Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE. The leafy stems of khat are chewed by some individuals for stimulating effect. Members contain ((+)-norpseudoephedrine), cathionine, cathedulin, cathinine & cathidine.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Set of instructions about how to prepare food for eating using specific instructions.
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.
A republic stretching from the Indian Ocean east to New Guinea, comprising six main islands: Java, Sumatra, Bali, Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo), Sulawesi (formerly known as the Celebes) and Irian Jaya (the western part of New Guinea). Its capital is Djakarta. The ethnic groups living there are largely Chinese, Arab, Eurasian, Indian, and Pakistani; 85% of the peoples are of the Islamic faith.
The status of health in rural populations.
Earth or other matter in fine, dry particles. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.
Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Any of six membrane-covered openings between the CRANIAL SUTURES in the incompletely ossified skull of the fetus or newborn infant. The fontanelles normally close sometime after birth.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
The airflow rate measured during the first liter expired after the first 200 ml have been exhausted during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination. Common abbreviations are MEFR, FEF 200-1200, and FEF 0.2-1.2.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
The aggregate business enterprise of manufacturing textiles. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
A country in northeastern Africa. The capital is Khartoum.
The status of health in urban populations.
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
Quartz (SiO2). A glassy or crystalline form of silicon dioxide. Many colored varieties are semiprecious stones. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A medical facility which provides a high degree of subspecialty expertise for patients from centers where they received SECONDARY CARE.
International collective of humanitarian organizations led by volunteers and guided by its Congressional Charter and the Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross Movement, to provide relief to victims of disaster and help people prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies.
The science, art, or technology dealing with processes involved in the separation of metals from their ores, the technique of making or compounding the alloys, the techniques of working or heat-treating metals, and the mining of metals. It includes industrial metallurgy as well as metallurgical techniques employed in the preparation and working of metals used in dentistry, with special reference to orthodontic and prosthodontic appliances. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p494)
The distance from the sole to the crown of the head with body standing on a flat surface and fully extended.
Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.
Refusal to take part in activities or procedures that are requested or expected of an individual. This may include refusal by HEALTH PERSONNEL to participate in specific medical procedures or refusal by PATIENTS or members of the public to take part in clinical trials or health promotion programs.
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.
Hospitals controlled by various types of government, i.e., city, county, district, state or federal.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
The region of southwest Asia and northeastern Africa usually considered as extending from Libya on the west to Afghanistan on the east. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)
The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
City, urban, rural, or suburban areas which are characterized by severe economic deprivation and by accompanying physical and social decay.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.
Respiratory tract diseases are medical conditions that affect the organs and structures involved in breathing, including the nose, throat, bronchi, and lungs.
Parliamentary democracy located between France on the northeast and Portugual on the west and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
Size and composition of the family.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The upward or downward mobility in an occupation or the change from one occupation to another.
The area that lies between continental North and South America and comprises the Caribbean Sea, the West Indies, and the adjacent mainland regions of southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
Educational institutions providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees.
Collection, analysis, and interpretation of data about the frequency, distribution, and consequences of disease or health conditions, for use in the planning, implementing, and evaluating public health programs.
A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.
Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
The largest of the continents. It was known to the Romans more specifically as what we know today as Asia Minor. The name comes from at least two possible sources: from the Assyrian asu (to rise) or from the Sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to Europe, to the west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p82 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p34)
The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease.
The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982).
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.
Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
Childbirth taking place in the home.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.
The rate of airflow measured during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination.
The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity.
The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
Sexual activities of humans.
A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.
Special hospitals which provide care to the mentally ill patient.
Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.
The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary.
The transmission and reproduction of transient images of fixed or moving objects. An electronic system of transmitting such images together with sound over a wire or through space by apparatus that converts light and sound into electrical waves and reconverts them into visible light rays and audible sound. (From Webster, 3rd ed)
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Female parents, human or animal.
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years.
A group of islands in the southwest Pacific. Its capital is Wellington. It was discovered by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642 and circumnavigated by Cook in 1769. Colonized in 1840 by the New Zealand Company, it became a British crown colony in 1840 until 1907 when colonial status was terminated. New Zealand is a partly anglicized form of the original Dutch name Nieuw Zeeland, new sea land, possibly with reference to the Dutch province of Zeeland. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p842 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p378)
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
A willingness to reveal information about oneself to others.
Institutions which provide medical or health-related services.
The individuals employed by the hospital.
The state of not being engaged in a gainful occupation.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA and MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland.
A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level.
Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.
The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality.
Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.
Appraisal of one's own personal qualities or traits.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
A state in southeastern Australia. Its capital is Sydney. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770 and first settled at Botany Bay by marines and convicts in 1788. It was named by Captain Cook who thought its coastline resembled that of South Wales. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p840 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p377)
"Decayed, missing and filled teeth," a routinely used statistical concept in dentistry.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
Hospitals maintained by a university for the teaching of medical students, postgraduate training programs, and clinical research.
Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.
Individuals enrolled in a school of medicine or a formal educational program in medicine.
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
A beverage made from ground COFFEA beans (SEEDS) infused in hot water. It generally contains CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE unless it is decaffeinated.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Revenues or receipts accruing from business enterprise, labor, or invested capital.
Maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth in a given population.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
A quality-of-life scale developed in the United States in 1972 as a measure of health status or dysfunction generated by a disease. It is a behaviorally based questionnaire for patients and addresses activities such as sleep and rest, mobility, recreation, home management, emotional behavior, social interaction, and the like. It measures the patient's perceived health status and is sensitive enough to detect changes or differences in health status occurring over time or between groups. (From Medical Care, vol.xix, no.8, August 1981, p.787-805)
Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Crafts, trades, professions, or other means of earning a living.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.
Contamination of the air by tobacco smoke.
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.
Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility.
Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.
Hospitals engaged in educational and research programs, as well as providing medical care to the patients.
Educational institutions.
Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.
The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Institutions with an organized medical staff which provide medical care to patients.
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality.
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.
Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.
Chronic absence from work or other duty.
Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed.
The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, or eating.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality, and available health resources.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Those physicians who have completed the education requirements specified by the American Academy of Family Physicians.
Method for obtaining information through verbal responses, written or oral, from subjects.
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.
Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.
A country in western Europe bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the countries of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the principalities of Andorra and Monaco, and by the duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital is Paris.
An imbalanced nutritional status resulted from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.
The physical characteristics of the body, including the mode of performance of functions, the activity of metabolic processes, the manner and degree of reactions to stimuli, and power of resistance to the attack of pathogenic organisms.
Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.
Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.
Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment.

Cardiovascular disease in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: similar rates but different risk factors in the US compared with Europe. (1/42185)

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been linked to renal disease. However, little is known concerning international variation in the correlations with hyperglycaemia and standard CVD risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional comparison was made of prevalence rates and risk factor associations in two large studies of IDDM subjects: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study (EDC) and the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study from 31 centres in Europe. Subgroups of each were chosen to be comparable by age and duration of diabetes. The EDC population comprises 286 men (mean duration 20.1 years) and 281 women (mean duration 19.9 years); EURODIAB 608 men (mean duration 18.1 years) and 607 women (mean duration 18.9 years). The mean age of both populations was 28 years. Cardiovascular disease was defined by a past medical history of myocardial infarction, angina, and/or the Minnesota ECG codes (1.1-1.3, 4.1-4.3, 5.1-5.3, 7.1). RESULTS: Overall prevalence of CVD was similar in the two populations (i.e. men 8.6% versus 8.0%, women 7.4% versus 8.5%, EURODIAB versus EDC respectively), although EDC women had a higher prevalence of angina (3.9% versus 0.5%, P < 0.001). Multivariate modelling suggests that glycaemic control (HbA1c) is not related to CVD in men. Age and high density lipoprotein cholesterol predict CVD in EURODIAB, while triglycerides and hypertension predict CVD in EDC. For women in both populations, age and hypertension (or renal disease) are independent predictors. HbA1c is also an independent predictor-inversely in EURODIAB women (P < 0.008) and positively in EDC women (P = 0.03). Renal disease was more strongly linked to CVD in EDC than in EURODIAB. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a similar prevalence of CVD, risk factor associations appear to differ in the two study populations. Glycaemic control (HbA1c) does not show a consistent or strong relationship to CVD.  (+info)

Body mass decrease after initial gain following smoking cessation. (2/42185)

BACKGROUND: Although smoking cessation is strongly associated with subsequent weight gain, it is not clear whether the initial gain in weight after smoking cessation remains over time. METHOD: Cross-sectional analyses were made, using data from periodic health examinations for workers, on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the length of smoking cessation. In addition, linear regression coefficients of BMI on the length of cessation were estimated according to alcohol intake and sport activity, to examine the modifying effect of these factors on the weight of former smokers. RESULTS: Means of BMI were 23.1 kg/m2, 23.3 kg/m2, 23.6 kg/m2 for light/medium smokers, heavy smokers and never smokers, respectively. Among former smokers who had smoked > or = 25 cigarettes a day, odds ratio (OR) of BMI >25 kg/m2 were 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.05-3.35), 1.32 (95% CI : 0.74-2.34), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.33-1.31) for those with 2-4 years, 5-7 years, and 8-10 years of smoking cessation, respectively. The corresponding OR among those who previously consumed <25 cigarettes a day were 1.06 (95% CI: 0.58-1.94), 1.00 (95% CI: 0.58-1.71), and 1.49 (95% CI: 0.95-2.32). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that although heavy smokers may experience large weight gain and weigh more than never smokers in the few years after smoking cessation, they thereafter lose weight to the never smoker level, while light and moderate smokers gain weight up to the never smoker level without any excess after smoking cessation.  (+info)

Demographic, clinical and social factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases in a cohort of women from the United Kingdom and Ireland. MRC Collaborative Study of women with HIV. (3/42185)

