Cryptochromes
Flavoproteins that function as circadian rhythm signaling proteins in ANIMALS and as blue-light photoreceptors in PLANTS. They are structurally-related to DNA PHOTOLYASES and it is believed that both classes of proteins may have originated from an earlier protein that played a role in protecting primitive organisms from the cyclical exposure to UV LIGHT.
Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate
Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase
Photoreceptors, Plant
Flavins
Phytochrome B
A plant photo regulatory protein that exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by LIGHT. In response to light it moves to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates transcription of target genes. Phytochrome B plays an important role in shade avoidance and mediates plant de-etiolation in red light.
Circadian Rhythm
Arabidopsis Proteins
ARNTL Transcription Factors
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing proteins that play important roles in CIRCADIAN RHYTHM regulation. They combine with CLOCK PROTEINS to form heterodimeric transcription factors that are specific for E-BOX ELEMENTS and stimulate the transcription of several E-box genes that are involved in cyclical regulation.
Phytochrome A
Biological Clocks
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
Arabidopsis
Phototropism
Phototropins
Hypocotyl
The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide
CLOCK Proteins
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing proteins that contain intrinsic HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE activity and play important roles in CIRCADIAN RHYTHM regulation. Clock proteins combine with Arntl proteins to form heterodimeric transcription factors that are specific for E-BOX ELEMENTS and stimulate the transcription of several E-box genes that are involved in cyclical regulation. This transcriptional activation also sets into motion a time-dependent feedback loop which in turn down-regulates the expression of clock proteins.
Drosophila Proteins
Circadian Clocks
Biological mechanism that controls CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. Circadian clocks exist in the simplest form in cyanobacteria and as more complex systems in fungi, plants, and animals. In humans the system includes photoresponsive RETINAL GANGLION CELLS and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS that acts as the central oscillator.
Photoreceptor Cells
Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.
Organisms, Genetically Modified
Period Circadian Proteins
Cotyledon
A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Animal Migration
Photoperiod
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Butterflies
Plants, Genetically Modified
Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate
Ultraviolet Rays
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Antibodies
beta 2-Glycoprotein I
A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.
Antibody Specificity
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin
Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase IMMUNOASSAY employing the purified phospholipid antigen CARDIOLIPIN.
Retina
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Regulation of the mammalian pineal by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors. (1/564)
In mammals, ocular photoreceptors mediate an acute inhibition of pineal melatonin by light. The effect of rod and cone loss on this response was assessed by combining the rd mutation with a transgenic ablation of cones (cl) to produce mice lacking both photoreceptor classes. Despite the loss of all known retinal photoreceptors, rd/rd cl mice showed normal suppression of pineal melatonin in response to monochromatic light of wavelength 509 nanometers. These data indicate that mammals have additional ocular photoreceptors that they use in the regulation of temporal physiology. (+info)Antagonistic actions of Arabidopsis cryptochromes and phytochrome B in the regulation of floral induction. (2/564)
The Arabidopsis photoreceptors cry1, cry2 and phyB are known to play roles in the regulation of flowering time, for which the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We have previously hypothesized that phyB mediates a red-light inhibition of floral initiation and cry2 mediates a blue-light inhibition of the phyB function. Studies of the cry2/phyB double mutant provide direct evidence in support of this hypothesis. The function of cryptochromes in floral induction was further investigated using the cry2/cry1 double mutants. The cry2/cry1 double mutants showed delayed flowering in monochromatic blue light, whereas neither monogenic cry1 nor cry2 mutant exhibited late flowering in blue light. This result suggests that, in addition to the phyB-dependent function, cry2 also acts redundantly with cry1 to promote floral initiation in a phyB-independent manner. To understand how photoreceptors regulate the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development, we examined the effect of sequential illumination by blue light and red light on the flowering time of plants. We found that there was a light-quality-sensitive phase of plant development, during which the quality of light exerts a profound influence on flowering time. After this developmental stage, which is between approximately day-1 to day-7 post germination, plants are committed to floral initiation and the quality of light has little effect on the flowering time. Mutations in either the PHYB gene or both the CRY1 and CRY2 genes resulted in the loss of the light-quality-sensitive phase manifested during floral development. The commitment time of floral transition, defined by a plant's sensitivity to light quality, coincides with the commitment time of inflorescence development revealed previously by a plant's sensitivity to light quantity - the photoperiod. Therefore, the developmental mechanism resulting in the commitment to flowering appears to be the direct target of the antagonistic actions of the photoreceptors. (+info)Photomophogenesis: Phytochrome takes a partner! (3/564)
How light signals are transduced by phytochromes is still poorly understood. Recent studies have provided evidence that a PAS domain protein, PIF3, physically interacts with phytochromes, plays a role in phytochrome signal transduction and might be a component of a novel signalling pathway in plants. (+info)Circadian rhythms: Something to cry about? (4/564)
Recent studies suggest that a class of proteins known as cryptochromes have an evolutionarily conserved role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the night-day cycle. While the evidence reported is intriguing, the notion that cryptochromes have the same role in all species requires further investigation. (+info)An extraretinally expressed insect cryptochrome with similarity to the blue light photoreceptors of mammals and plants. (5/564)
Photic entrainment of insect circadian rhythms can occur through either extraretinal (brain) or retinal photoreceptors, which mediate sensitivity to blue light or longer wavelengths, respectively. Although visual transduction processes are well understood in the insect retina, almost nothing is known about the extraretinal blue light photoreceptor of insects. We now have identified and characterized a candidate blue light photoreceptor gene in Drosophila (DCry) that is homologous to the cryptochrome (Cry) genes of mammals and plants. The DCry gene is located in region 91F of the third chromosome, an interval that does not contain other genes required for circadian rhythmicity. The protein encoded by DCry is approximately 50% identical to the CRY1 and CRY2 proteins recently discovered in mammalian species. As expected for an extraretinal photoreceptor mediating circadian entrainment, DCry mRNA is expressed within the adult brain and can be detected within body tissues. Indeed, tissue in situ hybridization demonstrates prominent expression in cells of the lateral brain, which are close to or coincident with the Drosophila clock neurons. Interestingly, DCry mRNA abundance oscillates in a circadian manner in Drosophila head RNA extracts, and the temporal phasing of the rhythm is similar to that documented for the mouse Cry1 mRNA, which is expressed in clock tissues. Finally, we show that changes in DCry gene dosage are associated predictably with alterations of the blue light resetting response for the circadian rhythm of adult locomotor activity. (+info)Light-dependent sequestration of TIMELESS by CRYPTOCHROME. (6/564)
Most organisms have circadian clocks consisting of negative feedback loops of gene regulation that facilitate adaptation to cycles of light and darkness. In this study, CRYPTOCHROME (CRY), a protein involved in circadian photoperception in Drosophila, is shown to block the function of PERIOD/TIMELESS (PER/TIM) heterodimeric complexes in a light-dependent fashion. TIM degradation does not occur under these conditions; thus, TIM degradation is uncoupled from abrogation of its function by light. CRY and TIM are part of the same complex and directly interact in yeast in a light-dependent fashion. PER/TIM and CRY influence the subcellular distribution of these protein complexes, which reside primarily in the nucleus after the perception of a light signal. Thus, CRY acts as a circadian photoreceptor by directly interacting with core components of the circadian clock. (+info)mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. (7/564)
We determined that two mouse cryptochrome genes, mCry1 and mCry2, act in the negative limb of the clock feedback loop. In cell lines, mPER proteins (alone or in combination) have modest effects on their cellular location and ability to inhibit CLOCK:BMAL1 -mediated transcription. This suggested cryptochrome involvement in the negative limb of the feedback loop. Indeed, mCry1 and mCry2 RNA levels are reduced in the central and peripheral clocks of Clock/Clock mutant mice. mCRY1 and mCRY2 are nuclear proteins that interact with each of the mPER proteins, translocate each mPER protein from cytoplasm to nucleus, and are rhythmically expressed in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Luciferase reporter gene assays show that mCRY1 or mCRY2 alone abrogates CLOCK:BMAL1-E box-mediated transcription. The mPER and mCRY proteins appear to inhibit the transcriptional complex differentially. (+info)Blue light-directed destabilization of the pea Lhcb1*4 transcript depends on sequences within the 5' untranslated region. (8/564)
Pea seedlings grown in continuous red light accumulate significant levels of Lhcb1 RNA. When treated with a single pulse of blue light with a total fluence >10(4) micromol m(-2), the rate of Lhcb1 transcription is increased, whereas the level of Lhcb1 RNA is unchanged from that in control seedlings. This RNA destabilization response occurs in developing leaves but not in the apical bud. The data presented here indicate that the same response occurs in the cotyledons of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. The blue light-induced destabilization response persists in long hypocotyl hy4 and phytochrome phyA, phyB, and hy1 mutants as well as in far-red light-grown seedlings, indicating that neither CRY1 (encoded by the hy4 locus) nor phytochrome is the sole photoreceptor. Studies with transgenic plants indicate that the destabilization element in the pea Lhcb1*4 transcript resides completely in the 5' untranslated region. (+info)
Role of Mouse Cryptochrome Blue-Light Photoreceptor in Circadian Photoresponses. Does the p53 up-regulated Gadd45 protein have...
