Crossing over genetic. Medical search

The reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous CHROMOSOMES by symmetrical breakage and crosswise rejoining forming cross-over sites (HOLLIDAY JUNCTIONS) that are resolved during CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION. Crossing-over typically occurs during MEIOSIS but it may also occur in the absence of meiosis, for example, with bacterial chromosomes, organelle chromosomes, or somatic cell nuclear chromosomes.

The asymmetrical segregation of genes during replication which leads to the production of non-reciprocal recombinant strands and the apparent conversion of one allele into another. Thus, e.g., the meiotic products of an Aa individual may be AAAa or aaaA instead of AAaa, i.e., the A allele has been converted into the a allele or vice versa.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The three-part structure of ribbon-like proteinaceous material that serves to align and join the paired homologous CHROMOSOMES. It is formed during the ZYGOTENE STAGE of the first meiotic division. It is a prerequisite for CROSSING OVER.

Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

A cross-shaped DNA structure that can be observed under the electron microscope. It is formed by the incomplete exchange of strands between two double-stranded helices or by complementary INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES that refold into hairpin loops on opposite strands across from each other.

Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The stage in the first meiotic prophase, following ZYGOTENE STAGE, when CROSSING OVER between homologous CHROMOSOMES begins.

An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.

The prophase of the first division of MEIOSIS (in which homologous CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION occurs). It is divided into five stages: leptonema, zygonema, PACHYNEMA, diplonema, and diakinesis.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A plant genus of the family Plantaginaceae. The small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. The seeds, known as PSYLLIUM, swell in water and are used as laxatives. The leaves have been used medicinally.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented twice. Symbol: 2N or 2X.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

The failure of homologous CHROMOSOMES or CHROMATIDS to segregate during MITOSIS or MEIOSIS with the result that one daughter cell has both of a pair of parental chromosomes or chromatids and the other has none.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde to L-2-aminoadipate (alpha-aminoadipic acid). It is involved in the biosynthetic pathway of LYSINE.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS starts to lose its identity, the SPINDLE APPARATUS appears, and the CENTRIOLES migrate toward opposite poles.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Interruptions in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, across both strands adjacently.

The presence of an uncomplimentary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. Multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex DNA; (NUCLEIC ACID HETERODUPLEXES).

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; or SEQUENCE DELETION.

An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.

The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.

The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A Rec A recombinase found in eukaryotes. Rad51 is involved in DNA REPAIR of double-strand breaks.

The portion of chromosome material that remains condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during INTERPHASE.

A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A family of structurally-related DNA helicases that play an essential role in the maintenance of genome integrity. RecQ helicases were originally discovered in E COLI and are highly conserved across both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Genetic mutations that result in loss of RecQ helicase activity gives rise to disorders that are associated with CANCER predisposition and premature aging.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. It includes members of the class EC 3.1.11 that produce 5'-phosphomonoesters as cleavage products.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

A genetic linkage map of rat chromosome 9 with a new locus for variant activity of liver aldehyde oxidase. (1/1272)

A genetic linkage map of rat chromosome 9 consisting of five loci including a new biochemical marker representing a genetic variation of the activity of the liver aldehyde oxidase, (Aox) was constructed. Linkage analysis of the five loci among 92 backcross progeny of (WKS/Iar x IS/Iar)F1 x WKS/Iar revealed significant linkages between these loci. Minimizing crossover frequency resulted in the best gene order: Aox-D9Mit4-Gls-Cryg-Tp53l1. The homologues of the Cryg, Gls, and Aox genes have been mapped on mouse chromosome 1 and human chromosome 2q. The present findings provide further evidence for the conservation of synteny among these regions of rat, mouse, and human chromosomes. (+info)

Removal of one nonhomologous DNA end during gene conversion by a RAD1- and MSH2-independent pathway. (2/1272)

Repair of a double-strand break (DSB) by homologous recombination depends on the invasion of a 3'-ended strand into an intact template sequence to initiate new DNA synthesis. When the end of the invading DNA is not homologous to the donor, the nonhomologous sequences must be removed before new synthesis can begin. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the removal of these ends depends on both the nucleotide excision repair endonuclease Rad1p/Rad10p and the mismatch repair proteins Msh2p/Msh3p. In rad1 or msh2 mutants, when both ends of the DSB have nonhomologous ends, repair is reduced approximately 90-fold compared to a plasmid with perfect ends; however, with only one nonhomologous end, repair is reduced on average only 5-fold. These results suggest that yeast has an alternative, but less efficient, way to remove a nonhomologous tail from the second end participating in gene conversion. When the removal of one nonhomologous end is impaired in rad1 and msh2 mutants, there is also a 1-hr delay in the appearance of crossover products of gene conversion, compared to noncrossovers. We interpret these results in terms of the formation and resolution of alternative intermediates of a synthesis-dependent strand annealing mechanism. (+info)

Distribution of crossing over on mouse synaptonemal complexes using immunofluorescent localization of MLH1 protein. (3/1272)

We have used immunofluorescent localization to examine the distribution of MLH1 (MutL homolog) foci on synaptonemal complexes (SCs) from juvenile male mice. MLH1 is a mismatch repair protein necessary for meiotic recombination in mice, and MLH1 foci have been proposed to mark crossover sites. We present evidence that the number and distribution of MLH1 foci on SCs closely correspond to the number and distribution of chiasmata on diplotene-metaphase I chromosomes. MLH1 foci were typically excluded from SC in centromeric heterochromatin. For SCs with one MLH1 focus, most foci were located near the middle of long SCs, but near the distal end of short SCs. For SCs with two MLH1 foci, the distribution of foci was bimodal regardless of SC length, with most foci located near the proximal and distal ends. The distribution of MLH1 foci indicated interference between foci. We observed a consistent relative distance (percent of SC length in euchromatin) between two foci on SCs of different lengths, suggesting that positive interference between MLH1 foci is a function of relative SC length. The extended length of pachytene SCs, as compared to more condensed diplotene-metaphase I bivalents, makes mapping crossover events and interference distances using MLH1 foci more accurate than using chiasmata. (+info)

The frequency and allelism of lethal chromosomes in isolated desert populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. (4/1272)

Second-chromosome lethals were extracted from four populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura in Southern California. Two of the populations were from desert oases and two from the classic habitat on Mt. San Jacinto, previously studied by Dobzhansky. Allelism tests were made on the lethals within and between all locations. The frequency of lethal second-chromosomes in each location was 0.18, and this was not different from the results of other workers for samples throughout the species range. Interpopulational allelism rates were about 0.005, and not different from earlier results of Dobzhansky. Intrapopulational rates in this study were, with one exception, the same as the interpopulational rates, and significantly lower than Dobzhansky found using the third chromosome. This may be due to lethals being linked with heterotic third-chromosome inversions. The allelism rate of the exceptional population (about 0.03 and equal to Dobzhansky's intrapopulational results) may be due to heterotic lethals, or a founder effect. Two lethals were found in three populations each, possibly due to migration among these populations, which are up to 334 km apart. (+info)

Intermolecular V(D)J recombination is prohibited specifically at the joining step. (5/1272)

V(D)J recombination, normally an intramolecular process, assembles immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes from V, D, and J coding segments. Oncogenic chromosome translocations can result from aberrant rearrangements, such as occur in intermolecular V(D)J recombination. How this is normally prevented remains unclear; DNA cleavage, joining, or both could be impaired when the recombination signal sequences (RSS) are located in trans, on separate DNA molecules. Here, we show that both trans cleavage and joining of signal ends occur efficiently in vivo. Unexpectedly, trans joining of coding ends is severely impaired (100-to 1000-fold), indicating that protection against intermolecular V(D)J recombination is established at the joining step. These findings suggest a novel surveillance mechanism for eliminating cells containing aberrant V(D)J rearrangements. (+info)

Genetic recombination of poliovirus in vitro and in vivo: temperature-dependent alteration of crossover sites. (6/1272)

Genetic recombination that occurs with high frequency during poliovirus genome replication is a process whose molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Studies of genetic recombination in a cell-free system in vitro and in infected tissue culture cells in vivo have led to the unexpected observation that temperature strongly influences the loci at which cross-over between the two recombining RNA strands occurs. Specifically, cross-over between two genetically marked RNA strands in vitro and in vivo at 34 degrees C occurred over a wide range of the genome. In contrast, recombination in vivo at 37 and 40 degrees C yielded cross-over patterns that had shifted dramatically to a region encoding nonstructural proteins. Preferential selection of recombinants at 37 and 40 degrees C was ruled out by analyses of the growth kinetics of the recombinants. During the studies of recombination in the cell-free system we found that there is a direct correlation between the ability of a poliovirus RNA molecule to replicate in the cell-free system and its capacity to complement de novo virus synthesis programmed by another viral RNA. (+info)

Three-dimensional microscopy of the Rad51 recombination protein during meiotic prophase. (7/1272)

An open question in meiosis is whether the Rad51 recombination protein functions solely in meiotic recombination or whether it is also involved in the chromosome homology search. To address this question, we have performed three-dimensional high-resolution immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize native Rad51 structures in maize male meiocytes. Maize has two closely related RAD51 genes that are expressed at low levels in differentiated tissues and at higher levels in mitotic and meiotic tissues. Cells and nuclei were specially fixed and embedded in polyacrylamide to maintain both native chromosome structure and the three dimensionality of the specimens. Analysis of Rad51 in maize meiocytes revealed that when chromosomes condense during leptotene, Rad51 is diffuse within the nucleus. Rad51 foci form on the chromosomes at the beginning of zygotene and rise to approximately 500 per nucleus by mid-zygotene when chromosomes are pairing and synapsing. During chromosome pairing, we consistently found two contiguous Rad51 foci on paired chromosomes. These paired foci may identify the sites where DNA sequence homology is being compared. During pachytene, the number of Rad51 foci drops to seven to 22 per nucleus. This higher number corresponds approximately to the number of chiasmata in maize meiosis. These observations are consistent with a role for Rad51 in the homology search phase of chromosome pairing in addition to its known role in meiotic recombination. (+info)

Use of a recombination reporter insert to define meiotic recombination domains on chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (8/1272)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, meiotic recombination is initiated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). DSBs usually occur in intergenic regions that display nuclease hypersensitivity in digests of chromatin. DSBs are distributed nonuniformly across chromosomes; on chromosome III, DSBs are concentrated in two "hot" regions, one in each chromosome arm. DSBs occur rarely in regions within about 40 kb of each telomere and in an 80-kb region in the center of the chromosome, just to the right of the centromere. We used recombination reporter inserts containing arg4 mutant alleles to show that the "cold" properties of the central DSB-deficient region are imposed on DNA inserted in the region. Cold region inserts display DSB and recombination frequencies that are substantially less than those seen with similar inserts in flanking hot regions. This occurs without apparent change in chromatin structure, as the same pattern and level of DNase I hypersensitivity is seen in chromatin of hot and cold region inserts. These data are consistent with the suggestion that features of higher-order chromosome structure or chromosome dynamics act in a target sequence-independent manner to control where recombination events initiate during meiosis. (+info)

