Flavoproteins that function as circadian rhythm signaling proteins in ANIMALS and as blue-light photoreceptors in PLANTS. They are structurally-related to DNA PHOTOLYASES and it is believed that both classes of proteins may have originated from an earlier protein that played a role in protecting primitive organisms from the cyclical exposure to UV LIGHT.
Flavoproteins are proteins that contain a covalently bound flavin molecule and are involved in various biological processes, including metabolism and redox reactions.
Specialized cells in the invertebrates that detect and transduce light. They are predominantly rhabdomeric with an array of photosensitive microvilli. Illumination depolarizes invertebrate photoreceptors by stimulating Na+ influx across the plasma membrane.
An enzyme that catalyzes the reactivation by light of UV-irradiated DNA. It breaks two carbon-carbon bonds in PYRIMIDINE DIMERS in DNA.
Plant proteins that mediate LIGHT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They are involved in PHOTOTROPISM and other light adaption responses during plant growth and development . They include the phototropins, phytochromes (PHYTOCHROME), and members of the ubiquitous cryptochrome family.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom.
Derivatives of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton. Flavin derivatives serve an electron transfer function as ENZYME COFACTORS in FLAVOPROTEINS.
The conversion of absorbed light energy into molecular signals.
A plant photo regulatory protein that exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by LIGHT. In response to light it moves to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates transcription of target genes. Phytochrome B plays an important role in shade avoidance and mediates plant de-etiolation in red light.
Eye proteins are the biological molecules that make up the various structures of the eye and are essential for its proper function.
The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.
Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing proteins that play important roles in CIRCADIAN RHYTHM regulation. They combine with CLOCK PROTEINS to form heterodimeric transcription factors that are specific for E-BOX ELEMENTS and stimulate the transcription of several E-box genes that are involved in cyclical regulation.
The primary plant photoreceptor responsible for perceiving and mediating responses to far-red light. It is a PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASE that is translocated to the CELL NUCLEUS in response to light signals.
The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.
The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.
The directional growth of organisms in response to light. In plants, aerial shoots usually grow towards light. The phototropic response is thought to be controlled by auxin (= AUXINS), a plant growth substance. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Blue-light receptors that regulate a range of physiological responses in PLANTS. Examples include: PHOTOTROPISM, light-induced stomatal opening, and CHLOROPLAST movements in response to changes in light intensity.
The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.
The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing proteins that contain intrinsic HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE activity and play important roles in CIRCADIAN RHYTHM regulation. Clock proteins combine with Arntl proteins to form heterodimeric transcription factors that are specific for E-BOX ELEMENTS and stimulate the transcription of several E-box genes that are involved in cyclical regulation. This transcriptional activation also sets into motion a time-dependent feedback loop which in turn down-regulates the expression of clock proteins.
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
Biological mechanism that controls CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. Circadian clocks exist in the simplest form in cyanobacteria and as more complex systems in fungi, plants, and animals. In humans the system includes photoresponsive RETINAL GANGLION CELLS and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS that acts as the central oscillator.
Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.
Organisms whose GENOME has been changed by a GENETIC ENGINEERING technique.
The absence of light.
Circadian rhythm signaling proteins that influence circadian clock by interacting with other circadian regulatory proteins and transporting them into the CELL NUCLEUS.
A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Photochemistry in the medical field refers to the chemical reactions that occur when certain molecules are exposed to light, which can have therapeutic or adverse effects on biological systems.
Periodic movements of animals in response to seasonal changes or reproductive instinct. Hormonal changes are the trigger in at least some animals. Most migrations are made for reasons of climatic change, feeding, or breeding.
The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned.
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
Specialized PHOTOTRANSDUCTION neurons in the vertebrates, such as the RETINAL ROD CELLS and the RETINAL CONE CELLS. Non-visual photoreceptor neurons have been reported in the deep brain, the PINEAL GLAND and organs of the circadian system.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Regulation of the mammalian pineal by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors. (1/564)

In mammals, ocular photoreceptors mediate an acute inhibition of pineal melatonin by light. The effect of rod and cone loss on this response was assessed by combining the rd mutation with a transgenic ablation of cones (cl) to produce mice lacking both photoreceptor classes. Despite the loss of all known retinal photoreceptors, rd/rd cl mice showed normal suppression of pineal melatonin in response to monochromatic light of wavelength 509 nanometers. These data indicate that mammals have additional ocular photoreceptors that they use in the regulation of temporal physiology.  (+info)

Antagonistic actions of Arabidopsis cryptochromes and phytochrome B in the regulation of floral induction. (2/564)

The Arabidopsis photoreceptors cry1, cry2 and phyB are known to play roles in the regulation of flowering time, for which the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We have previously hypothesized that phyB mediates a red-light inhibition of floral initiation and cry2 mediates a blue-light inhibition of the phyB function. Studies of the cry2/phyB double mutant provide direct evidence in support of this hypothesis. The function of cryptochromes in floral induction was further investigated using the cry2/cry1 double mutants. The cry2/cry1 double mutants showed delayed flowering in monochromatic blue light, whereas neither monogenic cry1 nor cry2 mutant exhibited late flowering in blue light. This result suggests that, in addition to the phyB-dependent function, cry2 also acts redundantly with cry1 to promote floral initiation in a phyB-independent manner. To understand how photoreceptors regulate the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development, we examined the effect of sequential illumination by blue light and red light on the flowering time of plants. We found that there was a light-quality-sensitive phase of plant development, during which the quality of light exerts a profound influence on flowering time. After this developmental stage, which is between approximately day-1 to day-7 post germination, plants are committed to floral initiation and the quality of light has little effect on the flowering time. Mutations in either the PHYB gene or both the CRY1 and CRY2 genes resulted in the loss of the light-quality-sensitive phase manifested during floral development. The commitment time of floral transition, defined by a plant's sensitivity to light quality, coincides with the commitment time of inflorescence development revealed previously by a plant's sensitivity to light quantity - the photoperiod. Therefore, the developmental mechanism resulting in the commitment to flowering appears to be the direct target of the antagonistic actions of the photoreceptors.  (+info)

Photomophogenesis: Phytochrome takes a partner! (3/564)

How light signals are transduced by phytochromes is still poorly understood. Recent studies have provided evidence that a PAS domain protein, PIF3, physically interacts with phytochromes, plays a role in phytochrome signal transduction and might be a component of a novel signalling pathway in plants.  (+info)

Circadian rhythms: Something to cry about? (4/564)

Recent studies suggest that a class of proteins known as cryptochromes have an evolutionarily conserved role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the night-day cycle. While the evidence reported is intriguing, the notion that cryptochromes have the same role in all species requires further investigation.  (+info)

An extraretinally expressed insect cryptochrome with similarity to the blue light photoreceptors of mammals and plants. (5/564)