BACKGROUND: Clinical experience suggests many women with HIV infection have experienced no other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Our objective was to test the hypothesis that a substantial proportion of women with HIV infection in the United Kingdom and Ireland have experienced no other diagnosed STD and to describe the demographic, clinical and social factors associated with the occurrence of other STD in a cohort of HIV infected women. METHOD: Analysis of cross-sectional baseline data from a prospective study of 505 women with diagnosed HIV infection. The setting was 15 HIV treatment centres in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The main outcome measures were occurrence of other STD diagnosed for the first time before and after HIV diagnosis. Data were obtained from interview with women and clinic notes. We particularly focused on occurrence of gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis after HIV diagnosis, as these are the STD most likely to reflect recent unprotected sexual intercourse. RESULTS: The women were mainly infected via heterosexual sex (n = 304), and injection drug use (n = 174). 151 were black Africans. A total of 250 (49.5%) women reported never having been diagnosed with an STD apart from HIV, 255 (50.5%) women had ever experienced an STD besides HIV, including 109 (21.6%) who had their first other STD diagnosed after HIV. Twenty-five (5%) women reported having had chlamydia, gonorrhoea or trichomoniasis diagnosed for the first time after HIV diagnosis, possibly reflecting unprotected sexual intercourse since HIV diagnosis. In all 301 (60%) women reported having had sex with a man in the 6 months prior to entry to the study. Of these, 168 (58%) reported using condoms 'always', 66(23%) 'sometimes' and 56 (19%) 'never'. CONCLUSIONS: Half the women in this study reported having never experienced any other diagnosed STD besides HIV. However, after HIV diagnosis most women remain sexually active and at least 5% had an STD diagnosed which reflect unprotected sexual intercourse.  (+info)

Post-shift changes in pulmonary function in a cement factory in eastern Saudi Arabia. (4/42185)

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 1992 in the oldest of three Portland cement producing factories in Eastern Saudi Arabia. The respirable dust level was in excess of the recommended ACGIH level in all sections. Spirometry was done for 149 cement workers and 348 controls, using a Vitalograph spirometer. FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC% and FEF25-75% were calculated and corrected to BTPS. A significantly higher post-shift reduction FEV1, FEV1/FVC% and FEF25-75% was observed in the exposed subjects. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant relationship between post-shift changes and exposure to cement dust but failed to support any relationship with smoking. These findings may indicate an increase in the bronchial muscle tone leading to some degree of bronchoconstriction as a result of an irritant effect induced by the acute exposure to cement dust.  (+info)

Asthma visits to emergency rooms and soybean unloading in the harbors of Valencia and A Coruna, Spain. (5/42185)

Soybean unloading in the harbor of Barcelona, Spain, has been associated with large increases in the numbers of asthma patients treated in emergency departments between 1981 and 1987. In this study, the association between asthma and soybean unloading in two other Spanish cities, Valencia and A Coruna, was assessed. Asthma admissions were retrospectively identified for the period 1993-1995, and harbor activities were investigated in each location. Two approaches were used to assess the association between asthma and soybean unloading: One used unusual asthma days (days with an unusually high number of emergency room asthma visits) as an effect measure, and the other estimated the relative increase in the daily number of emergency room visits by autoregressive Poisson regression, adjusted for meteorologic variables, seasonality, and influenza incidence. No association between unusual asthma days and soya unloading was observed in either Valencia or A Coruna, except for one particular dock in Valencia. When the association between unloaded products and the daily number of emergency asthma visits was studied, a statistically significant association was observed for unloading of soya husk (relative risk = 1.50, 95% confidence interval 1.16-1.94) and soybeans (relative risk = 1.31, 95% confidence interval 1.08-1.59) in A Coruna. In Valencia, a statistical association was found only for the unloading of soybeans at two particular docks. Although these findings support the notion that asthma outbreaks are not a common hidden condition in most harbors where soybeans are unloaded, the weak associations reported are likely to be causal. Therefore, appropriate control measures should be implemented to avoid soybean dust emissions, particularly in harbors with populations living in the vicinity.  (+info)

Maternal second trimester serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha-soluble receptor p55 (sTNFp55) and subsequent risk of preeclampsia. (6/42185)

Preeclampsia is characterized by diffuse vascular endothelial dysfunction. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which plays a key role in the cytokine network responsible for immunoregulation, is also known to contribute to endothelial dysfunction and other metabolic disturbances noted in preeclampsia. Results from cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study indicate that TNF-alpha (or its soluble receptor, sTNFp55) is increased in the peripheral circulation and amniotic fluid of women with preeclampsia as compared with normotensive women. Between December 1993 and August 1994, prediagnostic sTNFp55 concentrations (a marker of excessive TNF-alpha release) were measured in 35 women with preeclampsia and 222 normotensive women to determine whether elevations precede the clinical manifestation of the disorder. Logistic regression procedures were used to calculate maximum likelihood estimates of odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Mean second trimester (15-22 weeks' gestation) serum sTNFp55 concentrations, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were 14.4% higher in preeclamptic women than in normotensive controls (716.6 pg/ml (standard deviation 193.6) vs. 626.4 pg/ml (standard deviation 158.0); p = 0.003). The relative risk of preeclampsia increased across successively higher quintiles of sTNFp55 (odds ratios were 1.0, 1.3, 2.1, and 3.7, with the lowest quintile used as the referent; p for trend = 0.007). After adjustment for maternal age, adiposity, and parity, the relative risk between extreme quintiles was 3.3 (95% confidence interval 0.8-13.4). These findings indicate that the level of TNF-alpha in maternal circulation is increased prior to the clinical manifestation of the disorder, and they are consistent with the hypothesized role of cytokines in mediating endothelial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Further work is needed to identify modifiable risk factors for the excessive synthesis and release of TNF-alpha in pregnancy, and to assess whether lowering of TNF-alpha concentrations in pregnancy alters the incidence and severity of preeclampsia.  (+info)

Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and associated risk factors in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. (7/42185)

Studies of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in minority populations provide researchers with an opportunity to evaluate PAD risk factors and disease severity under different types of conditions. Examination 1 of the Strong Heart Study (1989-1992) provided data on the prevalence of PAD and its risk factors in a sample of American Indians. Participants (N = 4,549) represented 13 tribes located in three geographically diverse centers in the Dakotas, Oklahoma, and Arizona. Participants in this epidemiologic study were aged 45-74 years; 60% were women. Using the single criterion of an ankle brachial index less than 0.9 to define PAD, the prevalence of PAD was approximately 5.3% across centers, with women having slightly higher rates than men. Factors significantly associated with PAD in univariate analyses for both men and women included age, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c level, albuminuria, fibrinogen level, fasting glucose level, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, and duration of diabetes. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to predict PAD for women and men combined. Age, systolic blood pressure, current cigarette smoking, pack-years of smoking, albuminuria (micro- and macro-), low density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and fibrinogen level were significantly positively associated with PAD. Current alcohol consumption was significantly negatively associated with PAD. In American Indians, the association of albuminuria with PAD may equal or exceed the association of cigarette smoking with PAD.  (+info)

Epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Texas. (8/42185)

During 1987-1996, over 22,000 tuberculosis cases were reported in Texas, at an average annual incidence rate of 12.5 cases per 100,000 population. Counties with the highest rates were located along the Mexico-Texas border and in northwestern Texas. Nine percent of cases were resistant to at least one of the five first-line antituberculosis drugs used for treatment. Almost 5 percent (4.6%) were resistant to isoniazid, either alone or in combination with other antibiotics; 2.3% were resistant to rifampin; and only 1.3% were resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin. Being a recurrent case, being foreign-born, being 20-39 years of age, and residing in a Mexico-Texas border county were independent risk factors for isoniazid resistance and rifampin resistance. Tuberculosis patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were more likely to have rifampin resistance and less likely to have isoniazid resistance than patients without HIV infection. Factors associated with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis included a history of previous tuberculosis (relative risk (RR) = 4.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5-6.8), non-US birth (RR = 2.69, 95% CI 2.1-3.5), age younger than 20 years (RR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.1-3.5), age 20-39 years (RR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.3-2.6), and residence in a Mexico-Texas border county (RR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.8-3.1).  (+info)

Occupational diseases are illnesses or injuries that are caused by exposure to hazards or conditions in the workplace. These hazards or conditions can include chemicals, dusts, fumes, radiation, noise, vibration, and physical demands such as repetitive motions or awkward postures. Occupational diseases can affect various systems in the body, including the respiratory system, skin, eyes, ears, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. Examples of occupational diseases include asbestosis, silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and hearing loss. Occupational diseases are preventable through proper safety measures and regulations in the workplace. Employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthy work environment for their employees, and workers have the right to report hazards and seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms related to their work.

Respiration disorders refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the normal functioning of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is responsible for breathing, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment, and regulating the pH of the blood. Respiration disorders can be classified into two main categories: obstructive and restrictive. Obstructive disorders occur when there is a blockage or narrowing of the airways, making it difficult to breathe. Examples of obstructive disorders include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and sleep apnea. Restrictive disorders, on the other hand, occur when the lungs are unable to expand fully, reducing the amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. Examples of restrictive disorders include interstitial lung disease, cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, infections, and lifestyle choices such as smoking. Treatment for respiration disorders depends on the specific condition and may include medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and in severe cases, surgery.

In the medical field, dust refers to a mixture of small particles that are suspended in the air. These particles can come from a variety of sources, including soil, pollen, pet dander, and human skin cells. Dust can be inhaled and can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory issues such as asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia. It can also cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and can exacerbate existing conditions such as allergies and eczema. In some cases, exposure to certain types of dust can be hazardous, such as asbestos or silica dust, which can cause serious health problems if inhaled in large quantities.

In the medical field, "quartz" typically refers to a type of mineral that is commonly used in the production of medical devices and instruments. Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral that is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and is known for its high refractive index, which makes it useful for producing lenses and other optical components. Quartz is often used in the production of medical devices such as microscopes, spectrometers, and lasers. It is also used in the manufacture of surgical instruments, such as scalpels and forceps, due to its durability and resistance to corrosion. In addition to its use in medical devices, quartz is also used in the production of certain types of medical implants, such as dental fillings and orthopedic implants. However, it is important to note that the use of quartz in medical implants is relatively uncommon, and other materials such as titanium and stainless steel are more commonly used for this purpose.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infections refer to the presence of the HIV virus in the body. HIV is a retrovirus that attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases. HIV is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The most common modes of transmission include unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. HIV infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of the virus or antibodies produced in response to the virus. Once diagnosed, HIV can be managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps to suppress the virus and prevent the progression of the disease to AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). It is important to note that HIV is not the same as AIDS. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, but not everyone with HIV will develop AIDS. With proper treatment and management, individuals with HIV can live long and healthy lives.