Lewontin RC, Miller JH, Gelbart WM, Griffiths AJ (1999). "The Mechanism of Crossing-Over". Modern Genetic Analysis. Keeney S ( ... In S phase, the chromosomes are replicated in order for the genetic content to be maintained. During G2, the cell undergoes the ... Griffiths AJ (2012). Introduction to genetic analysis (10th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 9781429229432. OCLC ... Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division

Wu, Xinzhi; Gao, Xing; Zhang, X.; Yang, D.; Shen, C. (2010). "Revisiting the origin of modern humans in China and its ... "Selection, nuclear genetic variation, and mtDNA". john hawks weblog. Retrieved 2011-01-05. Thorne, A.G.; Wolpoff, M.H. (2003 ... 2010-12-23). "Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia". Nature. 468 (7327): 1053-60. Bibcode: ... But in 2002, Alan Templeton published a genetic analysis involving other loci in the genome as well, and this showed that some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans

... the crossing of genetic barriers; the inability of a single crop to fulfill all nutritional requirements; the decreased ... Backcrossing involves crossing a hybrid and subsequent generations with a recurrent parent. As a result, the genotype of the ... Norman Borlaug: genetic modification can feed the world, Chron.com, July 13, 2008 Borlaug, N.E. (2000), "Ending world hunger: ... In that time, his group made 6,000 individual crossings of wheat. Initially, Borlaug's work had been concentrated in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug

A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the ABO gene, identified individuals at ... I. A case associated with unequal chromosomal crossing over". American Journal of Human Genetics. 32 (3): 332-8. PMC 1686052. ... Yamamoto F, Clausen H, White T, Marken J, Hakomori S (May 1990). "Molecular genetic basis of the histo-blood group ABO system ... Yamamoto F, McNeill PD, Yamamoto M, Hakomori S, Harris T (1993). "Molecular genetic analysis of the ABO blood group system: 3. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_(gene)

"Somatic crossing-over and segregation in Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics 21, 625-730. Stern, Curt 1968. "Genetic mosaics in ... This means that various genetic lines resulted from a single fertilized egg. Genetic mosaics may often be confused with ... Mosaicism or genetic mosaicism is a condition in multi-cellular organism in which a single organism possesses more than one ... Genetic mosaics are a particularly powerful tool when used in the commonly studied fruit fly, where specially selected strains ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_(genetics)

The linked frequency of crossing over between two gene loci (markers) is the crossing-over value . For fixed set of genetic and ... 1999). "Modern Genetic Analysis: Mitotic Crossing-Over". New York: W. H. Freeman. Janssens, F. A.; Koszul, Romain; Zickler, ... Chromosomal crossover, or crossing over, is the exchange of genetic material during sexual reproduction between two homologous ... Unequal crossing over Coefficient of coincidence Genetic distance Independent assortment Mitotic crossover Recombinant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover

... which is a genetic characteristic of the Austroasiatic-speaking peoples of Southeast Asia, suggests that the genetic signature ... Journals Chen, Chen; Hui, LI; Zhen-Dong, QIN; Wen-Hong, LIU; Wei-Xiong, LIN; Rui-Xing, YIN; Li, JIN; Shang-Ling, PAN (2006). "Y ... Xie, XH; Li, H; Mao, XY; Wen, B; Gao, S; Jin, JZ; Lu, DR; Jin, L (2004). "Genetic structure of Tujia as revealed by Y ... "Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia". sciencemag.org. Science Magazine. Retrieved 11 December 2009. "Major East-West ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M119

Genetic analysis showed generations of crossing and complex ancestry. Morphology generally correlated with genetic profile, but ... occasionally plants that resembled one parent had some degree of genetic hybridization. Furthermore, there were a few plants ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_oblongifolia

Jing, Chen; Hui, LI; Zhen-Dong, QIN; Wen-Hong, LIU; Wei-Xiong, LIN; Rui-Xing, YIN; Li, JIN; Shang-Ling, PAN (2006). "Y- ... 2004). "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans". ... 2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature. 431 (7006): 302-5. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..302W. doi: ... Xie, Xuan-Hua (2004). "Genetic Structure of Tujia as Revealed by Y Chromosomes". Yi Chuan Xue Bao = Acta Genetica Sinica. 31 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M117

Jing, Chen; Hui, LI; Zhen-Dong, QIN; Wen-Hong, LIU; Wei-Xiong, LIN; Rui-Xing, YIN; Li, JIN; Shang-Ling, PAN (2006). "Y- ... 2004). "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans". ... 2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature. 431 (7006): 302-5. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..302W. doi: ... Haplogroup O-M122 has been implicated as a diagnostic genetic marker of the Austronesian expansion when it is found in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M122

Ou, Qi-Xing; Nikolic-Jaric, Marija; Gänzle, Michael (June 2017). "Mechanisms of inactivation of Candida humilis and ... "Candida milleri species reveals intraspecific genetic and metabolic polymorphisms". Food Microbiology. 42: 72-81. doi:10.1016/j ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_humilis

"Genetic mosaics in animals and man". pp27-129, in Stern, C. Genetic Mosaics and Other Essays. Harvard University Press, ... "Somatic crossing-over and segregation in Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics 21, 625-730. ... What does such genetic chimerism mean for health and disease?". The Scientist. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. ... Genetic mosaics may often be confused with chimerism, in which two or more genotypes arise in one individual similarly to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaicism

Genetic defects in self-pollinating plants cannot be eliminated by genetic recombination and offspring can only avoid ... Its out-crossing progenitor was identified as Capsella grandiflora. Arabidopsis thaliana is a predominantly self-pollinating ... This benefit can be realized at each generation (even when genetic variation is not produced). Self-incompatibility: genetic ... Meiosis followed by self-pollination produces little overall genetic variation. This raises the question of how meiosis in self ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-pollination

Sun, Yu-jiang; Min, Ling-jiang; Chen, Jian-xing; Mang, Lai (2009). "Analysis on Genetic Resource Characteristics of Southwest ... The National Baise Horse Genetic Resources Conservation Area is a protected area in Guangxi.[citation needed] Guangxi Mongolian ... "Identification of Y Chromosome Genetic Variations in Chinese Indigenous Horse Breeds" (PDF). Journal of Heredity. 101 (5): 639- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baise_horse

The first ever genetic analysis of people with extremely high intelligence reveals small but important genetic differences ... Fenglu Han; Catherine A. Forster; James M. Clark; Xing Xu (2015). "A New Taxon of Basal Ceratopsian from China and the Early ... "Study offers first genetic analysis of people with extremely high intelligence". Medical Xpress. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 11 ... "Genetic editing can delete deleterious mitochondria". 2015-04-23. Retrieved April 23, 2015. "Ancient Teeth Of Modern Human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_science

Zhang, Y.; Han, Q.; Fan, H.; Li, W.; Xing, Q.; Yan, B. (2014). "Genetic analysis of the TBX2 gene promoter in indirect inguinal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBX2

If no crossing over then there is a 4:4 pattern. 4 black spores, and 4 tan spores all lined up. If crossing over does occur ... The natural habitat of the three species of Sordaria that have been the principal subjects in genetic studies is dung of ... These species share a number of characteristics that are advantageous for genetic studies. They all have a short life cycle, ... asci). The retention of the products of an individual meiosis in an individual ascus has facilitated certain kinds of genetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sordaria_fimicola

The genetic crossing of R. groenlandicum and R. neoglandulosum results in R. columbianum. Results from molecular and nuclear ... LEDUM) SUGGESTS A COMPLEX GENETIC HISTORY". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 11: 58-60. "Rhododendron ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron_columbianum

However, genetic loss-of-function studies on retinoic acid-generating enzymes have shown that retinoic acid is not required for ... Sites of crossing over entangle together, effectively overlapping, making chiasmata clearly visible. Other than this ... Genetic loss-of-function studies on retinoic acid-generating enzymes have shown that retinoic acid is required postnatally to ... This genetic diversity resulting from sexual reproduction contributes to the variation in traits upon which natural selection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis

The serological and genetic basis of the cis-AB blood group in Korea. Vox Sang. 2004 Jul;87(1):41-3. Chun, Sejong; Choi, Sooin ... I. A case associated with unequal chromosomal crossing over. Do you know Bombay Blood Group? YIP, S. P. (January 2002). " ... Yamamoto F1, McNeill PD, Kominato Y, Yamamoto M, Hakomori S, Ishimoto S, Nishida S, Shima M, Fujimura Y. Molecular genetic ... A Yoshida, H Yamaguchi, and Y Okubo Genetic mechanism of cis-AB inheritance. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_AB

Out-crossing or out-breeding is the technique of crossing between different breeds. This is the practice of introducing ... It increases genetic diversity, thus reducing the probability of an individual being subject to disease or genetic ... For example, in this context, a recent veterinary medicine study tried to determine the genetic diversity within cat breeds. ... He then used the resulting offspring to chart inheritance patterns, using the crossing of siblings, and backcrossing to parents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrossing

Selection over genetic drift seems to be the dominant mechanism for outbreeding depression. For plants, outbreeding depression ... However, when the same forms mated with each other and no crossing occurred between lakes, the spawning rates were normal. This ... This circumstance is more likely to happen and occurs more quickly with selection than genetic drift. For the third mechanism, ... After observing Ipomopsis aggregata over time by crossing plants that were between 10-100m apart, a pattern was noticed that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outbreeding_depression

Along with crossing over, independent assortment increases genetic diversity by producing novel genetic combinations. There are ... Mendel did his crossing experiments with heterozygous plants after obtaining these hybrids by crossing two purebred plants, ... Mendel chose genetic traits in plants that are determined by only two alleles, such as "A" and "a". In nature, genes often ... Genetic characteristics have alternate forms, each inherited from one of two parents. Today, we call these alleles. One allele ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance

While the direction of crossing seems to be the result of at least three genetic factors working together in a case of ... Edelaar, Pim; Postma, Erik; Knops, Peter; Phillips, Ron (2005). "No support of a genetic basis of mandible crossing direction ... The mechanism by which the bill-crossing (which usually, but not always, occurs in a 1:1 frequency of left-crossing or right- ... Genetic research on their DNA failed to reveal any difference between any of the crossbills (including the morphologically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbill

