Cross Reactions
Immune Sera
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Highly sensitive quantitation of methamphetamine by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay using a new europium chelate as a label. (1/8142)
A simple and highly sensitive time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of methamphetamine (MA) using a new fluorescent europium chelate (BHHCT-Eu3+) as a label is described. Two variations of competitive immunoassay were attempted. In the first (one-step) assay, microtiter plates coated with anti-MA were used, and the new label was bound to a conjugate of bovine serum albumin and N-(4-aminobutyl)-MA (MA-BSA). In the second (two-step) assay, instead of the labeled MA-BSA, biotinylated MA-BSA and BHHCT-Eu3+-labeled streptavidin-BSA were used. The lowest measurable concentrations of MA for the one-step and the two-step methods were 1 ng/mL (25 pg/assay) and 1 pg/mL (25 fg/assay), respectively. These were 10 to 1000 times superior to the detection limits of MA in any other immunoassay. Intra-assay coefficient of variation was approximately 2-8% at eight different concentrations (n = 4). Analysis of 34 urine samples with the new method and conventional gas chromatography showed a good correlation (r = 0.954). The high detectability of the present assay also enabled segmental hair analysis with a few centimeters of a hair. (+info)The levels and bactericidal capacity of antibodies directed against the UspA1 and UspA2 outer membrane proteins of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis in adults and children. (2/8142)
The UspA1 and UspA2 proteins from Moraxella catarrhalis share antigenic epitopes and are promising vaccine candidates. In this study, the levels and bactericidal activities of antibodies in sera from healthy adults and children toward UspA1 and UspA2 from the O35E strain were measured. Human sera contained antibodies to both proteins, and the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were age dependent. Adult sera had significantly higher titers of IgG than child sera (P < 0.01). The IgG3 titers to the UspA proteins were higher than the IgG1 titers in the adults' sera, while the IgG1 titers were higher than the IgG3 titers in the children's sera (P < 0.05). The IgG antibodies in the sera from 2-month-old children appeared to be maternally derived, since the mean titer was significantly higher than that in sera from 6- to 7-month-old children (P < 0.05). Serum IgA antibodies to both UspA1 and UspA2 were low during the first 7 months of age but thereafter gradually increased along with the IgG titers. Analysis of sera absorbed with UspA1 or UspA2 showed that the antibodies to UspA1 and UspA2 were cross-reactive with each other and associated with serum bactericidal activity. Examination of affinity-purified human antibodies confirmed that naturally acquired antibodies to UspA1 and UspA2 were bactericidal and cross-reactive. These results support using UspA1 and UspA2 in a vaccine to prevent M. catarrhalis infections. (+info)Autoantibodies to RNA polymerases recognize multiple subunits and demonstrate cross-reactivity with RNA polymerase complexes. (3/8142)
OBJECTIVE: To determine the subunit specificity of autoantibody directed to RNA polymerases (RNAP) I, II, and III, which is one of the major autoantibody responses in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: Thirty-two SSc sera with anti-RNAP antibodies (23 with anti-RNAP I/III, 5 with anti-RNAP I/III and II, and 4 with anti-RNAP II alone) were analyzed by immunoblotting using affinity-purified RNAP and by immunoprecipitation using 35S-labeled cell extracts in which RNAP complexes were dissociated. Antibodies bound to individual RNAP subunits were eluted from preparative immunoblots and were further analyzed by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: At least 15 different proteins were bound by antibodies in anti-RNAP-positive SSc sera in various combinations. All 9 sera immunoprecipitating RNAP II and all 28 sera immunoprecipitating RNAP I/III recognized the large subunit proteins of RNAP II and III, respectively. Reactivity to RNAP I large subunits was strongly associated with bright nucleolar staining by indirect immunofluorescence. Affinity-purified antibodies that recognized a 62-kd subunit protein cross-reacted with a 43-kd subunit protein and immunoprecipitated both RNAP I and RNAP III. Antibodies that recognized a 21-kd subunit protein obtained from sera that were positive for anti-RNAP I/III and II antibodies immunoprecipitated both RNAP II and RNAP III. CONCLUSION: Anti-RNAP antibodies recognize multiple subunits of RNAP I, II, and III. Moreover, the results of this study provide the first direct evidence that antibodies that recognize shared subunits of human RNAPs or epitopes present on different human RNAP subunits are responsible for the recognition of multiple RNAPs by SSc sera. (+info)Human geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. cDNA cloning and expression. (4/8142)