Cryptochrome photoreceptors cry1 and cry2 antagonistically regulate primary root elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana<...
Cryptochrome interaction | QuantBioLab
Leicester Research Archive: Disruption of Cryptochrome partially restores
circadian rhythmicity to the arrhythmic period
...
Leicester Research Archive: Molecular evolution of a pervasive natural amino-acid substitution in Drosophila cryptochrome
The Arabidopsis blue light receptor cryptochrome 2 is a nuclear protein regulated by a blue light-dependent post...
Ascorbic acid may not be involved in cryptochrome-based magnetoreception | QuantBioLab
Cryptochromes and activity markers co-localize in bird retina during magnetic orientation
Characterization of photolyase/blue-light receptor homologs in mouse and human cells. - Semantic Scholar
Calmodulin Enhances Cryptochrome Binding to INAD in Drosophila Photoreceptors. - Sleep & Rhythm
A Cry Act | Chemical Theory Center
Circadian regulation of cryptochrome genes in the mouse. - PubMed - NCBI
Refubium - Correlating Structure and Function: An EPR Study on Cryptochromes, LOV
Proteins and Channelrhodopsin
epigenetics
Publications | Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
Pig Cryptochrome 1 ELISA kit - E07C0568-96 B-Gene - Antibody-Antibo...
PLOS Biology: Cryptochrome Mediates Light-Dependent Magnetosensitivity of Drosophilas Circadian Clock
Welcome to CDC stacks
Animal studies show Blue-light opens up calcium channels
Blue-light photoreceptors in higher plants. - PubMed - NCBI
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STORRE: Molecular cloning, tissue distribution and daily expression of cry1 and cry2 clock genes in European seabass ...
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Photoreceptors in Plant Photomorphogenesis to Date. Five Phytochromes, Two Cryptochromes, One Phototropin, and One Superchrome ...
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Photoreceptor protein
Five Phytochromes, Two Cryptochromes, One Phototropin, and One Superchrome". Plant Physiology. 125 (1): 85-88. doi:10.1104/pp. ... Lin, Chentao; Todo, Takeshi (2005-04-29). "The cryptochromes". Genome Biology. 6 (5): 220. doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-220. ISSN ... for example cryptochrome in plants and animals) and bilin (biliproteins, for example phytochrome in plants). The plant protein ... UV-B light reception Cryptochrome: blue and UV-A light reception Phototropin: blue and UV-A light perception (to mediate ...
Photoperiodism
Cryptochromes absorb blue light and UV-A. Cryptochromes entrain the circadian clock to light. It has been found that both ... Modern biologists believe that it is the coincidence of the active forms of phytochrome or cryptochrome, created by light ... ISBN 978-0-374-28873-0. Lin, Chentao (2005). "The cryptochromes". Genome Biology. 6 (5): 220. doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-220. PMC ... cryptochrome and phytochrome abundance relies on light and the amount of cryptochrome can change depending on day-length. This ...
Steven M. Reppert
Yuan, Q.; Metterville, D.; Briscoe, A. D.; Reppert, S. M. (2007). "Insect Cryptochromes: Gene Duplication and Loss Define ... Reppert and colleagues discovered that the two mouse cryptochromes, mCRY1 and mCRY2, function as the primary transcriptional ... Foley, Lauren E.; Gegear, Robert J.; Reppert, Steven M. (2011). "Human cryptochrome exhibits light-dependent magnetosensitivity ... Gegear, Robert J.; Casselman, Amy; Waddell, Scott; Reppert, Steven M. (2008). "Cryptochrome mediates light-dependent ...
Photolyase
Class 3 CPD lyases make up a sister group to the plant cryptochromes, which in turn are a sister group to class 1 CPDs. The Cry ... The cryptochromes have their own detailed grouping. Bacterial 6-4 lyases (InterPro: IPR007357), also known as the FeS-BCP group ... The cryptochromes form a polyphyletic group including photolyases that have lost their DNA repair activity and instead control ... The "Cry" part of their name was due to initial assumptions that they were cryptochromes. Eukaryotic (6-4)DNA photolyases form ...
European robin
"Cryptochrome and Magnetic Sensing". Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group. Retrieved 24 February 2015. Ingersoll, p. ...
Carla Green
Green's research on cryptochromes began in 2003, when she and colleagues investigated the role of cryptochrome in suppressing ... Cryptochrome proteins are essential for the proper functioning of the circadian clock in insects and mammals, and for proper ... Green's lab has focused heavily on a class of proteins known as cryptochromes, which are blue light receptor proteins found in ... This study provides a model for the evolutionary mechanism by which the structure of cryptochromes, and thus clock regulatory ...
Photomorphogenesis
In addition to blue light, cryptochromes also perceive long wavelength UV irradiation (UV-A). Since the cryptochromes were ... There are several blue light photoreceptors known as cryptochromes. The combination of phytochromes and cryptochromes mediate ... Cryptochromes were the first blue light receptors to be isolated and characterized from any organism, and are responsible for ... The cryptochromes have evolved from microbial DNA-photolyase, an enzyme that carries out light-dependent repair of UV damaged ...
List of disabled human pseudogenes
Phylogenomic Analysis of the Photolyase/Cryptochrome Family". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (5): 1143-1153. doi:10.1093/ ... Instead, this gene is mutated to encode for cryptochromes. http://www.thephora.net/forum/archive/index.php/t-9928.html NCBI ...
Phototropin
Along with cryptochromes and phytochromes they allow plants to respond and alter their growth in response to the light ... Five phytochromes, two cryptochromes, one phototropin, and one superchrome". Plant Physiol. 125 (1): 85-8. doi:10.1104/pp.125.1 ... In addition phototropins mediate the first changes in stem elongation in blue light prior to cryptochrome activation. ... Folta, Kevin (2001). "Unexpected Roles for Cryptochrome 2 and Phototropin Revealed by High-resolution Analysis of Blue Light- ...
Rhodopsin
Humans have eight other opsins besides rhodopsin, as well as cryptochrome (light-sensitive, but not an opsin). The photopsins ... Foley LE, Gegear RJ, Reppert SM (June 2011). "Human cryptochrome exhibits light-dependent magnetosensitivity". Nature ...
Oscillating gene
Cry1 and Cry2 - Cryptochromes are a class of blue light sensitive flavoproteins found in plants and animals. Cry1 and Cry2 code ... Thompson CL, Sancar A (2004). "Cryptochrome: Discovery of a Circadian Photopigment". In Lenci F, Horspool WM. CRC handbook of ...
FBXL3
... ubiquitin ligase targets cryptochromes at their cofactor pocket". Nature. 496 (7443): 64-8. doi:10.1038/nature11964. PMC ... ubiquitin ligase targets cryptochromes at their cofactor pocket". Nature. 496 (7443): 64-8. doi:10.1038/nature11964. PMC ... "SCFFbxl3 controls the oscillation of the circadian clock by directing the degradation of cryptochrome proteins". Science. 316 ( ... "FBXL21 regulates oscillation of the circadian clock through ubiquitination and stabilization of cryptochromes". Cell. 152 (5): ...
Period (gene)
Now, cryptochrome (CRY) is a light sensitive protein which inhibits TIM in the presence of light. When TIM is not complexed ... dimerizes via its PAS domain with one of two cryptochrome proteins (CRY1 and CRY2) to form a negative element of the clock. ... "Light-dependent sequestration of TIMELESS by CRYPTOCHROME". Science. 285 (5427): 553-6. doi:10.1126/science.285.5427.553. PMID ...
