Cryptochromes
Flavoproteins
Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate
Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase
Photoreceptors, Plant
Flavins
Phytochrome B
Eye Proteins
Circadian Rhythm
Arabidopsis Proteins
ARNTL Transcription Factors
Phytochrome A
Biological Clocks
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
Arabidopsis
Phototropism
Phototropins
Hypocotyl
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide
CLOCK Proteins
Drosophila Proteins
Circadian Clocks
Photoreceptor Cells
Organisms, Genetically Modified
Period Circadian Proteins
Cotyledon
Photochemistry
Animal Migration
Photoperiod
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Butterflies
Plants, Genetically Modified
Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate
Ultraviolet Rays
Oxidation-Reduction
Regulation of the mammalian pineal by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors. (1/564)
In mammals, ocular photoreceptors mediate an acute inhibition of pineal melatonin by light. The effect of rod and cone loss on this response was assessed by combining the rd mutation with a transgenic ablation of cones (cl) to produce mice lacking both photoreceptor classes. Despite the loss of all known retinal photoreceptors, rd/rd cl mice showed normal suppression of pineal melatonin in response to monochromatic light of wavelength 509 nanometers. These data indicate that mammals have additional ocular photoreceptors that they use in the regulation of temporal physiology. (+info)Antagonistic actions of Arabidopsis cryptochromes and phytochrome B in the regulation of floral induction. (2/564)
The Arabidopsis photoreceptors cry1, cry2 and phyB are known to play roles in the regulation of flowering time, for which the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We have previously hypothesized that phyB mediates a red-light inhibition of floral initiation and cry2 mediates a blue-light inhibition of the phyB function. Studies of the cry2/phyB double mutant provide direct evidence in support of this hypothesis. The function of cryptochromes in floral induction was further investigated using the cry2/cry1 double mutants. The cry2/cry1 double mutants showed delayed flowering in monochromatic blue light, whereas neither monogenic cry1 nor cry2 mutant exhibited late flowering in blue light. This result suggests that, in addition to the phyB-dependent function, cry2 also acts redundantly with cry1 to promote floral initiation in a phyB-independent manner. To understand how photoreceptors regulate the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development, we examined the effect of sequential illumination by blue light and red light on the flowering time of plants. We found that there was a light-quality-sensitive phase of plant development, during which the quality of light exerts a profound influence on flowering time. After this developmental stage, which is between approximately day-1 to day-7 post germination, plants are committed to floral initiation and the quality of light has little effect on the flowering time. Mutations in either the PHYB gene or both the CRY1 and CRY2 genes resulted in the loss of the light-quality-sensitive phase manifested during floral development. The commitment time of floral transition, defined by a plant's sensitivity to light quality, coincides with the commitment time of inflorescence development revealed previously by a plant's sensitivity to light quantity - the photoperiod. Therefore, the developmental mechanism resulting in the commitment to flowering appears to be the direct target of the antagonistic actions of the photoreceptors. (+info)Photomophogenesis: Phytochrome takes a partner! (3/564)
How light signals are transduced by phytochromes is still poorly understood. Recent studies have provided evidence that a PAS domain protein, PIF3, physically interacts with phytochromes, plays a role in phytochrome signal transduction and might be a component of a novel signalling pathway in plants. (+info)Circadian rhythms: Something to cry about? (4/564)
Recent studies suggest that a class of proteins known as cryptochromes have an evolutionarily conserved role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the night-day cycle. While the evidence reported is intriguing, the notion that cryptochromes have the same role in all species requires further investigation. (+info)An extraretinally expressed insect cryptochrome with similarity to the blue light photoreceptors of mammals and plants. (5/564)
