Crotoxin
Crotalus
A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE, one of the pit vipers, so-called from the pit hollowing out the maxillary bone, opening between the eye and the nostril. They are distinctively American serpents. Most of the 25 recognized species are found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Several species are found as far north as Canada and east of the Mississippi, including southern Appalachia. They are named for the jointed rattle (Greek krotalon) at the tip of their tail. (Goin, Goin, and Zug: Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed; Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p335)
Crotalid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Ophthalmoplegia
Phospholipases A2
Viperidae
A family of snakes comprising three subfamilies: Azemiopinae (the mountain viper, the sole member of this subfamily), Viperinae (true vipers), and Crotalinae (pit vipers). They are widespread throughout the world, being found in the United States, Central and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Their venoms act on the blood (hemotoxic) as compared to the venom of elapids which act on the nervous system (neurotoxic). (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp333-36)
Snake Venoms
Phospholipases A
Elapid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. They can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS) or noncompetitive, depolarizing agents (NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS). Both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle contraction and they are used as anesthesia adjuvants, as relaxants during electroshock, in convulsive states, etc.
Facial Muscles
Databases, Protein
Internet
Vegetable Proteins
User-Computer Interface
Software
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Neurotoxins
Oculomotor Muscles
Paresis
A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS.
Receptors, Formyl Peptide
A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that was originally identified by its ability to bind N-formyl peptides such as N-FORMYLMETHIONINE LEUCYL-PHENYLALANINE. Since N-formyl peptides are found in MITOCHONDRIA and BACTERIA, this class of receptors is believed to play a role in mediating cellular responses to cellular damage and bacterial invasion. However, non-formylated peptide ligands have also been found for this receptor class.
Pyroglutamyl-Peptidase I
Amino Acid Sequence
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
Snake Bites
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)
Amblyopia
A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.
Encyclopedias as Topic
Peripheral Nervous System Agents
Triamcinolone
Holothurin
Opossums
Bothrops
Dengue Virus
Dengue
Buffaloes
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Water
Crystallography, X-Ray
Models, Molecular
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Crocalbin: a new calcium-binding protein that is also a binding protein for crotoxin, a neurotoxic phospholipase A2. (1/46)
Utilizing Marathon-ready cDNA library and a gene-specific primer corresponding to a partial amino acid sequence determined previously, the complete nucleotide sequence for the cDNA of crocalbin, which binds crotoxin (a phospholipase A2) and Ca2+, was obtained by polymerase chain reaction. The open reading frame of the cDNA encodes a novel polypeptide of 315 amino acid residues, including a signal sequence of 19 residues. This protein contains six potential Ca(2+)-binding domains, one N-glycosylation site, and a large amount of acidic amino acid residues. The ability to bind Ca2+ has been ascertained by calcium overlay experiment. Evidenced by sequence similarity in addition, it is concluded that crocalbin is a new member of the reticulocalbin family of calcium-binding proteins. (+info)Combining phage display and molecular modeling to map the epitope of a neutralizing antitoxin antibody. (2/46)
Crotoxin is a potent presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. It is composed of the noncovalent and synergistic association of a weakly toxic phospholipase A2, CB, and a nontoxic three-chain subunit, CA, which increases the lethal potency of CB. The A-56.36 mAb is able to dissociate the crotoxin complex by binding to the CA subunit, thereby neutralizing its toxicity. Because A-56.36 and CB show sequence homology and both compete for binding to CA, we postulated that A-56.36 and CB had overlapping binding sites on CA. By screening random phage-displayed libraries with the mAb, phagotopes bearing the (D/S)GY(A/G) or AAXI consensus motifs were selected. They all bound A-56.36 in ELISA and competed with CA for mAb binding, although with different reactivities. When mice were immunized with the selected clones, polyclonal sera reacting with CA were induced. Interestingly, the raised antibodies retained the crotoxin-dissociating effect of A-56.36, suggesting that the selected peptides may be used to produce neutralizing antibodies. By combining these data with the molecular modeling of CA, it appeared that the functional epitope of A-56.36 on CA was conformational, one subregion being discontinuous and corresponding to the first family of peptides, the other subregion being continuous and composed of amino acids of the second family. Phage-displayed peptides corresponding to fragments of the two identified regions on CA reacted with A-56.36 and with CB. Our data support the hypothesis that A-56.36 and CB interact with common regions of CA, and highlight residues which are likely to be critical for CA-CB complex formation. (+info)Interaction of the neurotoxic and nontoxic secretory phospholipases A2 with the crotoxin inhibitor from Crotalus serum. (3/46)
Crotalus durissus terrificus snakes possess a protein in their blood, named crotoxin inhibitor from Crotalus serum (CICS), which protects them against crotoxin, the main toxin of their venom. CICS neutralizes the lethal potency of crotoxin and inhibits its phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. The aim of the present study is to investigate the specificity of CICS towards snake venom neurotoxic PLA2s (beta-neurotoxins) and nontoxic mammalian PLA2s. This investigation shows that CICS does not affect the enzymatic activity of pancreatic and nonpancreatic PLA2s, bee venom PLA2 and Elapidae beta-neurotoxins but strongly inhibits the PLA2 activity of Viperidae beta-neurotoxins. Surface plasmon resonance and PAGE studies further demonstrated that CICS makes complexes with monomeric and multimeric Viperidae beta-neurotoxins but does not interact with nontoxic PLA2s. In the case of dimeric beta-neurotoxins from Viperidae venoms (crotoxin, Mojave toxin and CbICbII), which are made by the noncovalent association of a PLA2 with a nonenzymatic subunit, CICS does not react with the noncatalytic subunit, instead it binds tightly to the PLA2 subunit and induces the dissociation of the heterocomplex. In vitro assays performed with Torpedo synaptosomes showed a protective action of CICS against Viperidae beta-neurotoxins but not against other PLA2 neurotoxins, on primary and evoked liberation of acetylcholine. In conclusion, CICS is a specific PLA2 inhibitor of the beta-neurotoxins from the Viperidae family. (+info)Crotoxin, the major toxin from the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, inhibits 3H-choline uptake in guinea pig ileum. (4/46)