Gamble, Miriam, "The Mara Crossing by Ruth Padel - review, The Guardian, 17 February 2012. McDowell, Lesley,"The Mara Crossing ... "An original choral work and an investigation into the genetic characteristics of choral singers". Music From The Genome. ... "The Mara Crossing, By Ruth Padel". 22 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2017. "Go with the flow". 18 February 2012. Retrieved 17 ... 16, William Bedford on January; 2012 (15 January 2012). ""The Mara Crossing", the new collection of poems by Ruth Padel, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Padel

That crossing-over can be suppressed by selection has been known for many years; Detlefsen and Roberts were able to reduce ... Genetic polymorphism, p17-25. MIT Press 1965. Ford E.B. 1975. Ecological genetics. 4th ed, Chapman & Hall. London. Detlefsen J. ... Studies on crossing-over I. The effects of selection on crossover values. J Exp Zoology. 32, 333-54. Darlington C.D. 1956. ... Pin and thrum morphs of Primula have effects on genetic compatibility (pin style x thrum pollen, or thrum style x pin pollen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergene

Main articles: Regulation of genetic engineering and Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms ... A hybrid cereal grain was created in 1875, by crossing wheat and rye.[35] Since then important traits including dwarfing genes ... "Genetic Engineering: The Future of Foods?".. *^ Lemaux, Peggy (19 February 2008). "Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A ... When used in genetic engineering the bacterial T-DNA is removed from the bacterial plasmid and replaced with the desired ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_plant

"The Mechanism of Crossing-Over". Modern Genetic Analysis.. *^ Keeney S (2001). Mechanism and control of meiotic recombination ... Griffiths AJ (2012). Introduction to genetic analysis (10th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 9781429229432. . OCLC ... In S phase, the chromosomes are replicated in order for the genetic content to be maintained.[10] During G2, the cell undergoes ... Prokaryotes (bacteria) undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division

Modern Europeans carrying the M45 genetic marker crossed Broghol and then turned west; M45 further mutated to become M173 and ... The 1985 comedy movie Spies Like Us depicts Dan Aykroyd crossing the Broghol Pass on a mountain yak. The Gilgit Game by John ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broghil_Pass

Many genetic principles were discovered or confirmed in this species. It was used by Punnett in early studies of genetic ... There are ongoing attempts to bring the yellow color into Lathyrus odoratus by crossing it with Lathyrus belinensis. Several ... It is highly suitable as a genetic subject because of its ability to self-pollinate and its easily observed Mendelian traits ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathyrus_odoratus

Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived in sparsely wooded areas and ... which may have prevented early Paleo-Indians such as the Clovis culture from directly crossing Beringia to reach the Americas. ... According to current archaeological and genetic models, there were at least two notable expansion events subsequent to peopling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic

Hjelmeland, Anita Borton; Stephen H. Schilling; Xing Guo; Darryl Quarles; Xiao-Fan Wang (25 Nov 2005). "Loss of Smad3-Mediated ... before any genetic or morphological criteria were put in place for bone marrow or connective tissues. Osteoprogenitor cells can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteochondroprogenitor_cell

Genetic considerationsEdit. The wolf-like canids are a group of large carnivores that are genetically closely related because ... The Australian kelpie is widely believed to be the result of crossing dingos with English herding dogs, but this (the dingo ... Documenting Domestication:New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms. University of California Press. pp. 279-295. ISBN ... However, recent genetic and morphological evidence suggests that the red wolf is a unique taxon. Wilson et al. (2000) report ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canid_hybrid

The crossing of Iberian and Friesian-type horses to produce improved cavalry horses has a history going back to at least the ... Because of this, significant debate exists over whether a Warlander will only obtain genetic benefit if it is an F1 hybrid. A ... The Warlander is a horse of Baroque type, produced by crossing Friesian horses with horses of a purebred registered Iberian ... The Warlander Studbook Society acknowledges that the following genetic defects are known to come from the base breeds of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlander

From Genetic resistance to malaria: "Where this parasite [p. falciparum] is endemic, young children have repeated malaria ... Havre de Grace, Maryland, for example, tried to prevent people from Philadelphia from crossing the Susquehanna River to ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic

... - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme ( ... A crossing in Russia of U. glabra and U. pumila produced the hybrid named Ulmus × arbuscula. ... DNA analysis by Cemagref (now Irstea) in France has determined the genetic diversity within the species is very limited, making ... rather than genetic variation; the subspecies are not accepted by Flora Europaea.[14] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_glabra

In 2012, a genetic study was carried out on Iris laevigata and several of its closely related iris species, including Iris ... Hong-Xing (July 2012). "Genomic and EST-derived microsatellite markers for Iris laevigata (Iridaceae) and other congeneric ... Artyukova, E.V.; Kozyrenko, M.M.; Ilyushko, M.V.; Zhuravlev, Y.N.; Reunova, G.D. (2001). "Genetic Variability of Iris setosa". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_setosa

Genetic testing is available to help determine the presence of the Tobiano gene. Originally, there was no direct test for ... White crossing the back between the withers and the dock of the tail ... during a genetic recombination event. It is thought to be a very ancient gene, about 3500 years old, and is widely distributed ... This inversion was finally mapped for genetic testing and is now offered by several laboratories.[1] Testing is most often ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobiano

Quantitative genetics focuses on genetic variance due to genetic interactions. Any two locus interactions at a particular gene ... effectively crossing a fitness valley. This gateway mutation alleviated the negative epistatic interactions of other ... In this regression, the observed two locus genetic effects are treated as dependent variables and the "pure" genetic effects ... Genetic and molecular causes[edit]. Additivity[edit]. This can be the case when multiple genes act in parallel to achieve the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis

Genetic diversity in a population or species is a result of new gene combinations (e.g. crossing over of chromosomes), genetic ... A set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.. generation. genetic code. A ... Any genetic descendant or offspring.. progesterone. An endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone which plays a critical ... The genetic contribution of an individual to the next generation's gene pool relative to the average for the population, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

"Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy".. *^ a b c David K. Faux, 2007, The Genetic Link of ... Most of them are descendants of the major founding groups who migrated from Asia into the Americas by crossing the Bering ... "Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy".. *^ "Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for ... a b c d T. M. Karafet, 'High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q_

There are several genetic mutations implicated in the disease, including loss of function PINK1[98] and Parkin.[99] Loss of ... Ding, Wen-Xing; Yin, Xiao-Ming (2012-07-01). "Mitophagy: mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and analysis". Biological ... The first autophagy genes were identified by genetic screens conducted in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.[8][9][10] ... Harding TM, Hefner-Gravink A, Thumm M, Klionsky DJ (July 1996). "Genetic and phenotypic overlap between autophagy and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy

Galvin JM, Ezzell G, Eisbrauch A, Yu C, Butler B, Xiao Y, Rosen I, Rosenman J, Sharpe M, Xing L, Xia P, Lomax T, Low DA, Palta ... Arnon J, Meirow D, Lewis-Roness H, Ornoy A (2001). "Genetic and teratogenic effects of cancer treatments on gametes and embryos ... In males previously having undergone radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital ... and can lead to dramatic chromosomal abnormalities and genetic deletions. Targeting double-stranded breaks increases the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

Along with crossing over, independent assortment increases genetic diversity by producing novel genetic combinations. ... There are many violations of independent assortment due to genetic linkage.. Of the 46 chromosomes in a normal diploid human ... However, Mendel's laws stop short of explaining some patterns of genetic inheritance. For most sexually reproducing organisms, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_genetics

Genetic modification. Main article: Genetically modified tomato. Tomatoes that have been modified using genetic engineering ... Slow-ripening cultivars of tomato have been developed by crossing a non-ripening cultivar with ordinary cultivars.[citation ... Genetic evidence has now shown that Linnaeus was correct to put the tomato in the genus Solanum, making Solanum lycopersicum ... Hence genetic design of a commercial variety that combines the advantages of types u and U requires fine tuning, but may be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/🍅

... though occasional crossing between the two breeds occurred until the mid-nineteenth century. ... insemination of their aged prize heifer with 45-year-old semen from the Rare Breeds Survival Trust's national genetic archive. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Devon_cattle

The male bees' genetic makeup is therefore entirely derived from the mother, while the genetic makeup of the female worker bees ... In normal sexual reproduction, the father has two sets of chromosomes, and crossing over takes place between the chromatids of ... Several models have been proposed for the genetic mechanisms of haplodiploid sex-determination. The model most commonly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplodiploid

Fernald, Russell D. (2006). "Casting a Genetic Light on the Evolution of Eyes". Science. 313 (5795): 1914-1918. Bibcode:2006Sci ... Moiseyev, Gennadiy; Chen, Ying; Takahashi, Yusuke; Wu, Bill X.; Ma, Jian-xing (2005). "RPE65 is the isomerohydrolase in the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal

The program builds "genetic" variations of a parent web, as if the web was actually being built by a child spider. For each ... situation in which a female Homo erectus uses a mental model of a tree fallen across a gorge as a possible solution to crossing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Up_in_the_Universe

"CROSSING LAKE MALAWI".. *^ TheCows. "Swimming Cows conquer Lake Malawi in brutal conditions - The Cows". Retrieved 2020-05-21. ... a b Sturmbauer; Baric; Salzburger; Rüber; and Verheyen (2001). Lake Level Fluctuations Synchronize Genetic Divergences of ... "Lake Malawi Crossing". Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2018-12-11.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Niassa

About 800 million years ago,[37] a minor genetic change in a single molecule called guanylate kinase protein-interaction domain ... Such fused cells are also involved in metazoan membranes such as those that prevent chemicals crossing the placenta and the ... whereas the micronucleus is used for sexual reproduction with exchange of genetic material. Slime molds syncitia form from ... "Genetic Flip Helped Organisms Go From One Cell to Many". New York Times. Retrieved 7 January 2016 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organisms

"Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. ufaw.org.uk: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Retrieved 10 February ... or to have been produced by crossing a short Bruno Jura Hound with a pinscher.[28] Others believe it was a cross from a ... "Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. ufaw.org.uk: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Retrieved 10 February ... Dachshunds in the same litter may be born in different coat colors depending on the genetic makeup of the parents. The dominant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daschund

Xing Xu, Hailu You, Kai Du and Fenglu Han (28 July 2011). "An Archaeopteryx-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae" ... The vast majority of bird species are socially monogamous (referring to social living arrangement, distinct from genetic ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird

Although recent genetic studies strongly support the monophyly of bats,[7] debate continues about the meaning of the genetic ... Drosten, C.; Hu, B.; Zeng, L.-P.; Yang, X.-L.; Ge, Xing-Yi; Zhang, Wei; Li, Bei; Xie, J.-Z.; Shen, X.-R.; Zhang, Yun-Zhi; Wang ... The genetic diversity of bat-derived sequences supports the notion that bats are a natural reservoir host of the SARS cluster ... Genetic evidence indicates that megabats originated during the early Eocene, and belong within the four major lines of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat

"The Genetic Atlas". www.thegeneticatlas.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-25. Retrieved 2015-10-11.. ... A caravan crossing Ad-Dahna Desert in central Saudi Arabia. Ras al-Jinz in southeastern Arabia (Oman), also known as the ' ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula

a b L. Xing, W. Wu, B. Zhou, Z. Lin: Streamlined protein expression and purification using cleavable self-aggregating tags. In ... D. W. Wood, W. Wu, G. Belfort, V. Derbyshire, M. Belfort: A genetic system yields self-cleaving inteins for bioseparations. In ... a b E. Hochuli, W. Bannwarth, H. Döbeli, R. Gentz, D. Stüber: Genetic Approach to Facilitate Purification of Recombinant ...