Photic entrainment of insect circadian rhythms can occur through either extraretinal (brain) or retinal photoreceptors, which mediate sensitivity to blue light or longer wavelengths, respectively. Although visual transduction processes are well understood in the insect retina, almost nothing is known about the extraretinal blue light photoreceptor of insects. We now have identified and characterized a candidate blue light photoreceptor gene in Drosophila (DCry) that is homologous to the cryptochrome (Cry) genes of mammals and plants. The DCry gene is located in region 91F of the third chromosome, an interval that does not contain other genes required for circadian rhythmicity. The protein encoded by DCry is approximately 50% identical to the CRY1 and CRY2 proteins recently discovered in mammalian species. As expected for an extraretinal photoreceptor mediating circadian entrainment, DCry mRNA is expressed within the adult brain and can be detected within body tissues. Indeed, tissue in situ hybridization demonstrates prominent expression in cells of the lateral brain, which are close to or coincident with the Drosophila clock neurons. Interestingly, DCry mRNA abundance oscillates in a circadian manner in Drosophila head RNA extracts, and the temporal phasing of the rhythm is similar to that documented for the mouse Cry1 mRNA, which is expressed in clock tissues. Finally, we show that changes in DCry gene dosage are associated predictably with alterations of the blue light resetting response for the circadian rhythm of adult locomotor activity.  (+info)

Light-dependent sequestration of TIMELESS by CRYPTOCHROME. (6/564)

Most organisms have circadian clocks consisting of negative feedback loops of gene regulation that facilitate adaptation to cycles of light and darkness. In this study, CRYPTOCHROME (CRY), a protein involved in circadian photoperception in Drosophila, is shown to block the function of PERIOD/TIMELESS (PER/TIM) heterodimeric complexes in a light-dependent fashion. TIM degradation does not occur under these conditions; thus, TIM degradation is uncoupled from abrogation of its function by light. CRY and TIM are part of the same complex and directly interact in yeast in a light-dependent fashion. PER/TIM and CRY influence the subcellular distribution of these protein complexes, which reside primarily in the nucleus after the perception of a light signal. Thus, CRY acts as a circadian photoreceptor by directly interacting with core components of the circadian clock.  (+info)

mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. (7/564)

We determined that two mouse cryptochrome genes, mCry1 and mCry2, act in the negative limb of the clock feedback loop. In cell lines, mPER proteins (alone or in combination) have modest effects on their cellular location and ability to inhibit CLOCK:BMAL1 -mediated transcription. This suggested cryptochrome involvement in the negative limb of the feedback loop. Indeed, mCry1 and mCry2 RNA levels are reduced in the central and peripheral clocks of Clock/Clock mutant mice. mCRY1 and mCRY2 are nuclear proteins that interact with each of the mPER proteins, translocate each mPER protein from cytoplasm to nucleus, and are rhythmically expressed in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Luciferase reporter gene assays show that mCRY1 or mCRY2 alone abrogates CLOCK:BMAL1-E box-mediated transcription. The mPER and mCRY proteins appear to inhibit the transcriptional complex differentially.  (+info)

Blue light-directed destabilization of the pea Lhcb1*4 transcript depends on sequences within the 5' untranslated region. (8/564)

Pea seedlings grown in continuous red light accumulate significant levels of Lhcb1 RNA. When treated with a single pulse of blue light with a total fluence >10(4) micromol m(-2), the rate of Lhcb1 transcription is increased, whereas the level of Lhcb1 RNA is unchanged from that in control seedlings. This RNA destabilization response occurs in developing leaves but not in the apical bud. The data presented here indicate that the same response occurs in the cotyledons of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. The blue light-induced destabilization response persists in long hypocotyl hy4 and phytochrome phyA, phyB, and hy1 mutants as well as in far-red light-grown seedlings, indicating that neither CRY1 (encoded by the hy4 locus) nor phytochrome is the sole photoreceptor. Studies with transgenic plants indicate that the destabilization element in the pea Lhcb1*4 transcript resides completely in the 5' untranslated region.  (+info)

Cryptochromes are a class of photoreceptor proteins that are found in a variety of organisms, including plants, insects, and mammals. They are responsible for detecting and responding to blue light, which is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of around 400-500 nanometers. In the medical field, cryptochromes have been studied for their potential role in regulating circadian rhythms, which are the internal biological clocks that control various physiological processes in the body, such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. Cryptochromes have been shown to play a key role in the synchronization of circadian rhythms to the external environment, and they are thought to be involved in the regulation of mood, memory, and other cognitive functions. In addition to their role in circadian rhythms, cryptochromes have also been implicated in a number of other biological processes, including the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, the protection against oxidative stress, and the prevention of cancer. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of cryptochromes in health and disease.

Flavoproteins are a class of proteins that contain a covalently bound flavin molecule, which is a prosthetic group consisting of a pyrazine ring and a ribityl side chain. Flavoproteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including metabolism, redox reactions, and signal transduction. Flavoproteins can be classified into two main types based on the type of flavin they contain: FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). FMN is a reduced form of flavin, while FAD is an oxidized form. Flavoproteins play important roles in various medical conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. For example, flavoproteins such as NADH dehydrogenase and flavin reductase are involved in the electron transport chain, which is essential for energy production in cells. Mutations in genes encoding flavoproteins can lead to defects in this process, resulting in various diseases. In addition, flavoproteins are also involved in the metabolism of drugs and toxins, and are targets for the development of new drugs. For example, flavoproteins such as cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of many drugs, and inhibitors of these enzymes can be used to enhance the efficacy of certain drugs or reduce their toxicity.

Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase (DPL) is an enzyme that is involved in the repair of DNA damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It is found in all living organisms and plays a crucial role in protecting against the harmful effects of UV radiation on DNA. UV radiation can cause the formation of pyrimidine dimers, which are covalent bonds between adjacent pyrimidine bases in DNA. These dimers can distort the DNA helix and interfere with normal DNA replication and transcription. DPL is responsible for recognizing and repairing these pyrimidine dimers by using light energy to break the covalent bonds and restore the original DNA sequence. In the medical field, DPL is of interest because it is involved in the development of skin cancer and other UV-related diseases. Mutations in the DPL gene can lead to a deficiency in the enzyme, which can result in an increased risk of skin cancer. Additionally, DPL has been studied as a potential target for cancer therapy, as it is overexpressed in some types of cancer cells. Overall, DPL plays a critical role in protecting against the harmful effects of UV radiation on DNA and is an important enzyme to study in the medical field.