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase (GGPPSase) catalyzes the synthesis of GGPP, which is an important molecule responsible for the C20-prenylated protein biosynthesis and for the regulation of a nuclear hormone receptor (LXR.RXR). The human GGPPSase cDNA encodes a protein of 300 amino acids which shows 16% sequence identity with the known human farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase (FPPSase). The GGPPSase expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzes the GGPP formation (240 nmol/min/mg) from FPP and isopentenyl diphosphate. The human GGPPSase behaves as an oligomeric molecule with 280 kDa on a gel filtration column and cross-reacts with an antibody directed against bovine brain GGPPSase, which differs immunochemically from bovine brain FPPSase. Northern blot analysis indicates the presence of two forms of the mRNA. (+info)Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology. (5/8142)
The serum dilution neutralization test was evaluated for serological diagnosis of California group arbovirus infections and identification of virus isolates. The technical advantages and the degree of subtype specificity of the serum dilution neutralization test over the hemagglutination inhibition test and the complement fixation test were demonstrated with paired specimens from human cases, single human survey sera, and sentinel rabbit sera. Twenty-one virus isolates from various geographical areas of the United States were also used to evaluate the efficacy of the serum dilution neutralization test for specific virus identification. (+info)Induction of lasting complete regression of preformed distinct solid tumors by targeting the tumor vasculature using two new anti-endoglin monoclonal antibodies. (6/8142)
Endoglin (EDG, CD105) is a proliferation-associated antigen on endothelial cells. In this study, two new anti-EDG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) Y4-2F1 (or termed SN6j) and P3-2G8 (SN6k) were generated and used for treating distinct preformed tumors. These mAbs, both IgG1-kappa antibodies, cross-reacted weakly with mouse endothelial cells but defined epitopes different from the epitope defined by a previously reported anti-EDG mAb K4-2C10 (B. K. Seon et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 3: 1031-1044, 1997). SN6j and SN6k reacted strongly with human endothelial cells and vascular endothelium of malignant human tissues but showed no significant reactivity with tumor cells per se. The deglycosylated ricin A chain (dgRA) conjugates of the two mAbs showed a weak but specific cytotoxic activity against murine endothelial cells in vitro. In the therapeutic studies, severe combined immunodeficient mice were inoculated s.c. with MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and left untreated until palpable tumors of distinct size (4-6 mm in diameter) appeared. Mice with the distinct tumors were treated by i.v. administration of individual anti-EDG conjugates, unconjugated mAbs, or a control conjugate. Long-lasting complete regression of the tumors was induced in the majority of tumor-bearing mice (n = 8 for each conjugate) when 40 microg of the individual conjugates were administered three times via the tail vein. It is remarkable that the tumors remained regressed without further therapy for as long as the mice were followed (i.e., 100 days). Control conjugate did not induce regression of the tumors in any of the treated mice, although weak nonspecific effects were observed in some of the mice (n = 8). The effects of unconjugated mAbs were small with the dose used, i.e., 34 microg three times. The anti-EDG conjugates showed antiangiogenic activity in the dorsal air sac assay in mice. The results suggest good potential of these conjugates for the clinical application. (+info)A new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). (7/8142)
A previously unknown picornavirus was isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). Electron microscopy images and sequence data of the prototype isolate, named Ljungan virus, showed that it is a picornavirus. The amino acid sequences of predicted Ljungan virus capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 were closely related to the human pathogen echovirus 22 (approximately 70% similarity). A partial 5' noncoding region sequence of Ljungan virus showed the highest degree of relatedness to cardioviruses. Two additional isolates were serologically and molecularly related to the prototype. (+info)Serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a slide agglutination test. (8/8142)
Serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the slide agglutination test with live organisms was studied, based on the O antigen schema adopted by the international expert panel sponsored by the Subcommittee on Pseudomonas and Related Organisms of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. The typing results obtained by the slide test with well-absorbed O sera were identical to those obtained by the conventional tube agglutination test with autoclaved organisms. Most O antigens occur singly; but O2, O5, and O16 occur in four combinations. Antigens O13 and O14 are closely related, as are O7 and O8, and it would be convenient to classify organisms possessing these antigens collectively as O7,8 and O13,14. (+info)Cross reactions, in the context of medical diagnostics and immunology, refer to a situation where an antibody or a immune response directed against one antigen also reacts with a different antigen due to similarities in their molecular structure. This can occur in allergy testing, where a person who is allergic to a particular substance may have a positive test result for a different but related substance because of cross-reactivity between them. For example, some individuals who are allergic to birch pollen may also have symptoms when eating certain fruits, such as apples, due to cross-reactive proteins present in both.