We examined the effect of crotoxin, the neurotoxic complex from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, on the uptake of 3H-choline in minces of smooth muscle myenteric plexus from guinea pig ileum. In the concentration range used (0. 03-1 microM) and up to 10 min of treatment, crotoxin decreased 3H-choline uptake by 50-75% compared to control. This inhibition was time dependent and did not seem to be associated with the disruption of the neuronal membrane, because at least for the first 20 min of tissue exposure to the toxin (up to 1 microM) the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the supernatant were similar to those of controls. Higher concentrations of crotoxin or more extensive incubation times with this toxin resulted in elevation of LDH activity detected in the assay supernatant. The inhibitory effect of crotoxin on 3H-choline uptake seems to be associated with its phospholipase activity since the equimolar substitution of Sr2+ for Ca2+ in the incubation medium or the modification of the toxin with p-bromophenacyl bromide substantially decreased this effect. Our results show that crotoxin inhibits 3H-choline uptake with high affinity (EC25 = 10 +/- 5 nM). We suggest that this inhibition could explain, at least in part, the blocking effect of crotoxin on neurotransmission. (+info)Role of crotoxin, a phospholipase A2 isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, on inflammatory and immune reactions. (5/46)
BACKGROUND: Crotoxin (CTX) is a potent neurotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom (CdtV) composed of two subunits: one without catalytic activity (crotapotin), and a basic phospolipase A2. Recent data have demonstrated that CdtV or CTX inhibit some immune and inflammatory reactions. AIM: The aim of this paper was to investigate the mechanisms involved in these impaired responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Swiss mice were bled before and at different intervals of time after subcutaneous injection of CTX or bovine serum albumin (BSA) (control animals). The effect of treatments on circulating leukocyte mobilisation and on serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma and corticosterone were investigated. Spleen cells from treated animals were also stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A to evaluate the profile of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 or IFN-gamma secretion. Cytokine levels were determined by immunoenzymatic assay and corticosterone levels by radioimmunoassay. To investigate the participation of endogenous corticosteroid on the effects evoked by CTX, animals were treated with metyrapone, an inhibitor of glucocorticoid synthesis, previous to CTX treatment. RESULTS: Marked alterations on peripheral leukocyte distribution, characterised by a drop in the number of lymphocytes and monocytes and an increase in the number of neutrophils, were observed after CTX injection. No such alteration was observed in BSA-treated animals. Increased levels of IL-6, IL-10 and corticosterone were also detected in CTX-injected animals. IFN-gamma levels were not modified after treatments. In contrast, spleen cells obtained from CTX-treated animals and stimulated with concanavalin A secreted less IL-10 and IL-4 in comparison with cells obtained from control animals. Metyrapone pretreatment was effective only to reverse the neutrophilia observed after CTX administration. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that CTX may contribute to the deficient inflammatory and immune responses induced by crude CdtV. CTX induces endogenous mechanisms that are responsible, at least in part, for these impaired responses. (+info)Actions of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin on the isolated rat kidney. (6/46)
Many studies have reported the occurrence of lethal acute renal failure after snakebites. The aim of the present investigation was to determine alterations in renal function produced by Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin as well as the histological alterations induced by these venoms. Isolated kidneys from Wistar rats weighing 240 to 280 g were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 6 g% of previously dialyzed bovine serum albumin. The effects of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin were studied on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary flow (UF), perfusion pressure (PP) and percentage sodium tubular transport (%TNa+). The infusion of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (10 microg/ml) and crotoxin (10 microg/ml) increased GFR (control80 = 0.78 +/- 0.07, venom80 = 1.1 +/- 0.07, crotoxin80 = 2.0 +/- 0.05 ml g(-1) min(-1), P<0.05) and UF (control80 = 0.20 +/- 0.02, venom80 = 0.32 +/- 0.03, crotoxin80 = 0.70 +/- 0.05 ml g(-1) min(-1), P<0.05), and decreased %TNa+ (control100 = 75.0 +/- 2.3, venom100 = 62.9 +/- 1.0, crotoxin80 = 69.0 +/- 1.0 ml g(-1) min(-1), P<0.05). The infusion of crude venom tended to reduce PP, although the effect was not significant, whereas with crotoxin PP remained stable during the 100 min of perfusion. The kidneys perfused with crude venom and crotoxin showed abundant protein material in the urinary space and tubules. We conclude that Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin, its major component, cause acute nephrotoxicity in the isolated rat kidney. The current experiments demonstrate a direct effect of venom and crotoxin on the perfused isolated kidney. (+info)Phase I and pharmacokinetics study of crotoxin (cytotoxic PLA(2), NSC-624244) in patients with advanced cancer. (7/46)
A Phase I clinical trial was performed on patients with solid tumors refractory to conventional therapy. Crotoxin was administered i.m. for 30 consecutive days at doses ranging from 0.03 to 0.22 mg/m(2). Patients entered the study after providing a written informed consent. Although 26 patients were entered only 23 were evaluated. Reversible, nonlimiting neuromuscular toxicity evidenced as diplopia because of pareses of the external ocular muscles was present in 13 patients. It started at doses of 0.18 mg/m(2) and lasted from 2 to 6 h. These episodes did not require dose adjustment and disappeared in 1-3 weeks of treatment. Three patients experienced palpebral ptosis, nystagmus (grade 2), and anxiety (grade 2-3) at the dose-limiting toxicity of 0.22 mg/m(2). Also at dose-limiting toxicity, 1 patient showed nystagmus (grade 2) and anxiety (grade 3) without evidence of palpebral ptosis. Transient increases (grades 1-3) in the levels of creatinine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine transaminase attributed to crotoxin myotoxicity were observed but returned to normal by the last week of treatment. At 0.21 mg/m(2) there was a case of grade-3 anaphylactic reaction on day 31, which required treatment. Hypersensitivity was regarded as an adverse drug-related reaction, and the patient was removed from the protocol. Two patients at different doses (0.12 mg/m(2) and 0.22 mg/m(2)) had sialorrhea. Four patients had asymptomatic transient increase in blood pressure (up to 20 mm Hg) 12 h after the first injection, which lasted 24 h. No treatment was required and toxicity did not reappear. Six