Photoreceptors, plant refer to specialized cells in plants that are responsible for detecting and responding to light. These cells contain pigments called photopigments, which absorb light energy and trigger a series of chemical reactions that ultimately lead to changes in the plant's physiology and behavior. There are several types of photoreceptors in plants, including phototropins, cryptochromes, and phototropins. Phototropins are responsible for regulating plant growth and development, including phototropism (the bending of a plant towards a light source) and photoperiodism (the response to the length of day and night). Cryptochromes are involved in regulating plant responses to blue light, including the regulation of flowering time and seed germination. Phototropins are also involved in regulating plant responses to red and far-red light. In addition to regulating plant growth and development, photoreceptors are also involved in plant defense mechanisms. For example, some photoreceptors can detect the presence of herbivores or pathogens and trigger the production of defensive compounds. Overall, photoreceptors play a critical role in plant growth, development, and defense, and their study is important for understanding plant biology and improving crop yields.

Phytochrome is a photoreceptor protein found in plants and some bacteria that plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, photomorphogenesis, and photoperiodic responses. In the medical field, phytochrome has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, some studies have suggested that phytochrome may have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, and may be useful in the treatment of various diseases. Additionally, phytochrome has been shown to modulate the immune system and may have potential as a treatment for autoimmune disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic applications of phytochrome.

Flavins are a group of organic compounds that are important in various biological processes, including metabolism and energy production. In the medical field, flavins are often studied for their potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammation. There are two main types of flavins: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). FMN and FAD are both derivatives of riboflavin, a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. FMN and FAD are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, as well as the production of energy in the form of ATP. In addition to their metabolic functions, flavins also play a role in protecting cells from oxidative stress and inflammation. This is because flavins can act as antioxidants, neutralizing harmful molecules called free radicals that can damage cells and contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Overall, flavins are an important class of compounds in the medical field, with potential applications in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions.

Phytochrome B is a photoreceptor protein found in plants that plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, photomorphogenesis, and flowering time. It is a member of the phytochrome family of photoreceptors, which are responsible for sensing and responding to changes in light quality and quantity. Phytochrome B is activated by red light and deactivated by far-red light. When activated, it undergoes a conformational change that allows it to interact with other proteins in the plant cell, triggering a cascade of signaling events that ultimately lead to changes in gene expression and cellular behavior. In the medical field, phytochrome B has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, researchers have investigated the use of phytochrome B as a target for cancer therapy, as it is overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells. Additionally, phytochrome B has been shown to play a role in regulating the immune system, and may have potential applications in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Eye proteins are proteins that are found in the eye and play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of the eye. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and vitreous humor. Some examples of eye proteins include: 1. Collagen: This is a protein that provides strength and support to the cornea and lens. 2. Alpha-crystallin: This protein is found in the lens and helps to maintain its shape and transparency. 3. Rhodopsin: This protein is found in the retina and is responsible for vision in low light conditions. 4. Vitreous humor proteins: These proteins are found in the vitreous humor, a clear gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. They help to maintain the shape of the eye and provide support to the retina. Disruptions in the production or function of these proteins can lead to various eye diseases and conditions, such as cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of eye proteins is important for the development of effective treatments for these conditions.

Circadian rhythm refers to the internal biological clock that regulates various physiological processes in the body, including sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, hormone production, and metabolism. This rhythm is controlled by a group of neurons in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which receives input from specialized photoreceptors in the retina that detect changes in light levels. The circadian rhythm is approximately 24 hours long and is influenced by external factors such as light exposure, meal times, and physical activity. Disruptions to the circadian rhythm, such as those caused by jet lag, shift work, or chronic sleep disorders, can have negative effects on health and well-being, including increased risk of mood disorders, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes.

Arabidopsis Proteins refer to proteins that are encoded by genes in the genome of the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis is a small flowering plant that is widely used as a model organism in plant biology research due to its small size, short life cycle, and ease of genetic manipulation. Arabidopsis proteins have been extensively studied in the medical field due to their potential applications in drug discovery, disease diagnosis, and treatment. For example, some Arabidopsis proteins have been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties, making them potential candidates for the development of new drugs. In addition, Arabidopsis proteins have been used as tools for studying human diseases. For instance, researchers have used Arabidopsis to study the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Overall, Arabidopsis proteins have become an important resource for medical research due to their potential applications in drug discovery and disease research.

ARNTL Transcription Factors are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the circadian rhythm, which is the body's internal clock that controls various physiological processes such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. ARNTL Transcription Factors are encoded by the ARNTL gene and are composed of a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain and a PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) domain. These proteins bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the expression of genes involved in the circadian rhythm. Mutations in the ARNTL gene have been associated with various sleep disorders, including advanced sleep phase syndrome and delayed sleep phase syndrome.

Phytochrome A is a photoreceptor protein found in plants that plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, photomorphogenesis, and flowering time. It is a light-sensitive protein that undergoes reversible photoconversion between two distinct forms, Pr (red-absorbing form) and Pfr (far-red-absorbing form), in response to changes in light intensity and quality. In the medical field, phytochrome A has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. For example, research has shown that phytochrome A can modulate the activity of various signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, which may have implications for cancer treatment. Additionally, phytochrome A has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may be beneficial in the management of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders.

Biological clocks are internal mechanisms that regulate various physiological processes in living organisms, including humans. These clocks are responsible for controlling the timing of events such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, metabolism, and other circadian rhythms. In the medical field, the study of biological clocks is important because disruptions to these rhythms can have negative effects on health. For example, shift work and jet lag can disrupt the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to sleep disorders, fatigue, and other health problems. Research has also shown that disruptions to biological clocks can increase the risk of certain diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of biological clocks and how they can be influenced by external factors is an important area of medical research.

Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled (GPCRs) are a large family of membrane proteins that play a crucial role in transmitting signals from the outside of a cell to the inside. They are found in almost all types of cells and are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including sensory perception, neurotransmission, and hormone signaling. GPCRs are activated by a variety of molecules, including neurotransmitters, hormones, and sensory stimuli such as light, sound, and odor. When a molecule binds to a GPCR, it causes a conformational change in the protein that activates a G protein, a small molecule that acts as a molecular switch. The activated G protein then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to a cellular response. Because GPCRs are involved in so many different physiological processes, they are an important target for drug discovery. Many drugs, including those used to treat conditions such as hypertension, depression, and allergies, work by binding to specific GPCRs and modulating their activity.

Arabidopsis is a small flowering plant species that is widely used as a model organism in the field of plant biology. It is a member of the mustard family and is native to Europe and Asia. Arabidopsis is known for its rapid growth and short life cycle, which makes it an ideal model organism for studying plant development, genetics, and molecular biology. In the medical field, Arabidopsis is used to study a variety of biological processes, including plant growth and development, gene expression, and signaling pathways. Researchers use Arabidopsis to study the genetic basis of plant diseases, such as viral infections and bacterial blight, and to develop new strategies for crop improvement. Additionally, Arabidopsis is used to study the effects of environmental factors, such as light and temperature, on plant growth and development. Overall, Arabidopsis is a valuable tool for advancing our understanding of plant biology and has important implications for agriculture and medicine.

