. (nih.gov)
• 11. Antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to amphotericin B and fluconazole. (nih.gov)

Pacific Northwest3

• Physicians should consider C. gattii as a possible etiology of a cryptococcal infection among persons living in or traveling to the Pacific Northwest or traveling to other C. gattii --endemic areas. (cdc.gov)
• Infection with C gattii has mainly been seen in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, British Columbia in Canada, Southeast Asia, and Australia. (nih.gov)
• However, one strain of the fungus - known as the Pacific Northwest strain of Cryptococcus gattii - has gained the ability to infect otherwise healthy individuals. (news-medical.net)

Meningoencephalitis1

• Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are yeasts that cause meningoencephalitis, but that differ in host range and geographical distribution. (pasteur.fr)

Inhalation1

• After inhalation, Cryptococci colonize the lung parenchyma and in some patients, remain asymptomatic for prolonged periods. (emdocs.net)

Immunocompetent2

• 1 Despite high rates of antibody prevalence, Cryptococci primarily cause disease in immunocompromised hosts, but rarely lead to severe disease in immunocompetent patients. (emdocs.net)
• In contrast, C. gattii -related disease is not associated with specific immune deficits and often occurs in immunocompetent individuals. (mhmedical.com)

Bird feces1

• In contrast, C. gattii is not found in bird feces. (mhmedical.com)

Serotypes1

• gattii (serotypes B and C) [2]. (who.int)

Infects1

• Cryptococcus neoformans occurs world-wide and mostly infects immunocompromised patients, whereas C. gattii occurs mainly in (sub)tropical regions and infects healthy individuals. (pasteur.fr)

Genotypes1

• Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and sequence analyses indicated that AFLP genotypes 2 (C. neoformans) and 4 (C. gattii) were present. (pasteur.fr)

Amphotericin1

• 3. Adaptation to Fluconazole via Aneuploidy Enables Cross-Adaptation to Amphotericin B and Flucytosine in Cryptococcus neoformans. (nih.gov)

Infection among1

• Sarah Gregory] Vancouver Island, Canada, reports the world's highest incidence of Cryptococcus gattii infection among humans and animals. (cdc.gov)

Outcomes1

• Among 45 patients with known outcomes, nine (20%) died because of C. gattii infection, and six (13%) died with C. gattii infection. (cdc.gov)

Primarily1

• Whereas C. neoformans primarily affects persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide, C. gattii primarily affects HIV-uninfected persons in tropical and subtropical regions ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Isolate1

• Case report forms are completed after a patient isolate is confirmed as C. gattii at CDC. (cdc.gov)

Strain1

• In early 2006, a resident of Orcas Island, Washington, developed C. gattii VGIIa infection with a strain indistinguishable from the British Columbia VGIIa strain ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)

Vancouver Island6

• In December 2004, a case of human C. gattii infection was reported in Oregon, associated with an outbreak on Vancouver Island and in mainland British Columbia, Canada ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
• During 1999, C. gattii began appearing in animals and humans on Vancouver Island and, beginning in 2004, among mainland British Columbia residents who had no exposure to Vancouver Island ( 2,4 ). (cdc.gov)
• Studies on Vancouver Island found C. gattii spores in the environment, often in association with trees and soil ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
• Neither patient had traveled to Vancouver Island or any other known C. gattii --endemic area. (cdc.gov)
• Christopher Uejio] Vancouver Island reports the highest rates of new human and animal C. gattii cases in the world, so the goal of our study was to determine how climate influences the presence of the C. gattii in the environment. (cdc.gov)
• Christopher Uejio] C. gattii prefers to live in specific ecological areas, and the climate and geography of Vancouver Island may provide just the right conditions for C. gattii to thrive. (cdc.gov)

Patients2

• Among 52 patients for whom travel history was known, 46 (88%) said they had not traveled to British Columbia or any other C. gattii --endemic areas, suggesting they acquired the infection locally. (cdc.gov)
• But with the C gattii patients we've seen - and as I said, we're seeing a lot more of them in the recent years - I have been struck by how differently these patients can present and how different their disease course can be. (medscape.com)

Disease1

• People who are older, smoke, take medications that suppress the immune system, or have pre-existing health problems are more vulnerable to disease from C. gattii . (cdc.gov)

Patient1

• gattii serotype (B) from Egypt, in a patient positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (who.int)

Environmental1

• We assessed the occurrence of C. neoformans and C. gattii in environmental substrates collected in a Portuguese region. (unl.pt)

Immune1

• C gattii may affect people with normal immune system. (nih.gov)

Periods1

• Air and tree samples contained higher C. gattii levels on sunny, compared to cloudy, periods. (cdc.gov)

Describe1

• Mating- and serotype-specific PCR reactions showed that the strains were MATa-serotype D/MATalpha-serotype B. This study is the first to describe naturally occurring hybrids between C. neoformans and C. gattii. (pasteur.fr)

Present1

• Some researchers speculate that changing climate could have allowed C. gattii already present in the environment to emerge and expand. (cdc.gov)

Case4

• A second C. gattii case was reported in Oregon in 2005, and 12 more cases were reported in 2006 and 2007. (cdc.gov)
• Reported case-fatality rates either from or with C. gattii infection was 9% ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
• In terms of the risk factors for C gattii infection, that's a difficult question to answer because there are few case control studies. (medscape.com)
• Case report: Cryptococcus neoformans var. (who.int)

People2

• Fungal medicines are prescribed for people infected with cryptococcus. (nih.gov)
• Christopher Uejio] People and animals living in areas with Cryptococcus gattii breathe in the microscopic fungus. (cdc.gov)

Region2

• This study provides additional information for the analysis of C. neoformans/C. gattii species complexes dynamics in the South American temperate region. (bvsalud.org)
• The findings provide additional information for analyzing the Cryptococcusneoformans/C. gattii species complexes in the South American temperate region. (bvsalud.org)