patients experienced slight eosinophilia during the first 2 weeks. The maximum tolerated dose was set at 0.21 mg/m(2). Objective measurable partial responses (>50% reduction of tumor mass) were noted in 2 patients treated at 0.21 mg/m(2) and 1 at 0.12 mg/m(2). One patient (at 0.21 mg/m(2)) presented a complete response on day 110. Crotoxin pharmacokinetics showed rapid absorption from the injection site to blood (t(1/2 A) = 5.2 +/- 0.6 min). Plasma concentration reached a peak (C(max) = 0.79 +/- 0.1 ng/ml) at tau(max) = 19 +/- 3 min. The half-life of the distribution (alpha) phase is 22 +/- 2 min. Starting at 1.5 h after injection, the decrease in plasma concentration becomes slower, reaching 14 +/- 3 pg/ml 24 h after injection. The profile is dominated by the elimination (beta) phase with a half-life of 5.2 +/- 0.6 h. Consequently, 24 h after the injection ( approximately 5 half-life) 97% of the product was eliminated. The area under plasma concentration versus time curve was 0.19 +/- 0.05 microg/min/ml. Assuming availability (F) approximately 1, the clearance is C(L) = 26.3 +/- 7 ml/min, and the apparent volume of distribution is V(d) = 12 +/- 3 liter/kg. The recommended dose for a Phase II study is 0.18 mg/m(2). (+info)Molecular evolution and structure-function relationships of crotoxin-like and asparagine-6-containing phospholipases A2 in pit viper venoms. (8/46)
Some myotoxic or neurotoxic PLA2s (phospholipases A2) from pit viper venoms contain characteristic N6 substitutions. Our survey of the venoms of more than ten pit viper genera revealed that N6-PLA2s exist only in limited Asian pit vipers of two genera, Protobothrops and Gloydius, and exist as either monomers or the basic subunits of heterodimers in some New World pit vipers. For the newly identified N6-PLA2s, the neuromuscular blocking activities were assayed with the chick biventer cervicis neuromuscular tissue, whereas the increased serum creatine kinase level assessed their myotoxicities. The purified N6-PLA2s from Protobothrops mangshanensis and Gloydius intermedius saxatilis were found to be presynaptic neurotoxins. In contrast, all N6-PLA2s from the venoms of Sistrurus miliarius strackeri, S. m. barbouri, Crotalus viridis viridis, C. lepidus lepidus, Cerrophidion godmani and Bothreichis schlegelii were myotoxins without neurotoxicity even in the presence of crotoxin A. Crotoxin-like complexes were for the first time purified from the venoms of Sitrurus catenatus tergeminus, C. mitchelli mitchelli, C. horridus atricaudatus, C. basiliscus and C. durissus cumanensis. The cDNAs encoding six novel N6-PLA2s and subunits of the crotoxin-like complex from S. c. tergeminus were cloned and fully sequenced. Phylogeny analysis showed that two structural subtypes of N6-PLA2s with either F24 or S24 substitution have been evolved in parallel, possibly descended respectively from species related to present-day Protobothrops and Gloydius. Calmodulin binds all the N6-PLA2s but crotoxin A may inhibit its binding to crotoxin B and to other neurotoxic N6-PLA2s. Structure-activity relationships at various regions of the PLA2 molecules were extensively discussed. (+info)
Plus it
RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View
- Phospholipase A2 crotoxin basic subunit CBb - P0CG56 (PA2BB CRODU)
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Secreted Phospholipases A2 of Snake Venoms: Effects on the Peripheral Neuromuscular System with...
NORDIC-MUBIO - REPRESENTADAS : 1 mg, Basal cell Cytokein, actin Alpha-cardiac, Crotalus durissus terrificus venom Phospholipase...
NORDIC-MUBIO - REPRESENTADAS : 1 mg, Basal cell Cytokein, actin Alpha-cardiac, Crotalus durissus terrificus venom Phospholipase...
Permalien vers Molecular structure and mechanism of action of the crotoxin inhibitor from Crotalus durissus terrificus serum.
Role of crotoxin, a phospholipase A2 isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, on inflammatory and immune...
Perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus (cascavel) criadas em cativeiro | Portal...
Crotoxin Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificu... - BV FAPESP
Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Isolation And Preliminary Enzymatic Characterization Of A Novel...
Acervo Digital: Purification, characterization, crystallization and theoretical molecular modeling of gyroxin fraction from...
RCSB PDB - 1Z99: Solution structure of Crotamine, a myotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus
Los anticuerpos IgG de conejos anti-fosfolipasa A2 de Crotalus durissus terrificus neutralizan la actividad letal del veneno
The amino acid sequence of the acidic subunit B-chain of crotoxin
Chromatographic separation of phospholipase a from a histamine releasing component of brazilian rattlesnake venom ( Crotalus...
CDD Conserved Protein Domain Family: Myotoxins
Origin and characterization of small membranous vesicles present in the venom ofCrotalus durissus terrificus
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Modulation of the Pharmacological Activities of Secretory Phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus...
Neutralizing properties of Varespladib toward group I and II myotoxic phospholipases A2
Douglas Peter Whiteside | University of Calgary Contacts
Southwestern speckled rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchelli) longevity, ageing, and life history
ANTI-LETHAL FACTOR FROM OPOSSUM SERUM IS A POTENT ANTIDOTE FOR ANIMAL, PLANT AND BACTERIAL TOXINS
Crotalus
Plus it
BDPI USP - Resultado da busca
THE COAGULATION OF BLOOD BY SNAKE VENOMS AND ITS PHYSIOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE | JEM
Integrated omics profiling indicates that miRNAs are modulators of the ontogenetic venom composition shift in the Central...
Bismarck Fossil Digs | Department of Mineral Resources, North Dakota
Species at Risk Public Registry - Recovery Strategy for the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) in Canada - 2010
CellNEWS: Gene Identified that Prevents Stem Cells from Turning Cancerous
Mercury poisoning -...
Caudisona confluenta var. confluenta synonyms, Caudisona confluenta var. confluenta antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
ADW: Crotalus cerastes: INFORMATION
massasauga | reptile | Britannica.com
Embryonic somatic nerve destruction with beta-bungarotoxin.
Milking bullet ants to extract venom that causes the worst pain known to man / Boing Boing
Voucher isnt worth paper its printed on - Fredericksburg.com - Discussion on Topix
IBM CICS TX on Cloud - Tarification - Canada
IBM CICS Universal Client - Überblick - Deutschland
Court Reporters Orwell | Ohio | Orwell Court Reporters Video Conference Polycom
King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - Rattlesnake Lyrics | Genius Lyrics
Basic phospholipase A2 beta-bungarotoxin A-AL1 chain precursor - Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait)
ATSU - Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine - Faculty and Staff - Faculty - Clinical Sciences
Rattlesnake Facts | Made Man
Crotalus Horridus - James Tyler Kent - HomeopathyBooks.in
How to avoid rattlesnakes
A Mysterious Fungus Is Killing Rattlesnakes
Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Estudos estruturais e funcionais de uma fosfolipase A2 homóloga...