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-Tag

However, at Stow Minster the crossing piers of the early 1050s are clearly 'proto-Romanesque'. A more decorative interpretation ... the genetic makeup of British populations today shows divisions of the tribal political units of the early Anglo-Saxon period.[ ... crossing the Channel when faced with resolute opposition, as in England in 878, or with famine, as on the Continent in 892.[79] ... their genetic, biological make-up is none the less likely to have been substantially, indeed predominantly, British".[39] The ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons

For this reason, crossing Foromosans with other breeds occurred often due to the lack of pure females with steady traits. This ... Since pure Formosans are extremely rare, there is a high risk of genetic disorder and unstable behavior due to the shallow gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Dog

Crossing over creates genetic variation by exchanging DNA between two nonsister chromatids to produce genetically unique ... Crossing over creates genetic variation by exchanging DNA between two nonsister chromatids to produce genetically unique ... The two ways wherein meiosis increases genetic diversity in a species are crossing over and independent assortment of ... Crossing over takes place during meiosis I when two nonsister chromatids exchange DNA material. Approximately two or three ...

https://www.reference.com/world-view/crossing-over-create-genetic-variation-95505f7acf2d3983

"The exact effect depends on the genetic background of the [wheat] variety and the environment where the gene is used," ...

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/crossing-wild-and-convent/

Crossing Over, Genetic: The reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous Chromosomes by ... Crossing-over typically occurs during Meiosis but it may also occur in the absence of meiosis, for example, with bacterial ...

https://www.jove.com/keyword/crossing+over+genetic

In crossing over, a piece of one chromosome is traded for a piece on an adjacent chromosome. This effectively shuffles genetic ... However, new details of a common cellular genetic shuffling process called "crossing over" reveal a tightly controlled system ... 3 Shuffling of already existing genetic information through crossing over does not provide new information. And if selection ... Shuffling genetic information has long been framed as a biological mechanism that can generate variety as well as fuel ...

https://www.icr.org/article/4996/373/

Yet income had to be guaranteed and the genetic progress could not come to a standstill. The big question was how to go on from ... On paper, the cooperation was a win-win situation for both parties, as it allows PIC to market Danish genetic material, and it ... Genetic improvement got a boost with the cooperation with the integration into the PIC database. And practically coinciding ... For PIC, the addition of Møllevang to its team means that the company can provide a different kind of genetic line to its ...

https://www.pigprogress.net/World-of-Pigs1/Articles/2020/3/Farm-visit-Denmark-Crossing-borders-for-genetic-cooperation-546698E/?intcmp=related-content&intcmp=related-content

Fine-scaled human genetic structure revealed by SNP microarrays. Jinchuan Xing et al.. We report an analysis of more than ... Human genetic variation: the first 50 dimensions. Human genetic variation: 124+ clusters with the Galore approach. How Y-STR ... genetic and self-classifications conflict for some individuals. The 250K data permitted high-level resolution of genetic ... Europeans have a genetic distance of at most some 0,0070 FST from corner to corner. These results are just ridiculous. God damn ...

http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2009/04/fine-scaled-human-genetic-structure.html?showComment=1241540760000

You searched for: Subject Escherichia coli Remove constraint Subject: Escherichia coli Subject Crossing Over, Genetic Remove ...

https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/bb/catalog?f%5Breadonly_subject_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Escherichia+coli&f%5Breadonly_subject_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Crossing+Over%2C+Genetic&per_page=50&search_field=all_fields&sort=readonly_date-yyyymmdd_ssim+desc&view=masonry

Crossing Over, Genetic Remove constraint Subject: Crossing Over, Genetic ...

https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/bb/catalog?f%5Breadonly_language_ssim%5D%5B%5D=English&f%5Breadonly_subject_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Escherichia+coli&f%5Breadonly_subject_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Crossing+Over%2C+Genetic&per_page=20&search_field=all_fields&sort=readonly_title_ssim+asc&view=masonry

Genetic Background, Maternal Age, and Interaction Effects Mediate Rates of Crossing Over in Drosophila melanogaster Females. ... Genetic Background, Maternal Age, and Interaction Effects Mediate Rates of Crossing Over in Drosophila melanogaster Females. ... Genetic Background, Maternal Age, and Interaction Effects Mediate Rates of Crossing Over in Drosophila melanogaster Females. ... Using classical genetic techniques, we estimated rates of crossing over for individual Drosophila melanogaster females from ...

https://www.g3journal.org/content/6/5/1409

S1). The genetic order of these markers was the same between wheat and rice (Figs. 1 and 3). The three R9 orthologs for the ... Genetic Map of the Ph1 Gene Region and Its Alignment with the BAC Scaffolds of Rice Chromosome 9 and Wheat Chromosome 5B.. The ... Genetic map of wheat chromosome 5BL spanning abc706 and mwg914. (A) Wheat genes, which have been placed on the map by their ... 1999) A high-density genetic linkage map of Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome progenitor of bread wheat. Theor Appl Genet 99:16- ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/105/15/5815

... so there is no opportunity for crossing over to occur. Crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes ... Homologous chromosomes do not pair during mitosis, so there is no opportunity for crossing over to occur. Crossing over between ... Crossing over does not occur within the single chromosome during mitosis but between two single sister chromatids from two ... Why Cant Crossing Over Between Non-Sister Chromatids of Homologous Chromosomes Occur During Mitosis? ...

https://www.reference.com/science/can-t-crossing-over-between-non-sister-chromatids-homologous-chromosomes-occur-during-mitosis-190ce0fbc28ab6f2

CROSSING-OVER. When crossing-over occurs between the selected and neutral loci, selection no longer carries the hitchhiking ... If genetic draft, the name given to these induced stochastic effects, is a more important stochastic force than genetic drift, ... We now want to argue that this force, although not genetic drift, shares many properties with genetic drift. ... NO CROSSING-OVER. We begin with the study of a neutral locus that is so tightly linked to a selected locus that there is no ...

https://www.genetics.org/content/155/2/909

Biology, Cytogenetics, Cell Division, Crossing-Over, Relationship, Genetic and Cytological Crossing Over ... In this article we will discuss about the relationship between genetic and cytological crossing over. ... These groupings are based on theoretical expectations of genetic recombination being dependent on cytological crossing over ( ... This experiment demonstrated that genetic recombination is accompanied by a reciprocal exchange of chromatid segments between ...

https://www.biologydiscussion.com/cell/cell-division-cell/genetic-and-cytological-crossing-over-cell-division/36183

This article is written to demonstrate how could we use genetic algorithm to solve a NP-Complete problem, I used fixture ... 3.2.1 Crossing-Over This operator is used to combine existing solutions into others, by this way it maintains genetic diversity ... Now, short talk over genetic operators. 3.2 Genetic Operators Genetic operators are such operators like +. -. /. *. we used in ... 3. Genetic Algorithm 3.1 How It Works Genetic algorithms are analogous to those in the natural world; survival of the fittest, ...

https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/777615/Using-Genetic-Algorithm-To-Solve-Perfect-Matching

Is crossing over possible in prophase 1?. Further genetic variation comes from crossing over, which may occur during prophase I ... How does crossing over lead to genetic variation?. Crossing over, or recombination, is the exchange of chromosome segments ... What is the difference between crossing over and independent assortment?. Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material ... Crossing over creates new combinations of genes in the gametes that are not found in either parent, contributing to genetic ...

https://kmjcmk.com/qa/does-crossing-over-cause-genetic-variation.html

So my code this week is for genetic crossings in Galapag.us. Genetic crossings, Punnett squares, remember those from high ... ICM, Genetic Crossings. Posted on October 13, 2011. by Xeus For this weeks intro to computational media assignment, we were to ...

http://blog.benturner.com/2011/10/13/icm-genetic-crossings/

Strawberry Cookiezs genetic history and all cannabis hybrids and crossings who have Epik Genetics Strawberry Cookiez into his ... Strawberry Cookiez Hybrids / Crossings. Hybrids / Crossings (min. 1. Generation):. *Strawberry N Mango » Strawberry Cookiez x ... All crossings of Strawberry Cookiez can be visualized easily with our unique dynamic hybrid map! Click and zoom into our map to ... Lineages :: Crossings & Hybrids. Map all Strawberry Cookiez parents. All parents of Strawberry Cookiez can be visualized easily ...

http://en.seedfinder.eu/strain-info/Strawberry_Cookiez/Epik_Genetics/genealogy/

Describe two evolutionary consequences if the process of crossing over in meiosis ceased to occur. and find homework help for ... Genetic variations in the future generations would be restricted. If a bad gene is linked to a good gene, the good gene has the ... Describe two evolutionary consequences if the process of crossing over in meiosis ceased to occur.. ... Between what genes will crossing over most likely occur on a gene map? ...

https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/describe-two-evolutionary-consequences-process-1461518

Genetic mixing of genes that result from crossing-over. ?. Recombination is the genetic mixing of genes that result from ... What does non-genetic mean. ?. Not related to DNA. Genes are what are inherited from your parents, which is why you have ... All organisms look like the result (are an expression) of their genetic inheritance. ...

https://www.answers.com/Q/How_my_husband_genes_and_my_genes_intercourse_to_result_in_a_baby_similar_to_one_of_us

Mango Puffs genetic history and all cannabis hybrids and crossings who have Gage Green Genetics Mango Puff into his geneology ... Mango Puff Hybrids / Crossings. Hybrids / Crossings (min. 1. Generation):. *Blue Mangos » Blue Dream x Mango Puff F1 ... Lineages :: Crossings & Hybrids. Map all Mango Puff parents. All parents of Mango Puff can be visualized easily with our unique ... All crossings of Mango Puff can be visualized easily with our unique dynamic hybrid map! Click and zoom into our map to find ...

http://en.seedfinder.eu/strain-info/Mango_Puff/Gage_Green_Genetics/genealogy/

... wildlife crossings are being built to bridge these barriers. Now, a team of researchers at Montana State University has ... compared the genetics of grizzly bears and black bears at road crossings in the Canadian Rockies, finding the bears ... Genetic tests revealed that 47 percent of black bears and 27 percent of grizzly bears that used the crossings (including males ... The scientists compared genetic data from the wildlife crossings with data from bear populations in surrounding areas. ...