Steve A. Kay
Kay discovered that cryptochrome is the circadian photoreceptor that directly acts with and sequesters TIM in response to light ... KL001-mediated cryptochrome stabilization (of both CRY1 and CRY2) was found to restrain glucagon-activated gluconeogenesis. ... There, Kay collaborated with Jeffrey C. Hall and discovered a cryptochrome mutant in fruit flies, also demonstrating that clock ... John PC; Sawa M (2012). "Identification of small molecule activators in cryptochrome". Science. 337 (6098): 1094-1097. Bibcode: ...
Circadian rhythm
7-day biological cycle Cryptochrome CRY1 and CRY2: the cryptochrome family genes Diurnal cycle Light effects on circadian ... The cryptochrome (cry) gene is also a light-sensitive component of the circadian clock and is thought to be involved both as a ... Cryptochromes 1-2 (involved in blue-UVA) help to maintain the period length in the clock through a whole range of light ... Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome ...
Phototropism
Eckardt, N. A. (1 May 2003). "A Component of the Cryptochrome Blue Light Signaling Pathway". The Plant Cell Online. 15 (5): ... The combination of responses from phytochromes and cryptochromes allow the plant to respond to various kinds of light. Together ... Both root tips and most stem tips exhibit positive phototropism to red light.[citation needed] Cryptochromes are photoreceptors ... Other photosensitive receptors in plants include phytochromes that sense red light and cryptochromes that sense blue light. ...
Sponge
Many larval sponges possess neuron-less eyes that are based on cryptochromes. They mediate phototaxic behavior. Water flow Main ... "Blue-light-receptive cryptochrome is expressed in a sponge eye lacking neurons and opsin". The Journal of Experimental Biology ...
Bird vision
The right eye of a migratory bird contains photoreceptive proteins called cryptochromes. Light excites these molecules to ...
Klaus Schulten
Schulten and others have since extended this early work, developing a model of the possible excitation of cryptochrome proteins ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Cryptochrome and Magnetic Sensing". Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group. ...
New England Biolabs
"Arabidopsis cryptochrome is responsive to Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 11260. doi: ...
Drosophila circadian rhythm
Emery, P.; So, W.V.; Kaneko, M.; Hall, J.C.; Rosbash, M. (1998). "CRY, a Drosophila clock and light-regulated cryptochrome, is ... The gene product CRY is a major photoreceptor protein belonging to a class of flavoproteins called cryptochromes. They are also ... Busza, A.; Emery-Le, M.; Rosbash, M.; Emery, P. (2004). "Roles of the two Drosophila CRYPTOCHROME structural domains in ... Mei, Q.; Dvornyk, V. (2015). "Evolutionary History of the Photolyase/Cryptochrome Superfamily in Eukaryotes". PLOS ONE. 10 (9 ...
Casein kinase 1
Eide EJ, Vielhaber EL, Hinz WA, Virshup DM (May 2002). "The circadian regulatory proteins BMAL1 and cryptochromes are ...
Joanne Chory
"Cryptochromes Interact Directly with PIFs to Control Plant Growth in Limiting Blue Light". Cell. 164 (1-2): 233-245. doi: ...
ARNTL
June 2015). "Cryptochrome 1 regulates the circadian clock through dynamic interactions with the BMAL1 C terminus". Nature ... Eide EJ, Vielhaber EL, Hinz WA, Virshup DM (May 2002). "The circadian regulatory proteins BMAL1 and cryptochromes are ...
Food-entrainable oscillator
However, CLOCK mutant, cryptochrome (Cry) knockout, period (Per) knockout, and SCN knockout mice all had FAA present, so the ... A frequent circadian timekeeping mechanism involves CLOCK/BMAL genes, cryptochrome/period genes, and a transcription/ ... October 2009). "AMPK regulates the circadian clock by cryptochrome phosphorylation and degradation". Science. 326 (5951): 437- ...
Magnetite
... in conjunction with cryptochromes in the retina) gives them the ability to sense the direction, polarity, and magnitude of the ... radical pair processes involving cryptochrome". Biosensors. 4 (3): 221-42. doi:10.3390/bios4030221. PMC 4264356. PMID 25587420 ...
DNA photolyase N-terminal domain
In addition, many cryptochromes, especially those from animals, bind no cofactors at this domain. Even though few eukaryotes ( ... This domain binds a light harvesting chromophore that enhanced the spectrum of photolyase or cryptochrome light absorption, i.e ... Sancar A (June 2003). "Structure and function of DNA photolyase and cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors". Chemical Reviews. ...
DNA repair
Lucas-Lledó JI, Lynch M (May 2009). "Evolution of mutation rates: phylogenomic analysis of the photolyase/cryptochrome family ... Sancar A (June 2003). "Structure and function of DNA photolyase and cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors". Chemical Reviews. ...
Michael Rosbash
In 1998, they discovered the cycle gene, clock gene, and cryptochrome photoreceptor in Drosophila through the use of forward ... discovered the cryb Drosophila mutant, which lead to the conclusion that cryptochrome protein is involved in circadian ... The failure of cryb mutants to synchronize to light dark cycles indicates that cryptochrome's normal function involves ... Identified cryptochrome as a Drosophila Circadian Photoreceptor 1999: Identified LNV Neurons as the Principal Drosophila ...
Jeffrey C. Hall
The first discovery involved the role Cryptochrome (CRY) plays in entrainment. Hall found that CRY is a key photoreceptor for ...
Cryptochrome 1 (photolyase-like) (Cry1)
Mus musculus cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) mRNA, complete cds. P. BC022174.1. Mus musculus cryptochrome 1 (photolyase-like), mRNA (cDNA ... cryptochrome 1a isoform 1. D. rerio. 93.2. 618. NP_477188.1 * Conserved domains (CDD) * * Gene summary * * Protein sequence * * ... cryptochrome 1 (photolyase-like). X. laevis. 95.3. 615. NP_001070765.1 * Conserved domains (CDD) * * Gene summary * * Protein ... Mus musculus cryptochrome 1 (photolyase-like) (Cry1), mRNA. PA. AF156986.1. ...
Cryptochrome - Wikipedia
In eukaryotes, cryptochromes no longer retain this original enzymatic activity. The structure of cryptochrome involves a fold ... cryptochrome at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Cryptochrome circadian clock in Monarch ... Similarly, cryptochromes play an important role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms in plants. In Drosophila, cryptochrome ... suggesting that plant cryptochromes do not respond to magnetic fields. Cryptochrome forms a pair of radicals with correlated ...
Circadian clock cryptochrome proteins regulate autoimmunity | PNAS
Circadian clock cryptochrome proteins regulate autoimmunity. Qi Cao, Xuan Zhao, Jingwen Bai, Sigal Gery, Haibo Sun, De-Chen Lin ... 2010) Cryptochrome mediates circadian regulation of cAMP signaling and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Nat Med 16:1152-1156. ... 2011) Cryptochromes mediate rhythmic repression of the glucocorticoid receptor. Nature 480:552-556. ... 2010) Mammalian clock gene Cryptochrome regulates arthritis via proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. J Immunol 184:1560-1565. ...
Functional interaction of phytochrome B and cryptochrome 2 | Nature
Cryptochrome 1 (cry1), cryptochrome 2 (cry2) and phototropin are the blue/ultraviolet-A light receptors that have been ... Cryptochrome 1 (cry1), cryptochrome 2 (cry2) and phototropin are the blue/ultraviolet-A light receptors that have been ... Enhancement of blue-light sensitivity of Arabidopsis seedlings by blue light receptor cryptochrome 2. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA ... Guo, H., Duong, H., Ma, N. & Lin, C. The Arabidopsis blue light receptor cryptochrome 2 is a nuclear protein regulated by a ...
Functional interaction of phytochrome B and cryptochrome 2. - PubMed - NCBI
Cryptochrome 1 (cry1), cryptochrome 2 (cry2) and phototropin are the blue/ultraviolet-A light receptors that have been ... Functional interaction of phytochrome B and cryptochrome 2.. Más P1, Devlin PF, Panda S, Kay SA. ... phytochromes and cryptochromes. Phytochromes are red/far-red light-absorbing receptors encoded by a gene family of five members ...
Cryptochrome protein helps birds navigate via magnetic field | EurekAlert! Science News
... a magnetically sensitive protein called cryptochrome that mediates circadian rhythms in plants and animals. ... Cryptochrome protein helps birds navigate via magnetic field. American Physical Society. Meeting. American Physical Society ... Cryptochrome protein helps birds navigate via magnetic field To be presented at the 2015 APS March Meeting in San Antonio, ... This would suggest that the radical pairs in cryptochrome preserve their quantum coherence for much longer than previously ...