Green Mojave Rattlesnake In Washington State
Proteomic profiling, functional characterization, and immunoneutralization of the venom of Porthidium porrasi, a pitviper...
hemorrhagic | ferrebeekeeper
Timber Rattlesnakes Help Keep Lyme Disease in Check
Most recent papers with the keyword Mojave toxin | Read by QxMD
Adamantane-like molecules, Bases (chemistry)
-
Chemical Safety, Models, Suppliers, Regulation, and Patents
Gyroxin and Its Biological Activity: Effects on CNS Basement Memb...: Ingenta Connect
Tail vibrations may have preceded evolution of rattlesnake rattle | Science News
Rattlesnakes - once bitten, twice shy - The Trail To Abilene
Rare, Two-Headed Rattlesnake Named Double Dave Rescued from Certain Doom in New Jersey | Live Science
Rattlesnake Bites and Symptoms - DesertUSA
Native Crotalus atrox venom 5-Nucleotidase(EC 3.1.3.5) - Creative Enzymes
Crotalus - Wikimedia Commons
Rattlesnakes
Sistrurus miliarius barbouri, 24 June 2020 - floridensis
Atarax price | Hynes Landscaping
Donepezil
Crotoxin. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine ...
Botulinum toxin
Crotoxin. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine ...
GV (nerve agent)
Crotoxin. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine ...
alpha-Pinene
Crotoxin. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine ...
Huperzine A
Crotoxin. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine ...
Neuromuscular-blocking drug
Crotoxin. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine ...
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Crotoxin. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine ...
Management of strabismus
Crotoxin appears to act similarly. To weaken an eye muscle, 1 to 12 units (a few nanograms) of toxin are injected directly into ... Crotoxin, a snake neurotoxin, is being developed in Belo Horizonte, Brazil as a potential alternative. Botulinum toxin ... S2CID 25420765.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Ribeiro Gde B, Almeida HC, Velarde DT (2012-12-01). "Crotoxin in humans ... "Study of crotoxin on the induction of paralysis in extraocular muscle in animal model". Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia. ...
Crotalus simus
Only venom from neonates contains crotoxin; a constituent typically found in C. durissus venom that produces neurotoxic ...
Spotlight Innovation
Crotoxin was tested on patients in the George Pompidou University Hospital in Paris. In 2014, Celtic Biotech LTD entered into a ... "Crotoxin Administration for Cancer Treatment and Pain Relief". Google.com/patents. Google Patents. Retrieved 7 September 2015 ... In January, 2015, Celtic Biotech Iowa was granted a patent by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office entitled Crotoxin ... "Open Label Clinical Trial of Intravenous Crotoxin - Full Text View". Clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 2 June 2019. Wood, Megan. " ...
Animal attacks in Latin America
"Actions of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin on the isolated rat kidney". Brazilian Journal of Medical and ...
Crotalus durissus
Bite symptoms are very different from those of Nearctic species due to the presence of neurotoxins (crotoxin and crotamine) ... "Actions of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin on the isolated rat kidney". Brazilian Journal of Medical and ...
Karl Slotta
In 1938, Slotta and his brother-in-law Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat isolated crotoxin from venom, the first snake toxin to be isolated ... Their research suggested that the toxicity of crotoxin was due to effects on nerve lipids. He subsequently co-founded a ...
Calumenin
Hseu MJ, Yen CH, Tzeng MC (1999). "Crocalbin: a new calcium-binding protein that is also a binding protein for crotoxin, a ...
List of dangerous snakes
Bite symptoms are very different from those of Nearctic species due to the presence of neurotoxins (crotoxin and crotamine) ...
CTX
... a toxin found in cone snail venom Crotoxin, toxic compound in snake venom Cyclophosphamide, an anticancer drug Centrex, a ...
List of MeSH codes (D20)
... crotoxin MeSH D20.944.380 - hazardous waste MeSH D20.944.380.638 - radioactive waste MeSH D20.944.420 - industrial waste MeSH ...
Varespladib
... crotoxin B and myotoxin I) was evaluated. The results obtained showed that Varespladib was able to neutralize the in vitro ... myotoxin-I and crotoxin B), however further detailed analysis are needed. Varespladib also effectively inhibited the non- ...
List of MeSH codes (D23)
... crotoxin MeSH D23.946.896.980 - virulence factors, bordetella MeSH D23.946.896.980.040 - adenylate cyclase toxin MeSH D23.946. ...
Crotoxin
Later was discovered that the crotoxin protein is not homogeneous, but consists of 2 subunits. The toxic effect of crotoxin is ... Since 1966 until today, investigations into pharmacological applications for crotoxin are conducted. The structure of crotoxin ... In one study, Crotoxin has shown to improve the ocular alignment of a group of cross-eyed patients after injection. The same ... Crotoxin is a heterodimeric beta-neurotoxin, composed of an acidic, non-toxic and non-enzymatic subunit (CA), and a basic, ...
Crotoxin - Wikipedia
Later was discovered that the crotoxin protein is not homogeneous, but consists of 2 subunits. The toxic effect of crotoxin is ... Since 1966 until today, investigations into pharmacological applications for crotoxin are conducted. The structure of crotoxin ... In one study, Crotoxin has shown to improve the ocular alignment of a group of cross-eyed patients after injection. The same ... Crotoxin is a heterodimeric beta-neurotoxin, composed of an acidic, non-toxic and non-enzymatic subunit (CA), and a basic, ...
RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View
- Phospholipase A2 crotoxin basic subunit CBb - P0CG56 (PA2BB CRODU)
Heterodimer CA-CB: Crotoxin is a potent presynaptic neurotoxin that possesses phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and exerts a ... Multiple variants of each subunit give different crotoxin complexes that can be subdivided into 2 classes: (1) those of high ... At equilibrium, only the CB subunits remain associated with the specific crotoxin receptor. In addition to neurotoxicity, ... crotoxin has been found to exert myotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiovascular toxicity (PubMed:20109480). Moreover, anti- ...
Phase I and Pharmacokinetics Study of Crotoxin (Cytotoxic PLA2, NSC-624244) in Patients with Advanced Cancer | Clinical Cancer...
Renal clearance (CLR) of crotoxin was estimated as 1.8 ± 0.5 ml/min from the slopes of the amount of crotoxin excreted in urine ... Thus, plasma will contain (42 ml/kg × 0.075 ng/ml) 3.14 ng of crotoxin. In the extravascular fluid, the amount of free crotoxin ... This method was used to determine crotoxin concentration in plasma and urine. However, crotoxin concentrations in plasma fell ... 10 ng/ml crotoxin, and the AUC was ∼140 ng/min/ml. On study day 90 it neutralized 60 ± 20 ng/ml crotoxin, and the AUC was about ...