Phototropins are a type of photoreceptor protein found in plants, algae, and some bacteria. They are responsible for mediating the plant's response to light, particularly in the regulation of growth and development. There are two main types of phototropins: phototropin 1 (phot1) and phototropin 2 (phot2). Both phot1 and phot2 contain a light-sensitive domain called the LOV (Light, Oxygen, or Voltage) domain, which undergoes a conformational change in response to blue light. This change triggers a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to changes in the plant's growth and development. Phototropins play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development, including phototropism (the bending of plant shoots towards light), chloroplast movement, and leaf expansion. They also play a role in the regulation of flowering time and seedling development. In the medical field, phototropins have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications. For example, they have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects, and they may be useful in the treatment of skin diseases and other conditions. Additionally, phototropins have been used as a model system for studying protein-protein interactions and signal transduction pathways.

Flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes in the body. It is a yellow-colored molecule that consists of a riboflavin (vitamin B2) molecule and an adenine nucleotide. FAD is involved in many enzymatic reactions that require the transfer of electrons, such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It acts as an electron carrier, accepting electrons from one molecule and transferring them to another. FAD is also involved in the production of energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary energy currency of the body. In the medical field, FAD deficiency can lead to a variety of health problems, including neurological disorders, skin disorders, and metabolic disorders. FAD is also used as a dietary supplement to support various bodily functions, including energy metabolism and immune function.

CLOCK proteins are a group of proteins that play a role in regulating the body's circadian rhythm, or internal clock. The circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that regulates various physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. The CLOCK proteins are involved in the regulation of this cycle by controlling the expression of genes that are involved in the circadian rhythm. There are two main types of CLOCK proteins: CLOCK and BMAL1. These proteins form a heterodimer, which is a complex of two different proteins, and this complex binds to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of circadian rhythm-related genes. This binding activates the expression of these genes, which in turn helps to regulate the circadian rhythm. Disruptions in the function of the CLOCK proteins have been linked to various sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep apnea, as well as other conditions, such as depression and obesity.

Drosophila proteins are proteins that are found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which is a widely used model organism in genetics and molecular biology research. These proteins have been studied extensively because they share many similarities with human proteins, making them useful for understanding the function and regulation of human genes and proteins. In the medical field, Drosophila proteins are often used as a model for studying human diseases, particularly those that are caused by genetic mutations. By studying the effects of these mutations on Drosophila proteins, researchers can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and potentially identify new therapeutic targets. Drosophila proteins have also been used to study a wide range of biological processes, including development, aging, and neurobiology. For example, researchers have used Drosophila to study the role of specific genes and proteins in the development of the nervous system, as well as the mechanisms underlying age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

In the medical field, circadian clocks refer to the internal biological rhythms that regulate various physiological processes in the body, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, metabolism, and body temperature. These rhythms are controlled by a complex network of genes and proteins that are primarily located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus in the brain. The SCN acts as the master clock, receiving input from light-sensitive cells in the retina and synchronizing the body's internal clock with the external environment. The SCN then sends signals to other parts of the body to regulate various physiological processes in a 24-hour cycle. Disruptions to the circadian clock can lead to a range of health problems, including sleep disorders, mood disorders, metabolic disorders, and increased risk of certain diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate circadian rhythms is an important area of research in medicine and has implications for the development of new treatments for various health conditions.

In the medical field, "darkness" generally refers to a lack of light or visual perception. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including: 1. Retinal detachment: A condition in which the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye, separates from the underlying tissue. 2. Retinitis pigmentosa: A genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the retina, leading to vision loss and eventually blindness. 3. Macular degeneration: A condition in which the central part of the retina, called the macula, deteriorates, leading to vision loss. 4. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause vision loss. 5. Glaucoma: A group of eye diseases that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. 6. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve can cause vision loss or blindness. 7. Brain injury: Damage to the brain, particularly the visual cortex, can cause blindness or vision loss. In some cases, darkness may also be a symptom of a more serious underlying medical condition, such as a brain tumor or stroke.

Period circadian proteins (PERs) are a group of proteins that play a critical role in regulating the body's internal clock, also known as the circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that regulates various physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and metabolism. PERs are produced in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a small region of the hypothalamus in the brain. The SCN receives input from the retina, which detects changes in light and darkness, and uses this information to synchronize the body's internal clock with the external environment. PERs are involved in the negative feedback loop that regulates the circadian rhythm. When light enters the eye, it inhibits the production of PERs, which in turn leads to the release of other hormones that promote wakefulness. As the day progresses, PER levels increase, leading to the suppression of wakefulness-promoting hormones and the onset of sleep. Disruptions in the regulation of PERs can lead to various sleep disorders, including insomnia, sleep apnea, and circadian rhythm sleep disorder. Additionally, mutations in the genes that encode PERs have been linked to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

In the medical field, cotyledon refers to the seed leaf of a plant embryo. It is the first leaf to develop in the embryo and is responsible for storing nutrients that will be used by the developing plant. In some plants, such as legumes, the cotyledon is also the primary source of food for the developing embryo. The number and type of cotyledons can vary among different plant species and can provide important clues for plant identification and classification.

I'm sorry, but I don't think there is a specific term called "Animal Migration" in the medical field. Animal migration refers to the seasonal movement of animals from one place to another, usually in search of food, water, or suitable breeding grounds. This phenomenon is observed in various species of animals, including birds, mammals, fish, and insects. In the medical field, the term "migration" is used in a different context, such as the migration of cells or tissues within the body, or the movement of pathogens from one location to another. For example, the migration of immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation is an important aspect of the immune response. Similarly, the migration of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body is a hallmark of metastasis. If you have a specific question related to animal migration or any other medical topic, I would be happy to try and help you.

In the medical field, the term "butterflies" typically refers to a pattern of small, raised red or pink spots on the skin that are caused by the dilation of blood vessels in the skin. This condition is also known as "flushing" or "urticaria." Butterflies are often associated with certain medical conditions, such as an allergic reaction, heat stroke, or a viral infection. They can also be a side effect of certain medications or substances, such as alcohol or spicy foods. In some cases, butterflies may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as an autoimmune disorder or a blood clotting disorder. If you are experiencing butterflies or any other unusual symptoms, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment.