'Immune sera' refers to the serum fraction of blood that contains antibodies produced in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a vaccine or an infection. These antibodies are proteins known as immunoglobulins, which are secreted by B cells (a type of white blood cell) and can recognize and bind to specific antigens. Immune sera can be collected from an immunized individual and used as a source of passive immunity to protect against infection or disease. It is often used in research and diagnostic settings to identify or measure the presence of specific antigens or antibodies.
An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.
In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.
ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.
The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory medicine and pathology for the detection and localization of specific antigens or antibodies in tissues, cells, or microorganisms. In this technique, a fluorescein-labeled antibody is used to selectively bind to the target antigen or antibody, forming an immune complex. When excited by light of a specific wavelength, the fluorescein label emits light at a longer wavelength, typically visualized as green fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope.
The FAT is widely used in diagnostic microbiology for the identification and characterization of various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It has also been applied in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers by detecting specific antibodies or antigens in patient samples. The main advantage of FAT is its high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for accurate detection and differentiation of various pathogens and disease markers. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel to perform and interpret the results.
Organogermanium compounds in cross-coupling reactions
Cross-coupling reaction
Coupling reaction
Reaction ferry
Ullmann reaction
Hajos-Parrish-Eder-Sauer-Wiechert reaction
Reaction-diffusion system
Reformatsky reaction
Catellani reaction
Bamford-Stevens reaction
Heck reaction
Fujiwara-Moritani reaction
Pinacol coupling reaction
Harpoon reaction
Stille reaction
Aldol reaction
Dichloro(1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)nickel
Organoiron chemistry
Marcetta Y. Darensbourg
Oxidative coupling
Nuclear reaction analysis
François Diederich
Kumada coupling
Jay Kochi
Suzuki reaction
Nuclear reaction
European reactions to the 2006 Lebanon War
Alpha-silicon effect
Dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligands
Ertapenem
Organogermanium compounds in cross-coupling reactions - Wikipedia
Nominet/SOCA Cyber Crime Proposal: Allow Cross Border Reactions
Cross-reactions: Pollenwarndienst
IUPAC - reaction cross-section (R05169)
Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions - ChemistryViews
Cross-coupling reaction news and latest updates
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aha! Swiss Allergy Centre - Cross-reactions
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Recyclable bimetallic CuMoO4 nanoparticles for C-N cross-coupling reaction under mild conditions - New Journal of Chemistry ...