Synergism of the two subunits of crotoxin. - Semantic Scholar
The mechanism of action of crotoxin could be divided into two distinct steps: a quasi irreversible binding step, which has no ... The mechanism proposed explains in simple terms the synergistic action of the two subunits of crotoxin at the level of the ... It is shown that crotoxin very efficiently blocks the cholinergic post-synaptic response of the isolated electroplaque from ... This post-synpatic effects was investigated by studying the binding of crotoxin and its isolated subunits to acetylcholine ...
Crotoxin effects on Torpedo californica cholinergic excitable vesicles and the role of its phospholipase A activity. - Semantic...
Crotoxin effects on Torpedo californica cholinergic excitable vesicles and the role of its phospholipase A activity. by ... Crotoxin effects on Torpedo californica cholinergic excitable vesicles and the role of its phospholipase A activity.. @article{ ... Hanley1978CrotoxinEO, title={Crotoxin effects on Torpedo californica cholinergic excitable vesicles and the role of its ...
Crotoxin Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificu... - BV FAPESP
... crotoxin (CTX), and its crotapotin (CA) and phospholipase A(2) (CB) subunits modulate the immune system. Formyl peptide ... Crotoxin Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus Venom Modulates the Functional Activity of Dendritic Cells via Formyl ... Interaction crotoxin and macrophages: study of the participation of formyl peptide.... Mechanisms involved in the modulation of ... Crotoxin Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus Venom Modulates the Functional Activity of Dendritic Cells via Formyl ...
The amino acid sequence of the acidic subunit B-chain of crotoxin
Donepezil - Wikipedia
EN (en)
Crotoxin is the major neurotoxic component of the venom of the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus. The ... The crotoxin molecule is composed of two subunits: a basic and weakly toxic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) called component-B (CB), ... Crotoxin is the major neurotoxic component of the venom of the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus. ... We propose three-dimensional structures of the crotoxin subunits in which we localize amino acid residues that might be ...
Permalien vers Molecular structure and mechanism of action of the crotoxin inhibitor from Crotalus durissus terrificus serum.
... been identified in the blood of the snake Crotalus durissus terrificus and proved to act by specifically neutralizing crotoxin ... The molecular mechanism of the interaction between CICS and crotoxin seems to be very similar to that of crotoxin with its ... The aim of this study was to purify the crotoxin inhibitor from Crotalus serum (CICS), and to analyze its mechanism of action. ... CICS binds to the phospholipase subunit CB of crotoxin, but not to the acidic chaperon subunit CA; it efficiently inhibits the ...
Role of crotoxin, a phospholipase A2 isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, on inflammatory and immune...
Structure-Function Relationship in Heterodimeric Neurotoxin PLA2s from Viperidae Snakes Inhabiting Europe, South America, and...
Effects of chemical modifications of crotoxin B, the phospholipase A2 subunit of crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus ... Crotoxin: a possible mechanism of action. Adv Cytopharmacol. 1979;3:231-5.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... Effects of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin on the isolated rat kidney. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001;34:1347-52. ... Crystal structure of crotoxin reveals key residues involved in the stability and toxicity of this potent heterodimeric β- ...
Phospholipase A2 Crotoxin B Isolated from the Venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus Exert
Antiviral Effect against Dengue...
Phospholipase A2 Crotoxin B Isolated from the Venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus Exert Antiviral Effect against Dengue Virus ... The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the catalytic activity of the phospholipase A2 crotoxin subunit B on the ... The antiviral effect was abolished by the use of a chemically inhibited phospholipase A2 crotoxin subunit B, a Ca+2 (co-factor ... Phospholipase A2 Crotoxin B Isolated from the Venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus Exert Antiviral Effect against Dengue Virus ...
Renal and vascular effects of Crotalus durissus cumanensis venom and its crotoxin fraction | J. venom. anim. toxins incl. trop...
Full text: Available Index: LILACS (Americas) Main subject: Rats, Wistar / Crotalus / Crotalid Venoms / Crotoxin Limits: ... Full text: Available Index: LILACS (Americas) Main subject: Rats, Wistar / Crotalus / Crotalid Venoms / Crotoxin Limits: ... In this study, we evaluated the actions of Crotalus durissus cumanensis venom (CDCmV), and its crotoxin (Crtx) fraction, on ... Renal and vascular effects of Crotalus durissus cumanensis venom and its crotoxin fraction ...
Biological and structural characterization of crotoxin and new isoform of crotoxin B PLA2 (F6a) from Crotalus durissus...
The new crotoxin B isoform PLA2 (F6a), complex crotoxin, the catalytic subunit crotoxin B isoform PLA2 (F6a) and two crotapotin ... Whole crotoxin was devoid of cytolytic activity upon myoblasts and myotubes in vitro, whereas new crotoxin B isoform PLA2 (F6a ... A neuromuscular blocking activity was induced by crotoxin and new crotoxin B isoform PLA2 (F6a) in the isolated mouse phrenic ... Biological and structural characterization of crotoxin and new isoform of crotoxin B PLA2 (F6a) from Crotalus durissus ...
Crotoxin-induced behavioral effects in rats | Braz. j. med. biol. res;29(5): 629-32, May 1996. tab | LILACS | Global Index...
Index: LILACS (Americas) Main subject: Behavior, Animal / Crotalid Venoms / Crotoxin / Exploratory Behavior Limits: Animals ... Crotoxin is the major component of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. In view of the presence of high-affinity specific ... dose of 500 mug/kg also decreased rearing (from 24.9 to 17.5). In the hole-board test, 500 mug/kg of crotoxin decreased head- ... Adult male Wistar rats (l80-220 g) treated with crotoxin, 1OO, 250 and 500 mug/kg, ip, administered 2 h before the test, ...
Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Anti-sera Raised In Rabbits Against Crotoxin And Phospholipase A2...
... the corresponding ratio for anti-crotoxin serum was 1:3 for venom and crotoxin, and 1:1 and 1:2 for anti-PLA2 serum. The ... Anti-crotoxin serum neutralized the neuromuscular blockade in phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations at venom or crotoxin: ... with the anti-serum against crotoxin being slightly less potent than that against crotoxin. ... Crotoxin. Mice. Muscle Contraction. Muscle, Skeletal. Neuromuscular Junction. Neurotoxins. Phospholipases A. Phospholipases A2 ...