Photic entrainment of insect circadian rhythms can occur through either extraretinal (brain) or retinal photoreceptors, which mediate sensitivity to blue light or longer wavelengths, respectively. Although visual transduction processes are well understood in the insect retina, almost nothing is known about the extraretinal blue light photoreceptor of insects. We now have identified and characterized a candidate blue light photoreceptor gene in Drosophila (DCry) that is homologous to the cryptochrome (Cry) genes of mammals and plants. The DCry gene is located in region 91F of the third chromosome, an interval that does not contain other genes required for circadian rhythmicity. The protein encoded by DCry is approximately 50% identical to the CRY1 and CRY2 proteins recently discovered in mammalian species. As expected for an extraretinal photoreceptor mediating circadian entrainment, DCry mRNA is expressed within the adult brain and can be detected within body tissues. Indeed, tissue in situ hybridization demonstrates prominent expression in cells of the lateral brain, which are close to or coincident with the Drosophila clock neurons. Interestingly, DCry mRNA abundance oscillates in a circadian manner in Drosophila head RNA extracts, and the temporal phasing of the rhythm is similar to that documented for the mouse Cry1 mRNA, which is expressed in clock tissues. Finally, we show that changes in DCry gene dosage are associated predictably with alterations of the blue light resetting response for the circadian rhythm of adult locomotor activity. (+info)Light-dependent sequestration of TIMELESS by CRYPTOCHROME. (6/564)
Most organisms have circadian clocks consisting of negative feedback loops of gene regulation that facilitate adaptation to cycles of light and darkness. In this study, CRYPTOCHROME (CRY), a protein involved in circadian photoperception in Drosophila, is shown to block the function of PERIOD/TIMELESS (PER/TIM) heterodimeric complexes in a light-dependent fashion. TIM degradation does not occur under these conditions; thus, TIM degradation is uncoupled from abrogation of its function by light. CRY and TIM are part of the same complex and directly interact in yeast in a light-dependent fashion. PER/TIM and CRY influence the subcellular distribution of these protein complexes, which reside primarily in the nucleus after the perception of a light signal. Thus, CRY acts as a circadian photoreceptor by directly interacting with core components of the circadian clock. (+info)mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. (7/564)
We determined that two mouse cryptochrome genes, mCry1 and mCry2, act in the negative limb of the clock feedback loop. In cell lines, mPER proteins (alone or in combination) have modest effects on their cellular location and ability to inhibit CLOCK:BMAL1 -mediated transcription. This suggested cryptochrome involvement in the negative limb of the feedback loop. Indeed, mCry1 and mCry2 RNA levels are reduced in the central and peripheral clocks of Clock/Clock mutant mice. mCRY1 and mCRY2 are nuclear proteins that interact with each of the mPER proteins, translocate each mPER protein from cytoplasm to nucleus, and are rhythmically expressed in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Luciferase reporter gene assays show that mCRY1 or mCRY2 alone abrogates CLOCK:BMAL1-E box-mediated transcription. The mPER and mCRY proteins appear to inhibit the transcriptional complex differentially. (+info)Blue light-directed destabilization of the pea Lhcb1*4 transcript depends on sequences within the 5' untranslated region. (8/564)
Pea seedlings grown in continuous red light accumulate significant levels of Lhcb1 RNA. When treated with a single pulse of blue light with a total fluence >10(4) micromol m(-2), the rate of Lhcb1 transcription is increased, whereas the level of Lhcb1 RNA is unchanged from that in control seedlings. This RNA destabilization response occurs in developing leaves but not in the apical bud. The data presented here indicate that the same response occurs in the cotyledons of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. The blue light-induced destabilization response persists in long hypocotyl hy4 and phytochrome phyA, phyB, and hy1 mutants as well as in far-red light-grown seedlings, indicating that neither CRY1 (encoded by the hy4 locus) nor phytochrome is the sole photoreceptor. Studies with transgenic plants indicate that the destabilization element in the pea Lhcb1*4 transcript resides completely in the 5' untranslated region. (+info)Cryptochromes are a class of photoreceptor proteins that are found in a variety of organisms, including plants, insects, and mammals. They are responsible for detecting and responding to blue light, which is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of around 400-500 nanometers. In the medical field, cryptochromes have been studied for their potential role in regulating circadian rhythms, which are the internal biological clocks that control various physiological processes in the body, such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. Cryptochromes have been shown to play a key role in the synchronization of circadian rhythms to the external environment, and they are thought to be involved in the regulation of mood, memory, and other cognitive functions. In addition to their role in circadian rhythms, cryptochromes have also been implicated in a number of other biological processes, including the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, the protection against oxidative stress, and the prevention of cancer. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of cryptochromes in health and disease.