Pneumoconiosis is a group of lung diseases caused by the inhalation of dust particles that are small enough to be breathed deep into the lungs. These dust particles can be made up of a variety of materials, including coal, silica, asbestos, and other minerals. Over time, the dust particles can accumulate in the lungs and cause inflammation, scarring, and other damage to the lung tissue. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain. Pneumoconiosis can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, and it is important for people who work in industries that involve exposure to dust particles to take steps to protect themselves from the risk of developing this disease.

Respiratory tract diseases refer to any medical conditions that affect the organs and structures involved in breathing, including the nose, throat, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. These diseases can range from mild to severe and can affect individuals of all ages and genders. Some common respiratory tract diseases include: 1. Asthma: a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. 2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a group of lung diseases that include chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by difficulty breathing and shortness of breath. 3. Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. 4. Tuberculosis: a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. 5. Influenza: a viral infection that affects the respiratory system and can cause symptoms such as fever, cough, and body aches. 6. Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or irritants. 7. Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinuses that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergies. 8. Emphysema: a chronic lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. These diseases can be treated with medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery. Early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Obesity is a medical condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat, which increases the risk of various health problems. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher, where BMI is calculated as a person's weight in kilograms divided by their height in meters squared. Obesity is a complex condition that results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. It can lead to a range of health problems, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, certain types of cancer, and respiratory problems. In the medical field, obesity is often treated through a combination of lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, and medical interventions, such as medications or bariatric surgery. The goal of treatment is to help individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight, reduce their risk of health problems, and improve their overall quality of life.

Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) are a group of injuries that result from repetitive motions or vibrations that cause damage to the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves in the body. These injuries are often seen in people who perform physically demanding jobs that require repetitive motions, such as assembly line workers, carpenters, and musicians. CTDs can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, stiffness, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. In some cases, the symptoms may be severe enough to interfere with a person's ability to work or perform daily activities. There are several types of CTDs, including carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, bursitis, and rotator cuff injuries. Treatment for CTDs may include rest, physical therapy, pain medication, and in some cases, surgery. Prevention is also important, and can include proper ergonomics, stretching, and taking breaks to avoid repetitive motions.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways in the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Asthma can be triggered by a variety of factors, including allergens, irritants, exercise, and respiratory infections. It is a common condition, affecting millions of people worldwide, and can range from mild to severe. Treatment typically involves the use of medications to control inflammation and open up the airways, as well as lifestyle changes to avoid triggers and improve overall lung function.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infections that are primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, and can be transmitted through sexual intercourse, as well as other forms of sexual activity such as oral sex, anal sex, and vaginal sex. STDs can have a wide range of symptoms, from none at all to mild to severe. Some common symptoms of STDs include painful urination, discharge from the vagina or penis, itching or burning in the genital area, painful sexual intercourse, and the appearance of sores or ulcers on the genitals. STDs can have serious health consequences if left untreated, including infertility, chronic pain, and an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer. In addition, some STDs can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth, which can have serious consequences for the health of the child. Prevention of STDs is important, and can include practicing safe sex by using condoms and getting regular testing for STDs. Treatment for STDs typically involves antibiotics or antiviral medications, and may also include lifestyle changes and other forms of medical care.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a form of tuberculosis that affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is typically spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. PTB can cause a range of symptoms, including coughing, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. It can also cause coughing up blood or phlegm, shortness of breath, and fatigue.,PTB,、、。

Chlamydia infections are a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The infection can affect both men and women and can cause a range of symptoms, including burning during urination, abnormal vaginal discharge, and pain during sexual intercourse. In women, chlamydia can also cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can lead to serious complications such as infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydia infections are typically diagnosed through a urine or vaginal swab test. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, which can cure the infection and prevent complications. However, many people with chlamydia do not experience any symptoms and may not know they have the infection, which is why routine testing and treatment are important for preventing the spread of the disease.

Child nutrition disorders refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the growth and development of children due to inadequate or imbalanced nutrition. These disorders can result from a variety of factors, including poor diet, malabsorption, overeating, and genetic or metabolic disorders. Some common examples of child nutrition disorders include: 1. Malnutrition: This refers to a lack of adequate nutrients, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals, in the diet. Malnutrition can result in stunted growth, weakened immune system, and other health problems. 2. Overnutrition: This refers to consuming too much food, leading to obesity and other health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. 3. Eating disorders: These are mental health conditions that involve abnormal eating habits, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. 4. Food allergies and intolerances: These are conditions in which the body reacts negatively to certain foods, leading to symptoms such as digestive problems, hives, and difficulty breathing. 5. Nutrient deficiencies: These occur when the body does not get enough of a particular nutrient, such as iron, vitamin D, or calcium, leading to health problems such as anemia, weak bones, and impaired immune function. Child nutrition disorders can have serious long-term consequences for a child's health and development, and it is important for parents and caregivers to be aware of the signs and symptoms of these conditions and seek medical attention if necessary.

Hypersensitivity, immediate, also known as an allergic reaction, is a type of immune response that occurs when the body reacts to a substance that is normally harmless, such as pollen, certain foods, or medications. In an immediate hypersensitivity reaction, the immune system recognizes the substance as a threat and releases antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE) to attack it. This triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals that cause inflammation and other symptoms, such as itching, redness, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions can be severe and life-threatening, especially if they involve the respiratory system or the cardiovascular system. Treatment typically involves removing the allergen from the environment, administering antihistamines or other medications to reduce symptoms, and in severe cases, using epinephrine to counteract the effects of the allergic reaction.

In the medical field, body weight refers to the total mass of an individual's body, typically measured in kilograms (kg) or pounds (lbs). It is an important indicator of overall health and can be used to assess a person's risk for certain health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Body weight is calculated by measuring the amount of mass that a person's body contains, which includes all of the organs, tissues, bones, and fluids. It is typically measured using a scale or other weighing device, and can be influenced by factors such as age, gender, genetics, and lifestyle. Body weight can be further categorized into different types, such as body mass index (BMI), which takes into account both a person's weight and height, and waist circumference, which measures the size of a person's waist. These measures can provide additional information about a person's overall health and risk for certain conditions.

In the medical field, "coffee" refers to a beverage made from roasted coffee beans that contains caffeine, a stimulant that can have various effects on the body. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that can increase alertness, improve mood, and enhance cognitive function. It is also a diuretic, meaning it can increase urine production and potentially lead to dehydration if consumed in large amounts. While moderate coffee consumption is generally considered safe for most people, excessive caffeine intake can lead to negative side effects such as anxiety, insomnia, and increased heart rate. In some cases, individuals may be advised to limit or avoid coffee consumption due to underlying health conditions or medications that interact with caffeine.

In the medical field, a chronic disease is a long-term health condition that persists for an extended period, typically for more than three months. Chronic diseases are often progressive, meaning that they tend to worsen over time, and they can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. Chronic diseases can affect any part of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Some examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and arthritis. Chronic diseases often require ongoing medical management, including medication, lifestyle changes, and regular monitoring to prevent complications and manage symptoms. Treatment for chronic diseases may also involve rehabilitation, physical therapy, and other supportive care.

In the medical field, a cough is a reflex action that involves the contraction of muscles in the chest and throat to expel air from the lungs. It is a common symptom of many respiratory conditions, including colds, flu, bronchitis, pneumonia, and asthma. A cough can be dry, meaning that no phlegm or mucus is produced, or wet, meaning that mucus is produced. A persistent cough that lasts for more than three weeks or is accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, chest pain, or difficulty breathing may be a sign of a more serious condition and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. Treatment for a cough depends on the underlying cause. For example, a cough caused by a cold or flu may be treated with over-the-counter cough suppressants or expectorants, while a cough caused by a more serious condition may require prescription medication or other medical interventions.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) due to either a lack of insulin production by the pancreas or the body's inability to effectively use insulin. There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This results in little or no insulin production, and the body is unable to regulate blood sugar levels properly. Type 1 diabetes typically develops in childhood or adolescence, but can occur at any age. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and is characterized by insulin resistance, which means that the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This leads to high blood sugar levels, and the pancreas may eventually become unable to produce enough insulin to keep up with the body's needs. Type 2 diabetes is often associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and a family history of the disease. Other forms of diabetes include gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy, and secondary diabetes, which is caused by other medical conditions such as kidney disease or certain medications.

Tobacco smoke pollution refers to the presence of harmful chemicals and toxins in the air that are produced when tobacco is burned. These chemicals and toxins can be inhaled by people who are exposed to tobacco smoke, either directly or indirectly, and can cause a range of health problems. In the medical field, tobacco smoke pollution is often referred to as secondhand smoke or passive smoke. Secondhand smoke is the smoke that is exhaled by smokers and the smoke that is produced when tobacco is burned in cigarettes, cigars, or pipes. It can also include the smoke that is produced by e-cigarettes. Exposure to secondhand smoke has been linked to a number of serious health problems, including lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory infections. It can also harm children, causing ear infections, bronchitis, and other health problems. In order to reduce the harmful effects of tobacco smoke pollution, it is important to create smoke-free environments, both indoors and outdoors. This can include laws that prohibit smoking in public places, as well as efforts to educate people about the dangers of tobacco smoke and the benefits of quitting smoking.

Dental caries, also known as tooth decay, is a common dental disease that affects the hard tissues of the teeth, including the enamel, dentin, and pulp. It is caused by the demineralization of tooth enamel due to the production of acid by bacteria in the mouth. The bacteria in the mouth feed on sugars and starches in the food we eat, producing acid as a byproduct. This acid can erode the enamel on the teeth, leading to the formation of cavities. If left untreated, dental caries can progress and cause damage to the underlying dentin and pulp, leading to pain, infection, and tooth loss. Dental caries is a preventable disease through good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing regularly, using fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash, and limiting sugary and acidic foods and drinks. Early detection and treatment of dental caries can help prevent more serious complications and maintain good oral health.