https://www.yahoo.com/news/bears-wildlife-crossings-mates-001410244.html?ref=gs

Four women were killed and five others injured Monday after being struck by a train while crossing railway tracks in eastern ... Prince Harry says royals are in cycle of genetic pain passing on bad parenting habits. ... They were crossing at an unauthorised spot, the officer said. The injured victims were being treated at a state-run hospital. ... Four women were killed and five others injured Monday after being struck by a train while crossing railway tracks in eastern ...

https://www.yahoo.com/news/train-crushes-four-women-crossing-tracks-east-india-115958438.html

Meiosis and crossing over.The broken sections are then exchanged between the chromosomes to form complete new units, and each ... The Genetic Code: Influence of Mitosis, Meiosis & Crossing Over. Mitotic crossing over take place when homologous chromosomal ... I know I just got to prophase I. A double crossing over Chromosomal crossover or crossing over is the exchange of genetic ... Meiosis and crossing over. What is crossing over and when does it occur? 2019-01-30. Meiosis and crossing over Rating: 8,6/10 ...

http://fetranspordocs.com.br/meiosis-and-crossing-over.html

1973 Crossing barriers in the yellow monkey flowers of the genus Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae). Evolution 18, 52-69. (doi:10.2307/ ... Here, we use crossing experiments involving multiple populations of M. guttatus and M. nasutus in order to evaluate the extent ... 2008 Widespread genetic incompatibility in C. elegans maintained by balancing selection. Science 319, 589-594. (doi:10.1126/ ... Sampling locations and crossing schematic used for this study. (a) Collection sites of M. nasutus are represented by open ...

http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1552/2469

Information crossing from one eye to the other, therefore, does not alter the behavior. Consequently, optomotor behavior of ... Genetic Disorders of Vision Revealed by a Behavioral Screen of 400 Essential Loci in Zebrafish. Stephan C. F. Neuhauss, Oliver ... 1998) Genetic blindness: current concepts in the pathogenesis of human outer retinal dystrophies. Trends Genet 14:103-108. ... 1995) Genetic control of retinal projections in inbred strains of albino mice. J Comp Neurol 354:459-469. ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/19/8603?ijkey=4cbd63b15319cf0039749ff2c77c9a447f323c5b&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Genetic Gains Through Testing and Crossing Longleaf Pine Plus Trees. A progeny test of 226 superior tree selections from nine ... Inheritance in a Diallel Crossing Experiment with Longleaf Pine. Seven-year-old progeny from crosses among 13 randomly selected ... Family variation within a region was large and provided additional genetic gain. Control-pollinated tests of elite x elite ... Pinus palustris, Cronartium fusiforme, genetic gain, complex traits, allometric relations, phenology, needles, stomates, taper ...

https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22Longleaf%20pine%22&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B0%5D=author_facet%3A%22Clinton%2C%20Barton%20D.%22&%3Bf%5B0%5D=author_facet%3A%22So%2C%20Chi-Leung%22&f%5B0%5D=year%3A%221978%22

Crossing-over (genetics) 5 results. Did you mean: crossing-over (genetic)? Definition ... Crossing-over (genetics). The process whereby one or more gene alleles present in one chromosome may be exchanged with their ... The formation of a new plant that is either an exact copy or recombination of the genetic makeup of its parents. There are ...

https://www.accessscience.com/search?topics=Botany&start=0&q=Crossing-over+%28genetics%29&mode=AND&rows=10

Scientists learn about genetic underpinning of plants drought tolerance and special form of photosynthesis, process plants use ... Scientists on Monday said they have sequenced the genome of the pineapple, learning about the genetic underpinning of the ... is finally giving up its genetic secrets. ...

https://www.voanews.com/a/scientists-unlock-pineapples-genetic-secrets/3034174.html

Genetic variants in red hair gene associated with increased number of skin cancer mutations. * ... Crossing the great divide - moving between academia and industry. 03 Jul 2013 , 10:00 BST. , Posted by Soapbox Science Editor ...

https://blogs.nature.com/soapboxscience/2013/07/03/crossing-the-great-divide-moving-between-academia-and-industry

Mechanics Of Crossing Over, The Consequences Of Crossing Over, X-y Crossovers And Unequal Crossovers ... back] Crossing Over - X-y Crossovers And Unequal Crossovers Citing this material. Please include a link to this page if you ... Multiple comparisons of crossing over among multiple loci allows these loci to be mapped, or placed in relative position to one ... Loci that are on the same chromosome are all physically linked to one another, but they can be separated by crossing over. ...

http://medicine.jrank.org/pages/2108/Crossing-Over-Crossing-Over-Genetic-Tool.html

In addition to agronomically important genes, the 5L0.5 region contains Ph1 , a principal suppressor of crossing over between homoeologous chromosomes ( 6 ). (pnas.org)
Crossing over creates new combinations of genes in the gametes that are not found in either parent, contributing to genetic diversity. (kmjcmk.com)
Mutations, the changes in the sequences of genes in DNA, are one source of genetic variation. (kmjcmk.com)
Finally, genetic variation can be a result of sexual reproduction, which leads to the creation of new combinations of genes. (kmjcmk.com)
Between what genes will crossing over most likely occur on a gene map? (enotes.com)
This prevents gene flow - the transfer of genes from one population to another - reducing genetic diversity and making it harder for the animals to adapt to a changing environment. (yahoo.com)
It is clear that male and female individuals using crossing structures are successfully migrating, breeding and moving genes across the roadway," the researchers wrote. (yahoo.com)
Threw genetic process the genes are passed. (answers.com)
Genetic mapping is the determination of the location of genes on a chromosome. (fetranspordocs.com.br)
And the beginning of meiosis I is prophase I. The Gene Buddy System Because of crossing over, genes can be inherited independently of each other in future generations. (fetranspordocs.com.br)
Sexual reproduction and the recombination of linked genes crossing over are, along with mutations, the main instruments of biological variability. (fetranspordocs.com.br)
Functional genetic approaches, which use large-scale mutagenesis screens to isolate mutant phenotypes, offer a powerful way to dissect, at the systems level, biological processes and to subsequently identify the genes involved by mapping and cloning the mutations. (jneurosci.org)
Also, assuming that crossing over usually takes place in or near genes, differences in DNA sequence may contribute, including a high concentration of tandem repeats and/or a lack of genes in heterochromatin. (genetics.org)
Genetic mapping of genes in eukaryotes is based on the mechanisms leading to new combinations of genes: random assortment of chromosomes and crossing‐over. (els.net)
The recombinant frequences (RF) for the three gene intervals are derived from the counts of the eight types of progeny, as well as the coefficient of coincidence (coc) and the value for interference ( I ). The determination of the order of the three genes based on the RF values is shown at the bottom and the genetic distances given in map units (mu). (els.net)
Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes , genetic variation , and heredity in living organisms . (wikipedia.org)
Genetic screens designed to identify genes interacting with mutant CHMP2B represents a key approach in solving the puzzle. (umassmed.edu)
Drosophila can demonstrate Mendelian inheritance because they can display massive amounts of genes, demonstrate genetic mapping, and used as genetic crosses. (bartleby.com)
The concepts of chromosome crossing over and linked genes. (brightstorm.com)
Due to this genetic recombination, the offspring have a different set of alleles and genes than their parents do. (wikipedia.org)
[9] Several other genes in D. melanogaster have been linked as well to both processes, by showing that mutants at these specific loci cannot undergo DNA repair or crossing over. (wikipedia.org)
The genetic results indicated that two stripe rust resistance genes in Sanshumai1, temporarily designated as YrS1 and YrS2 , confer resistance to CYR31 and Su11-11, respectively. (springer.com)
Studies of African genetic diversity have greatly informed our understanding of human origins and history ( 1 , 2 ), have identified genes under natural selection across evolutionary time ( 3 ), and hold great potential for elucidating the genetic bases of disease susceptibility and drug response among diverse human populations ( 4 , 5 ). (pnas.org)
The shuffling of genes brought about by genetic recombination produces increased genetic variation. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic testing for cardiomyopathy employs gene panels, and these panels assess more than 50 genes simultaneously. (mdpi.com)
Simple and low-cost techniques using remote cameras can be used to detect animals using wildlife crossing structures, i.e., level 1 - genes . (dot.gov)
the genetic information a person receives from each parent is randomly divided and this random distribution of paternal and maternal chromosomes shows us that genes for different traits are inherited separately. (smore.com)
The objective of this study is to identify novel genes that modulate susceptibility or resistance to AKI using a novel genetic resource, heterogeneous stock rats. (mcw.edu)
Genetic polymorphisms in pre-miRNA genes may influence the biogenesis and functions of their host miRNAs. (aacrjournals.org)
Our data suggest that genetic polymorphisms in pre-miRNA genes may impact CRC prognosis especially in patients receiving chemotherapy, a finding that warrants further independent validation. (aacrjournals.org)
These chromosomes are the same size, shape, and carry the same genes (genetic instructions) though the actual expression of the genes may vary. (csbsju.edu)
It also became evident that the Jats did not have a unique set of genes, but shared an underlying genetic unity with several other ethnic communities in the Indian subcontinent. (frontiersin.org)