Transition Metal-Free Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reaction of Activated Olefins with N-Alkyl Amides
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Reflections on the Meaning of Christianity and Religious Symbols: A Reaction to the Mt Soledad Cross Controversy
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Chemodivergence between Electrophiles in Cross‐Coupling Reactions
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Reactions to the Cross: The Rebel Saved - Awakening Collective
Associations between food and other allergies, cross-reactions - Family Allergy
Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions1
- We present the first examples of Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions on meso-substituted trans A2B-corrole derivatives with neutral, sterically hindered, inactivated and hetero-aromatic boronic acids and esters,alkenylboronic acids, as well as quickly deboronating aryl boronic acids and benzo-condensated five membered heterocyclic boronic acids. (jku.at)
Aryl14
- Other cross-coupling-reactive functional groups, such as other (psudo)halides, aryl boronic esters, stayed intact during the reaction. (wikipedia.org)
- In comparison, under traditional Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions, ArGeEt3 are inert while aryl boronic acids/esters are reactive. (wikipedia.org)
- Besides, ArGeEt3 bearing electron-deficient aryl groups, whose aryl boronic acid analogues are highly unstable, have excellent stability instead, allowing the use of them as nucleophiles in cross-coupling reactions. (wikipedia.org)
- Merging this reactivity with C(aryl)-H activation or photo-induced oxidative addition of ArN2BF4 with gold catalysts, C(aryl)-H functionalization or C(aryl)-C(aryl) cross-coupling can be realized via Au(I)/Au(III) catalytic cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- Au-catalyzed C(aryl)-C(alkynyl) cross-coupling was reported with alkynyl germanes as nucleophiles and ArN2BF4 as coupling partners under photoirradiation condition. (wikipedia.org)
- Scientists in China have described the Kumada-Tamao-Corriu reaction of phenolic salts with various aryl Grignard reagents using a nickel catalyst. (chemistryviews.org)
- The fact that phenols, in place of aryl halides, can be used directly in cross-coupling chemistry is a significant finding. (chemistryviews.org)
- Palladium/P,O-Ligand-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions of Arylboronic Acids and Aryl Chlorides. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The 2-(2'-dicyclohexylphosphinophenyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (ligand 1) in combination with Pd(dba)(2) affords an efficient catalyst for general Suzuki reactions of a wide variety of arylboronic acids and aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides to afford the desired biaryl products in high isolated yields. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Thus, the higher efficiency of ligand 1 over ligand 2 in Pd/L-catalyzed Suzuki arylation of aryl chlorides can be ascribed to the ability of ligand 1 to generate and stabilize mono-phosphine P,O-chelating Pd/L intermediates, which appear to be most suitable for Suzuki arylation reactions involving certain substrates and conditions. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Herein we disclosed inexpensive copper( II ) bimetallic CuMoO 4 nanoparticles for the C-N cross-coupling reaction of alkyl and aryl amines with haloarenes. (rsc.org)
- Aryl bromides substituted with electron-withdrawing groups couple rapidly under the the reaction conditions, while aryl bromides containing electron-donating substituents require further addition of catalyst for complete conversion. (thevespiary.org)
- Organometallic aryl-CuIII species have been proposed as key intermediates in Ullmann-type reactions. (udg.edu)
- The broad reaction scope and good yields of the Ni-catalyzed electrochemical coupling reaction were confirmed by 48 examples of aryl/β-styrenyl chloride/bromide and benzylic trifluoroborates. (chemrxiv.org)
Gell and Coombs2
- 1) The Gell and Coombs classification system categorizes drug hypersensitivity reactions into four types. (ebmconsult.com)
- Allergies are categorized into four different hypersensitivity reactions by Gell and Coombs and atopy refers simply to the first type (type I hypersensitivity reactions) only (Merck, 2005). (ceufast.com)
Photochemical reactions2
- Our proposed mechanism integrates thermodynamic and reaction kinetics of the RB photo-oxidation reaction via the monitoring of the photochemical reactions with multiple spectroscopic techniques in tandem. (aiche.org)
- This will clarify the role of the nucleotide bases in the photochemical reactions. (europa.eu)
Neutron-induced2
- The most important requirement for the target being measured via the activation method is the isotopic purity of the 48V, specifically with respect to 49V (>104 atoms of 48V/atom of 49V), while the 48V target for direct neutron-induced charged particle reaction measurements must be thin and uniform to minimize the attenuation of outgoing protons and the measurement time and error. (msu.edu)
- Overall, a recommended thin 48V target manufacturing protocol was identified and covers all the steps from the in the process to produce mCi levels of 48V in high isotopic purity relative to 49V along with those necessary for the fabrication of a thin and uniform 48V target for neutron-induced reaction studies. (msu.edu)