Respiratory sounds are the sounds produced by the movement of air through the respiratory system. These sounds can be heard with a stethoscope and are an important part of the physical examination of the lungs. There are two main types of respiratory sounds: wheezing and crackles. Wheezing is a high-pitched, whistling sound that is heard during inspiration (breathing in). It is caused by the narrowing of the airways, which can be due to inflammation, mucus production, or spasms of the muscles in the airways. Crackles, also known as rales, are a harsh, crackling or popping sound that is heard during both inspiration and expiration (breathing out). They are caused by the presence of fluid or mucus in the airways, which can be due to inflammation, infection, or other lung diseases. Other types of respiratory sounds include bronchial breath sounds, which are heard during inspiration and expiration and are caused by the movement of air through the bronchi, and adventitious sounds, which are abnormal sounds that are not part of the normal respiratory cycle and can be caused by a variety of conditions, including pneumonia, pleurisy, and lung cancer.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. They are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for more than 17 million deaths each year. CVDs include conditions such as coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD), and stroke. These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and a family history of CVDs. Treatment for CVDs may include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, surgery.

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can affect both men and women and can cause infections in the reproductive system, including the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries in women, and the urethra, prostate gland, and epididymis in men. Gonorrhea can also infect the mouth, throat, and anus, and can be transmitted through oral, anal, or vaginal sex. It is a common STI worldwide, and,,、、、、。

In the medical field, mental disorders are conditions that affect a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, causing significant distress or impairment in daily functioning. Mental disorders are diagnosed based on a set of criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. The DSM-5 categorizes mental disorders into several broad categories, including: 1. Anxiety disorders: conditions characterized by excessive fear or worry, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. 2. Mood disorders: conditions characterized by significant changes in mood, such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia. 3. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders: conditions characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and abnormal behavior, such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder. 4. Neurodevelopmental disorders: conditions that begin in childhood and affect cognitive and social development, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 5. Personality disorders: conditions characterized by enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that deviate from societal norms and cause significant distress or impairment, such as borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. 6. Substance-related and addictive disorders: conditions characterized by the use of substances or behaviors that cause significant impairment in daily functioning, such as alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder, and gambling disorder. 7. Eating disorders: conditions characterized by abnormal eating behaviors that cause significant distress or impairment, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Mental disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors, and they can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. Treatment for mental disorders typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes.

Malnutrition is a condition that occurs when a person's diet does not provide enough nutrients, or the body is unable to absorb or utilize the nutrients properly. This can lead to a variety of health problems, including weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and impaired immune function. Malnutrition can be caused by a variety of factors, including poverty, food insecurity, chronic illness, and certain medical conditions such as gastrointestinal disorders or eating disorders. In severe cases, malnutrition can be life-threatening and may require medical intervention.

Musculoskeletal diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and other connective tissues in the body. These diseases can be acute or chronic, and can range from mild to severe. Some common examples of musculoskeletal diseases include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, back pain, neck pain, muscle strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and fractures. These conditions can cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and other symptoms that can significantly impact a person's quality of life. Treatment for musculoskeletal diseases may include medications, physical therapy, exercise, surgery, and other interventions, depending on the specific condition and its severity. Early detection and treatment are important for managing these conditions and preventing long-term complications.

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition in which the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. This can lead to damage to the blood vessels, heart, and other organs over time, and can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health problems. Hypertension is typically defined as having a systolic blood pressure (the top number) of 140 mmHg or higher, or a diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) of 90 mmHg or higher. However, some people may be considered hypertensive if their blood pressure is consistently higher than 120/80 mmHg. Hypertension can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices (such as a diet high in salt and saturated fat, lack of physical activity, and smoking), and certain medical conditions (such as kidney disease, diabetes, and sleep apnea). It is often a chronic condition that requires ongoing management through lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring of blood pressure levels.

Pregnancy complications, infectious refers to medical conditions that arise during pregnancy due to infections. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites and can have serious consequences for both the mother and the developing fetus. Some common infectious complications of pregnancy include: 1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These infections can cause discomfort and pain, but with prompt treatment, they usually do not cause harm to the fetus. 2. Group B streptococcus (GBS) infection: This is a type of bacteria that can cause serious infections in newborns, including meningitis and pneumonia. Women who are pregnant or have recently given birth are screened for GBS and treated with antibiotics if they are found to be carrying the bacteria. 3. Toxoplasmosis: This is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or serious birth defects if left untreated. 4. Rubella (German measles): This is a viral infection that can cause serious birth defects if a pregnant woman is infected during the first trimester of pregnancy. 5. Syphilis: This is a bacterial infection that can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta and cause serious birth defects if left untreated. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infectious complications of pregnancy are crucial to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

In the medical field, "lead" can refer to several different things, including: 1. Lead poisoning: A condition caused by exposure to high levels of lead, which can damage the brain, kidneys, and other organs. Lead poisoning can occur through ingestion of lead-contaminated food or water, inhalation of lead dust or fumes, or absorption through the skin. 2. Lead shield: A protective covering made of lead or lead alloy used to shield patients and medical personnel from ionizing radiation during medical imaging procedures such as X-rays or CT scans. 3. Lead apron: A protective garment worn by medical personnel during procedures involving ionizing radiation to shield the body from exposure to harmful levels of radiation. 4. Lead acetate: A medication used to treat lead poisoning by binding to lead ions in the body and preventing them from being absorbed into the bloodstream. 5. Lead poisoning test: A medical test used to diagnose lead poisoning by measuring the level of lead in the blood or urine.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. It is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for about 90-95% of all cases. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. As a result, the pancreas may not produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance, leading to high blood sugar levels. The symptoms of type 2 diabetes may include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing sores, and unexplained weight loss. If left untreated, type 2 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, and vision loss. Treatment for type 2 diabetes typically involves lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, as well as medication to help regulate blood sugar levels. In some cases, insulin therapy may be necessary.

In the medical field, birth weight refers to the weight of a newborn baby at the time of delivery. It is typically measured in grams or ounces and is an important indicator of a baby's health and development. Birth weight is influenced by a variety of factors, including the mother's health, nutrition, and lifestyle, as well as the baby's genetics and gestational age. Babies who are born with a low birth weight (less than 2,500 grams or 5.5 pounds) are considered premature or small for gestational age, which can increase their risk of health problems such as respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, and infections. On the other hand, babies who are born with a high birth weight (greater than 4,000 grams or 8.8 pounds) may be at risk for complications such as shoulder dystocia, which can lead to nerve damage or other injuries during delivery. Overall, birth weight is an important measure of a baby's health and development, and healthcare providers closely monitor it during pregnancy and delivery to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and baby.

Nervous system diseases refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the nervous system, which is responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body. These diseases can affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. Some examples of nervous system diseases include: 1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are conditions that cause the progressive loss of nerve cells and their functions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. 2. Neuromuscular diseases: These are conditions that affect the muscles and nerves that control movement, such as muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis. 3. Neurological disorders: These are conditions that affect the brain and nervous system, such as epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. 4. Neuropsychiatric disorders: These are conditions that affect the brain and behavior, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. 5. Infections of the nervous system: These are conditions caused by infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and neurocysticercosis. Treatment for nervous system diseases depends on the specific condition and can include medications, surgery, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes and managing symptoms.

Pregnancy complications refer to any medical conditions or problems that arise during pregnancy that can potentially harm the mother or the developing fetus. These complications can range from minor issues that can be easily managed to life-threatening conditions that require immediate medical attention. Some common examples of pregnancy complications include gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, placenta previa, preterm labor, and miscarriage. Other complications may include infections, such as urinary tract infections or sexually transmitted infections, as well as conditions that can affect the baby, such as congenital anomalies or birth defects. Pregnancy complications can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, underlying medical conditions, and environmental factors. Proper prenatal care and regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help identify and manage pregnancy complications early on, reducing the risk of complications and improving outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Vision disorders refer to a range of conditions that affect an individual's ability to see clearly or perceive visual information accurately. These disorders can affect any part of the visual system, including the eyes, the optic nerve, the brain, or the visual pathways that connect these structures. Some common vision disorders include: 1. Refractive errors: These are errors in the shape of the eye that cause light to focus incorrectly on the retina, leading to blurred vision. Examples include nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism. 2. Cataracts: A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause。 3. Glaucoma: Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss or blindness. 4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): AMD is a progressive eye disease that affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision. 5. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss. 6. Retinitis pigmentosa: This is a genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the retina, leading to night blindness and eventually vision loss. 7. Amblyopia: Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a condition in which the brain does not properly use one eye, leading to reduced vision in that eye. These are just a few examples of the many vision disorders that can affect individuals. Treatment for these disorders may include corrective lenses, surgery, medication, or other interventions, depending on the specific condition and its severity.

Coronary disease, also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque. This can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, which can cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other symptoms. In severe cases, coronary disease can lead to a heart attack, which occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is completely blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. Coronary disease is a common condition that affects many people, particularly those who are middle-aged or older, and is often associated with other risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Treatment for coronary disease may include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.

Hemoglobins are a group of proteins found in red blood cells (erythrocytes) that are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Hemoglobin is composed of four subunits, each of which contains a heme group that binds to oxygen. The oxygen binds to the iron atom in the heme group, allowing the hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobin also plays a role in regulating the pH of the blood and in the immune response. Abnormalities in hemoglobin can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia.

Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in bone density and strength, making bones more fragile and prone to fractures. It is a common condition, particularly in older adults, and can affect both men and women. In osteoporosis, the bones become porous and brittle, which can lead to fractures even with minor trauma or falls. The most common sites for osteoporosis-related fractures are the spine, hip, and wrist. Osteoporosis is often diagnosed through a bone density test, which measures the amount of bone mineral density in the hip and spine. Risk factors for osteoporosis include age, gender, family history, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain medical conditions such as thyroid disease or rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment for osteoporosis typically involves medications to increase bone density and reduce the risk of fractures, as well as lifestyle changes such as regular exercise and a healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.