ANTI-LETHAL FACTOR FROM OPOSSUM SERUM IS A POTENT ANTIDOTE FOR ANIMAL, PLANT AND BACTERIAL TOXINS
Electron Microscopy at Molecular Dimensions - State of the Art and Strategies for the Future | W. Baumeister | Springer
Chemistry & Biochemistry | ScienceBlogs
MEDLINE - Resultado p gina 1
Crotoxin competed with radioactive α-bungarotoxin for binding to Torpedo and human α7 nAChRs and to the acetylcholine binding ... These and our earlier results show that all snake PLA2s, including presynaptically active crotoxin and -bungarotoxin, as well ... 0 (Bungarotoxins); 0 (Receptors, Nicotinic); 0 (Snake Venoms); 9007-40-3 (Crotoxin); EC 3.1.1.4 (Phospholipases A2); N9YNS0M02X ... bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus and crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus. We also wished to explore whether ...
Management of strabismus - Wikipedia
Crotoxin appears to act similarly. To weaken an eye muscle, 1 to 12 units (a few nanograms) of toxin are injected directly into ... Crotoxin, a snake neurotoxin, is being developed in Belo Horizonte, Brazil as a potential alternative. Botulinum toxin ... S2CID 25420765.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Ribeiro Gde B, Almeida HC, Velarde DT (2012-12-01). "Crotoxin in humans ... "Study of crotoxin on the induction of paralysis in extraocular muscle in animal model". Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia. ...
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Molecular Characterization of Lys49 and Asp49 Phospholipases A2 from Snake Venom and Their Antiviral...
Expression, purification and virucidal activity of two recombinant isoforms of phospholipase A 2 from Crotalus durissus...
Crotoxin is a reversible heterodimeric protein complex consisting of crotapotin (CA; crotoxin A or acid component), which is an ... Crotoxin, which is a potent neurotoxin and the main component of the venom of snakes of the genus Crotalus, was the first toxin ... The major component of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom is a heterodimeric complex called crotoxin, which is constituted by ... Faure G, Harvey AL, Thomson E, Saliou B, Radvanyi F, Bon C (1993) Comparison of crotoxin isoforms reveals that stability of the ...
IUCr) Acta Crystallographica Section F Volume 63, Part 4, April 2007
Crotoxin, a potent neurotoxin from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, exists as a ... Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the heterodimeric crotoxin complex and the isolated subunits ... Large single crystals of the crotoxin complex and of the isolated subunits have been obtained. ...
LOCAL EDEMA AND HEMORRHAGE CAUSED BY Crotalus durissus terrificus ENVENOMING EVALUATED BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
nature.com search
IUCr) Acta Crystallographica Section F Volume 63, Part 12, December 2007
Crotoxin B is a basic phospholipase A2 found in the venom of C. durissus terrificus and is one of the subunits that constitute ... Preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of a tetrameric phospholipase A2 formed by two isoforms of crotoxin B from Crotalus ... crotoxin. Here, the crystallization, X-ray diffraction data collection and molecular-replacement solution of a novel tetrameric ... complex formed by two dimers of crotoxin B isoforms are presented. ...
Los anticuerpos IgG de conejos anti-fosfolipasa A2 de Crotalus durissus terrificus neutralizan la actividad letal del veneno
... have also been attributed to crotoxin.. Crotoxin consists of a basic, weakly toxic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) subunit and an ... both of which are also expressed by crotoxin, the principal toxin of this venom. Crotoxin contains a basic phospholipase A2 ( ... Crotoxin, the major toxin of South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) (C.d.t.) venom1, is a potent ... 6. Hendon RA, Fraenkel-Conrat H. Biological roles of the two components of crotoxin. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 1971; 68: 1560-3. ...
CrotalusVenomNeurotoxinToxinCrotapotinPLA2NeurotoxicSubunit of crotoxinSubunits of crotoxinRattlesnakeCatalytic ActivityAnalgesicInducesPhospholipase activityPresynapticToxicityIsoformsMyotoxicitySnakeComplexesCholinergicPostsynapticProteinEffectsMechanismComplexModulatesActivityMolecularResearchersSpecific
Crotalus24
- Crotoxin (CTX) is the main toxic compound in the snake venom of the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus. (wikipedia.org)
- Crotoxin is a cytotoxic PLA 2 3 compound isolated from a South American snake, Crotalus durissus terrificus , venom. (aacrjournals.org)
- Crotoxin, a potent neurotoxin from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus, is composed of an acidic subunit which is non-toxic and enzymatically inactive and a basic subunit which possesses a phospholipase activity and low toxicity. (semanticscholar.org)
- Role of crotoxin, a phospholipase A2 isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, on inflammatory and immune reactions. (semanticscholar.org)
- Crotoxin Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificu. (fapesp.br)
- The Crotalus durissus terrificus rattlesnake venom, its main toxin, crotoxin (CTX), and its crotapotin (CA) and phospholipase A(2) (CB) subunits modulate the immune system. (fapesp.br)
- Crotoxin is the major neurotoxic component of the venom of the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus. (pasteur.fr)
- Molecular structure and mechanism of action of the crotoxin inhibitor from Crotalus durissus terrificus serum. (pasteur.fr)
- An antivenom protein has been identified in the blood of the snake Crotalus durissus terrificus and proved to act by specifically neutralizing crotoxin, the main lethal component of rattlesnake venoms. (pasteur.fr)
- The aim of this study was to purify the crotoxin inhibitor from Crotalus serum (CICS), and to analyze its mechanism of action. (pasteur.fr)
- Recently, we have found that phospholipase A 2 crotoxin subunit B and phospholipase A 2 "inter-cro" isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus had an antiviral activity against Dengue virus serotype 2 and Yellow fever virus. (scitechnol.com)
- In this study, we evaluated the actions of Crotalus durissus cumanensis venom (CDCmV), and its crotoxin (Crtx) fraction, on renal and vascular functions in Wistar rats . (bvsalud.org)
- A new crotoxin B isoform PLA2 (F6a), from Crotalus durissus collilineatus was purified from by one step reverse phase HPLC chromatography using l-Bondapack C-18 column analytic. (ucr.ac.cr)
- The new crotoxin B isoform PLA2 (F6a), complex crotoxin, the catalytic subunit crotoxin B isoform PLA2 (F6a) and two crotapotin isoforms (F3 and F4), were isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus collilineatus. (ucr.ac.cr)