Anti-Cryptochrome I antibody (ab3518) | Abcam
Rabbit polyclonal Cryptochrome I antibody validated for WB, IHC, ICC and tested in Human and Mouse. With 1 independent review. ... Cryptochromes (Cry 1 and 2) are blue, ultraviolet-A photoreceptor pigment proteins that are involved circadian rhythm ... Detects a band of approximately 70 kDa (predicted molecular weight: 66 kDa).Can be blocked with Cryptochrome I peptide (ab5005) ... Detects recombinant human Cryptochrome 1 (Cry 1) (not tested on endogenous protein yet). ...
CRY1 - Cryptochrome-1 - Homo sapiens (Human) - CRY1 gene & protein
Photolyase/cryptochrome alpha/betaAdd BLAST. 130. Region. Feature key. Position(s). DescriptionActions. Graphical view. Length ... "Cryptochromes mediate rhythmic repression of the glucocorticoid receptor.". Lamia K.A., Papp S.J., Yu R.T., Barish G.D., ... "Cryptochromes mediate rhythmic repression of the glucocorticoid receptor.". Lamia K.A., Papp S.J., Yu R.T., Barish G.D., ... "Identification of small molecule activators of cryptochrome.". Hirota T., Lee J.W., St John P.C., Sawa M., Iwaisako K., Noguchi ...
Anti-Cryptochrome I/CRY1 antibody (ab171860) | Abcam
Mouse polyclonal Cryptochrome I/CRY1 antibody. Validated in WB and tested in Human. Immunogen corresponding to recombinant full ... All lanes : Anti-Cryptochrome I/CRY1 antibody (ab171860) at 1 µg/ml. Lane 1 : Cryptochrome I/CRY1-transfected 293T cell lysate ... Anti-Cryptochrome I/CRY1 antibody. See all Cryptochrome I/CRY1 primary antibodies. ... Primary - Mouse Anti-Cryptochrome I/CRY1 antibody (ab171860) WB Secondary - Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (HRP) (ab205719) WB, IP, ...
Cry2 - Cryptochrome 2 (Photolyase-like) - Rattus norvegicus (Rat) - Cry2 gene & protein
Photolyase/cryptochrome alpha/betaInterPro annotation. ,p>Information which has been generated by the UniProtKB automatic ... Cryptochrome 2 (Photolyase-like), isoform CRA_aImported. Automatic assertion inferred from database entriesi ... Cryptochrome 2 (Photolyase-like)Imported. Automatic assertion inferred from database entriesi ... tr,B2GUU9,B2GUU9_RAT Cryptochrome 2 (Photolyase-like) OS=Rattus norvegicus OX=10116 GN=Cry2 PE=1 SV=1 ...
Cryptochrome and Magnetic Sensing
... thaliana cryptochrome in water for (a) cryptochrome with oxidized flavin, i.e., FAD + W400(H), and (b) cryptochrome in the ... Cryptochrome active site model. The quantum chemical description of the W377 →W400 + electron transfer in cryptochrome includes ... However, the structure of cryptochrome from a plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) is available, and the cryptochromes of plants and ... Although cryptochromes have been extensively studied during the last years, the photoactivation reactions in cryptochromes from ...
Magnetic Fields Modulate Blue-Light-Dependent Regulation of Neuronal Firing by Cryptochrome
However, the role of cryptochrome as a magnetoreceptor remains cont … ... The photoreceptor protein cryptochrome has risen to prominence as a candidate magnetoreceptor molecule based on multiple ... Magnetic Fields Modulate Blue-Light-Dependent Regulation of Neuronal Firing by Cryptochrome J Neurosci. 2016 Oct 19;36(42): ... The photoreceptor protein cryptochrome has risen to prominence as a candidate magnetoreceptor molecule based on multiple ...
Functional motifs in the (6-4) photolyase crystal structure make a comparative framework for DNA repair photolyases and clock...
Homologous flavoproteins from the photolyase (PHR)/cryptochrome (CRY) family use the FAD cofactor in PHRs to catalyze DNA ... photolyase crystal structure make a comparative framework for DNA repair photolyases and clock cryptochromes. Kenichi Hitomi, ... photolyase crystal structure make a comparative framework for DNA repair photolyases and clock cryptochromes ... photolyase crystal structure make a comparative framework for DNA repair photolyases and clock cryptochromes ...
AMPK Regulates the Circadian Clock by Cryptochrome Phosphorylation and Degradation | Science
1A). Mutation of S71, which is conserved in all non-light-sensitive insect cryptochromes (6) and higher organisms (fig. S2), to ... AMPK Regulates the Circadian Clock by Cryptochrome Phosphorylation and Degradation. By Katja A. Lamia, Uma M. Sachdeva, Luciano ... AMPK Regulates the Circadian Clock by Cryptochrome Phosphorylation and Degradation. By Katja A. Lamia, Uma M. Sachdeva, Luciano ... If AMPK-directed cryptochrome phosphorylation regulates the phase of peripheral clocks, the activity, expression, and/or ...
Magnetoreception in birds: I. Immunohistochemical studies concerning the cryptochrome cycle | Journal of Experimental Biology
Flavin cycle of cryptochrome. N, N-terminus of the protein; C, C-terminus of the protein; the antiserum-binding epitope is in ... 2011). The cryptochromes: blue light photoreceptors in plants and animals. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 62, 335-364. ... Cryptochrome is a blue light receptor, with flavin as the chromophore (for review, see Chaves et al., 2011). Flavin undergoes a ... Cryptochrome 1a, located in the UV/violet-sensitive cones in the avian retina, is discussed as receptor molecule for the ...
Frontiers | Low-Light Dependence of the Magnetic Field Effect on Cryptochromes: Possible Relevance to Plant Ecology | Plant...
The currently most probable sensor candidates are cryptochromes (Cry) which are sensitive to submillitesla MF. Here, we propose ... The currently most probable sensor candidates are plant cryptochromes (Cry) which are sensitive to submillitesla MF. Here, we ... 2010). Cryptochrome as a sensor of the blue/green ratio of natural radiation in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 154, 401-409. doi: ... Could magnetic fields affect the circadian clock function of cryptochromes? Testing the basic premise of the cryptochrome ...
Human Metabolome Database: Showing Protein Cryptochrome-2 (HMDBP08265)
Cryptochromes and activity markers co-localize in bird retina during magnetic orientation
... Mouritsen, H.; Janssen-Bienhold, U. ... The cryptochromes (CRYs) have been suggested as the most likely candidate class of molecules, but do CRYs exist in the retina ... The cryptochromes (CRYs) have been suggested as the most likely candidate class of molecules, but do CRYs exist in the retina ... The cryptochromes (CRYs) have been suggested as the most likely candidate class of molecules, but do CRYs exist in the retina ...
Low-intensity EMF induce human cryptochrome to modulate intracellular reactive oxygen species
We conclude that modulation of intracellular ROS via cryptochromes represents a general response to weak EMFs, which can ... Low-intensity electromagnetic fields induce human cryptochrome to modulate intracellular reactive oxygen species Rachel M. ... Low-intensity EMF induce human cryptochrome to modulate intracellular reactive oxygen species. zaterdag, 06 oktober 2018 - ... These effects require the presence of cryptochrome, a putative magnetosensor that synthesizes ROS. ...
Unique Aspects of Cryptochrome in Chronobiology and Metabolism, Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction, and Regeneration: Research into...
Unique Aspects of Cryptochrome in Chronobiology and Metabolism, Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction, and Regeneration: Research into ... Cryptochrome proteins (CRYs), which can bind noncovalently to cofactor (chromophore) flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), occur ... presents reported results and recent findings related to molecular processes associated with mammalian cryptochromes, ...
CRY, a Drosophila clock and light-regulated cryptochrome, is a major contributor to circadian rhythm resetting and...
We have identified and analyzed cry, a novel Drosophila cryptochrome gene. All characterized family members are directly ... CRY, a Drosophila clock and light-regulated cryptochrome, is a major contributor to circadian rhythm resetting and ... We have identified and analyzed cry, a novel Drosophila cryptochrome gene. All characterized family members are directly ...