Lung diseases refer to a wide range of medical conditions that affect the lungs and their ability to function properly. These conditions can be acute or chronic, and can range from mild to severe. Some common examples of lung diseases include: 1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A group of lung diseases that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by difficulty breathing and shortness of breath. 2. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. 3. Pulmonary Fibrosis: A progressive lung disease that causes scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, making it difficult to breathe. 4. Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, causing coughing, fever, and weight loss. 5. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, and can cause fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. 6. Emphysema: A lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. 7. Interstitial Lung Disease: A group of lung diseases that affect the tissue between the air sacs in the lungs, causing difficulty breathing and shortness of breath. 8. Lung Cancer: A type of cancer that starts in the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body. These are just a few examples of the many different types of lung diseases that can affect people. Treatment for lung diseases depends on the specific condition and can include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

In the medical field, overweight is a condition where a person's body weight is greater than what is considered healthy for their height and body composition. The term "overweight" is often used interchangeably with "obesity," but they are not the same thing. The body mass index (BMI) is a commonly used tool to determine whether a person is overweight or obese. BMI is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared. A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight, while a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese. Being overweight can increase the risk of developing a variety of health problems, including heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Therefore, it is important to maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular physical activity.

Uterine cervical neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Cervical neoplasms can be classified into different types based on their characteristics and degree of malignancy. The most common type of cervical neoplasm is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which is a precancerous condition that can progress to invasive cervical cancer if left untreated. Cervical cancer is a serious health concern worldwide, and it is the fourth most common cancer in women globally. However, with regular screening and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for cervical cancer is generally good when it is detected early.

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is produced by the liver and is also found in some foods. It is an essential component of cell membranes and is necessary for the production of hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D. However, high levels of cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of developing heart disease and stroke. There are two main types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol because it can build up in the walls of arteries and lead to plaque formation, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which is often referred to as "good" cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it back to the liver for processing.

Blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body's cells, and it is produced by the liver and released into the bloodstream in response to the body's needs. In the medical field, blood glucose levels are often measured as part of a routine check-up or to monitor the health of people with diabetes or other conditions that affect blood sugar levels. Normal blood glucose levels for adults are typically between 70 and 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) before a meal and between 80 and 120 mg/dL two hours after a meal. Elevated blood glucose levels, also known as hyperglycemia, can be caused by a variety of factors, including diabetes, stress, certain medications, and high-carbohydrate meals. Low blood glucose levels, also known as hypoglycemia, can be caused by diabetes treatment that is too aggressive, skipping meals, or certain medications. Monitoring blood glucose levels is important for people with diabetes, as it helps them manage their condition and prevent complications such as nerve damage, kidney damage, and cardiovascular disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the lining of the joint capsule, which leads to pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion. RA can also affect other organs, such as the lungs, heart, and eyes. RA is a systemic disease, meaning that it affects the entire body, not just the joints. It is an inflammatory disease, meaning that it is caused by the immune system attacking healthy cells and tissues in the body. RA is a progressive disease, meaning that it can worsen over time if left untreated. However, with proper treatment, it is possible to manage the symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. The exact cause of RA is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors for RA include being female, having a family history of the disease, and smoking.

In the medical field, an acute disease is a condition that develops suddenly and progresses rapidly over a short period of time. Acute diseases are typically characterized by severe symptoms and a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Examples of acute diseases include pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and heart attacks. These diseases require prompt medical attention and treatment to prevent complications and improve outcomes. In contrast, chronic diseases are long-term conditions that develop gradually over time and may persist for years or even decades.