Crossing over creates genetic variation by exchanging DNA between two nonsister chromatids to produce genetically unique chromosomes. (reference.com)
These gametes contain 23 chromosomes, which is half of the genetic information of the parent. (reference.com)
The two ways wherein meiosis increases genetic diversity in a species are crossing over and independent assortment of homologous chromosomes. (reference.com)
When egg or sperm cells are produced, their chromosomes go through crossing over. (icr.org)
Why Can't Crossing Over Between Non-Sister Chromatids of Homologous Chromosomes Occur During Mitosis? (reference.com)
Homologous chromosomes do not pair during mitosis, so there is no opportunity for crossing over to occur. (reference.com)
Crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occurs in meiosis during prophase I. (reference.com)
Crossing over does not occur within the single chromosome during mitosis but between two single sister chromatids from two different chromosomes during meiosis. (reference.com)
During prophase I, the two chromosomes align (two sets of identical sister chromatids), and crossing over occurs at a chiasma between two non-sister chromatids. (reference.com)
The alignment of these two pairs of chromosomes is necessary for crossing over to occur, whereas in mitosis, there is only the alignment and subsequent dissection of single duplicated chromosomes. (reference.com)
This experiment demonstrated that genetic recombination is accompanied by a reciprocal exchange of chromatid segments between homologous chromosomes (Fig. 11.11). (biologydiscussion.com)
Single Point crossing-over operation takes two chromosomes, randomly selects an index, takes preceding section from chromosome-1 and succeeding section from chromosome-2 and generates a new one. (codeproject.com)
Crossing over takes place at this stage and at each point of crossing over a chiasma is formed (singular: chiasma) between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. (kmjcmk.com)
Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. (kmjcmk.com)
During meiosis I homologous chromosomes often exchange chromosome tips in a process called recombination (crossing over). (kmjcmk.com)
In meiosis I, crossing over during prophase and independent assortment during anaphase creates sets of chromosomes with new combinations of alleles. (kmjcmk.com)
Speer Bibliography Strachan, Tom, and Andrew P. When the cells divide after crossing over has occurred, the 92 chromosomes are distributed in half, with 46 going to each of the two daughter cells. (fetranspordocs.com.br)
To investigate the relationship of crossing over to heterochromatin that is not associated with centromeres or NORs, we used a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization of the maize 180-bp knob repeat to show the locations of knob heterochromatin and fluorescent immunolocalization of MLH1 protein and AFD1 protein to show the locations of MLH1 foci on maize synaptonemal complexes (SCs, pachytene chromosomes). (genetics.org)
Crossing over is essential for the normal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomal crossover (or crossing over ) is the exchange of genetic material between 2 homologous chromosomes non-sister chromatids that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction . (wikipedia.org)
McClintock used the prophase and metaphase stages of mitosis to describe the morphology of corn's chromosomes, and later showed the first ever cytological demonstration of crossing over in meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
During meiosis in eukaryotes, genetic recombination involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
During meiosis, synapsis (the pairing of homologous chromosomes) ordinarily precedes genetic recombination. (wikipedia.org)
Crossing over and independent assortment of the homologous chromosomes helps genetic variation. (wikibooks.org)
When a cell is going through Meiosis the outcome should be that every gametes should have 23 chromosomes which carry your genetic code. (bartleby.com)
At the beginning of Meiosis each homologous chromosomes pairs up with another homologous chromosome and then they start exchanging genetic code. (bartleby.com)
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. (smore.com)
Once per life cycle, mitotic nuclear divisions are replaced by meiosis I and II - reducing chromosome number from the diploid level to a haploid genome, reshuffling the homologous chromosomes by their centromeres, and recombining chromosome arms by crossing-over. (worldcat.org)
In 1911, American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) observed crossover (an exchange of material between two chromosomes) in Drosophila melanogaster meiosis and provided the first true genetic interpretation of meiosis. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and contributes to genetic variability. (dictionary.com)

How Does Crossing Over Create Genetic Variation? (reference.com)
Variation is also observed occurring through crossing over within prescribed limits in created kinds, and this shows the Creator's benevolence. (icr.org)
Our picture of global genetic variation becomes ever more clear. (blogspot.com)
To provide a more extensive and complete sampling of human genetic variation, we have included caste and tribal samples from two states in South India, Daghestanis from eastern Europe, and the Iban from Malaysia. (blogspot.com)
Consistent with observations made by Charles Darwin, our results highlight shared variation among human populations and demonstrate that much genetic variation is geographically continuous. (blogspot.com)
The 250K data permitted high-level resolution of genetic variation among Indian caste and tribal populations and between highland and lowland Daghestani populations. (blogspot.com)
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to phenotypic variation in crossover frequency, as do genotype-environment interactions. (g3journal.org)
We find that both age and genetic background significantly contribute to observed variation in recombination frequency, as do genotype-age interactions. (g3journal.org)
If true, this hypothesis may explain a number of paradoxical observations about genetic variation in natural populations. (genetics.org)
Maynard Smith and Haigh argued that hitchhiking events are like population bottlenecks in their ability to reduce genetic variation to levels that will be similar across species. (genetics.org)
The third antecedent is a simulation study that showed that adaptive substitutions can cause the level of genetic variation at a linked neutral locus to be only weakly dependent on the population size ( G illespie 1999 ). (genetics.org)
Does Crossing Over Cause Genetic Variation? (kmjcmk.com)
How does crossing over lead to genetic variation? (kmjcmk.com)
What causes genetic variation? (kmjcmk.com)
How does crossing over and independent assortment contribute to genetic variation? (kmjcmk.com)
Genetic variation is also introduced by random fertilization of the gametes produced by meiosis. (kmjcmk.com)
Further genetic variation comes from crossing over, which may occur during prophase I of meiosis. (kmjcmk.com)
Family variation within a region was large and provided additional genetic gain. (usda.gov)
candidate gene A gene whose function suggests that it may be involved in the genetic variation observed for a particular trait, e.g., the gene for growth hormone is a candidate gene for body weight. (fao.org)
Pai, A. A., Pritchard, J. K. & Gilad, Y. The genetic and mechanistic basis for variation in gene regulation. (nature.com)
[ citation needed ] Crossing over also accounts for genetic variation, because due to the swapping of genetic material during crossing over, the chromatids held together by the centromere are no longer identical. (wikipedia.org)
Context-dependent genetic effects, including genotype-by-environment and genotype-by-sex interactions, are a potential mechanism by which genetic variation of complex traits is maintained in populations. (prolekare.cz)
We examine context-dependent genetic effects at pleiotropic loci associated with normal variation in multiple metabolic syndrome (MetS) components (obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes-related traits). (prolekare.cz)
We also show that over- or underdominance and ecological cross-over interactions for single phenotypes may not be common, however multidimensional synthetic phenotypes at loci with pleiotropic effects can produce situations that favor the maintenance of genetic variation in populations. (prolekare.cz)
This is, in part, because previous studies of high-density SNP and haplotype variation among global human populations (defined as studies with at least 100,000 SNP markers) have included few African populations ( 10 , 12 , 13 , 18 ), whereas detailed studies of genetic structure among African populations have used a modest number of markers ( 2 ) (∼1,500 microsatellites and indels). (pnas.org)
1. Describe sources and types of genetic variation and explain their importance for plant improvement. (edu.au)
Supported by familial aggregation and twin studies, these cardiovascular diseases are influenced by genetic variation. (mdpi.com)
Genetic variation is considered a contributory component for nearly all disease, whether single gene familial disorders or more common, complex traits with multiple gene involvement. (mdpi.com)
In sexual reproduction as a result of meiosis, zygotes formed from gametes, genetic variation occurs during meiosis, and genetic mutations can occur. (wikibooks.org)
Elucidating the contribution of normal genetic variation to (disease) phenotypes, and so re-defining disease entities, will be extremely labor-intense but crucial. (mdpi.com)
What is a source of genetic variation? (brainscape.com)
Meiosis causes genetic variation among the population. (smore.com)

The process of crossing over occurs during meiosis. (reference.com)
Crossing over takes place during meiosis I when two nonsister chromatids exchange DNA material. (reference.com)
Crossing over, or recombination, is the exchange of chromosome segments between nonsister chromatids in meiosis. (kmjcmk.com)
Synapsis and crossing over occur only in meiosis. (kmjcmk.com)
Describe two evolutionary consequences if the process of crossing over in meiosis ceased to occur. (enotes.com)
Name two ways meiosis contributes to genetic recombination. (enotes.com)
Meiosis and crossing over. (fetranspordocs.com.br)
In Which Phase of Meiosis Does Crossing Over Occur? (fetranspordocs.com.br)
We show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae BLM ortholog, Sgs1, prevents aberrant crossing-over during meiosis by suppressing formation of joint molecules (JMs) comprising three and four interconnected duplexes. (nih.gov)
It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination , which occurs in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis . (wikipedia.org)
There are two popular and overlapping theories that explain the origins of crossing-over, coming from the different theories on the origin of meiosis . (wikipedia.org)
The first theory rests upon the idea that meiosis evolved as another method of DNA repair , and thus crossing-over is a novel way to replace possibly damaged sections of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Crossing-over occurs during meiosis and not mitosis. (weegy.com)
In eukaryotes, genetic recombination during meiosis can lead to a novel set of genetic information that can be passed on from the parents to the offspring. (wikipedia.org)
This process, meiosis followed by fertilization (= sex), allows for genetic recombination, so that offspring are genetically different than their parents. (csbsju.edu)
Due to the reign of meiosis, no child is a true genetic copy of either parent. (worldcat.org)
Meiosis forms the basis of sexual reproduction , which increases the genetic diversity of the offspring. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This cyclical process in eukaryotes , called the "biological life cycle," occurs by means of sexual reproduction, which is characterized by separation by meiosis and genetic recombination through fertilization. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

In crossing over, a piece of one chromosome is traded for a piece on an adjacent chromosome. (icr.org)
Meiotic recombination is a genetic process that is critical for proper chromosome segregation in many organisms. (g3journal.org)
Comparisons of the physical map with consensus genetic linkage map revealed that ≈20% of chromosome 5B recombination occurs in this region. (pnas.org)
Crossing over, however, is the only means to provide the recombination of alleles located on the same chromosome. (fetranspordocs.com.br)
The Consequences of Crossing Over A chiasma occurs at least once per chromosome pair. (fetranspordocs.com.br)
They can be used to order and determine distances between loci (chromosome positions) by genetic mapping techniques. (jrank.org)
Loci that are on the same chromosome are all physically linked to one another, but they can be separated by crossing over. (jrank.org)
The experiment designed to map the genetic sexing trait in B. cucurbitae , white pupae ( wp ), also enabled the generation of a chromosome-scale genome assembly by integrating the linkage map with the assembly. (g3journal.org)
This chromosome-scale genome assembly is complete, has high contiguity, was generated using a minimal input DNA, and will be used to further characterize the genetic mechanisms underlying wp . (g3journal.org)
Crossing over occurs between prophase 1 and metaphase 1 and is the process where 2 homologous chromosome non-sister chromatids pair up with each other and exchange different segments of genetic material to form 2 recombinant chromosome sister chromatids. (wikipedia.org)
For fixed set of genetic and environmental conditions, recombination in a particular region of a linkage structure ( chromosome ) tends to be constant and the same is then true for the crossing-over value which is used in the production of genetic maps . (wikipedia.org)
DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is a rare type of a genetic disorder which is caused by the deletion of chromosome 22. (bartleby.com)
A heteromorphism with regard to the presence of a NOR allowed the determination of the crossing-over frequency in the chromosome arm concerned. (biomedsearch.com)
This study demonstrated that the origins of Jats can be clarified by identifying their Y-chromosome haplogroups and tracing their genetic markers on the Y-DNA haplogroup tree. (frontiersin.org)

Mitotic crossing over take place when homologous chromosomal segments are accidentally paired in asexual cells such as body cells. (fetranspordocs.com.br)
Gene conversion - the process during which homologous sequences are made identical also falls under genetic recombination. (wikipedia.org)
While in this formation, homologous sites on two chromatids can closely pair with one another, and may exchange genetic information. (wikipedia.org)