Frontiers | Mice Deficient in Cryptochrome 1 (Cry1−/−) Exhibit Resistance to Obesity Induced by a High-Fat Diet | Endocrinology
Among these transcribed clock genes are cryptochrome (CRY) family members, which comprise Cry1 and Cry2. While the metabolic ... Among these transcribed clock genes are cryptochrome (CRY) family members, which comprise Cry1 and Cry2. While the metabolic ... Mice deficient in cryptochrome 1 (Cry1−/−) exhibit resistance to obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Guy Griebel1*, Christine ... Differential regulation of mammalian period genes and circadian rhythmicity by cryptochromes 1 and 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ...
RePub, Erasmus University Repository:
Critical cholangiocarcinogenesis control by cryptochrome clock genes
PLOS Biology: Cryptochrome Mediates Light-Dependent Magnetosensitivity of Drosophila's Circadian Clock
Photoreceptors in Plant Photomorphogenesis to Date. Five Phytochromes, Two Cryptochromes, One Phototropin, and One Superchrome ...
Cryptochromes. It was not until 1993 that Ahmad and Cashmore (2) first reported the discovery of cryptochrome 1 (cry1) in ... Five Phytochromes, Two Cryptochromes, One Phototropin, and One Superchrome Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message ... Five Phytochromes, Two Cryptochromes, One Phototropin, and One Superchrome. Winslow R. Briggs, Margaret A. Olney ... There is evidence that cryptochromes are localized to the nucleus, but to date no interacting partner has been identified (for ...
Effect of magnetic fields on cryptochrome-dependent responses in Arabidopsis thaliana | Journal of The Royal Society Interface
Five phytochromes, two cryptochromes, one phototropin, and one superchrome. Plant Physiol. 125, 85-88. (doi:10.1104/pp.125.1.85 ... 2003 Cryptochromes and flavoprotein blue-light photoreceptors. In Handbook of photochemistry and photobiology (ed. Nalwa H.S), ... 1998) and regulates a group of blue light and cryptochrome-regulated genes including CHS (Ma et al. 2001; Ohgishi et al. 2004; ... 2003 Light-induced electron transfer in a cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptor. Nat. Struct. Biol. 10, 489-490. (doi:10.1038/ ...
Plus it
Interaction between Cryptochrome and Phytochrome Pathways. Based on the observations leading to their model, Ahmad and Cashmore ... Genetic Interactions between Phytochrome A, Phytochrome B, and Cryptochrome 1 during Arabidopsis Development. Michael M. Neff, ... The cloning of specific or shared phytochrome and cryptochrome signal transduction components will allow us to test their ... It is possible that phytochromes and cryptochromes have a similar method of coordinating their signal transduction pathways. ...
USP7 and TDP-43: Pleiotropic Regulation of Cryptochrome Protein Stability Paces the Oscillation of the Mammalian Circadian Clock
Cryptochromes Are Required for Phytochrome Signaling to the Circadian Clock but Not for Rhythmicity | Plant Cell
Cryptochromes in insects are particularly interesting in that the role of the Drosophila cryptochromes is closer to that of the ... phyB can act in light input independently of cryptochrome, as evidenced by the normal response of the cryptochrome mutants at ... This is consistent with a phylogenetic analysis of the animal and plant cryptochromes that suggests that cryptochromes arose ... Loss of the cryptochromes in red light also affects the lower end of the range of fluence rates over which phyB acts in light ...
HFR1 is crucial for transcriptome regulation in the cryptochrome 1-mediated early response to blue light in Arabidopsis...
Cryptochromes are blue light photoreceptors involved in development and circadian clock regulation. They are found in both ... and the blue/UVA light receptors cryptochromes (cry1, cry2, cry-DASH) and phototropins (phot1 and phot2). Cryptochromes are ... To-date, three cryptochromes (cry1, cry2 and cry-DASH) have been found in plants. Both cry2 and cry-DASH were shown to have DNA ... Guo H,Duong H,Ma N,Lin C. 1999;The Arabidopsis blue light receptor cryptochrome 2 is a nuclear protein regulated by a blue ...
CRY2ProteinsArabidopsisReceptorsProtein cryptochromeFlavoproteinsGeneGenesPhotolyase familyFlavin adenine dinuCRYsMolecularPhotoreceptionMediateAspects of CryptochromePhotolyases and cryptochromesPathwaysMagnetoreceptionMammalianRegulationMoleculesRecombinantFlavoproteinName cryptochromeAnimal cryptochromesDrosophila CryptochromeDifferent cryptochromesClosely related to photolyasesCircadian RhythmPhotoreceptor proteinBlue light receptorSequenceRadical-pairsPutativeSeedlingsRetina2016Magnetic fieldQuantum BiologyLightFunctional
CRY222
- The two genes Cry1 and Cry2 code the two cryptochrome proteins CRY1 and CRY2. (wikipedia.org)
- Cryptochromes (CRY1, CRY2) are evolutionarily old and highly conserved proteins that belong to the flavoproteins superfamily that exists in all kingdoms of life. (wikipedia.org)
- Cryptochrome 1 (cry1), cryptochrome 2 (cry2) and phototropin are the blue/ultraviolet-A light receptors that have been characterized in Arabidopsis 5 . (nature.com)
- Among these transcribed clock genes are cryptochrome (CRY) family members, which comprise Cry1 and Cry2 . (frontiersin.org)
- In mammals, it comprises a complex circuitry of transcriptional and translational regulatory feedback loops, including the core transcriptional activators CLOCK and BMAL1, which activate expression of three Period ( Per1-3 ) and two cryptochrome ( Cry1 and Cry2 ) genes ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- We demonstrate that the phytochromes phyA, phyB, phyD, and phyE act as photoreceptors in red light input to the clock and that phyA and the cryptochromes cry1 and cry2 act as photoreceptors in blue light input. (plantcell.org)
- Importantly, Arabidopsis cry1 cry2 double mutants still show robust rhythmicity, indicating that cryptochromes do not form a part of the central circadian oscillator in plants as they do in mammals. (plantcell.org)
- In the core feedback loop, the transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1 activate expression of Period ( Per1 and Per2 ) and Cryptochrome ( Cry1 and Cry2 ) genes. (sciencemag.org)
- The current study examined Cryptochrome 2 ( CRY2 ), a core circadian gene and transcriptional repressor, as a potential circadian biomarker for NHL. (aacrjournals.org)
- The core circadian gene cryptochrome 2 ( CRY2 ) is essential for proper circadian timing, and is a key component of the negative arm of the circadian feedback loop. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here we report the effect of cry1 and cry2 blue light receptors on primary root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, through analysis of both cryptochrome-mutant and cryptochrome-overexpressing lines. (elsevier.com)
- Abstract Leaf epidermal peels of Arabidopsis Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking either phototropins 1 and 2 phot1 and phot2 or cryptochromes 1 and 2 cry1 and cry2 exposed to a background of red light show severely impaired stomatal opening responses to blue light. (ptizi.ru)
- Cryptochrome 1 cry1 and 2 cry2 increase stomatal index Kang et al. (ptizi.ru)
- McCarthy, E.V., Baggs, J.E., Geskes, J.M., Hogenesch, J.B. and Green, C.B. (2009) Generation of a novel allelic series of cryptochrome mutants via mutagenesis reveals residues involved in protein:protein interaction and CRY2-specific repression . (utsouthwestern.edu)
- Phylogenetic analyses show at least 2 rounds of gene duplication at the base of the metazoan radiation, as well as several losses, gave rise to 2 cryptochrome (cry) gene families in insects, a Drosophila-like cry1 gene family and a vertebrate-like cry2 family. (umassmed.edu)
- By mapping the functional data onto a cryptochrome/6-4 photolyase gene tree, we find that the transcriptional repressive function of insect CRY2 descended from a light-sensitive photolyase-like ancestral gene, probably lacking the ability to repress CLOCK:CYCLE-mediated transcription. (umassmed.edu)
- The circadian transcriptional repressors cryptochromes 1 (Cry1) and 2 (Cry2) interact with the C-terminus of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and are required for transrepression in response to the synthetic GR ligand dexamethasone (Dex) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. (omicsdi.org)
- Cryptochrome (Cry) 1 and Cry2 are regarded as critical components for circadian rhythm generation in mammals. (hokudai.ac.jp)
- We report that Amphimedon queenslandica, a demosponge, possesses two cryptochrome/photolyase genes, Aq-Cry1 and Aq-Cry2. (unh.edu)
- Chickens' Cry2: molecular analysis of an avian cryptochrome in retinal and pineal photoreceptors. (uky.edu)
- We have identified and characterized an ortholog of the putative mammalian clock gene cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) in the chicken, Gallus domesticus. (uky.edu)
- In mice, the cryptochromes Cry1 and Cry2 are integral components of the circadian oscillator within the brain and contribute to circadian photoreception in the retina. (utmb.edu)
Proteins24
- Besides chlorophylls, cryptochromes are the only proteins known to form photoinduced radical-pairs in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
- Cryptochromes (Cry 1 and 2) are blue, ultraviolet-A photoreceptor pigment proteins that are involved circadian rhythm regulation in plants and animals. (abcam.com)