Flavoproteins are a class of proteins that contain a covalently bound flavin molecule, which is a prosthetic group consisting of a pyrazine ring and a ribityl side chain. Flavoproteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including metabolism, redox reactions, and signal transduction. Flavoproteins can be classified into two main types based on the type of flavin they contain: FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). FMN is a reduced form of flavin, while FAD is an oxidized form. Flavoproteins play important roles in various medical conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. For example, flavoproteins such as NADH dehydrogenase and flavin reductase are involved in the electron transport chain, which is essential for energy production in cells. Mutations in genes encoding flavoproteins can lead to defects in this process, resulting in various diseases. In addition, flavoproteins are also involved in the metabolism of drugs and toxins, and are targets for the development of new drugs. For example, flavoproteins such as cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of many drugs, and inhibitors of these enzymes can be used to enhance the efficacy of certain drugs or reduce their toxicity.
Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase (DPL) is an enzyme that is involved in the repair of DNA damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It is found in all living organisms and plays a crucial role in protecting against the harmful effects of UV radiation on DNA. UV radiation can cause the formation of pyrimidine dimers, which are covalent bonds between adjacent pyrimidine bases in DNA. These dimers can distort the DNA helix and interfere with normal DNA replication and transcription. DPL is responsible for recognizing and repairing these pyrimidine dimers by using light energy to break the covalent bonds and restore the original DNA sequence. In the medical field, DPL is of interest because it is involved in the development of skin cancer and other UV-related diseases. Mutations in the DPL gene can lead to a deficiency in the enzyme, which can result in an increased risk of skin cancer. Additionally, DPL has been studied as a potential target for cancer therapy, as it is overexpressed in some types of cancer cells. Overall, DPL plays a critical role in protecting against the harmful effects of UV radiation on DNA and is an important enzyme to study in the medical field.
Photoreceptors, plant refer to specialized cells in plants that are responsible for detecting and responding to light. These cells contain pigments called photopigments, which absorb light energy and trigger a series of chemical reactions that ultimately lead to changes in the plant's physiology and behavior. There are several types of photoreceptors in plants, including phototropins, cryptochromes, and phototropins. Phototropins are responsible for regulating plant growth and development, including phototropism (the bending of a plant towards a light source) and photoperiodism (the response to the length of day and night). Cryptochromes are involved in regulating plant responses to blue light, including the regulation of flowering time and seed germination. Phototropins are also involved in regulating plant responses to red and far-red light. In addition to regulating plant growth and development, photoreceptors are also involved in plant defense mechanisms. For example, some photoreceptors can detect the presence of herbivores or pathogens and trigger the production of defensive compounds. Overall, photoreceptors play a critical role in plant growth, development, and defense, and their study is important for understanding plant biology and improving crop yields.
Phytochrome is a photoreceptor protein found in plants and some bacteria that plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, photomorphogenesis, and photoperiodic responses. In the medical field, phytochrome has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, some studies have suggested that phytochrome may have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, and may be useful in the treatment of various diseases. Additionally, phytochrome has been shown to modulate the immune system and may have potential as a treatment for autoimmune disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic applications of phytochrome.
Flavins are a group of organic compounds that are important in various biological processes, including metabolism and energy production. In the medical field, flavins are often studied for their potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammation. There are two main types of flavins: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). FMN and FAD are both derivatives of riboflavin, a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. FMN and FAD are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, as well as the production of energy in the form of ATP. In addition to their metabolic functions, flavins also play a role in protecting cells from oxidative stress and inflammation. This is because flavins can act as antioxidants, neutralizing harmful molecules called free radicals that can damage cells and contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Overall, flavins are an important class of compounds in the medical field, with potential applications in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions.
Phytochrome B is a photoreceptor protein found in plants that plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, photomorphogenesis, and flowering time. It is a member of the phytochrome family of photoreceptors, which are responsible for sensing and responding to changes in light quality and quantity. Phytochrome B is activated by red light and deactivated by far-red light. When activated, it undergoes a conformational change that allows it to interact with other proteins in the plant cell, triggering a cascade of signaling events that ultimately lead to changes in gene expression and cellular behavior. In the medical field, phytochrome B has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, researchers have investigated the use of phytochrome B as a target for cancer therapy, as it is overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells. Additionally, phytochrome B has been shown to play a role in regulating the immune system, and may have potential applications in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Eye proteins are proteins that are found in the eye and play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of the eye. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and vitreous humor. Some examples of eye proteins include: 1. Collagen: This is a protein that provides strength and support to the cornea and lens. 2. Alpha-crystallin: This protein is found in the lens and helps to maintain its shape and transparency. 3. Rhodopsin: This protein is found in the retina and is responsible for vision in low light conditions. 4. Vitreous humor proteins: These proteins are found in the vitreous humor, a clear gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. They help to maintain the shape of the eye and provide support to the retina. Disruptions in the production or function of these proteins can lead to various eye diseases and conditions, such as cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of eye proteins is important for the development of effective treatments for these conditions.