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Anderson, Timothy J.; Saman, Daniel M.; Lipsky, Martin S.; Lutfiyya, M. Nawal (October 1, 2015). "A cross-sectional study on ... a cross-sectional study". Appetite. 45 (2): 195-197. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.04.003. PMID 15927303. S2CID 41779820. Dannefer, ... A 2009 study showed that of the people polled, 64% did not have access to adequate daily amounts of vegetables, and 44.8% did ... A 2009 study of rural food deserts found key differences in overall health, access to food, and the social environment of rural ...
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... a cross-sectional study. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 95(Suppl 2), 390-391. https://abstracts.eurospe.org/hrp/0095/ ... "Breast Development in Transwomen After 1 Year of Cross-Sex Hormone Therapy: Results of a Prospective Multicenter Study". J Clin ... In a normative study of breast volumes in women using 3D scanning, breast volumes were median 515 mL, mean 650 mL, ... Wierckx K, Van Caenegem E, Schreiner T, Haraldsen I, Fisher AD, Toye K, Kaufman JM, T'Sjoen G (August 2014). "Cross-sex hormone ...
A cross sectional study". BMJ. 375: e067849. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067849. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8672321. PMID 34911738. "Talk to ... Another study has shown that as an evaluative method, AK "is no more useful than random guessing" and the American Cancer ... No scientific study has ever been able to confirm the existence of ghosts. The practice is considered a pseudoscience by the ... But good large studies of homeopathy do not show a difference between the placebo and the homoeopathic remedy, whereas in the ...
A cross-sectional study". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 42 (1): 57-60. doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0130-7. PMID ... translation and validation study of the Iranian version". Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. BioMed Central Ltd. 1 (1): 66. ...
... a cross sectional study". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 64 (3): 375-378. doi:10.1136/jnnp.64.3.375. PMC ... In their study, actors were instructed to vocalize an array of different emotions without words. The study showed that ... This has been determined in multiple studies, such as Hoekert et al.'s 2017 study on emotional prosody in schizophrenia, which ... In an fMRI study, men showed a stronger activation in more cortical areas than female subjects when processing the meaning or ...
A cross-sectional study". Australasian Emergency Care. 25 (4): 321-326. doi:10.1016/j.auec.2022.04.001. PMID 35525725. S2CID ... Early studies indicated that "there were gender differences in the sources of stressors, but gender differences in coping were ... Additionally, this study implied differing health impacts for each gender as a result of the contrasting stress-processes. ... Tariq, Qudsia; Khan, Naima Aslam (2013). "Relationship of Sense of Humor and Mental Health: A Correlational Study" (PDF). Asian ...
A cross-sectional study". Trials. 12 (1): 58. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-58. PMC 3055831. PMID 21356072. Lachin JM (June 2000). " ... ITT is also simpler than other forms of study design and analysis, because it does not require observation of compliance status ... if people who have a more refractory or serious problem tend to drop out of a study at a higher rate, even a completely ... which may break the random assignment to the treatment groups in a study. ITT analysis provides information about the potential ...
A cross sectional study" by correlating low 2D:4D digit ratio with good luck, despite following established research methods. ... A cross sectional study" heavily criticized the field of research. The researchers followed the same research methodology as ... A cross sectional study". BMJ. 375: e067849. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067849. PMC 8672321. PMID 34911738. Mayhew TM, Gillam L, ... A study has shown that, compared to the palmar digit ratio, the dorsal digit ratio is a better indicator of bone digit ratio. ...
A cross sectional study". BMJ. 375: e067849. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067849. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8672321. PMID 34911738. Breedlove ... Bem cited cross-cultural studies which also "appear to contradict the EBE theory assertion", such as the Sambia tribe in Papua ... Dissection studies are rare, however, due to lack of funding and brain samples. Long-term studies of domesticated sheep have ... a finding which has been replicated numerous times in studies cross-culturally, but sometimes contradicted, such as when ...
A cross-sectional study". Pan African Medical Journal. 24: 120. doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.24.120.8986. PMC 5012825. PMID 27642458 ... A study carried out in an isolated Inuit village showed that antibodies produced from subclinical wild virus infection ... In particular, in Pakistan the number of cases was surging and cross-border migration played a role in polio transmission ... Schnirring L (17 May 2019). "Four new polio cases in Pakistan as study tackles partial-dose vaccination". Center for Infectious ...
Adherence to anti diabetic medication among patients with diabetes in eastern Uganda; a cross sectional study. It was found ... a cross sectional study". BMC Health Services Research. 15 (1): 168. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-0820-5. ISSN 1472-6963. PMC 4405852 ... This study found a high prevalence of shisha smoking among the youth with three in ten youths smoking shisha yet their ... The study concluded that there is need to integrate One Health concepts within agricultural extension service provision in ...
Clitoral length in immature and mature captive tufted capuchin (Sapajus spp.) females: A cross-sectional study. Am J Primatol. ... Toesca, A. S.; Stolfi, V. M.; Cocchia, D. (1 June 1996). "Immunohistochemical study of the corpora cavernosa of the human ... Study, Diagnosis, and Treatment. CRC Press. p. 176. ISBN 9781842142639. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. ...
A cross-sectional community-based study". Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 19 (2): 119-124. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.90343. ISSN ... Still another symbol was what is today called sun cross, which united the cross (or saltire) symbol for male with the circle ... One study found that masculine and androgynous individuals had higher expectations for being able to control the outcomes of ... The caduceus Mercury symbol derived from the caduceus A rebis from 1617 "Rose and Cross" androgyne symbol Alternate "rose and ...
A Cross-Sectional Study in Chennai". PLOS ONE. 11 (2): e0149862. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1149862B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149862 ... Studies have shown that faulty anti-TB prescriptions in the private sector in India ranges from 50% to 100% and this is a ...
"Spanish cross-sectional growth study 2008. part ii. height, weight and body mass index values from birth to adulthood". Anales ... 2006). "Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2 to 20 yr)". Journal of Endocrinological ... Note: In this study, the subjects' height was measured twice. The first measurement presumably took place in 2004 and the ... According to a study in France, executives and professionals are 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in) taller, and university students are ...
A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study. Headache. 2021 Oct;61(9):1387-1402. doi: 10.1111/head.14217. Epub 2021 Oct ... on behalf HEAD study group. Migraine in the Emergency Department: A Prospective Multinational Study of Patient Characteristics ... and the HEAD Study Group. Epidemiology, investigation, management, and outcome of headache in emergency departments (HEAD study ... Over five thousand headache admissions across 67 Emergency Departments across Australia and New Zealand were studied in real- ...
Cross-sectional study using claims data]". Der Nervenarzt (in German). 79 (1): 67-72. doi:10.1007/s00115-007-2280-6. PMID ... A randomized, cross-over, double-blind study versus placebo". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 59 (3): 179-188. doi: ... The study did not consider the effectiveness of the drugs on sleep. It causes similar alterations on EEG readings and sleep ... One study found some slight selectivity for zopiclone on α1 and α5 subunits, although it is regarded as being unselective in ...
Results of a cross-sectional study". Reproductive Health. 17 (1): 115. doi:10.1186/s12978-020-00962-3. PMC 7389815. PMID ... a cross-sectional analysis of demographic and health surveys". BMJ Open. 11 (9): e051583. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051583. PMC ... According to a study done in Sub-Saharan Africa, "about 13% of pregnancies end up in abortions and 97% of these are unsafe" ( ... In the study, participants also stated they were less likely to access healthcare and reproductive services due to the fear of ...
Case-control and cross sectional studies" (PDF). Retrieved 5 March 2012. King, Gary; Zeng, Langche (30 May 2002). "Estimating ... The case-control study design is often used in the study of rare diseases or as a preliminary study where little is known about ... A case-control study (also known as case-referent study) is a type of observational study in which two existing groups ... The case-control is a type of epidemiological observational study. An observational study is a study in which subjects are not ...
Garrett, M; McElroy, A M; Staines, A (2002-06-22). "Locomotor milestones and babywalkers: cross sectional study". BMJ: British ... overview of systematic reviews and a systematic review of primary studies". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 60: 158-171. doi: ...
A cross-sectional observational study in Europe". European Psychiatry. 45 (Supplement C): 136-138. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.05 ...
Results from a large cross-sectional study". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 67 (3): 189-197. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores. ... This is consistent with previous studies that demonstrated high co-morbidity of somatic, depressive, and anxious symptoms (i.e ... "How to assess common somatic symptoms in large-scale studies: A systematic review of questionnaires". Journal of Psychosomatic ...
Bobak M, Skodova Z, Marmot M (October 2003). "Beer and obesity: a cross-sectional study". European Journal of Clinical ... the INTERHEART study): case-control study". Lancet. 364 (9438): 937-52. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9. hdl:10983/21615. ... A study has stated that 75% of patients treated for asthma in the emergency room were either overweight or obese. Based on ... Their study showed that an increase in just an additional centimetre above normal waistline caused a 1.25% and 2.08% rise in ...
A Cross Sectional Study". Thunderbird International Business Review. 48 (5): 623-642. doi:10.1002/tie.20113. Wang, Xinjie; Wu, ... 6-20; and Stephen J. Kobrin "Political Risk: A Review and Reconsideration", Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 10 ... 213-214) Jeffrey D. Simon, "A Theoretical Perspective on Political Risk", Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 15, ...
Kilo, Sonja; Göen, Thomas; Drexler, Hans (2016-11-01). "Cross-sectional study on N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF); effects on liver ... Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 53 (2): 170-175. doi:10.15288/jsa.1992.53.170. ISSN 0096-882X. PMID 1560668. Cai, Shi-Xiong; ... Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 49 (1): 16-20. doi:10.15288/jsa.1988.49.16. ISSN 0096-882X. PMID 3347071. Boffetta, Paolo; ...
A cross-sectional study". International Journal of Nursing Studies. 72: 8-14. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.04.002. ISSN 0020- ... The study also showed a substantial amount of evidence linking unpleasant physical conditions (high temperature, poor lighting ... In a study performed by Baron and Neuman, researchers found pay cuts and pay freezes, use of part-time employees, change in ... An action research study". Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 23 (6): 478-485. doi:10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_77_17. ...
A cross-sectional study". International Journal of Nursing Studies. 72: 8-14. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.04.002. ISSN 0020- ... Red Cross chapters, which began appearing after the establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863, ... Two dozen German Red Cross nurses were awarded the Iron Cross for heroism under fire. The modern era saw the development of ... During the Crimean War the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna issued the call for women to join the Order of Exaltation of the Cross ...
A cross-sectional study". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 11 (1): 40. doi:10.1186/s13011-016-0084-z. PMC ... A later study sponsored by the Office of National Drug Control Policy also took a close look at how movies and songs affect ... The study found that about three-fourths of the tracks lacked a direct reference to alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs. Of the ... The study detected "few references that could be considered either explicitly pro-use or anti-use". Of the small minority of ...
Cross-Sectional Study on Influenza Vaccination, Germany, 1999-2000 Sybille Rehmet*†. , Andrea Ammon*, Günter Pfaff‡, Nikolaus ... Cross-Sectional Study on Influenza Vaccination, Germany, 1999-2000. ...
Assessment of methodological quality of primary studies by systematic reviews: results of the metaquality cross sectional study ... Assessment of methodological quality of primary studies by systematic reviews: results of the metaquality cross sectional study ... Assessment of methodological quality of primary studies by systematic reviews: results of the metaquality cross sectional study ... Assessment of methodological quality of primary studies by systematic reviews: results of the metaquality cross sectional study ...
Acceptability of the human papilloma virus vaccine among Moroccan parents: a population-based cross-sectional study ... A cross-sectional study to assess HPV knowledge and HPV vaccine acceptability in Mali. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56402. PMID: ... This study aimed to explore parental acceptability of HPV vaccination for their daughters in Morocco. A cross-sectional survey ... Study design and sample. To explore HPV vaccine acceptability of parents, 2 cross-sectional surveys were carried out ...
Examining the prevalence of hypertension by urban-rural stratification: A Cross-sectional study of nepal demographic and health ... Conclusion: The study recommends the rigorous improvement of public health programs in rural regions of province 4 and 5, ... However, no studies investigated the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension by urban-rural stratification. Methods: We ... Results: The study included 7825 participants (urban: 4939; rural: 2886), where rural participants were slightly older (median ...