- Cryptochrome proteins (CRYs), which can bind noncovalently to cofactor (chromophore) flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), occur widely among organisms. (hindawi.com)
- In response to blue and red light exposure, this animal-like cryptochrome (aCRY) alters the light-dependent expression of various genes encoding proteins involved in chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, light-harvesting complexes, nitrogen metabolism, cell cycle control, and the circadian clock. (plantcell.org)
- Addgene: Dual modes of CLOCK:BMAL1 inhibition mediated by Cryptochrome and Period proteins in the mammalian circadian clock. (addgene.org)
- Diatoms possess several genes for proteins of the cryptochrome/photolyase family. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- Of all P.tricornutum proteins, it is the most similar in sequence to a plant cryptochrome, and is involved in the regulation of light-harvesting protein expression, but shows spectroscopic features and a chromophore composition that are most typical of a DASH cryptochrome. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- Residues at a Single Site Differentiate Animal Cryptochromes from Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer Photolyases by Affecting the Proteins' Preferences for Reduced FAD. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- Homology modelling and crystal packing structure of the used proteins is used to construct the large cryptochrome-ISCA1 complex, which reveals that the iron sulphur clusters are too far away to participate in any electron transfer whatsoever. (quantbiolab.com)
- The Cryptochrome proteins are critical transcriptional repressors that are necessary for a functioning circadian clock. (utsouthwestern.edu)
- The Green Lab has been interested in various structure/function aspects of the cryptochromes and have shown that these proteins have two distinct functional domains - a core photolyase-like domain that is necessary and sufficient for repression, and a C-terminal tail that is necessary for nuclear localization. (utsouthwestern.edu)
- Cryptochrome (CRY) proteins are components of the central circadian clockwork of metazoans. (umassmed.edu)
- Cryptochromes are photosensing proteins closely related to photolyases. (fu-berlin.de)
- Magnetically sensitive radical pairs are thought to be generated in cryptochrome proteins contained in magnetoreceptor cells in the retina. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- During a conversation after the talk, he mentioned the recently discovered class of proteins called cryptochromes . (blogspot.com)
- By using time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy, we have studied the mechanism of light-induced reduction of the FAD cofactor of cryptochrome/photolyase family proteins. (scripps.edu)
- Cryptochromes are blue-light photoreceptor proteins, which provide input to circadian clocks. (jyu.fi)
- Cryptochromes are flavin/pterin-containing proteins that are involved in circadian clock function in Drosophila and mice. (utmb.edu)
- Pigments found in photoreceptors include retinal (retinylidene proteins, for example rhodopsin in animals), flavin (flavoproteins, for example cryptochrome in plants and animals) and bilin (biliproteins, for example phytochrome in plants). (wikipedia.org)
- Among the proteins affecting photosynthesis gene expression is the blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome CryB. (duhnnae.com)
- This raises the question, why PhrB positions a tyrosine at this location, having a less favourable ionisation potential than tryptophan, which occurs at this position in many proteins of the photolyase/cryptochrome family. (rsc.org)
- Cryptochromes and photolyases are homologous proteins with a central flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) chromophore that fulfil different biological functions, which are most often triggered by light. (rsc.org)
- In cryptochromes, which often function as photoreceptor proteins, FAD adopts the oxidised form in darkness. (rsc.org)
- examples of plants' light-sensing proteins are phytochrome and cryptochrome). (newyorker.com)
Arabidopsis15
- In Arabidopsis, it has been shown that cryptochromes controls plant growth during sub-optimal blue-light conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- Despite much research on the topic, cryptochrome photoreception and phototransduction in Drosophila and Arabidopsis thaliana is still poorly understood. (wikipedia.org)
- Somers, D. E., Devlin, P. F. & Kay, S. A. Phytochromes and cryptochromes in the entrainment of the Arabidopsis circadian clock. (nature.com)
- Enhancement of blue-light sensitivity of Arabidopsis seedlings by blue light receptor cryptochrome 2. (nature.com)
- Guo, H., Duong, H., Ma, N. & Lin, C. The Arabidopsis blue light receptor cryptochrome 2 is a nuclear protein regulated by a blue light-dependent post-transcriptional mechanism. (nature.com)
- Single, double, and triple null combinations of Arabidopsis mutants lacking the photoreceptors phytochrome (phy) A ( phyA-201 ), phyB ( phyB-5 ), and cryptochrome (cry) 1 ( hy4-2.23n ) were examined for de-etiolation responses in high-fluence red, far-red, blue, and broad-spectrum white light. (plantphysiol.org)
- HFR1 is crucial for transcriptome regulation in the cryptochrome 1-mediated early response to blue light in Arabidopsis thaliana. (biomedsearch.com)
- Cryptochromes are flavoprotein photoreceptors first discovered in Arabidopsis thaliana, and subsequently in many organisms, where they mediate important signaling functions. (fit.edu)
- Blue-light dependent ROS formation by Arabidopsis cryptochrome may define a novel evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism. (fit.edu)
- The image above is CRY1, a cryptochrome associated with circadian rhythm in the experimental plant, Arabidopsis thaliana . (blogspot.com)
- DASH (Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Synechocystis, Human)-type cryp- tochromes (cry-DASH) belong to a family of flavoproteins acting as repair enzymes for UV-B-induced DNA lesions (photolyases) or as UV-A/blue light photoreceptors (cryptochromes). (openaire.eu)
- Investigations of the structure and functions of cryptochromes in plants have largely focused on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pea (Pisum sativum), and rice (Oryza sativa). (biomedsearch.com)
- Orth C, Niemann N, Hennig L, Essen LO, Batschauer A (2017) - Hyperactivity of the Arabidopsis cryptochrome (cry1) L407F mutant is caused by a structural alteration close to the cry1 ATP-binding site. (uni-marburg.de)
- Direct interaction of Arabidopsis cryptochromes with COP1 in light control development. (ebi.ac.uk)
- COP1-mediated ubiquitination of CONSTANS is implicated in cryptochrome regulation of flowering in Arabidopsis. (ebi.ac.uk)
Receptors7
- Cryptochromes receptors cause plants to respond to blue light via photomorphogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
- The first blue-light receptors to be identified were the two cryptochromes, chromoproteins that mediate several responses. (plantphysiol.org)
- Cryptochromes are flavoproteins that act as sensory blue light receptors in insects, plants, fungi, and bacteria. (plantcell.org)
- Cryptochromes are blue-light receptors controlling multiple aspects of plant growth and development. (elsevier.com)
- ii) Each cell contains multiple, identical receptors (i.e. cryptochrome molecules). (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Cryptochromes are blue/ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light receptors involved in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development. (biomedsearch.com)
- Essen LO, Franz S, Banerjee A (2017) - Structural and evolutionary aspects of algal blue light receptors of the cryptochrome and aurechrome type. (uni-marburg.de)
Protein cryptochrome5
- A radical pair mechanism within the protein cryptochrome may underlie both phenomena. (uiuc.edu)
- The photoreceptor protein cryptochrome has risen to prominence as a candidate magnetoreceptor molecule based on multiple reports derived from behavioral studies. (nih.gov)
- The protein cryptochrome is thought to be the magnetosensor in migratory birds, i.e. the protein responsible for the avain magnetic compass. (quantbiolab.com)
- The possible mechanism to explain the biophysics of this compass sense involves electron transfers within the photoreceptive protein cryptochrome. (quantbiolab.com)
- Largely ignored for 20 years, this hypothesis was revived in 2000 when it was proposed [ 15 ] that the required chemistry could be hosted by molecules of the photo-active protein cryptochrome [ 16 ] contained in specialized magnetoreceptor cells in the retina. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Flavoproteins5
- Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins found in plants and animals that are sensitive to blue light. (wikipedia.org)
- Homologous flavoproteins from the photolyase (PHR)/cryptochrome (CRY) family use the FAD cofactor in PHRs to catalyze DNA repair and in CRYs to tune the circadian clock and control development. (pnas.org)
- The broad spectral response implies that the neutral radical state functions as a dark form in aCRY and expands the paradigm of flavoproteins and cryptochromes as blue light sensors to include other light qualities. (plantcell.org)
- Cryptochromes are large flavoproteins with a curiously complex evolutionary history, beginning billions of years ago as dna repair enzymes (or even earlier as replication primase). (ucsc.edu)