Palladium8
- The phenyl backbone-derived P,O-ligands 1 and 2 were investigated for their utility as ligands in palladium/ligand-catalyzed Suzuki reactions. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction has been investigated on meso-substituted trans A2B-corroles using tailored Pd-catalyst systems. (jku.at)
- A comparative study between the efficiency of triflates and nonaflates as leaving groups has been carried out in the Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 7-substituted coumarins. (aip.org)
- The Stille reaction is a member of a large family of palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions. (thevespiary.org)
- The so far accepted mechanism of the Stille reaction (palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of organotin reagents with organic electrophiles) is criticized. (thevespiary.org)
- Palladium catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction은 boron 화합물과 organic halide 혹은 triflate간의 반응으로 천연물의 전합성 및 생리활성 물질의 제조에 많이 이용된다.1 기존에 사용 되어 온 boron 화합물로는 boronic acid 와 boronate ester가 있다. (kist.re.kr)
- Palladium- or nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 2-substituted cyclohexenes, which are generally less reactive than those having no substituent at the C2 position, with organotin reagents (Migita-Kosugi-Stille coupling) or with Grigard reagents (Kumada-Tamao-Corriu coupling) using a NHC as a ligand was investigated. (hokudai.ac.jp)
- Nickel (Ni) catalyzed carbon-carbon (C−C) cross-coupling has been considerably developed in last decades and has demonstrated unique reactivities compared to palladium. (chemrxiv.org)
Occur3
- In rare cases, such a cross-reaction may also occur with allergies to animals and latex. (aha.ch)
- reactions that occur from the extravascular use of ICM are rare. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] Nonetheless, severe or life-threatening reactions can occur with either route of administration. (medscape.com)
Catalytic3
- The reaction proceeded through a Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- Based on kinetic studies on catalytic reactions, and on reactions with isolated intermediates, a corrected mechanism is proposed. (thevespiary.org)
- KitAlysis High-Throughput Screening Kits provide solution to efficiently identify or optimize suitable catalytic reaction conditions. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Mechanism6
- DFT calculation indicated that the conventional concerted transmetallation mechanism has an extremely high energy barrier and not viable under the reaction conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- Preliminary studies were conducted to understand the reaction mechanism. (chemistryviews.org)
- Another objective of this project will be to investigate by means of NMR the mechanism of reaction of selected Pt(IV)-complexes with other biomolecules such as glutathione and proteins (e.g. albumin), and to determine the effects of light on these reactions. (europa.eu)
- The activation of this precatalyst towards cross-coupling reactions follows a hitherto undisclosed mechanism that is different from previously reported light-responsive nickel complexes that undergo metal-to-ligand charge transfer. (vapourtec.com)
- Finally, an array of chemical and electrochemical studies mechanistically indicates that electrochemical C−C cross-coupling reaction proceeds through an unconventional radical trans-metalation mechanism. (chemrxiv.org)
- Cross sections for glueball production in hadron-induced reactions are estimated using the gluon-gluon fusion mechanism. (lu.se)
Arylboronic acids1
- Solid-supported masked peptide aldehydes containing 3- or 4-iodophenylalanine residues were subjected to Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions with arylboronic acids. (ku.dk)
Allergens6
- Cross-reaction due to similar allergens are a possible source of risk for pollen allergy sufferers. (pollenwarndienst.at)
- A cross-reaction can be explained by the similarity in structure of allergens in specific pollens and plant-based foods. (aha.ch)
- Because specific proteins in pollen or pollen allergens are similar in structure to specific allergens in fruits, vegetables and nuts, the immune system has an allergic reaction to both, resulting in a cross-reaction. (aha.ch)
- There are other respiratory tract allergens apart from pollen that may, more rarely, cause a cross-reaction to foods, e.g. latex (natural rubber), animal allergens (e.g. cats, birds) and house dust mites. (aha.ch)
- Viruses or even bacteria can be allergens as they can trigger a reaction unrelated to their normal viral or bacterial influence in the body (Haith, 2005). (ceufast.com)
- This response is a generalized response and causes the generalized inflammatory reaction common with exposure to allergens. (ceufast.com)
Catalysis2
- A trio of chemists at Okayama University has published a paper in the journal Nature Catalysis outlining the manner in which sodium can be safely used for cross-coupling reactions. (phys.org)
- Ligand polymerization affords a porous, recyclable organic polymer for heterogeneous nickel catalysis of cross-coupling reactions. (vapourtec.com)
Chemists2