Methods: A school-based, cross-sectional survey was administered in 2015-2016 in 21 secondary/technical schools across two ... The aim of this study was to identify the potential points of access to these products by students aged 16-17 years old before ... Youth Access to Electronic Cigarettes in an Unrestricted Market: A Cross-Sectional Study from Poland by Lukasz Balwicki ... Lee, S.; Grana, R.A.; Glantz, S.A. Electronic cigarette use among Korean adolescents: A cross-sectional study of market ...
... were included in this cross-sectional study. Dietary information was obtained and used to calculate DII. Blood pressures of ... were enrolled in the present cross-sectional study. Dietary information was obtained and used to calculate DII, blood pressures ... In this weighted cross-sectional study based on the NHANES, 45,023 residents in the United States were included to study the ... First, we can only draw correlation conclusions because this study is a cross-sectional study. Because the application of DII ...
Body dysmorphia in common skin diseases: results of an observational, cross-sectional multicentre study among dermatological ... Methods: This observational, cross-sectional, comparative multicentre study included 8295 participants: 5487 consecutive ... The study was registered with number DRKS00012745. Results: The average participation rate of invited dermatological patients ... but there are no large sample studies comparing the prevalence of BDD symptoms between patients with dermatological conditions ...
The study was performed in 110 obese and 178 non-obese subjects. 4-yr, longitudinal, follow-up studies were also performed in ... which were maintained throughout the study. Thus obese children display both quantitative and qualitative differences in fat ...
Hepatic steatosis in patients with schizophrenia: a clinical cross-sectional study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2022;76(2): ... Hepatic steatosis in patients with schizophrenia : a clinical cross-sectional study. In: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2022 ; ... Hepatic steatosis in patients with schizophrenia: a clinical cross-sectional study. Anna Sofie Kaestel Aarøe, Katrine Odgaard ... Hepatic steatosis in patients with schizophrenia: a clinical cross-sectional study. / Aarøe, Anna Sofie Kaestel; Odgaard Maeng ...
The study was carried in a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh region. The study was ethically reviewed and approved by the ... The purpose of this study was to describe reported interventions conducted by pharmacists to prevent or minimize PEs in a ... Future studies should evaluate the impact of pharmacists interventions on patient outcomes. ... In this study, PEs occurred commonly and pharmacists interventions were critical in preventing possible medication related ...
... after receiving first or second doses of COVID-19 vaccine.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we examined 100 patients with ... disease severity.ConclusionDue to the short time interval between COVID-19 vaccination and the disease symptoms in this study, ... IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the baseline characteristics of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, ... In this cross-sectional study, we examined 100 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination and collected demographic ...
PROMIS scales for assessment of the impact of post-COVID syndrome: A Cross Sectional Study. View ORCID ProfileRavindra Ganesh, ... PROMIS scales for assessment of the impact of post-COVID syndrome: A Cross Sectional Study ... PROMIS scales for assessment of the impact of post-COVID syndrome: A Cross Sectional Study ... PROMIS scales for assessment of the impact of post-COVID syndrome: A Cross Sectional Study ...
Primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea in a Colombian population: a cross-sectional study ... Primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea in a Colombian population: a cross-sectional study ... Primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea in a Colombian population: a cross-sectional study ...
Study of Cross-Sectional Shapes of Ideally Hard Cylinders to achieve Invisibility for Oblique Incidence ... Study of Cross-Sectional Shapes of Ideally Hard Cylinders to achieve Invisibility for Oblique Incidence. Conference: EuCAP 2009 ... Then, ideally hard cylinders with oblong cross sectional shapes and hard surfaces for different incidence angles are analyzed. ...
... but they may face barriers to testing and treatment adoption due to stigma.We conducted a cross-sectional study of New York ... Hepatitis C Testing and Treatment Uptake among Young People who Use Opioids in New York City: A Cross-Sectional Study.. Nov 5, ... but they may face barriers to testing and treatment adoption due to stigma.We conducted a cross-sectional study of New York ...
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design and protocol We carried out a cross-sectional study over 7 months (1 February to 31 August ... by conducting a cross-sectional study using 544 children aged 1 month to 12 years. Agreement between measured and estimated ... of the study sample, while the 1-6 years and ,6 years age group made up 40.3% (219 of 544) and 17.5% (95 of 544) of the study ... Approval for the study was obtained from the ethical committee of the Northwest Regional Delegation for Health, Cameroon, as ...
Pain in young people aged 13 to 17 years with cerebral palsy: cross-sectional, multicentre European study ... Pain in young people aged 13 to 17 years with cerebral palsy: cross-sectional, multicentre European study ...
A multicentre observational cross-sectional study. ... The study cohort included 347 pDSPN patients aged 63.4 years ( ... Risk factors for depression and anxiety in painful and painless diabetic polyneuropathy: A multicentre observational cross- ... Methods This observational multicentre cohort study employed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Beck Depression ... Results The study disclosed a significantly higher prevalence of the symptoms of depression and anxiety not only in pDSPN (46.7 ...
This is the first study that examines the determinants of SRH among Shanghai elders. Nearly 40% of our studys respondents ... This study adopted a quantitative research strategy. Using a multistage stratified cluster sampling method, we conducted a ... Against this background, a study that employs self-rated health (SRH) assessment system was designed to explore the health ... From: Determinants of self-rated health among shanghai elders: a cross-sectional study ...
... case series studies, cross-section studies, case-control studies and cohort studies. Thus, cross-sectional studies are very ... used is the cross-sectional study.. The main characteristic of cross-sectional studies is that the observation of variables, ... Cross-sectional studies have their great use in descriptive studies, while used in studies that are proposed to be analytical, ... These characteristics make cross-sectional studies particularly useful for studying the prevalencea of a particular phenomenon ...
BATISTA, Marília Jesus; RIHS, Lílian Berta e DE SOUSA, Maria da Luz Rosário. Workers oral health: a cross-sectional study. Braz ... METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in a company in the state of São Paulo. A total of 386 workers aged 20 to 64 ... Adults and elderly usually present an expressive tooth loss in household epidemiologic studies. Few studies were found to ... CONCLUSION: The younger adult workers in this study showed better oral conditions and an increase in tooth loss was observed in ...
T1 - Morphology of the corpus callosum at different stages of schizophrenia: Cross-sectional study in first-episode and chronic ... Morphology of the corpus callosum at different stages of schizophrenia: Cross-sectional study in first-episode and chronic ... Morphology of the corpus callosum at different stages of schizophrenia: Cross-sectional study in first-episode and chronic ... title = "Morphology of the corpus callosum at different stages of schizophrenia: Cross-sectional study in first-episode and ...
Cross-Sectional Study 99,160,161. Cohort Study 100,162-169. Case Series 170,171 ... Cross-Sectional Study 99,160,161. Cohort Study 100,162-169. Case Series 170,171 ... This cross-sectional study of 540,667 adults hospitalized with COVID-19 included both inpatients and hospital-based outpatients ... Key Findings from One Large Cross-Sectional Study. Underlying Medical Conditions and Severe Illness Among 540,667 Adults ...
A cross-sectional study Personal Author(s) : Roehler, Douglas R.;Guy, Gery P.;Jones, Christopher M.; Published Date : 8 01 2020 ... A cross-sectional study. 213. Roehler, Douglas R. and Guy, Gery P. and Jones, Christopher M. "Buprenorphine prescription ... A cross-sectional study" 213 (2020). Roehler, Douglas R. et al. "Buprenorphine prescription dispensing rates and ... A cross-sectional study" vol. 213, 2020. Export RIS Citation Information.. ...
Results of search for su:{Cross-sectional studies.} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently available items ... A cross-sectional study as a tool for the community diagnosis process with special reference to cardiovascular risk factors / ... baseline findings from a cross-sectional study / Shamsuddin Alamgir, Subrata Routh, Masud Reza. by Alamgir, Shamsuddin , Routh ... A study of the impact of health education methods used in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS among a cross-section of the ...
... but few studies have been conducted in South Korea. In this study, the authors investigated the extent of environmental tobacco ... In this study of Korean adults, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home or work was found to be affected by sex, age, ... Studies have identified that environmental tobacco smoke exposure is associated with sociodemographic factors such as age, sex ... From: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among South Korean adults: a cross-sectional study of the 2005 Korea National ...
Method: The study was conducted on 50 consecutive patients with TBI based on the assessment of clinical history for epilepsy ... Aims: To study the incidence of epilepsy and cognitive impairment following TBI and correlate the findings with radiological ... Results: The incidence of epilepsy after TBI was found to be 40% in our study. It was increased to 50% among the individuals ... Several studies have been conducted to estimate the incidence of epilepsy after TBI. Similarly cognitive impairment is a common ...
Study design*, period, and location. This is a cross-sectional study, with matrix research, carried out in two hospitals that ... a retrospective cross-sectional study that analyzed electronic medical records of 401 children. Data on birth, growth, ... Hospitalization frequency in this study (24.7%) is similar to the rate found in the cohort study conducted in Rio Grande do Sul ... For the elaboration and description of this study, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology ( ...
Design This is a cross-sectional study using a structured survey tool between January and September 2020. Participants 1700 ... Design This is a cross-sectional study using a structured survey tool between January and September 2020. Participants 1700 ... Design This is a cross-sectional study using a structured survey tool between January and September 2020. Participants 1700 ... Design This is a cross-sectional study using a structured survey tool between January and September 2020. Participants 1700 ...
  • The aim of the present study was to investigate if time since schizophrenia diagnosis, body mass index (BMI), sex, metabolic syndrome, alcohol use, smoking, alanine transaminase (ALT), and body fat percentage (as measured by bioelectrical impedance) were associated with HS, determined by computed tomography (CT), in a population of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.METHODS: Moderate to severe HS (40 CT Hounsfield units as threshold) was determined utilizing non-contrast enhanced CT. (aau.dk)
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design and protocol We carried out a cross-sectional study over 7 months (1 February to 31 August 2017), using the immunization centers and outpatient consultation units of two government health facilities (Mankon Sub-Divisional Hospital and the Bamenda Regional Hospital) in Bamenda. (deepdyve.com)
  • Methods This observational multicentre cohort study employed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory II and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to assess symptoms of depression and anxiety in several groups with diabetes, as well as in a control group. (muni.cz)
  • Analytical studies seek to establish relationships and associations between two or more phenomena (called variables in the analysis process), and descriptive studies are only about the detailed and organized description of one or more phenomena, the quality of data required for study in addition to the systematization and standardization of the collection methods, also the strategy adopted to obtain them, which is called the design or, more correctly, the study design. (bvsalud.org)
  • The methods used to assess the conditions have changed during the pandemic as the amount of literature and types of studies increased. (cdc.gov)
  • A study of the impact of health education methods used in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS among a cross-section of the sexuality active population in Lusaka Urban / Mary Kaumwa Mulwila, Josephine Muvuma Himoonga, Esnart Shakulipa Namakando. (who.int)
  • Methods: A cross-sectional study of n = 424 "participants" aged 1 104 years referred for COVID-19 testing was performed in British Columbia, Canada. (ubc.ca)
  • Methods: This was a cross-sectional statewide survey of a random sample of 2,000 licensed nurses selected from the California Board of Registered Nursing list. (cdc.gov)
  • This observational, cross-sectional, comparative multicentre study included 8295 participants: 5487 consecutive patients with different skin diseases (56% female) recruited among dermatological outpatients at 22 clinics in 17 European countries, and 2808 healthy skin controls (66% female). (nih.gov)
  • In health the most frequent researches are done in the form of observational studies. (bvsalud.org)
  • In observational studies normally four types of study design are used: case series studies, cross-section studies, case-control studies and cohort studies. (bvsalud.org)
  • These studies, even if purely observational and descriptive, are very useful in the field of Public Health. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, in a recent retrospective study, researchers revealed that assessing systemic inflammation helped in predicting the risk of hypertension ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • a retrospective cross-sectional study that analyzed electronic medical records of 401 children. (bvs.br)
  • A retrospective analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital and training institution in Baguio City, the Philippines from March 2020 to March 2021. (who.int)
  • A cross-sectional survey among parents was performed along with a retrospective data review for anonymized data from the National Family Safety Program, Saudi Arabia. (clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com)
  • With regard to prevalent diseases, a cohort study conducted in Sweden, with the objective of assessing the association between breastfeeding and hospitalizations for infectious diseases in children up to four years of age, revealed that the risk of hospitalizations for infectious diseases decreased with EBF duration. (bvs.br)