In mammals, cryptochrome proteins are encoded by two genes, Cry1 and Cry2. Cryptochrome is one of the four groups of mammalian ... cryptochrome at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Cryptochrome circadian clock in Monarch ... Similarly, cryptochromes play an important role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms in plants. In Drosophila, cryptochrome ... The genes Cry1 and Cry2 encode the two cryptochrome proteins CRY1 and CRY2, respectively. Cryptochromes are classified into ...
Five Phytochromes, Two Cryptochromes, One Phototropin, and One Superchrome". Plant Physiology. 125 (1): 85-88. doi:10.1104/pp. ... Lin, Chentao; Todo, Takeshi (2005-04-29). "The cryptochromes". Genome Biology. 6 (5): 220. doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-220. ISSN ... for example cryptochrome in plants and animals) and bilin (biliproteins, for example phytochrome in plants). The plant protein ... UV-B light reception Cryptochrome: blue and UV-A light reception Phototropin: blue and UV-A light perception (to mediate ...
Class 3 CPD lyases make up a sister group to the plant cryptochromes, which in turn are a sister group to class 1 CPDs. The Cry ... The cryptochromes have their own detailed grouping. Bacterial 6-4 lyases (InterPro: IPR007357), also known as the FeS-BCP group ... The cryptochromes form a polyphyletic group including photolyases that have lost their DNA repair activity and instead control ... The "Cry" part of their name was due to initial assumptions that they were cryptochromes. Eukaryotic (6-4)DNA photolyases form ...
Cryptochromes absorb blue light and UV-A. Cryptochromes entrain the circadian clock to light. It has been found that both ... Modern biologists believe that it is the coincidence of the active forms of phytochrome or cryptochrome, created by light ... ISBN 978-0-374-28873-0. Lin C, Todo T (2005). "The cryptochromes". Genome Biology. 6 (5): 220. doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-220. PMC ... cryptochrome and phytochrome abundance relies on light and the amount of cryptochrome can change depending on day-length. This ...
Yuan, Q.; Metterville, D.; Briscoe, A. D.; Reppert, S. M. (2007). "Insect Cryptochromes: Gene Duplication and Loss Define ... Reppert and colleagues discovered that the two mouse cryptochromes, mCRY1 and mCRY2, function as the primary transcriptional ... Foley, Lauren E.; Gegear, Robert J.; Reppert, Steven M. (2011). "Human cryptochrome exhibits light-dependent magnetosensitivity ... Kyriacou, Charalambos P (2009). "Clocks, cryptochromes and Monarch migrations". Journal of Biology. 8 (6): 55. doi:10.1186/ ...
"Cryptochrome and Magnetic Sensing". Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ... Schulten and others have since extended this early work, developing a model of the possible excitation of cryptochrome proteins ...
Of the six types of cryptochrome in birds, cryptochrome-4a (Cry4a) binds FAD much more tightly than the rest. Cry4a levels in ... no biomolecule other than cryptochrome has been identified capable of supporting radical pairs. In cryptochrome, a yellow ... In their view, cryptochrome and its radical pairs provide the only model that can explain the avian magnetic compass. A scheme ... The function of cryptochrome varies by species, but its mechanism is always the same: exposure to blue light excites an ...
Green's research on cryptochromes began in 2003, when she and colleagues investigated the role of cryptochrome in suppressing ... Cryptochrome proteins are essential for the proper functioning of the circadian clock in insects and mammals, and for proper ... Green's lab has focused heavily on a class of proteins known as cryptochromes, which are blue light receptor proteins found in ... This study provides a model for the evolutionary mechanism by which the structure of cryptochromes, and thus clock regulatory ...
Partch studied mammalian cryptochromes' interactions with protein phosphatase 5 to investigate how inhibition of PP5 affects ... Following Partch's earliest research at OHSU, she began to home in on cryptochrome proteins and their signal transduction ... Partch's PhD research focused on signal transduction mechanisms by cryptochrome proteins. In her post-doctoral research, Partch ... In her thesis, Partch discusses convergence in plant and animal cryptochromes, translational repressors in biological clock ...
In addition to blue light, cryptochromes also perceive long wavelength UV irradiation (UV-A). Since the cryptochromes were ... There are several blue light photoreceptors known as cryptochromes. The combination of phytochromes and cryptochromes mediate ... Cryptochromes were the first blue light receptors to be isolated and characterized from any organism, and are responsible for ... The cryptochromes have evolved from microbial DNA-photolyase, an enzyme that carries out light-dependent repair of UV damaged ...
Phylogenomic Analysis of the Photolyase/Cryptochrome Family". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (5): 1143-1153. doi:10.1093/ ... Instead, this gene is mutated to encode for cryptochromes. http://www.thephora.net/forum/archive/index.php/t-9928.html "NCF1C ...
Along with cryptochromes and phytochromes they allow plants to respond and alter their growth in response to the light ... Five phytochromes, two cryptochromes, one phototropin, and one superchrome". Plant Physiol. 125 (1): 85-8. doi:10.1104/pp.125.1 ... In addition phototropins mediate the first changes in stem elongation in blue light prior to cryptochrome activation. ... Folta, Kevin (2001). "Unexpected Roles for Cryptochrome 2 and Phototropin Revealed by High-resolution Analysis of Blue Light- ...
Humans have, including rhodopsin, nine opsins, as well as cryptochrome (light-sensitive, but not an opsin). Rhodopsin, like ... Foley LE, Gegear RJ, Reppert SM (June 2011). "Human cryptochrome exhibits light-dependent magnetosensitivity". Nature ...
Cry1 and Cry2 - Cryptochromes are a class of blue light sensitive flavoproteins found in plants and animals. Cry1 and Cry2 code ... Thompson CL, Sancar A (2004). "Cryptochrome: Discovery of a Circadian Photopigment". In Lenci F, Horspool WM. CRC handbook of ...
... ubiquitin ligase targets cryptochromes at their cofactor pocket". Nature. 496 (7443): 64-8. Bibcode:2013Natur.496...64X. doi: ... ubiquitin ligase targets cryptochromes at their cofactor pocket". Nature. 496 (7443): 64-8. Bibcode:2013Natur.496...64X. doi: ... "SCFFbxl3 controls the oscillation of the circadian clock by directing the degradation of cryptochrome proteins". Science. 316 ( ... "FBXL21 regulates oscillation of the circadian clock through ubiquitination and stabilization of cryptochromes". Cell. 152 (5): ...
Now, cryptochrome (CRY) is a light sensitive protein which inhibits TIM in the presence of light. When TIM is not complexed ... dimerizes via its PAS domain with one of two cryptochrome proteins (CRY1 and CRY2) to form a negative element of the clock. ... "Light-dependent sequestration of TIMELESS by CRYPTOCHROME". Science. 285 (5427): 553-6. doi:10.1126/science.285.5427.553. PMID ...
Kay discovered that cryptochrome is the circadian photoreceptor that directly acts with and sequesters TIM in response to light ... KL001-mediated cryptochrome stabilization (of both CRY1 and CRY2) was found to restrain glucagon-activated gluconeogenesis. ... There, Kay collaborated with Jeffrey C. Hall and discovered a cryptochrome mutant in fruit flies, also demonstrating that clock ... John PC; Sawa M (2012). "Identification of small molecule activators in cryptochrome". Science. 337 (6098): 1094-1097. Bibcode: ...