- Crotoxin is the major component of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. (bvsalud.org)
- Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Anti-sera Raised In Rabbits Against Crotoxin And Phospholipase A2 From Crotalus Durissus Cascavella Venom Neutralize The Neurotoxicity Of The Venom And Crotoxin. (unicamp.br)
- Crotoxin, the principal neurotoxin in venom of the South American rattlesnakes Crotalus durissus terrificus and Crotalus durissus cascavella, contains a basic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and an acidic protein, crotapotin. (unicamp.br)
- The major component of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom is a heterodimeric complex called crotoxin, which is constituted by an inactive peptide (crotapotin) and a phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 -CB). (springer.com)
- Crotoxin, the major toxin of South American rattlesnake ( Crotalus durissus terrificus ) ( C.d.t .) venom 1 , is a potent phospholipase A 2 neurotoxin that produces neuromuscular blockade 2 . (scielo.org.ar)
- Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, which contains crotoxin as a major active component, significantly inhibited edema and migration of polymorphonuclear cells in carrageenan-induced arthritis in mice [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Detection and quantification of a b-neurotoxin (crotoxin homologs) in the venom of the rattlesnakes Crotalus simus, C. culminatus and C. tzabcan from Mexico Toxicon X, 2, 100007. (unam.mx)
- Opiate and acetylcholine-independent analgesic actions of crotoxin isolated from crotalus durissus terrificus venom. (mysciencework.com)
- The venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus is reported to have analgesic activity and the administration of Crotoxin (Cro) to cancer patients is reported to reduce the consumption of analgesics. (mysciencework.com)
- The South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) possesses several biologically active proteins in its venom, such as giroxin, crotamine, convulxin, crotoxin and peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
Venom14
- These researchers found that 60 per cent of the venom consisted of a neurotoxic substance, later referred to as crotoxin. (wikipedia.org)
- Immunochemical analysis of a snake venom phospholipase A2 neurotoxin, crotoxin, with monoclonal antibodies. (pasteur.fr)
- Bouchier C, Boulain JC, Bon CA, Menez A. Analysis of cDNAs encoding the two subunits of crotoxin, a phospholipase A 2 neurotoxin from rattlesnake venom: the acidic non-enzymatic subunit derives from a phospholipase A 2 -like precursor. (springer.com)
- In this work, we examined the ability of rabbit anti-sera against crotoxin and its PLA2 subunit to neutralize the neurotoxicity of venom and crotoxin from C. d. cascavella in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm and chick biventer cervicis preparations. (unicamp.br)
- Anti-crotoxin serum neutralized the neuromuscular blockade in phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle preparations at venom or crotoxin:anti-serum ratios of 1:2 and 1:3, respectively. (unicamp.br)
- Anti-PLA2 serum also neutralized this neuromuscular activity at a venom or crotoxin:anti-serum ratio of 1:1. (unicamp.br)
- In biventer cervicis preparations, the corresponding ratio for anti-crotoxin serum was 1:3 for venom and crotoxin, and 1:1 and 1:2 for anti-PLA2 serum. (unicamp.br)
- These results show that anti-sera against crotoxin and PLA2 from C. d. cascavella venom neutralized the neuromuscular blockade induced by venom and crotoxin in both nerve-muscle preparations, with the anti-serum against crotoxin being slightly less potent than that against crotoxin. (unicamp.br)
- South American rattlesnake) venom possesses myotoxic and neurotoxic activities, both of which are also expressed by crotoxin, the principal toxin of this venom. (scielo.org.ar)
- In the past, medical experts believe that the toxin in rattlesnake venom, crotoxin, is a promising compound for the treatment of chronic pain. (news-medical.net)
- Venom characterization of the three species of Ophryacus and proteomic profiling of O. sphenophrys unveils Sphenotoxin, a novel Crotoxin-like heterodimeric beta-neurotoxin Journal of Proteomics, 192, 196-207. (unam.mx)
- Proteomic analysis showed that the ontogenetic shift in the venom composition of C. s. simus is essentially characterized by a gradual reduction in the expression of serine proteinases and PLA 2 molecules, particularly crotoxin, a β-neurotoxic heterodimeric PLA 2 , concominantly with an increment of PI and PIII metalloproteinases at age 9-18 months. (biomedcentral.com)
- These results support the view that age-dependent changes in the concentration of miRNA modulating the transition from a crotoxin-rich to a SVMP-rich venom from birth through adulhood can potentially explain what is observed in the proteomic analysis of the ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of C. s. simus . (biomedcentral.com)
- Six horses (two per group) were selected to be immunized with C. d. terrificus venom, purified crotoxin or PLA2 venom components. (camkkinase.com)
Neurotoxin5
- Crotoxin is a heterodimeric beta-neurotoxin, composed of an acidic, non-toxic and non-enzymatic subunit (CA), and a basic, weakly toxic, phospholipase A2 protein (CB). (wikipedia.org)
- Heterodimer CA-CB: Crotoxin is a potent presynaptic neurotoxin that possesses phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and exerts a lethal action by blocking neuromuscular transmission. (rcsb.org)
- Crotoxin: novel activities for a classic beta-neurotoxin. (semanticscholar.org)
- Crotoxin, a snake neurotoxin, is being developed in Belo Horizonte, Brazil as a potential alternative. (wikipedia.org)
- Suramin has been reported to inhibit the toxic effects of β-bungarotoxin and another PLA(2) neurotoxin, crotoxin in vitro and in vivo. (nih.gov)
Toxin2
- Crotoxin was the first proteinic toxin to be crystallized (Protein crystallization). (wikipedia.org)
- It is, therefore, tempting to suggest that CICS acts physiologically as a false crotoxin acceptor that would retain the toxin in the vascular system, thus preventing its action on the neuromuscular system. (pasteur.fr)
Crotapotin4
- The molecular masses estimated by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry were: crotoxin B: 14,943.14 Da, crotapotin F3: 8,693.24 Da, and crotapotin F4: 9 314.56 Da. (ucr.ac.cr)
- Crotoxin contains a basic phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) and a non toxic acidic protein, crotapotin. (scielo.org.ar)
- Crotoxin consists of a basic, weakly toxic phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) subunit and an acidic, non-toxic subunit (crotapotin) devoid of enzymatic activity 6, 7 . (scielo.org.ar)
- Thus, the stability of the interaction between PLA 2 and crotapotin plays a major role in the toxicity of crotoxin 9 . (scielo.org.ar)