  • The study examined the associations of organizational safety practices with nurses' perceptions about job and risk of injury, safety behaviors, and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions: The study findings suggest that organizational practices for worker safety may play a pivotal role in promoting nurses' safety behaviors and positive perceptions about job, and in reducing the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, cross-sectional studies are very useful in descriptive studies when used in studies that are proposed to be analytical, the results must be interpreted by researchers with good experience in that specific field of knowledge, using a lot of caution and common sense. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study determined individual correlates and the prevalence of alcohol use in pregnant women attending prenatal care at two health clinics in Lusaka, Zambia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A study adopted a cross-sectional design and recruited 188 pregnant women after seeking their informed consent from July 19 to 31, 2017. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The scope of this study was to assess the prevalence , severity of extension, and risk factors of gingivitis among pregnant women . (bvsalud.org)
  • This study aims to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and their shared modifiable environmental factors among pregnant women in Indonesia and Malaysia . (bvsalud.org)
  • Studies comparing ethnically similar populations exposed to different dietary environments have suggested that westernized diets are strongly associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • A networking platform that was comparable to Amazon Mechanical Turk was used to distribute and collect the study questionnaires. (surgicalnursingjournal.com)
  • Njim, Tsi 2019-02-01 00:00:00 Abstract We assessed the accuracy of the Nelson, Best Guess and Advanced Pediatric Life Support (APLS) formulae in estimating weight in a suburban Cameroonian pediatric population, by conducting a cross-sectional study using 544 children aged 1 month to 12 years. (deepdyve.com)
  • The NHANES used the method of "stratified multistage probability sampling," and this study is a weight analysis following the NHANES analytic guidance. (frontiersin.org)
  • Facility based cross sectional analytic study was utilized from March 1-June 30, 2021. (spirhr.org)
  • A school-based, cross-sectional survey was administered in 2015-2016 in 21 secondary/technical schools across two regions of Poland. (mdpi.com)
  • Participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1999-2018) were included in this cross-sectional study. (frontiersin.org)
  • This cross-sectional survey was conducted in a company in the state of São Paulo. (bvsalud.org)
  • To identify stressors on maritime workers, a cross-sectional survey was conducted targeting a population of workers of Italian shipping companies sailing across the world. (unimib.it)
  • In 2020, a cross-sectional survey was carried out, and convenience sampling was used to enroll 1,440 nurses. (surgicalnursingjournal.com)
  • A cross-sectional study was conducted through a random sample of 50 undergraduate dental students with 11 close-ended questions through online survey form. (sbvjournals.com)
  • A cross-sectional study has been conducted for the dental undergraduate students of dental institutions from 1st October to 6th October 2022 through online survey. (sbvjournals.com)
  • This cross-sectional study used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012 data. (cdc.gov)
  • In this cross-sectional study, we examined 100 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination and collected demographic characteristics and history of underlying diseases, lung involvement, and severity of the disease, as well as the type of vaccine received and the duration of onset of the diseases symptoms after vaccination. (magiran.com)
  • This study aimed to determine the prevalence of antibiotic therapy in patients with COVID-19 infection and explore the association of antibiotic prescribing with patients' demographics and clinical characteristics. (who.int)
  • Aims: To study the incidence of epilepsy and cognitive impairment following TBI and correlate the findings with radiological abnormalities. (who.int)
  • Method: The study was conducted on 50 consecutive patients with TBI based on the assessment of clinical history for epilepsy and MMSE for cognitive impairment. (who.int)
  • Sex Differences in Poststroke Cognitive Impairment: A Multicenter Study in 2343 Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. (medscape.com)
  • The younger adult workers in this study showed better oral conditions and an increase in tooth loss was observed in the older individuals. (bvsalud.org)
  • Considering common risk approach, dentistry should work together with health promotion for the studied population of workers in order to meet the oral treatment needs and prevent new tooth losses. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study was limited to the 19,441 randomly selected adults in the sample who were employed during the week before the interview (that is, workers) and answered an initial question about LBP and supplemental items on LBP and work. (cdc.gov)
  • A total of 45,023 participants were included in this study, representing 191 million residents in the United States. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the baseline characteristics of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, after receiving first or second doses of COVID-19 vaccine. (magiran.com)
  • These characteristics make cross-sectional studies particularly useful for studying the prevalence a of a particular phenomenon, whether it is assumed to be the cause or the consequence, or both, in a defined population. (bvsalud.org)
  • Examples of cross-sectional studies, probably one of the most popular, are population censuses (demographic), systematically carried out by many countries in order to identify characteristics of their populations at a given time, analyze their evolution over time, and to establish some relationships between these features that deserve to be analyzed 3,4 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Title : Buprenorphine prescription dispensing rates and characteristics following federal changes in prescribing policy, 2017-2018: A cross-sectional study Personal Author(s) : Roehler, Douglas R.;Guy, Gery P.;Jones, Christopher M. (cdc.gov)
  • However, no studies investigated the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension by urban-rural stratification. (doaj.org)
  • Operationalizing essential services : package delivery in the public sector in Dhaka City : baseline findings from a cross-sectional study / Shamsuddin Alamgir, Subrata Routh, Masud Reza. (who.int)
  • Periodontal Disease Treatment After Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: The PREMIERS Study, a Randomized Clinical Trial. (medscape.com)
  • Of course this type of design is appropriate for problems with prolonged or chronic evolution and is not generally suitable for the study of acute situations, when the interest is the incidence b of new events. (bvsalud.org)
  • Beyond the pure description of phenomena, cross-sectional design is also useful in studies that investigate causal and effect relationships, which seek, at least preliminarily, to analyze the relationships between risk factors, determinants and what are supposed to be their consequences or effects (outcomes), such as diseases, sequelae and damages or even advantages (protection) of any kind. (bvsalud.org)
  • As the literature grew, CDC investigators categorized the literature by study design. (cdc.gov)
  • Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study. (cdc.gov)
  • BDD symptoms are more prevalent in patients with dermatological conditions than in the general population, but there are no large sample studies comparing the prevalence of BDD symptoms between patients with dermatological conditions and healthy skin controls. (nih.gov)
  • This study assessed the attitudes of doctors in the Gaza Strip towards patient safety and medical error. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this cross-sectional study , 220 nulliparous women at 3 months of pregnancy were recruited in 2022 at the first obstetrical visit in Dakar, Senegal . (bvsalud.org)
  • There are few studies in our set up which assess interpregnancy interval and bad pregnancy outcomes. (spirhr.org)
  • Conclusion: The study recommends the rigorous improvement of public health programs in rural regions of province 4 and 5, concentrating on Dalit and Janajati older males from hill and terai ecological zones. (doaj.org)
  • Approval for the study was obtained from the ethical committee of the Northwest Regional Delegation for Health, Cameroon, as well as from the administrative authorities of the various hospitals used as recruitment sites. (deepdyve.com)
  • In this type of scientific research the researchers do not interfere with the phenomena under study, only observe in a systematic and standardized manner, collecting and recording information, data or materials that spontaneously occur at a particular time of the health-disease process, or along its natural evolution, and then proceed with its description and/or analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this type of scientific investigation researchers do not interfere in the phenomena under study, they only observe them in a systematic and standardized way, collecting and registering information, data or materials (such as blood, biopsies and other examples) that occur spontaneously at a given moment in the health-disease process, or during its natural evolution, and then proceed to its description and/or analysis 1 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Few studies were found to report oral health conditions in economically active adults. (bvsalud.org)
  • East-West Center, Population and Health Studies. (who.int)
  • Then, ideally hard cylinders with oblong cross sectional shapes and hard surfaces for different incidence angles are analyzed. (vde-verlag.de)
  • Several studies have been conducted to estimate the incidence of epilepsy after TBI. (who.int)
  • Results: The incidence of epilepsy after TBI was found to be 40% in our study. (who.int)
  • Objectives To describe how the methodological quality of primary studies is assessed in systematic reviews and whether the quality assessment is taken into account in the interpretation of results. (bmj.com)
  • Study selection 965 systematic reviews (809 Cochrane reviews and 156 paper based reviews) published between 1995 and 2002. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions Cochrane reviews fared better than systematic reviews published in paper based journals in terms of assessment of methodological quality of primary studies, although they both largely failed to take it into account in the interpretation of results. (bmj.com)
  • Critical appraisal of the methodological quality of primary studies is an essential feature of systematic reviews. (bmj.com)
  • We compared the approaches used for quality assessment of primary studies by Cochrane systematic reviews with systematic reviews published in paper based journals. (bmj.com)
  • The main objective of this study was to compare physical activity (PA) levels subjectively and objectively between patients with bronchiectasis and healthy individuals using an accelerometer and a questionnaire. (ogu.edu.tr)
  • This study aimed to explore parental acceptability of HPV vaccination for their daughters in Morocco. (who.int)
  • Inflammation plays a pivotal role in hypertension, as a large number of studies have already demonstrated that systemic inflammation levels of patients with hypertension are elevated, which are closely associated with arterial stiffness ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The aim of the present study was to investigate if time since schizophrenia diagnosis, body mass index (BMI), sex, metabolic syndrome, alcohol use, smoking, alanine transaminase (ALT), and body fat percentage (as measured by bioelectrical impedance) were associated with HS, determined by computed tomography (CT), in a population of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. (aau.dk)
  • RESULTS: In the present study, 145 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (mean age 42.2 years (SD ± 13.8)) were included, with 88 (60.7%) being male. (aau.dk)
  • The association between the explanatory variables and outcome of HS was assessed using multivariable logistic regression.RESULTS: In the present study, 145 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (mean age 42.2 years (SD ± 13.8)) were included, with 88 (60.7%) being male. (aau.dk)
  • Background: A few studies have implied that patients with bronchiectasis have a more inactive lifestyle than healthy counterparts do. (ogu.edu.tr)
  • A signed informed consent was obtained from the parent or legal guardian of children recruited into the study. (deepdyve.com)
  • The aim of this study was to identify the potential points of access to these products by students aged 16-17 years old before implementation of sales restrictions to minors in Poland in November 2016. (mdpi.com)
  • The current study aimed to assess the perceived sleep quality and duration of 1717 European adolescents from three different European countries (Spain, Iceland and Estonia) aged 13- to 16-years (900 boys, 817 girls) using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). (shu.ac.uk)
  • 1 - 3 A recent review showed that lack of adherence to a priori defined validity criteria may help explain why primary studies on the same topic provide different results. (bmj.com)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Cross-sectional studies. (who.int)
  • Application and results of whole-body autoradiography in distribution studies of organic solvents. (cdc.gov)
  • Sexually transmitted infections prevalence study methodology : guidelines for the implementation of STI prevalence studies. (who.int)
  • The aim of cross-sectional studies is to obtain reliable data that make possible to generate, robust conclusions, and create new hypotheses that can be investigated with new research. (bvsalud.org)
  • The main characteristic of cross-sectional studies is that the observation of variables, whether they are cases, individuals, or other types of data, is performed in a single moment (the same), when the researcher records a "photograph" of the facts (variables) of interest and not the "movie" of its evolution 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Prevalence, Severity of Extension, and Risk Factors of Gingivitis in a 3-Month Pregnant Population: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study offers an insight regarding seafarers' perceptions of factors of psychological distress on shipboard. (unimib.it)
  • Our study found poor sleep quality in 44% of the boys and 53% of the girls, whereas 68% and 69%, respectively did not get the recommended hours of sleep (i.e., 8-10 h). (shu.ac.uk)
  • A total of 150 doctors from four government hospitals participated in this study, representing 43.5% of all 345 doctors working in the four study hospitals at the time of the study. (biomedcentral.com)