"Light-Dependent Sequestration of TIMELESS by CRYPTOCHROME". Science. 285 (5427): 553-556. doi:10.1126/science.285.5427.553. ...
7-day biological cycle Cryptochrome CRY1 and CRY2: the cryptochrome family genes Diurnal cycle Light effects on circadian ... The cryptochrome (cry) gene is also a light-sensitive component of the circadian clock and is thought to be involved both as a ... Cryptochromes 1-2 (involved in blue-UVA) help to maintain the period length in the clock through a whole range of light ... Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. Phytochrome A, phyA, is light labile and allows ...
Yang Z, Liu B, Su J, Liao J, Lin C, Oka Y (12 Nov 2016). "Cryptochromes Orchestrate Transcription Regulation of Diverse Blue ... from condensation and trail cryptochrome, from cryptogam and chromatic cultivar, from cultivated and variety cyborg, from ...
Together phytochromes and cryptochromes inhibit gravitropism in hypocotyls and contribute to phototropism. The Thale Cress ( ... Eckardt, N. A. (1 May 2003). "A Component of the Cryptochrome Blue Light Signaling Pathway". The Plant Cell Online. 15 (5): ... The combination of responses from phytochromes and cryptochromes allow the plant to respond to various kinds of light. ... Both root tips and most stem tips exhibit positive phototropism to red light.[citation needed] Cryptochromes are photoreceptors ...
Many larval sponges possess neuron-less eyes that are based on cryptochromes. They mediate phototaxic behavior. Glass sponges ... "Blue-light-receptive cryptochrome is expressed in a sponge eye lacking neurons and opsin". The Journal of Experimental Biology ...
The right eye of a migratory bird contains photoreceptive proteins called cryptochromes. Light excites these molecules to ...
Cryptochrome, a flavoprotein found in the eyes of European robins and other animal species, is the only protein known to form ... The function of cryptochrome is diverse across species, however, the photoinduction of radical-pairs occurs by exposure to blue ... In 2000, cryptochrome was proposed as the "magnetic molecule" that could harbor magnetically sensitive radical-pairs. ... Further evidence came from a comparison of Cryptochrome 4 (CRY4) from migrating and non-migrating birds. CRY4 from chicken and ...
"Arabidopsis cryptochrome is responsive to Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 11260. doi: ...
Emery, P.; So, W.V.; Kaneko, M.; Hall, J.C.; Rosbash, M. (1998). "CRY, a Drosophila clock and light-regulated cryptochrome, is ... The gene product CRY is a major photoreceptor protein belonging to a class of flavoproteins called cryptochromes. They are also ... Busza, A.; Emery-Le, M.; Rosbash, M.; Emery, P. (2004). "Roles of the two Drosophila CRYPTOCHROME structural domains in ... Mei, Q.; Dvornyk, V. (2015). "Evolutionary History of the Photolyase/Cryptochrome Superfamily in Eukaryotes". PLOS ONE. 10 (9 ...
Cryptochrome in Drosophila is a blue-light photoreceptor that triggers degradation of TIM, indirectly leading to the clock ... There are also two paralogs of cryptochrome in mammals. PER and CRY proteins form a heterodimer, and PER's phosphorylation by ... way the mammalian system works is that BMAL1 forms a heterodimer with CLOCK to initiate transcription of mPer and cryptochrome ...
Eide EJ, Vielhaber EL, Hinz WA, Virshup DM (May 2002). "The circadian regulatory proteins BMAL1 and cryptochromes are ...
"Cryptochromes Interact Directly with PIFs to Control Plant Growth in Limiting Blue Light". Cell. 164 (1-2): 233-245. doi: ...
June 2015). "Cryptochrome 1 regulates the circadian clock through dynamic interactions with the BMAL1 C terminus". Nature ... Eide EJ, Vielhaber EL, Hinz WA, Virshup DM (May 2002). "The circadian regulatory proteins BMAL1 and cryptochromes are ...
In mammals, cryptochrome proteins are encoded by two genes, Cry1 and Cry2. Cryptochrome is one of the four groups of mammalian ... cryptochrome at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Cryptochrome circadian clock in Monarch ... Similarly, cryptochromes play an important role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms in plants. In Drosophila, cryptochrome ... The genes Cry1 and Cry2 encode the two cryptochrome proteins CRY1 and CRY2, respectively. Cryptochromes are classified into ...
Cryptochrome. Scientists nail down the network topology of the human circadian clock Scientists from several American colleges ... Turns out that dogs and primates are the latest in a line of creatures that produce cryptochrome, the photopigment that lets ...
The second chromophore in Drosophila photolyase/cryptochrome family photoreceptors. Selby CP, Sancar A. Biochemistry. 2012 Jan ...
CRYPTOCHROME - MORE HUMAN EPK download. Cryptochrome is the genre-defying, boundary-pushing, brave new project of and Icelandic ... "Cryptochrome are one of the most intriguing, genre blending groups making music right now. Mixing beat heavy, underground hip ... Said by some to be the most exciting band on the Icelandic music scene today, Cryptochrome are setting the stage for a very ... Their first album Cryptochrome, a project of regrouping, rediscovery and redirection, was released in 2013 on Defcon Records ...
aYia) (RuGl) (Auðn) (Cryptochrome) (Glowie) (JFDR) (Krakk & Spaghettí) (Moji & The Midnight Suns) (Skrattar) (Tófa) (Iceland ... Cryptochrome. This electronic-pop-rap fusion group stepped onto the scene in 2013, releasing their self-titled debut, and like ... a cool breeze blowing through Reykjavík, Cryptochrome has steadily been gaining momentum since then. Their 2016 release, More ...
In sunlight, cryptochromes are required for the perception by plants of blue light and the longer wavelengths within the UV-A ... In sunlight cryptochrome-mediated signalling is driven mostly by violet and blue light with wavelength longer than 400 nm. In ... Reports of a role for cryptochromes in this response have been few, and to some extent contradictory. Most studies on the daily ... Fang Wang, T Matthew Robson, Jorge J Casal, Alexey Shapiguzov, Pedro J Aphalo (2020) Contributions of cryptochromes and ...
HFR1 is a component of cryptochrome 1 (cry1)-mediated light signalling. Moreover, HFR1 mRNA levels are high both in blue and in ... They use cryptochromes and phytochromes to scan the light spectrum. Those two families of photoreceptors mediate a number of ...
Light, Cryptochrome, and Circadian Clocks. Advisor: Charles Weitz. Moran, Magdalene. TLF is a Functional Regulator or ...
Differential regulation of mammalian period genes and circadian rhythmicity by cryptochromes 1 and 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. ...
Cryptochromes are highly related proteins that no longer .... ,READ MORE,. Graduate School Life Science Munich (LSM). ...
... modified the cryptochrome protein to improve the stability of the cryptochrome-TIM complex and used innovative techniques to ... Much of the hard work of the study went into figuring out how to produce the complex of cryptochrome-TIM so it could be studied ... Cryptochromes are closely related to a family of enzymes involved in repairing damage to DNA, called photolyases. Crane said ... 2023). Cryptochrome-Timeless structure reveals circadian clock timing mechanisms. Nature. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06009-4. ...