- Cryptochromes (Crys) and photolyases (Phrs) are flavoproteins that contain an identical cofactor (flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD) within the same protein architecture but whose physiological functions are entirely different. (scripps.edu)
Gene9
- We have identified and analyzed cry, a novel Drosophila cryptochrome gene. (nih.gov)
- However, the gene targets that are regulated by HFR1 in cryptochrome 1 (cry1)-mediated blue light signaling have not been globally addressed. (biomedsearch.com)
- The next round of gene duplication of the 6-4 photolyase gave rise to a cryptochrome which retained the conformational change induced by FAD binding of blue light but lost dna repair capacity, instead specializing in entraining the day/night circadian rhythm cycle. (ucsc.edu)
- Even ten years into the whole genome era, the comparative genomics of cryptochromes and photolyases has never been considered, perhaps because of a narrow experimental focus on 'model' organisms such as mouse and fruit fly that, as it turns out, have rather restricted and unrepresentative gene family complements. (ucsc.edu)
- The Influence of a Cryptochrome on the Gene Expression Profile in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum under Blue Light and in Darkness. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- Insect cryptochromes: gene duplication and loss define diverse ways to" by Quan Yuan, Danielle Metterville et al. (umassmed.edu)
- Here we present molecular and biochemical data on cryptochrome, a candidate gene for functional involvement in sponge pigment ring eyes. (unh.edu)
- Furthermore, the activity of the tim gene in the MTs of cry b flies, reported by luciferase, seemed stimulated by lights-on and suppressed by lights-off, suggesting that the absence of functional cryptochrome uncovered an additional light-sensitive pathway synchronizing the expression of TIM in this tissue. (uni-muenster.de)
- We previously demonstrated a relationship between variation at two sites of a circadian clock gene cryptochrome (cry) (cry1212 and cry1865) and circadian behavior in the melon fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett). (elsevier.com)
Genes1
- Dex induction of many genes was increased in Cry-deficient fibroblasts suggesting that cryptochromes oppose transactivation in addition to contributing to transrepression. (omicsdi.org)
Photolyase family1
- Thus, CryP cannot be directly grouped with known members of the cryptochrome/photolyase family. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Flavin adenine dinu2
- For the iron sulphur clusters to participate in the compass sense, they either need to donate an electron to a specific tryptophane in the cryptochome or accept an electron from the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) co-factor in the cryptochrome. (quantbiolab.com)
- 15 ] suggested that photo-excitation of the fully oxidized form of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor in cryptochrome, followed by electron transfer along a chain of three tryptophan residues (the 'Trp triad') would give a magnetically sensitive radical pair comprising the semi-reduced FAD radical and a Trp radical. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
CRYs2
- The cryptochromes (CRYs) have been suggested as the most likely candidate class of molecules, but do CRYs exist in the retina of migratory birds? (lu.se)
- We are currently focused on the following projects: (1) Analyses of the regulation and function of the circadian deadenylase nocturnin, (2) Circadian regulation of metabolism, and (3) Structure/function studies of the core circadian clock components Cryptochromes (CRYs). (utsouthwestern.edu)
Molecular6
- Detects a band of approximately 70 kDa (predicted molecular weight: 66 kDa).Can be blocked with Cryptochrome I peptide (ab5005) . (abcam.com)
- This review, based mainly on the author's investigation of the unique features of Tg mice, presents reported results and recent findings related to molecular processes associated with mammalian cryptochromes, especially their involvement in the regulation of metabolism. (hindawi.com)
- Experiments have shown that light of specific colors (specific wavelengths) is required for birds to utilize their magnetic compass sense, and this is a strong indication that certain molecular excitations inside cryptochrome must be triggered by light prior to generation of the radical pair. (quantbiolab.com)
- Our structural photocycle un- ravels the first molecular events of signal transduction in an animal cryptochrome. (jyu.fi)
- In Drosophila , the blue-light photoreceptor Cryptochrome (Cry) mediates a rapid light-dependent degradation of the clock protein Timeless (Tim) via the F box protein Jetlag (Jet) and the proteasome, which initiates the resetting of the molecular clock 2 and 3 . (uni-muenster.de)
- 1 Cryptochrome of migrating birds functions as molecular compass, due to the radical pair formed in the semiquinone state. (rsc.org)
Photoreception2
- 9, 3618-3623 (2018)] that something else must be going on inside cryptochrome - perhaps that FAD is not the only small embedded molecule, but that a secondary photoreception may exist within the type of cryptochrome that may be responsible for avain magnetoreception. (quantbiolab.com)
- Circadian photoreception in Drosophila: Functions of cryptochrome in peripheral and central clocks. (uni-muenster.de)
Mediate1
- In plants, cryptochromes mediate phototropism, or directional growth toward a light source, in response to blue light. (wikipedia.org)
Aspects of Cryptochrome1
- We are currently interested in defining the structural aspects of cryptochrome that make it a repressor and are doing this by making chimeric constructs between cryptochrome and the non-repressive but closely related photolyase and via a random mutagenesis screen. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Photolyases and cryptochromes2
- Since most annotation effort goes into human (which are very deficient in their repertoire), the lack of a suitable homology probe there lets novel photolyases and cryptochromes in other species go undiscovered. (ucsc.edu)
- Photoreduction of PhrB differs from the typical pattern because the amino acid of the electron cascade next to FAD is a tyrosine (Tyr391), whereas photolyases and cryptochromes of other groups have a tryptophan as direct electron donor of FAD. (rsc.org)
Pathways3
- Light transduction pathways mediated by the rhodopsins and the dedicated circadian blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome are also critical in providing the circadian clock with entraining light signals from the environment. (le.ac.uk)
- Primary root elongation in blue light may thereby involve interaction between cryptochrome and auxin signaling pathways. (elsevier.com)
- Whether cryptochrome and visual transduction pathways play a role in entrainment of noninnervated, directly photosensitive peripheral clocks is not known and the subject of this study. (uni-muenster.de)
Magnetoreception1
- As seen in Fig. 2, the interaction energy is non-homologues along the ISCA1-rod it, revealing that the complex does likely not exist in the proposed form, and the large distance between the cofactors participating in electron factors rules out that this cryptochrome interaction has any relevance to magnetoreception. (quantbiolab.com)
Mammalian1
- Thus, phosphorylation by AMPK enables cryptochrome to transduce nutrient signals to circadian clocks in mammalian peripheral organs. (sciencemag.org)
Regulation2
- Cryptochromes are blue light photoreceptors involved in development and circadian clock regulation. (biomedsearch.com)
- Juhas M, von Zadow A, Spexard M, Schmidt M, Kottke T, Büchel C. A novel cryptochrome in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum influences the regulation of light-harvesting protein levels. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Molecules4
- The N termini of cryptochrome molecules show strong homology with the type II photolyase DNA repair enzymes. (plantcell.org)
- Cryptochrome so far lack antenna molecules but retain the binding domain and substrate pocket. (ucsc.edu)
- Many types of cryptochrome does not only consist of amino acids, but have smaller molecules embedded inside the peptide chain, and many cryptochromes are known to possess a specific molecule, namely an FAD molecule which has some interesting photochemical properties. (quantbiolab.com)
- A prerequisite of the current model is for some degree of rotational ordering of both the cryptochromes within the cells and of the cells within the retina so that the directional responses of individual molecules do not average to zero. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Recombinant3
- Detects recombinant human Cryptochrome 1 (Cry 1) (not tested on endogenous protein yet). (abcam.com)
- Recombinant full length protein corresponding to Human Cryptochrome I/CRY1 aa 1-586. (abcam.com)
- In recombinant CryP, however, the FAD chromophore was present in its neutral radical state and had a red-shifted absorption maximum at 637nm, which is more characteristic for a DASH cryptochrome than a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Flavoprotein3