Circadian rhythm refers to the internal biological clock that regulates various physiological processes in the body, including sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, hormone production, and metabolism. This rhythm is controlled by a group of neurons in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which receives input from specialized photoreceptors in the retina that detect changes in light levels. The circadian rhythm is approximately 24 hours long and is influenced by external factors such as light exposure, meal times, and physical activity. Disruptions to the circadian rhythm, such as those caused by jet lag, shift work, or chronic sleep disorders, can have negative effects on health and well-being, including increased risk of mood disorders, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes.
Arabidopsis Proteins refer to proteins that are encoded by genes in the genome of the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis is a small flowering plant that is widely used as a model organism in plant biology research due to its small size, short life cycle, and ease of genetic manipulation. Arabidopsis proteins have been extensively studied in the medical field due to their potential applications in drug discovery, disease diagnosis, and treatment. For example, some Arabidopsis proteins have been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties, making them potential candidates for the development of new drugs. In addition, Arabidopsis proteins have been used as tools for studying human diseases. For instance, researchers have used Arabidopsis to study the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Overall, Arabidopsis proteins have become an important resource for medical research due to their potential applications in drug discovery and disease research.
ARNTL Transcription Factors are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the circadian rhythm, which is the body's internal clock that controls various physiological processes such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. ARNTL Transcription Factors are encoded by the ARNTL gene and are composed of a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain and a PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) domain. These proteins bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the expression of genes involved in the circadian rhythm. Mutations in the ARNTL gene have been associated with various sleep disorders, including advanced sleep phase syndrome and delayed sleep phase syndrome.
Phytochrome A is a photoreceptor protein found in plants that plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, photomorphogenesis, and flowering time. It is a light-sensitive protein that undergoes reversible photoconversion between two distinct forms, Pr (red-absorbing form) and Pfr (far-red-absorbing form), in response to changes in light intensity and quality. In the medical field, phytochrome A has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. For example, research has shown that phytochrome A can modulate the activity of various signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, which may have implications for cancer treatment. Additionally, phytochrome A has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may be beneficial in the management of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders.
Biological clocks are internal mechanisms that regulate various physiological processes in living organisms, including humans. These clocks are responsible for controlling the timing of events such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, metabolism, and other circadian rhythms. In the medical field, the study of biological clocks is important because disruptions to these rhythms can have negative effects on health. For example, shift work and jet lag can disrupt the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to sleep disorders, fatigue, and other health problems. Research has also shown that disruptions to biological clocks can increase the risk of certain diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of biological clocks and how they can be influenced by external factors is an important area of medical research.
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled (GPCRs) are a large family of membrane proteins that play a crucial role in transmitting signals from the outside of a cell to the inside. They are found in almost all types of cells and are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including sensory perception, neurotransmission, and hormone signaling. GPCRs are activated by a variety of molecules, including neurotransmitters, hormones, and sensory stimuli such as light, sound, and odor. When a molecule binds to a GPCR, it causes a conformational change in the protein that activates a G protein, a small molecule that acts as a molecular switch. The activated G protein then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to a cellular response. Because GPCRs are involved in so many different physiological processes, they are an important target for drug discovery. Many drugs, including those used to treat conditions such as hypertension, depression, and allergies, work by binding to specific GPCRs and modulating their activity.
Arabidopsis is a small flowering plant species that is widely used as a model organism in the field of plant biology. It is a member of the mustard family and is native to Europe and Asia. Arabidopsis is known for its rapid growth and short life cycle, which makes it an ideal model organism for studying plant development, genetics, and molecular biology. In the medical field, Arabidopsis is used to study a variety of biological processes, including plant growth and development, gene expression, and signaling pathways. Researchers use Arabidopsis to study the genetic basis of plant diseases, such as viral infections and bacterial blight, and to develop new strategies for crop improvement. Additionally, Arabidopsis is used to study the effects of environmental factors, such as light and temperature, on plant growth and development. Overall, Arabidopsis is a valuable tool for advancing our understanding of plant biology and has important implications for agriculture and medicine.