On paper, the cooperation was a win-win situation for both parties, as it allows PIC to market Danish genetic material, and it also allows Pedersen access to a worldwide audience and the opportunity to be more actively involved in the further development of his own genetics. (pigprogress.net)
If genetic draft, the name given to these induced stochastic effects, is a more important stochastic force than genetic drift, then a number of paradoxes that have plagued population genetics disappear. (genetics.org)
Now, a team of researchers at Montana State University has compared the genetics of grizzly bears and black bears at road crossings in the Canadian Rockies, finding the bears do indeed move across the Trans-Canada Highway, and breed with mates on the other side. (yahoo.com)
What Is Crossing Over in Genetics? (fetranspordocs.com.br)
2. Genetics To exchange genetic material. (thefreedictionary.com)
Genetic sexing strains (GSS) used in sterile insect technique (SIT) programs are textbook examples of how classical Mendelian genetics can be directly implemented in the management of agricultural insect pests. (g3journal.org)

This operator is used to combine existing solutions into others, by this way it maintains genetic diversity . (codeproject.com)
This operator maintains genetic diversity too. (codeproject.com)
The study provides the first proof that wildlife crossings maintain genetic diversity, the researchers say. (yahoo.com)
The conventional view that it generates by recombination and sexual reproduction the genetic diversity on which natural selection can act. (fetranspordocs.com.br)
Africa contains over 2,000 ethnolinguistic groups and harbors great genetic diversity ( 2 , 10 - 17 ), but little is known about fine-scale population structure at a genome-wide level. (pnas.org)
This contributes to genetic diversity in the offspring. (thefreedictionary.com)
This has led to significantly higher genetic diversity within India, compared with Europe and East Asia ( 14 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Highways fracture ecosystems into isolated parts, which can limit genetic diversity of the organisms in each portion and jeopardize a species' chance of survival. (mentalfloss.com)

When you understand how these mutations come about, the case for taking charge of our genetic destiny seems unanswerable. (newscientist.com)
The mutations uncovered by our behavioral assays provide distinct entry points for the study of visual pathways and set the stage for a genetic dissection of vertebrate vision. (jneurosci.org)
Mutations can have a variety of different effects depending on the type of mutation, the significance of the piece of genetic material affected and whether the cells affected are germ-line cells. (wikibooks.org)
Genetic mutations in cardiomyopathy offer the capacity to predict clinical outcome, including arrhythmia risk, and genetic diagnosis often provides an early window in which to institute therapy. (mdpi.com)
A genetic disorder, such as DiGeorge syndrome, is an illness caused by one or more abnormalities, which can be passed down through parents, DNA, or mutations. (bartleby.com)
Studies of distinct ancestral groups may also enhance the detection or localization of genetic risk variants due to population differences in linkage disequilibrium, gene-environment interactions, or the presence of population-specific variants, particularly for recently derived causal mutations of low frequency. (diabetesjournals.org)

Since this replication is meant to result in identical cells, non-sister chromatids are never formed, and crossing over cannot occur. (reference.com)
Late Prophase I - Nucleolus disappears, bivalents may cross over - chromatids may break and reconnect to other chromatids - forming a chiasmata, a point where the crossing over occurs. (wikibooks.org)
Crossing over is when chromatids (still in bivalent pairs) cross over, forming a chiasma. (wikibooks.org)

We examined the seed germination success and pollen fertility of reciprocal F 1 and F 2 hybrids and their pure-species parents, and used biometrical genetic tests to distinguish among alternative models of inheritance. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

These results indicate not only that crossing over occurs within knob heterochromatin, but also that crossing over is not suppressed in the context of SC length in maize knobs. (genetics.org)
Genetic recombination and recombinational DNA repair also occurs in bacteria and archaea, which use asexual reproduction. (wikipedia.org)

At the same time, principal components analyses reveal discernible genetic differentiation among almost all identified populations in our sample, and in most cases, individuals can be clearly assigned to defined populations on the basis of SNP genotypes. (blogspot.com)
All individuals are accurately classified into continental groups using a model-based clustering algorithm, but between closely related populations, genetic and self-classifications conflict for some individuals. (blogspot.com)
THIS article investigates the hypothesis that linked selection rather than genetic drift is the major stochastic force in many natural populations. (genetics.org)
Wildlife biologist Michael Sawaya of Montana State University and his colleagues conducted a three-year study of grizzly ( Ursus arctos ) and black bears ( Ursus americanus ) at Banff National Park, Canada, to test how effectively wildlife crossing structures actually bridged bear populations. (yahoo.com)
The scientists compared genetic data from the wildlife crossings with data from bear populations in surrounding areas. (yahoo.com)
Results showed a genetic discontinuity - a division between two distinct populations - at the Trans-Canada Highway for grizzly bears, but not for black bears. (yahoo.com)
Finally, patterns of genetic similarity among inferred African segments of African-American genomes and genomes of contemporary African populations included in this study suggest African ancestry is most similar to non-Bantu Niger-Kordofanian-speaking populations, consistent with historical documents of the African Diaspora and trans-Atlantic slave trade. (pnas.org)
Switzerland, Finland, United Kingdom) ( 20 - 24 ), there is strong reason to believe that high-density genotype data from African and African-American populations can elucidate patterns of genetic structure among these populations further. (pnas.org)
Cloning is the act of replicating the genetic code, cell populations, and species. (brainmass.com)
The latter is consistent with the "thrifty genotype" hypothesis, which contends that genetic alleles promoting efficient energy storage experienced positive selection in populations that experienced historically inconsistent food supply and now contribute to an increased prevalence of obesity and T2D. (diabetesjournals.org)
Given high genetic differentiation of both Indian populations and T2D risk variants, well-powered GWASs within ethnically homogeneous Indian populations may provide novel insights into genetic effects underlying T2D susceptibility, both in Indians and other populations. (diabetesjournals.org)

The exchange of genetic material associated with crossing over can have important evolutionary consequences by combining or separating beneficial or deleterious alleles. (g3journal.org)
In a survey of thousands of confirmed genetic associations, risk alleles for T2D demonstrated the most extreme population frequency differentiation among twelve common diseases studied ( 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Our screen showed that a significant fraction (∼5%) of the essential loci also participate in visual functions but did not reveal any systematic genetic linkage to particular morphological traits. (jneurosci.org)
Seven-year-old progeny from crosses among 13 randomly selected parent trees provided genetic information on 51 growth, form, foliage, branch, bud, and pest resistance traits. (usda.gov)
Although the foundation of traditionally developed GSS are single locus, autosomal recessive traits, their genetic basis are largely unknown. (g3journal.org)
With the advent of modern genomic techniques, the genetic basis of sexing traits in GSS can now be further investigated. (g3journal.org)
Knowledge of the genetic basis of genetic sexing traits can be used to improve SIT in this species and expand it to other economically important Diptera. (g3journal.org)
Pleiotropic genetic effects are also thought to play an important role in evolution, reflecting functional and developmental relationships among traits. (prolekare.cz)
We examine the context-dependency of the underlying additive, dominance, and imprinting genetic effects of the traits associated with these pleiotropic QTL. (prolekare.cz)
Genetic crosses with sex linked traits are examined. (brainmass.com)
Genetic recombination (also known as genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. (wikipedia.org)
The genotype, the genetic constitution of an organism, makes the phenotype, the observable traits of an organism. (smore.com)

All organisms look like the result (are an expression) of their genetic inheritance. (answers.com)
He described several rules of genetic inheritance in his work The genetic law of the Nature (Die genetische Gesätze der Natur, 1819). (wikipedia.org)
With the experiment, crossing the flies is to demonstrate the inheritance pattern of a single and double trait. (bartleby.com)
Being able to study these organisms across multiple generations and understand its life cycle would help with understanding basic genetic concepts, such as trait inheritance. (bartleby.com)
A Genetic Study of the Inheritance Patterns in Drosophila Melanogaster Joseph Franchi University of Illinois at Chicago A Genetic Study of the Inheritance Patterns in Drosophila Melanogaster Introduction This experiment demonstrates Gregor Mendel's laws of independent assortment and the inheritance patterns in Drosophila Melanogaster. (bartleby.com)
How Much Do You Know About Genetic Inheritance? (brainmass.com)

The author, George Johnson, also illustrated selection: "Thoroughbred racehorses are all descendants of a small initial number of individuals, and selection for speed has accomplished all it can with this limited amount of genetic variability-the winning times in major races ceased to improve decades ago. (icr.org)

V(D)J recombination in organisms with an adaptive immune system is a type of site-specific genetic recombination that helps immune cells rapidly diversify to recognize and adapt to new pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
It also allows sexually reproducing organisms to avoid Muller's ratchet, in which the genomes of an asexual population accumulate genetic deletions in an irreversible manner. (wikipedia.org)

Does crossing over occur in Pachytene? (kmjcmk.com)
Does crossing over occur twice? (kmjcmk.com)
What is 'crossing over' and when does it occur? (fetranspordocs.com.br)
Genetic disorders can occur to anyone. (bartleby.com)

A mutation is a permanent change to an organism's genetic material ( DNA or RNA). (wikibooks.org)
The four graduate students knew that, due to an unidentified genetic mutation, a portion of the peppers would not be very spicy. (scientificamerican.com)
By syncing the results of the DNA analysis with what their palates had told them, the team managed to identify a specific genetic mutation that explained why some of the peppers lacked heat. (scientificamerican.com)
A point mutation in PNPLA3 (also known as adiponutrin) is prevalent in ∼20-50% of people depending upon ethnicity and is the single best genetic predictor of NAFLD ( 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

I know I just got to prophase I. A double crossing over Chromosomal crossover or crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between 2 that results in recombinant during. (fetranspordocs.com.br)
Does demonstrated suppression of crossing over in pericentric and NOR heterochromatin justify the assumption that crossing over is suppressed in all heterochromatin regardless of its chromosomal position? (genetics.org)

What is the difference between crossing over and independent assortment? (kmjcmk.com)

Analyses of structure, PCA, interpopulation differentiations and phylogenetic tree revealed that the Xibe group had close genetic relationships with South Korean, Beijing Han and Guangdong Han groups. (nature.com)
Relying on these " umbrella diagnoses ", genetic analyses, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), were undertaken but failed to provide insight into the biological basis of these disorders. (mdpi.com)
Genetische karakterisering van planten en plantenrassen m.b.v. ploidie-analyses en moleculaire merkers. (vlaanderen.be)
The long-term goal of this project is to exponentially improve speed, accuracy, and efficiency in genetic variant analysis so that patients suffering from genetic diseases suitable for NGS-based analyses receive timely, cost-efficient, and accurate results. (grantome.com)