- We further show that this response requires the function of a well-characterized, evolutionarily conserved flavoprotein receptor known as cryptochrome, which has been implicated in magnetic sensing in organisms ranging from plants to flies, including migratory birds. (stopumts.nl)
- Drosophila cryptochrome (dCRY) is a light-responsive flavoprotein that detects changes in light intensity and wavelength around dawn and dusk. (sleeprhythm.org)
- Cryptochromes and photolyases form a flavoprotein family in which the FAD chromophore undergoes light induced changes of its redox state. (rsc.org)
Name cryptochrome1
- The name cryptochrome was proposed as a portmanteau combining the cryptic nature of the photoreceptor, and the cryptogamic organisms on which many blue-light studies were carried out. (wikipedia.org)
Animal cryptochromes1
- We have investigated a cryptochrome from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with sequence homology to animal cryptochromes and (6-4) photolyases. (plantcell.org)
Drosophila Cryptochrome2
Different cryptochromes1
- A: Ten different cryptochromes are shown attached to the ISCA1-polymer. (quantbiolab.com)
Closely related to photolyases1
- Cryptochromes are derived from and closely related to photolyases, which are bacterial enzymes that are activated by light and involved in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
Circadian Rhythm1
- In animals and insects, cryptochromes are central to the management and control of the phenomenon called circadian rhythm. (blogspot.com)
Photoreceptor protein1
- Many flowering plants (angiosperms) use a photoreceptor protein , such as phytochrome or cryptochrome , [1] to sense seasonal changes in night length, or photoperiod, which they take as signals to flower. (wikipedia.org)
Blue light receptor1
- Blue light receptor cryptochromes (CRY) work together with PHY to regulate many light-controlled responses, including photomorphogenesis, floral induction, and entrainment of the circadian clock. (scialert.net)
Sequence1
- A typical sequence for a plant cryptochrome was not found in our analysis of the Phaeodactylumtricornutum genome, but one protein grouped with higher plant and green algal cryptochromes. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Radical-pairs2
- This would suggest that the radical pairs in cryptochrome preserve their quantum coherence for much longer than previously believed possible. (eurekalert.org)
- We hypothesize that ROS radical pairs can affect the outcome of cryptochrome ROS biochemical reactions, influencing intracellular signal transduction cascades and cell-cell communication mechanisms. (fit.edu)
Putative2
- These effects require the presence of cryptochrome, a putative magnetosensor that synthesizes ROS. (stopumts.nl)
- HFR1, a putative bHLH transcription factor, mediates both phytochrome A and cryptochrome signalling. (unil.ch)
Seedlings1
- For example, phytochrome's induction of the accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in milo seedlings can be amplified by cryptochromes ( Oelmüller and Mohr, 1984 , 1985b ). (plantphysiol.org)
Retina2
- Cryptochrome 1a, located in the UV/violet-sensitive cones in the avian retina, is discussed as receptor molecule for the magnetic compass of birds. (biologists.org)
- A theoretical analysis shows that a viable compass magnetoreceptor could result from randomly oriented cryptochromes contained in randomly oriented cells distributed around the retina. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
20162
- 2016) claimed that the sensitivity to changes in the magnetic field is enhanced by a coupling to an iron rich polymer complex which couples to multiple cryptochromes. (quantbiolab.com)
- von Zadow A , Ignatz E , Pokorny R , Essen LO , Klug G (2016) - Rhodobacter sphaeroides CryB is a bacterial cryptochrome with (6-4) photolyase activity. (uni-marburg.de)
Magnetic field3
- However, the role of cryptochrome as a magnetoreceptor remains controversial primarily because of a lack of direct experimental evidence linking magnetic field (MF) exposure to a change in neuronal activity. (nih.gov)
- it has a clear hypothesis-that seedling growth is magnetically sensitive as a result of photoinduced radical-pair reactions in cryptochrome photoreceptors-tested by measuring several cryptochrome-dependent responses, all of which proved to be enhanced in a magnetic field of intensity 500 μT. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Cryptochrome has also been implicated in plant magneto-sensing that alters growths rates in different magnetic field environments and are potentially involved in avian navigation. (fit.edu)
Quantum Biology1
- However the recent excitement over Quantum Biology brought the cryptochromes to my attention again. (blogspot.com)
Light22
- Here, we show that exposure to an MF (100 mT) is sufficient to potentiate the ability of light-activated cryptochrome to increase neuronal action potential firing. (nih.gov)
- Thus-cryptochromes, which originally evolved as blue-light photoreceptors in plants, act as chemical energy sensors in mammals. (sciencemag.org)
- Our previous immunohistochemical studies of chicken retinae with an antiserum that labelled only activated cryptochrome 1a had shown activation of cryptochrome 1a under 373 nm UV, 424 nm blue, 502 nm turquoise and 565 nm green light. (biologists.org)
- Green light, however, does not allow the first step of photoreduction of oxidized cryptochromes to the semiquinone. (biologists.org)
- in the second two cases we found activated cryptochrome 1a only under UV to turquoise light, where the complete redox cycle of cryptochrome can run, but not under green light. (biologists.org)
- Plants make use of both the phytochrome (phy) and cryptochrome (cry) families of photoreceptors in gathering information about the light environment for setting the clock. (plantcell.org)
- The cryb mutation reduces the light sensitivity of the fly's clock, yet locomotor activity rhythms in constant darkness or light-dark cycles are relatively normal, because the rhodopsins compensate for the lack of cryptochrome function. (le.ac.uk)
- The site of cryptochrome signal perception is within the shoot, and the inhibitor of auxin transport, 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid, abolishes the differential effect of cryptochromes on root growth, suggesting the blue-light signal is transmitted from the shoot to the root by a mechanism that involves auxin. (elsevier.com)
- This ability to sense magnetic fields is provided by a radical pair that can be generated inside cryptochrome after activation of the protein, and cryptochrome is thought to be activated by absorption of light. (quantbiolab.com)
- FAD is well known to absorb light, mainly in the blue part of the visible spectrum, and it has been shown that the excited state of FAD can lead to formation of a radical pair inside cryptochrome. (quantbiolab.com)
- The calculated absorption spectra of FAD embedded inside cryptochrome shows no absorption in the green-light region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the vibronic couplings missing from our calculations are very unlikely to make such a large difference as would be necessary for FAD to absorb green light. (quantbiolab.com)
- Plant growth and development are strongly affected by light signals perceived by phytochromes (phy) and cryptochromes (cry). (omicsdi.org)
- In plants, cryptochromes are associated with light dependent growth (again blue light). (blogspot.com)
- The photolyase harnesses blue light to fix the problems caused by excesses of uv light and the cryptochromes have established a nice working relationship between the daily appearance and disappearance of the sun and organismal growth and behaviour! (blogspot.com)
- Taken together, our results demonstrate that light-induced electron transfer is a robust property of cryptochromes and more intricate than commonly anticipated. (scripps.edu)
- Blue-light-receptive cryptochrome is expressed in a sponge eye lacking neurons and opsin. (unh.edu)
- Several lines of evidence indicate that light entrainment of the brain clock involves the blue-light photoreceptor cryptochrome (CRY). (uni-muenster.de)
- In cryptochrome-depleted Drosophila ( cry b ), the entrainment of the brain clock by short light pulses is impaired but the clock is still entrainable by light-dark cycles, probably due to light input from the visual system. (uni-muenster.de)
- Cryptochromes absorb blue light and UV-A. Cryptochromes entrain the circadian clock to light. (wikipedia.org)
- [6] It has been found that both cryptochrome and phytochrome abundance relies on light and the amount of cryptochrome can change depending on day-length. (wikipedia.org)
- Modern biologists believe [12] that it is the coincidence of the active forms of phytochrome or cryptochrome, created by light during the daytime, with the rhythms of the circadian clock that allows plants to measure the length of the night. (wikipedia.org)
- Role of Mouse Cryptochrome Blue-Light Photoreceptor in Circadian Photoresponses. (readabstracts.com)
Functional2
- van der Schalie, E.A., Conte, F.E., Marz, K.E. and Green, C.B. (2007) Structure/function analysis of Xenopus CRYPTOCHROME 1 and 2 reveals differential nuclear localization mechanisms and functional domains important for interaction with and repression of CLOCK:BMAL1 . (utsouthwestern.edu)
- However, recent experiments on cryptochrome vari- ants that found them to be functional in vivo but lack photoreduction in vitro, have called this interpretation into question. (fu-berlin.de)