AMPK regulates the circadian clock by cryptochrome phosphorylation and degradation. Science 2009, 326, 437-440. [Google Scholar ... and two Cryptochrome (Cry 1-2) genes, driving their transcription. The translated proteins PER and CRY then inhibit the ...
Structure and Function of Animal Cryptochromes. N. Öztürk, S.-H. Song, S. Özgür, C.P. Selby, L. Morrison, C. Partch, D. Zhong, ... Structure Function Analysis of Mammalian Cryptochromes. F. Tamanini, I. Chaves, M.I. Bajek, and G.T.J. van der Horst. ...
Activation of Cryptochrome and its relation to retinal neurons also Rhodopsin en.wikipedia.org... ...
2008). Cryptochromes are critical for circadian timing in butterflys clock mechanism. In monarchs, one of the cryptochromes ... Cryptochromes define a novel circadian clock mechanism in monarch butterflies that may underlie sun compass navigation. PLoS ... For instance, recent studies conducted on monarchs allowed for understanding the evolution and function of cryptochrome ...
Through cryptochrome, animals may actually be able to see magnetic fields as visual patterns. ... Another is the "radical pair" hypothesis, which involves a light-sensitive molecule called cryptochrome, used by photoreceptors ...
The Period and Cryptochrome proteins form oligomers and repress the action of CLOCK/BMAL1 (van der Horst et al., 1999; Zheng et ... feedback loop in which CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimers drive the rhythmic expression of Period and Cryptochrome clock genes and of ...
They engineered the cells to produce cryptochrome, a flavonoid compound found in many plants, which is activated by blue light ...
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A role of cryptochrome for magnetic field-dependent improvement of sleep quality, lifespan, and motor function in Drosophila [ ... Structural Explanations of FAD Binding in Drosophila Melanogaster Cryptochrome [tech./dosim.] J Phys Chem Lett 11 (10): 3866- ... Cryptochrome-dependent magnetic field effect on seizure response in Drosophila larvae [med./bio.] ... Magnetic fields modulate blue-light-dependent regulation of neuronal firing by cryptochrome [med./bio.] ...
The mutation is an allele of the core clock gene Cryptochrome 1, but the phenotype of mutant hamsters differs in unexpected ...
Insect cryptochromes: gene duplication and loss define diverse ways to construct insect circadian clocks. Mol Biol Evol. 2007 ...
2017). The light signal is perceived predominantly by the blue-light-perceiving cryptochromes (CRY) and the red-light- ...
It has been proposed that retinal photopigments such as melanopsin or cryptochrome might be involved in the pathophysiology of ...
Its genome even encodes four different cryptochromes. While two of these cryptochromes are involved in the circadian clock, the ... "Cryptochromes are important for the entrainment and regulation of the circadian clock; they play this role not only in land ... Cryptochromes are "conserved" in evolution. The researchers found that there are some genes involved in circadian rhythms that ... The newly studied cryptochrome influences cell structures responsible for photosynthesis. "However, we were surprised that the ...
Klionsky, D. J., Abdelmohsen, K., Abe, A., Abedin, M. J., Abeliovich, H., Arozena, A. A., Adachi, H., Adams, C. M., Adams, P. D., Adeli, K., Adhihetty, P. J., Adler, S. G., Agam, G., Agarwal, R., Aghi, M. K., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguilar, P. V., Aguirre-Ghiso, J., Airoldi, E. M., & 2,442 othersAit-Si-Ali, S., Akematsu, T., Akporiaye, E. T., Al-Rubeai, M., Albaiceta, G. M., Albanese, C., Albani, D., Albert, M. L., Aldudo, J., Algül, H., Alirezaei, M., Alloza, I., Almasan, A., Almonte-Beceril, M., Alnemri, E. S., Alonso, C., Altan-Bonnet, N., Altieri, D. C., Alvarez, S., Alvarez-Erviti, L., Alves, S., Amadoro, G., Amano, A., Amantini, C., Ambrosio, S., Amelio, I., Amer, A. O., Amessou, M., Amon, A., An, Z., Anania, F. A., Andersen, S. U., Andley, U. P., Andreadi, C. K., Andrieu-Abadie, N., Anel, A., Ann, D. K., Anoopkumar-Dukie, S., Antonioli, M., Aoki, H., Apostolova, N., Aquila, S., Aquilano, K., Araki, K., Arama, E., Aranda, A., Araya, J., Arcaro, A., Arias, E., Arimoto, H., Ariosa, A. ...
A critique of the role of Cryptochromes in magnetoreception, according to which they are not primary field sensors and only ... This radical (joined with cryptochrome photoreceptors as a reaction partner)is supposed to link the birds photo- and ... that it depends on the presence of a functional gene for Cryptochrome(Gegear et al., 2008), and our new data show that RF ... and that these reactions most probably are linked to Cryptochromes. ...
Decrypting The Hidden Light Of Cryptochromes. *. RA Panel: Is There Still Value In …. ...
Foley, L. E., Gegear, R. J. & Reppert, S. M. (2011). Human cryptochrome exhibits lightdependent magnetosensitivity. Nature ...
  • Studies of Drosophila cry-knockout mutants led to the later discovery that cryptochrome proteins are also involved in regulating the mammalian circadian clock. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings led researchers to conclude that the cryptochrome protein encoded by cry is necessary for Drosophila photoentrainment. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mammals, a protein analog of the Drosophila cryptochrome protein was discovered with the characteristic property of lacking photolyase activity, prompting researchers to consider it in the same class of cryptochrome proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Addgene: The second chromophore in Drosophila photolyase/cryptochrome family photoreceptors. (addgene.org)
  • A role of cryptochrome for magnetic field-dependent improvement of sleep quality, lifespan, and motor function in Drosophila [med. (emf-portal.org)
  • Details] Effects of an electric field on sleep quality and life span mediated by ultraviolet (UV)-A/blue light photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME in Drosophila [med. (emf-portal.org)
  • HFR1, a putative bHLH transcription factor, mediates both phytochrome A and cryptochrome signalling. (unil.ch)
  • They include the phototropins, phytochromes (PHYTOCHROME), and members of the ubiquitous cryptochrome family. (bvsalud.org)
  • Human cryptochrome exhibits lightdependent magnetosensitivity. (bvsalud.org)
  • The research, 'Cryptochrome-Timeless Structure Reveals Circadian Clock Timing Mechanisms' published April 26 in Nature . (news-medical.net)
  • While two of these cryptochromes are involved in the circadian clock, the function of the other two was still unknown. (chemeurope.com)
  • This is an important step forward in our understanding of the perception of different wavelengths of sunlight by plants as the former accepted view was that UVR8 is a UV-B photoreceptor that participated only in the perception of UV-B radiation while all wavelengths of UV-A radiation were perceived by cryptochromes and the other UV-A/Blue photoreceptors, phototropins and ZTL. (helsinki.fi)
  • Insect cryptochromes: gene duplication and loss define diverse ways to construct insect circadian clocks. (umassmed.edu)
  • The protein encoded by this gene was named cryptochrome 1 to distinguish it from its ancestral photolyase proteins and was found to be involved in the photoreception of blue light. (wikipedia.org)