Phototropins are a type of photoreceptor protein found in plants, algae, and some bacteria. They are responsible for mediating the plant's response to light, particularly in the regulation of growth and development. There are two main types of phototropins: phototropin 1 (phot1) and phototropin 2 (phot2). Both phot1 and phot2 contain a light-sensitive domain called the LOV (Light, Oxygen, or Voltage) domain, which undergoes a conformational change in response to blue light. This change triggers a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to changes in the plant's growth and development. Phototropins play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development, including phototropism (the bending of plant shoots towards light), chloroplast movement, and leaf expansion. They also play a role in the regulation of flowering time and seedling development. In the medical field, phototropins have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications. For example, they have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects, and they may be useful in the treatment of skin diseases and other conditions. Additionally, phototropins have been used as a model system for studying protein-protein interactions and signal transduction pathways.
Flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes in the body. It is a yellow-colored molecule that consists of a riboflavin (vitamin B2) molecule and an adenine nucleotide. FAD is involved in many enzymatic reactions that require the transfer of electrons, such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It acts as an electron carrier, accepting electrons from one molecule and transferring them to another. FAD is also involved in the production of energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary energy currency of the body. In the medical field, FAD deficiency can lead to a variety of health problems, including neurological disorders, skin disorders, and metabolic disorders. FAD is also used as a dietary supplement to support various bodily functions, including energy metabolism and immune function.
CLOCK proteins are a group of proteins that play a role in regulating the body's circadian rhythm, or internal clock. The circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that regulates various physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. The CLOCK proteins are involved in the regulation of this cycle by controlling the expression of genes that are involved in the circadian rhythm. There are two main types of CLOCK proteins: CLOCK and BMAL1. These proteins form a heterodimer, which is a complex of two different proteins, and this complex binds to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of circadian rhythm-related genes. This binding activates the expression of these genes, which in turn helps to regulate the circadian rhythm. Disruptions in the function of the CLOCK proteins have been linked to various sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep apnea, as well as other conditions, such as depression and obesity.
Drosophila proteins are proteins that are found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which is a widely used model organism in genetics and molecular biology research. These proteins have been studied extensively because they share many similarities with human proteins, making them useful for understanding the function and regulation of human genes and proteins. In the medical field, Drosophila proteins are often used as a model for studying human diseases, particularly those that are caused by genetic mutations. By studying the effects of these mutations on Drosophila proteins, researchers can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and potentially identify new therapeutic targets. Drosophila proteins have also been used to study a wide range of biological processes, including development, aging, and neurobiology. For example, researchers have used Drosophila to study the role of specific genes and proteins in the development of the nervous system, as well as the mechanisms underlying age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
In the medical field, circadian clocks refer to the internal biological rhythms that regulate various physiological processes in the body, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, metabolism, and body temperature. These rhythms are controlled by a complex network of genes and proteins that are primarily located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus in the brain. The SCN acts as the master clock, receiving input from light-sensitive cells in the retina and synchronizing the body's internal clock with the external environment. The SCN then sends signals to other parts of the body to regulate various physiological processes in a 24-hour cycle. Disruptions to the circadian clock can lead to a range of health problems, including sleep disorders, mood disorders, metabolic disorders, and increased risk of certain diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate circadian rhythms is an important area of research in medicine and has implications for the development of new treatments for various health conditions.
In the medical field, "darkness" generally refers to a lack of light or visual perception. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including: 1. Retinal detachment: A condition in which the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye, separates from the underlying tissue. 2. Retinitis pigmentosa: A genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the retina, leading to vision loss and eventually blindness. 3. Macular degeneration: A condition in which the central part of the retina, called the macula, deteriorates, leading to vision loss. 4. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause vision loss. 5. Glaucoma: A group of eye diseases that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. 6. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve can cause vision loss or blindness. 7. Brain injury: Damage to the brain, particularly the visual cortex, can cause blindness or vision loss. In some cases, darkness may also be a symptom of a more serious underlying medical condition, such as a brain tumor or stroke.