PLA26
- Multiple variants of each subunit give different crotoxin complexes that can be subdivided into 2 classes: (1) those of high toxicity, low PLA2 activity (CBb, CBc and CBd linked with high affinity to any CA) and high stability (K(d)=4.5 nM) and (2) those of moderate toxicity, high PLA2 activity (CBa2 linked with low affinity to any CA) and low stability (K(d)=25 nM). (rcsb.org)
- The crotoxin molecule is composed of two subunits: a basic and weakly toxic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) called component-B (CB), and an acidic, nonenzymatic and nontoxic subunit called component-A (CA). Crotoxin exists as a mixture of several isoforms (or variants) resulting from the association of several subunit isoforms. (pasteur.fr)
- The new crotoxin B isoform PLA2 (F6a) contained 122 amino acid residues and a pI of 8.58. (ucr.ac.cr)
- A neuromuscular blocking activity was induced by crotoxin and new crotoxin B isoform PLA2 (F6a) in the isolated mouse phrenic nerve diaphragm and the biventer cervicis chick nerve-muscle preparation. (ucr.ac.cr)
- Whole crotoxin was devoid of cytolytic activity upon myoblasts and myotubes in vitro, whereas new crotoxin B isoform PLA2 (F6a) was clearly cytotoxic to these cells. (ucr.ac.cr)
- Immunoblotting showed that the anti-sera recognized C. d. cascavella crotoxin and PLA2. (unicamp.br)
Neurotoxic1
- The neutralizing effect of purified CICS towards the neurotoxic effects of crotoxin has been demonstrated in vivo by lethality assays. (pasteur.fr)
Subunit of crotoxin1
- The B-chain of the acidic subunit of crotoxin proved refractory to Edman degradation. (scripps.edu)
Subunits of crotoxin1
- Synergism of the two subunits of crotoxin. (semanticscholar.org)
Rattlesnake1
- One of the protein structures in this search is crotoxin B ( 2QOG ), an enzyme (a "phospholipase") that cleaves lipid molecules in the vicinity of a rattlesnake bite, disrupting membrane barriers and thereby causing pain and severe tissue damage. (oregonstate.edu)
Catalytic Activity2
- We determined the dissociation constants of each MAb for CA and CB isoforms and their capacities to neutralize the lethality and to inhibit the catalytic activity of crotoxin. (pasteur.fr)
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the catalytic activity of the phospholipase A 2 crotoxin subunit B on the antiviral effect. (scitechnol.com)
Analgesic1
- Moreover, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor and analgesic effects of crotoxin have also been reported (PubMed:20109480). (rcsb.org)
Induces1
- In view of the presence of high-affinity specific binding sites for crotoxin in the brain, the objective of this work was to investigate whether crotoxin induces behavioral effects in the open-fleld and hole-board tests. (bvsalud.org)
Phospholipase activity1
- it efficiently inhibits the phospholipase activity of crotoxin and its isolated CB subunit and evokes the dissociation of the crotoxin complex. (pasteur.fr)
Presynaptic1
- The primary mechanistic action of crotoxin is twofold, a presynaptic and a postsynaptic action. (wikipedia.org)
Toxicity1
- In addition to neurotoxicity, crotoxin has been found to exert myotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiovascular toxicity (PubMed:20109480). (rcsb.org)
Isoforms2
- The different isoforms of both subunits CA and CB can form crotoxin complexes which can be subdivided into two classes: moderately toxic with a high phospholipase A2 activity or more toxic with a lower enzymatic activity. (wikipedia.org)
- The isoforms thereby also play a role in the stability of the crotoxin complex. (wikipedia.org)
Myotoxicity2
- Transient increases (grades 1-3) in the levels of creatinine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine transaminase attributed to crotoxin myotoxicity were observed but returned to normal by the last week of treatment. (aacrjournals.org)
- Several additional biological activities, including myotoxicity 3 , hemolysis 4 and platelet aggregating activity 5 , have also been attributed to crotoxin. (scielo.org.ar)
Snake1
- Of note, 590 copies of a miRNA targeting crotoxin B-subunit was exclusively found in the transcriptome of the adult snake, whereas 1185 copies of a miRNA complementary to a PIII-SVMP mRNA was uniquely present in the newborn dataset. (biomedcentral.com)
Complexes1
- The more toxic crotoxin complexes therefore dissociate more slowly than the less toxic ones. (wikipedia.org)
Cholinergic2
- It is shown that crotoxin very efficiently blocks the cholinergic post-synaptic response of the isolated electroplaque from Electrophorus electricus and of cellular microsacs fromTorpedo marmorata. (semanticscholar.org)
- Crotoxin effects on Torpedo californica cholinergic excitable vesicles and the role of its phospholipase A activity. (semanticscholar.org)
Postsynaptic1
- Bon C, Changeux J-P, Jeng T-W, Fraenkel-Conrat H. Postsynaptic effects of crotoxin and of its isolated subunits. (springer.com)
Protein2
- Later was discovered that the crotoxin protein is not homogeneous, but consists of 2 subunits. (wikipedia.org)
- They are found in natura as subunits of the crotoxin protein complex, which the researchers also tested. (technologynetworks.com)
Effects1
- All the crotoxin- induced behavioral effects were antagonized by an anxiolytic dose of diazepam (1.5 mg/kg, ip, 30 min before the tests). (bvsalud.org)
Mechanism2
- The molecular mechanism of the interaction between CICS and crotoxin seems to be very similar to that of crotoxin with its acceptor. (pasteur.fr)
- Crotoxin: a possible mechanism of action. (springer.com)
Complex2
- The interface between CA and CB is formed by three tryptophan amino acids which play an important role in the stability of the crotoxin complex. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, crotoxin circulates nondissociated ( i.e., as a complex) until it recognizes specific "acceptor sites" on the target membranes. (aacrjournals.org)
Modulates1
- Crotoxin potentiates L-type calcium currents and modulates the action potential of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. (nih.gov)
Activity1
- These results show that crotoxin reduced open-field activity and exploratory behavior as well. (bvsalud.org)
Molecular1
- The structure of crotoxin is composed by the components CA and CB in a 1:1 molecular ratio. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers1
- Crotoxin was identified in 1938 by researchers of the Department of Chemistry of the Instituto Butantan in São Paulo. (wikipedia.org)
Specific2
- At equilibrium, only the CB subunits remain associated with the specific crotoxin receptor. (rcsb.org)
- and ( b ) the specific binding of 125 I-crotoxin to target membranes (13 , 14) suggests that subunit A may be involved in target recognition. (aacrjournals.org)