  • A common misconception in the evolutionary history of cryptochrome proteins is that mammalian and plant proteins are orthologs of each other that evolved directly from a shared photolyase gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • In sunlight, cryptochromes are required for the perception by plants of blue light and the longer wavelengths within the UV-A band leading to changes in gene expression. (helsinki.fi)
  • The mutation is an allele of the core clock gene Cryptochrome 1, but the phenotype of mutant hamsters differs in unexpected ways from that of Cry1-null mice. (umass.edu)
  • To analyse the role of one of these cryptochromes with unknown function in detail, the Jena research team compared wild type algal cells with mutants in which the gene for this receptor molecule was knocked out. (chemeurope.com)
  • Cryptochromes are derived from and closely related to photolyases, which are bacterial enzymes that are activated by light and involved in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cryptochromes are closely related to a family of enzymes involved in repairing damage to DNA, called photolyases. (news-medical.net)
  • Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins found in plants and animals that are sensitive to blue light. (wikipedia.org)
  • The target of the cryptochrome photosensor, known as 'Timeless' (TIM), is a large, complex protein that could not previously be imaged and thus its interactions with the cryptochrome are not well understood. (news-medical.net)
  • Much of the hard work of the study went into figuring out how to produce the complex of cryptochrome-TIM so it could be studied, because TIM is such a large, unwieldy protein, Crane said. (news-medical.net)
  • To achieve their results, first author Changfan Lin, M.S. '17, Ph.D. '21, modified the cryptochrome protein to improve the stability of the cryptochrome-TIM complex and used innovative techniques to purify the samples, making them suitable for high-resolution imaging. (news-medical.net)
  • The name cryptochrome was proposed as a portmanteau combining the chromatic nature of the photoreceptor, and the cryptogamic organisms on which many blue-light studies were carried out. (wikipedia.org)
  • In sunlight cryptochrome-mediated signalling is driven mostly by violet and blue light with wavelength longer than 400 nm. (helsinki.fi)
  • In flies and other insects, cryptochromes, activated by blue light, serve as the primary light sensors for setting circadian rhythms. (news-medical.net)
  • They engineered the cells to produce cryptochrome, a flavonoid compound found in many plants, which is activated by blue light. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Turns out that dogs and primates are the latest in a line of creatures that produce cryptochrome, the photopigment that lets migratory birds see the Earth's magnetic field. (extremetech.com)
  • PhD student Anxhela Rredhi from the University of Jena presents cultures of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: on the left the wild type and on the right a mutant lacking a specific cryptochrome. (chemeurope.com)
  • The genes Cry1 and Cry2 encode the two cryptochrome proteins CRY1 and CRY2, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among the genes of the endogenous clock that have been "conserved" throughout evolution are cryptochromes. (chemeurope.com)
  • The researchers found that because of how the cryptochrome binds TIM, the variation reduces the affinity of TIM for the cryptochrome. (news-medical.net)
  • Using electron microscopy, they could see that the cell membranes in which photosynthesis takes place are more densely packed without the cryptochrome than in wild type cells. (chemeurope.com)
  • The research focused on fruit fly cryptochromes, key components of the circadian clocks of plants and animals, including humans. (news-medical.net)
  • Reference sequence analysis of cryptochrome-1 isoform d shows two conserved domains with photolyase proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Comparative genomic analysis supports photolyase proteins as the ancestors of cryptochromes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cryptochromes are classified into plant Cry and animal Cry. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genes Cry1 and Cry2 encode the two cryptochrome proteins CRY1 and CRY2, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cryptochromes (CRY1, CRY2) are evolutionarily old and highly conserved proteins that belong to the flavoproteins superfamily that exists in all kingdoms of life. (wikipedia.org)
  • The molecular clock gene cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) and its role in cluster headache. (cdc.gov)
  • Besides chlorophylls, cryptochromes are the only proteins known to form photoinduced radical-pairs in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reference sequence analysis of cryptochrome-1 isoform d shows two conserved domains with photolyase proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Comparative genomic analysis supports photolyase proteins as the ancestors of cryptochromes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene was named cryptochrome 1 to distinguish it from its ancestral photolyase proteins and was found to be involved in the photoreception of blue light. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies of Drosophila cry-knockout mutants led to the later discovery that cryptochrome proteins are also involved in regulating the mammalian circadian clock. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mammals, a protein analog of the Drosophila cryptochrome protein was discovered with the characteristic property of lacking photolyase activity, prompting researchers to consider it in the same class of cryptochrome proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • A common misconception in the evolutionary history of cryptochrome proteins is that mammalian and plant proteins are orthologs of each other that evolved directly from a shared photolyase gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The second and the subject of this paper involves cryptochrome (CRY) proteins located in cone photoreceptors distributed across the retina, studied most extensively in birds. (nih.gov)
  • Cryptochromes are derived from and closely related to photolyases, which are bacterial enzymes that are activated by light and involved in the repair of UV-induced DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins found in plants and animals that are sensitive to blue light. (wikipedia.org)
  • In detail, mechanistic similarities and differences are condensed from the three classes of flavoproteins, the cryptochromes, LOV (Light-oxygen-voltage), and BLUF (blue-light using FAD) domains. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cryptochromes in Mammals and Birds: Clock or Magnetic Compass? (nih.gov)
  • Co-condensation with photoexcited cryptochromes facilitates MAC3A to positively control hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis . (bvsalud.org)
  • In mice, genetic loss of cryptochrome 1 and/or 2 results in glucose intolerance and constitutively high levels of circulating corticosterone, suggesting reduced suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis coupled with increased glucocorticoid transactivation in the liver. (nih.gov)