Period circadian proteins (PERs) are a group of proteins that play a critical role in regulating the body's internal clock, also known as the circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that regulates various physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. PERs are produced in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a small region of the hypothalamus in the brain. The SCN receives input from the retina, which detects changes in light and darkness, and uses this information to synchronize the body's internal clock with the external environment. PERs are involved in the negative feedback loop that regulates the circadian rhythm. When light enters the eye, it inhibits the production of PERs, which in turn leads to the release of other hormones that promote wakefulness. As the day progresses, PER levels increase, leading to the suppression of wakefulness-promoting hormones and the onset of sleep. Disruptions in the regulation of PERs can lead to various sleep disorders, including insomnia, sleep apnea, and circadian rhythm sleep disorder. Additionally, mutations in the genes that encode PERs have been linked to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
In the medical field, cotyledon refers to the seed leaf of a plant embryo. It is the first leaf to develop in the embryo and is responsible for storing nutrients that will be used by the developing plant. In some plants, such as legumes, the cotyledon is also the primary source of food for the developing embryo. The number and type of cotyledons can vary among different plant species and can provide important clues for plant identification and classification.
I'm sorry, but I don't think there is a specific term called "Animal Migration" in the medical field. Animal migration refers to the seasonal movement of animals from one place to another, usually in search of food, water, or suitable breeding grounds. This phenomenon is observed in various species of animals, including birds, mammals, fish, and insects. In the medical field, the term "migration" is used in a different context, such as the migration of cells or tissues within the body, or the movement of pathogens from one location to another. For example, the migration of immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation is an important aspect of the immune response. Similarly, the migration of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body is a hallmark of metastasis. If you have a specific question related to animal migration or any other medical topic, I would be happy to try and help you.
In the medical field, the term "butterflies" typically refers to a pattern of small, raised red or pink spots on the skin that are caused by the dilation of blood vessels in the skin. This condition is also known as "flushing" or "urticaria." Butterflies are often associated with certain medical conditions, such as an allergic reaction, heat stroke, or a viral infection. They can also be a side effect of certain medications or substances, such as alcohol or spicy foods. In some cases, butterflies may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as an autoimmune disorder or a blood clotting disorder. If you are experiencing butterflies or any other unusual symptoms, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment.
Cryptochrome
Photoreceptor protein
Photolyase
Photoperiodism
Steven M. Reppert
Klaus Schulten
Magnetoreception
Carla Green
Carrie L. Partch
Photomorphogenesis
List of disabled human pseudogenes
Phototropin
Rhodopsin
Oscillating gene
FBXL3
Period (gene)
Steve A. Kay
María Fernanda Ceriani
Circadian rhythm
List of portmanteaus
Phototropism
Sponge
Bird vision
Quantum biology
New England Biolabs
Drosophila circadian rhythm
Transcription translation feedback loop
Casein kinase 1
Joanne Chory
Basic helix-loop-helix ARNT-like protein 1
Cryptochrome - Wikipedia
Cryptochrome | Extremetech
Addgene: The second chromophore in Drosophila photolyase/cryptochrome family photoreceptors.
Read - Cryptochrome
Iceland Airwaves 2016 Preview: Who To See at Iceland Airwaves. | The Line of Best Fit
Pedro J Aphalo - Sensory and Physiological Ecology of Plants
Serval - HFR1, a putative bHLH transcription factor, mediates both phytochrome A and cryptochrome signalling.
Harvard Program in Neuroscience
Molecular interrogation of hypothalamic organization reveals distinct dopamine neuronal subtypes | Nature Neuroscience
CIPSM - 2009
Study sheds light on the mechanisms behind circadian rhythms
Nutrients | Free Full-Text | The Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Brain and Cognitive Function
Clocks and Rhythms
THE QUANTUM BRAIN , page 1
EENY-442/IN780: Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae)
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Johns Hopkins Medicine Scientists Engineer Immune Cells to Follow the Light
Arc'teryx Zeta SL Jacket Men's - Campers' Corner
EMF-Portal | Suchergebnisse
Eric L. Bittman : Models to Medicine Center : UMass Amherst
Bees | Profiles RNS
Analysis of the quinoa genome reveals conservation and divergence of the flowering pathways | Functional & Integrative Genomics
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Firewall keeps crashing while using WebGUI
Fitness needs the right timing - Molecular components of the endogenous clock in the green lineage
Jeffrey E. Pessin - Publications - Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Radio frequency magnetic fields disrupt magnetoreception in American cockroach | Journal of Experimental Biology | The Company...