Despite being fundamental for organismal fitness, rates of crossing over vary greatly between taxa. (g3journal.org)
2003). The criteria used to measure their function or conservation value, however, will depend on the intended purpose of the wildlife crossings, the taxa of interest and the biological level of organization most relevant to monitoring and research goals. (dot.gov)

Tetrad analysis, interference, and mitotic crossing‐over. (els.net)

The genetic distances of the two closest flanking markers, namely Xcfd79 and Xwmc674 , were 4.1 and 8.7 centiMorgans, respectively. (springer.com)
The genetic distances of the two closest flanking markers, namely Xcfd84 and Xgwm194 , were 6.8 and 7.1 centiMorgans, respectively. (springer.com)

How can the concept of recombination frequency be used in genetic mapping? (fetranspordocs.com.br)
Recombination frequency in one region of the genome will be influenced by other, nearby recombination events, and these differences can complicate genetic mapping. (jrank.org)

Multiple comparisons of crossing over among multiple loci allows these loci to be mapped, or placed in relative position to one another. (jrank.org)
The investigation of interference is important because accurate modeling of interference will provide better estimates of true genetic map length and intermarker distances, and more accurate mapping of trait loci. (jrank.org)
In the present study, we obtained population genetic data and forensic parameters of 30 InDel loci in Chinese Xibe ethnic group from northwestern China and studied the genetic relationships between the studied Xibe group and other reference groups. (nature.com)

It could be just decades before it is safe to attempt germ line genetic engineering using recombinant DNA technology. (newscientist.com)

A variety of evidence indicates that meiotic crossing over is suppressed, if not completely eliminated, in heterochromatin at NORs and in pericentric heterochromatin. (genetics.org)
provided strong support for two of these hypotheses by showing that, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a kinetochore (centromere) protein complex called Ctf19 both inhibits nearby double-strand breaks needed for crossing over and promotes cohesion enrichment that also interferes with meiotic crossing over. (genetics.org)

Using classical genetic techniques, we estimated rates of crossing over for individual Drosophila melanogaster females from five strains over their lifetime from a single mating event. (g3journal.org)
While there is no definitive evidence one way or the other, the assumption is supported by a report in Drosophila virilis that little if any crossing over occurred in a block of pericentric heterochromatin that was translocated into distal euchromatin ( Baker 1958 ). (genetics.org)

It is revolutionary in that the pace of evolutionary change is quickened by genetic recombination, much of which results from sexual reproduction [crossing over]. (icr.org)
On the one hand, variations that come from crossing over are selected from a population, and this is said to bring about largescale evolutionary change. (icr.org)
Such Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities are thought to arise 'incidental' to evolutionary processes, such as genetic drift or directional selection, but a detailed understanding of the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms involved remains elusive. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

In this article we will discuss about the relationship between genetic and cytological crossing over. (biologydiscussion.com)
These groupings are based on theoretical expectations of genetic recombination being dependent on cytological crossing over (Fig. 11.11). (biologydiscussion.com)

Genetic algorithms are really useful to solve NP-Complete optimization problems. (codeproject.com)
Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are the nearest thing a software developer can get to magic. (codeproject.com)
Genetic algorithms belong to this group. (mdpi.com)
In the first part of this article, there is a description of a framework of the current state of layout planning and genetic algorithms used in manufacturing and logistics system design, methods for layout design, and basic characteristics of genetic algorithms. (mdpi.com)

Genetic variations in the future generations would be restricted. (enotes.com)
Although CRC is a disease that is largely influenced by lifestyle and dietary factors ( 4 ), recent studies have suggested that interindividual genetic variations such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) may affect risk for CRC ( 5-7 ). (aacrjournals.org)

The study also found that male bears that used the crossings most often had the highest reproductive success of males that crossed, suggesting crossings increased the number of opportunities for the bears to mate, though the researchers say more studies are needed. (yahoo.com)
Now that they have demonstrated the feasibility of using wireless sensors to control automatic level crossings, researchers based at the University's Institute of Railway Research (IRR) are to hold talks with industrial partners who can help bring the project to fruition. (phys.org)

But selection against heterokaryotypes must also have occurred during the initial spread of novel rearrangements within species, suggesting that selection may have been overwhelmed by random genetic drift and/or minimized by homozygosity owing to high rates of inbreeding (e.g. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
The fact is that genetic engineering allows scientists to take a gene from one species and insert it into a completely different species with which it could never naturally breed. (answers.com)

The formation of a new plant that is either an exact copy or recombination of the genetic makeup of its parents. (accessscience.com)
We show here that the formation of these products is controlled by the E. coli resolvasome (RuvABC) in such way that double-strand break repair (DSBR) leads to crossing over and single-strand gap repair (SSGR) does not lead to crossing over. (nih.gov)
BLM ortholog, Sgs1, prevents aberrant crossing-over by suppressing formation of multichromatid joint molecules. (nih.gov)
Bloom's helicase (BLM) is thought to prevent crossing-over during DNA double-strand-break repair (DSBR) by disassembling double-Holliday junctions (dHJs) or by preventing their formation. (nih.gov)
We propose that differential activity of Sgs1 and procrossover factors at the two DSB ends effects productive formation of dHJs and crossovers and prevents multichromatid JMs and counterproductive crossing-over. (nih.gov)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) contains genetic information in the form of base sequences of nucleotides that produce amino acids in protein formation. (brainmass.com)
A novel genetic mechanism regulates dorsolateral hinge-point formation during zebrafish cranial neurulation. (nih.gov)

Both well-organized regulation and well-designed molecular machinery are used in crossing over, demonstrating the Creator's genius. (icr.org)
The primary goal of the Regner laboratory is to investigate the cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms involved in ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) and kidney repair. (mcw.edu)

Genetic Crossing Over: Definition & Concept. (fetranspordocs.com.br)

Genetic tests revealed that 47 percent of black bears and 27 percent of grizzly bears that used the crossings (including males and females) bred successfully. (yahoo.com)
Pupal color phenotype is the sexing trait used to sort males from females in the T1 Melon genetic sexing strain. (g3journal.org)

Our results emphasize the correlation of genetic and geographic distances and highlight other elements, including social factors that have contributed to population structure. (blogspot.com)

The Variant Explorer: a cloud-based data integration and visualization system for improving clinical interpretation of sequenced genetic variants. (grantome.com)
In this Phase I SBIR, SolveBio plans to develop a cloud-based software system that combines disparate and complex reference databases to improve efficiency and accuracy in analyzing how sequenced genetic variants cause genetic diseases. (grantome.com)

But T2D risk also has a substantial genetic component and evidence indicates that Indians may be more susceptible to developing insulin resistance and T2D compared with European-ancestry individuals of equivalent age and BMI ( 3 - 5 ), suggesting the possibility of population-specific genetic or epigenetic risk factors. (diabetesjournals.org)

The team noted that grizzlies have used crossings at a growing rate between 1996 and 2008, probably in part because bear cubs learned the behavior from their mothers. (yahoo.com)

Plant scientists are drawn to models because of their ease of manipulation, simple genome organization, rapid life cycles, and the availability of multiple genetic and genomic tools. (wiley.com)

Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior , often referred to as nature versus nurture . (wikipedia.org)
Crossing over and DNA repair are very similar processes, which utilize many of the same protein complexes. (wikipedia.org)

This research will provide solutions for faster and more accurate genetic diagnoses and ultimately support the development of precision medicine. (grantome.com)

A recent, comprehensive genetic study provided compelling evidence for global genetic differentiation of T2D risk. (diabetesjournals.org)

Wildlife crossing structures are, in essence, site-specific movement corridors strategically placed over highways that bisect important wildlife habitat as Figure 28 shows. (dot.gov)

Is crossing over possible in prophase 1? (kmjcmk.com)

Here, we test the hypothesis that maternal age influences rates of crossing over in a genotypic-specific manner. (g3journal.org)

Genetic disorders are very common some more than others. (bartleby.com)
Many people believe genetic disorders only happen to those who have family cases with genetic disorders but, it's not something you can truly control. (bartleby.com)
Many of these disabilities are caused by genetic disorders. (bartleby.com)
Genetic disorders may alter physical appearance and cause mild to severe mental retardation. (bartleby.com)
Down Syndrome in Children Down syndrome is one of the most common and easily recognized genetic disorders. (bartleby.com)

After 8-foot walls were erected around the bridge to muffle noise and local flora was planted, the animal crossing official opened in 2019. (mentalfloss.com)

Anatomy11

Organisms9

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs20

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes63

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care2

A genetic linkage map of rat chromosome 9 with a new locus for variant activity of liver aldehyde oxidase. (1/1272)

Removal of one nonhomologous DNA end during gene conversion by a RAD1- and MSH2-independent pathway. (2/1272)

Distribution of crossing over on mouse synaptonemal complexes using immunofluorescent localization of MLH1 protein. (3/1272)

The frequency and allelism of lethal chromosomes in isolated desert populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. (4/1272)

Intermolecular V(D)J recombination is prohibited specifically at the joining step. (5/1272)

Genetic recombination of poliovirus in vitro and in vivo: temperature-dependent alteration of crossover sites. (6/1272)

Three-dimensional microscopy of the Rad51 recombination protein during meiotic prophase. (7/1272)

Use of a recombination reporter insert to define meiotic recombination domains on chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (8/1272)

Crossing Over, Genetic

Gene Conversion

Meiosis

Recombination, Genetic

Synaptonemal Complex

Chromosomes, Fungal

Chromosomes

Chromosome Pairing

Models, Genetic

Crosses, Genetic

DNA, Cruciform

Spores, Fungal

Chromosome Mapping

Pachytene Stage

Chromosome Inversion

Meiotic Prophase I

Mutation

Diethylamines

Plantago

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Diploidy

Alleles

Nondisjunction, Genetic

Dimethylamines

Genes, Fungal

DNA Repair

Chromatids

Genetic Markers

Heterozygote

Spermatocytes

L-Aminoadipate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase

Drosophila melanogaster

X Chromosome

Chromosome Segregation

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

DNA, Fungal

Centromere

Biological Evolution

Molecular Sequence Data

Base Sequence

Prophase

Genetic Linkage

Genetic Variation

Fungal Proteins

Drosophila

DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded

Base Pair Mismatch

Evolution, Molecular

Phenotype

Chromosome Breakage

Sister Chromatid Exchange

Mitosis

Selection, Genetic

Multigene Family

Endodeoxyribonucleases

Mosaicism

Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid

Zea mays

Sex Chromosomes

Rad51 Recombinase

Heterochromatin

Translocation, Genetic

DNA

RecQ Helicases

Genotype

Homozygote

Caenorhabditis elegans

DNA-Binding Proteins

Exodeoxyribonucleases

Species Specificity

Plasmids

Blotting, Southern

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Telomere

Endonucleases

Polymorphism, Genetic

Genes

Genes, Plant

Genome

Schizosaccharomyces