Tools For The Regenerative Renaissance - nia-faraway
PEPSIC - pepsic.bvsalud.orgDrosophila6
- Studies of Drosophila cry-knockout mutants led to the later discovery that cryptochrome proteins are also involved in regulating the mammalian circadian clock. (wikipedia.org)
- These findings led researchers to conclude that the cryptochrome protein encoded by cry is necessary for Drosophila photoentrainment. (wikipedia.org)
- In mammals, a protein analog of the Drosophila cryptochrome protein was discovered with the characteristic property of lacking photolyase activity, prompting researchers to consider it in the same class of cryptochrome proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Addgene: The second chromophore in Drosophila photolyase/cryptochrome family photoreceptors. (addgene.org)
- A role of cryptochrome for magnetic field-dependent improvement of sleep quality, lifespan, and motor function in Drosophila [med. (emf-portal.org)
- Details] Effects of an electric field on sleep quality and life span mediated by ultraviolet (UV)-A/blue light photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME in Drosophila [med. (emf-portal.org)
Phytochrome2
- HFR1, a putative bHLH transcription factor, mediates both phytochrome A and cryptochrome signalling. (unil.ch)
- They include the phototropins, phytochromes (PHYTOCHROME), and members of the ubiquitous cryptochrome family. (bvsalud.org)
Magnetosensitivity1
- Human cryptochrome exhibits lightdependent magnetosensitivity. (bvsalud.org)
Circadian clock2
- The research, 'Cryptochrome-Timeless Structure Reveals Circadian Clock Timing Mechanisms' published April 26 in Nature . (news-medical.net)
- While two of these cryptochromes are involved in the circadian clock, the function of the other two was still unknown. (chemeurope.com)
Photoreceptors1
- This is an important step forward in our understanding of the perception of different wavelengths of sunlight by plants as the former accepted view was that UVR8 is a UV-B photoreceptor that participated only in the perception of UV-B radiation while all wavelengths of UV-A radiation were perceived by cryptochromes and the other UV-A/Blue photoreceptors, phototropins and ZTL. (helsinki.fi)
Insect1
- Insect cryptochromes: gene duplication and loss define diverse ways to construct insect circadian clocks. (umassmed.edu)
Gene5
- The protein encoded by this gene was named cryptochrome 1 to distinguish it from its ancestral photolyase proteins and was found to be involved in the photoreception of blue light. (wikipedia.org)
- A common misconception in the evolutionary history of cryptochrome proteins is that mammalian and plant proteins are orthologs of each other that evolved directly from a shared photolyase gene. (wikipedia.org)
- In sunlight, cryptochromes are required for the perception by plants of blue light and the longer wavelengths within the UV-A band leading to changes in gene expression. (helsinki.fi)
- The mutation is an allele of the core clock gene Cryptochrome 1, but the phenotype of mutant hamsters differs in unexpected ways from that of Cry1-null mice. (umass.edu)
- To analyse the role of one of these cryptochromes with unknown function in detail, the Jena research team compared wild type algal cells with mutants in which the gene for this receptor molecule was knocked out. (chemeurope.com)
Closely related2
- Cryptochromes are derived from and closely related to photolyases, which are bacterial enzymes that are activated by light and involved in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
- Cryptochromes are closely related to a family of enzymes involved in repairing damage to DNA, called photolyases. (news-medical.net)
Colour1
- Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins found in plants and animals that are sensitive to blue light. (wikipedia.org)
Protein3
- The target of the cryptochrome photosensor, known as 'Timeless' (TIM), is a large, complex protein that could not previously be imaged and thus its interactions with the cryptochrome are not well understood. (news-medical.net)
- Much of the hard work of the study went into figuring out how to produce the complex of cryptochrome-TIM so it could be studied, because TIM is such a large, unwieldy protein, Crane said. (news-medical.net)
- To achieve their results, first author Changfan Lin, M.S. '17, Ph.D. '21, modified the cryptochrome protein to improve the stability of the cryptochrome-TIM complex and used innovative techniques to purify the samples, making them suitable for high-resolution imaging. (news-medical.net)
Blue light4
- The name cryptochrome was proposed as a portmanteau combining the chromatic nature of the photoreceptor, and the cryptogamic organisms on which many blue-light studies were carried out. (wikipedia.org)
- In sunlight cryptochrome-mediated signalling is driven mostly by violet and blue light with wavelength longer than 400 nm. (helsinki.fi)
- In flies and other insects, cryptochromes, activated by blue light, serve as the primary light sensors for setting circadian rhythms. (news-medical.net)
- They engineered the cells to produce cryptochrome, a flavonoid compound found in many plants, which is activated by blue light. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Magnetic1
- Turns out that dogs and primates are the latest in a line of creatures that produce cryptochrome, the photopigment that lets migratory birds see the Earth's magnetic field. (extremetech.com)
Mutant1
- PhD student Anxhela Rredhi from the University of Jena presents cultures of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: on the left the wild type and on the right a mutant lacking a specific cryptochrome. (chemeurope.com)
Genes2
- The genes Cry1 and Cry2 encode the two cryptochrome proteins CRY1 and CRY2, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
- Among the genes of the endogenous clock that have been "conserved" throughout evolution are cryptochromes. (chemeurope.com)
Researchers found1
- The researchers found that because of how the cryptochrome binds TIM, the variation reduces the affinity of TIM for the cryptochrome. (news-medical.net)
Cell1
- Using electron microscopy, they could see that the cell membranes in which photosynthesis takes place are more densely packed without the cryptochrome than in wild type cells. (chemeurope.com)
Plants1
- The research focused on fruit fly cryptochromes, key components of the circadian clocks of plants and animals, including humans. (news-medical.net)
Analysis2
- Reference sequence analysis of cryptochrome-1 isoform d shows two conserved domains with photolyase proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Comparative genomic analysis supports photolyase proteins as the ancestors of cryptochromes. (wikipedia.org)
Plant1
- Cryptochromes are classified into plant Cry and animal Cry. (wikipedia.org)
Cry13
- The genes Cry1 and Cry2 encode the two cryptochrome proteins CRY1 and CRY2, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
- Cryptochromes (CRY1, CRY2) are evolutionarily old and highly conserved proteins that belong to the flavoproteins superfamily that exists in all kingdoms of life. (wikipedia.org)
- The molecular clock gene cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) and its role in cluster headache. (cdc.gov)
Proteins8
- Besides chlorophylls, cryptochromes are the only proteins known to form photoinduced radical-pairs in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
- Reference sequence analysis of cryptochrome-1 isoform d shows two conserved domains with photolyase proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Comparative genomic analysis supports photolyase proteins as the ancestors of cryptochromes. (wikipedia.org)
- The protein encoded by this gene was named cryptochrome 1 to distinguish it from its ancestral photolyase proteins and was found to be involved in the photoreception of blue light. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies of Drosophila cry-knockout mutants led to the later discovery that cryptochrome proteins are also involved in regulating the mammalian circadian clock. (wikipedia.org)
- In mammals, a protein analog of the Drosophila cryptochrome protein was discovered with the characteristic property of lacking photolyase activity, prompting researchers to consider it in the same class of cryptochrome proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- A common misconception in the evolutionary history of cryptochrome proteins is that mammalian and plant proteins are orthologs of each other that evolved directly from a shared photolyase gene. (wikipedia.org)
- The second and the subject of this paper involves cryptochrome (CRY) proteins located in cone photoreceptors distributed across the retina, studied most extensively in birds. (nih.gov)
Photolyases1
- Cryptochromes are derived from and closely related to photolyases, which are bacterial enzymes that are activated by light and involved in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
Flavoproteins2
- Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins found in plants and animals that are sensitive to blue light. (wikipedia.org)
- In detail, mechanistic similarities and differences are condensed from the three classes of flavoproteins, the cryptochromes, LOV (Light-oxygen-voltage), and BLUF (blue-light using FAD) domains. (frontiersin.org)
Mammals1
- Cryptochromes in Mammals and Birds: Clock or Magnetic Compass? (nih.gov)
Arabidopsis1
- Co-condensation with photoexcited cryptochromes facilitates MAC3A to positively control hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis . (bvsalud.org)
Mice1
- In mice, genetic loss of cryptochrome 1 and/or 2 results in glucose intolerance and constitutively high levels of circulating corticosterone, suggesting reduced suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis coupled with increased glucocorticoid transactivation in the liver. (nih.gov)