- While many chemists resort to their extensive reaction knowledge to make these synthetic routes, there are now many software tools, such as SYNTHIA™ , which allow users to easily analyze custom pathways for known and novel molecules against search criteria. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- In the second part of this chapter, an overview of how computational chemists apply quantum mechanics to the study of chemical reactions, which are the approximations that we do, and how do we obtain valuable information by means of these approximations will be provided. (deepdyve.com)
Ligand3
- The reaction of ligand 1 with Pd(dba)(2) affords the complex LPd(dba) (14, L = 1). (unboundmedicine.com)
- The reaction proceeds under mild and ligand free conditions. (rsc.org)
- We demonstrate that several visible-light-mediated carbon−heteroatom cross-coupling reactions can be carried out using a photoactive NiII precatalyst that forms in situ from a nickel salt and a bipyridine ligand decorated with two carbazole groups (Ni(Czbpy)Cl2). (vapourtec.com)
Allergic reactions4
- Between 30-80% of individuals with latex allergy have associated allergic reactions to food. (familyallergy.org)
- Allergic reactions involving the alimentary tract can result in a wide range of symptoms, stretching from harmless tingling of the mouth to life-threatening shock reactions and from lasting a few hours to many days. (familyallergy.org)
- Allergic reactions are mediated through the T-helper 2 responses which activate eosinophils and IgE production. (ceufast.com)
- As mentioned above, there are four different categories into which allergic reactions lie. (ceufast.com)
Adverse2
- A drug reaction is any adverse event associated with medication use. (ebmconsult.com)
- Adverse reactions to medications are common and often manifest as a cutaneous eruption. (medscape.com)
Synthesis3
- Chemical reaction design and optimization is vital in organic synthesis research. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- In optimizing chemical reactions, flexibility, precision and reproducibility are required of the synthesis tools with which the experiments are carried out. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- However, existing Ni catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, despite success in organic synthesis, are still subject to the use of air-sensitive nucleophiles (i.e. (chemrxiv.org)
Substrates2
- For the bromination (with NBS) and iodination (with NIS), the reaction is highly chemoselective, with halogenation solely taking place at C-Ge in presence of electron-rich arene, heterocycle substrates or other reactive functional groups. (wikipedia.org)
- However, it is sometimes found that it is not universally applicable and that many substrates require specific reaction conditions for cross-coupling to be successful. (thevespiary.org)
Symptoms2
- If the hypersensitivity reaction was not Type I or severe Type II, III, IV, cephalosporins can be used in patients with a penicillin allergy after careful evaluation of the timing of the reaction, severity of reaction symptoms, and structural comparison of the penicillin that resulted in the allergy and the cephalosporin being considered. (ebmconsult.com)
- These mediators cause the common symptoms of an atopic reaction by causing vasodilation, capillary permeability, mucus production, smooth muscle spasm, eosinophil and T-infiltration into tissue as well as other inflammatory cells. (ceufast.com)
Antigens2
- Cross-reaction was found between S. equina antigens and antibodies in the sera of Wuchereria bancrofti-infected patients, with the highest levels observed between sera of chronic infected patients and Setaria spp. (who.int)
- In the presence of active S. equina infection, antigens from the adult and microfilaraemic stages showed the highest degree of cross-reaction with human sera. (who.int)
Alkyl2
- A K 2 S 2 O 8 -mediated transition metal-free oxidative cross-coupling reaction of activated olefins with N -alkyl amides provides N -allylic amides in good yield. (organic-chemistry.org)
- There are relatively few examples of the successful introduction of alkyl groups employing Stille cross-coupling reactions described in the literature, and for alpha-iodocyclohexenones the reported yields are only moderate. (thevespiary.org)
Chemical Reaction Design1
- Utilizing chemical reaction design optimization can lead to scientific breakthroughs more rapidly. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Proteins4
- Does cross reactivity among proteins happen? (petfoodindustry.com)
- For example: "In pet prescription hypoallergenic diets fed to dogs and cats with food allergies, has much been looked at as far as cross reactivity between proteins? (petfoodindustry.com)
- And so you maybe could bypass some of those issues with cross reactivity, but then you'd be having to hydrolyze those proteins. (petfoodindustry.com)
- The reason for the cross-reactions lies in the structural similarities among proteins of diverse sources, such as pollens and foods. (familyallergy.org)
Pathway2
- In designing chemical reactions, focus is placed on building a synthetic pathway to a target molecule from commercially available starting materials. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- After a viable synthetic pathway to synthesize the target molecule is found countless additional hours are put in to optimize each chemical reaction to make the product better, faster, or more efficient. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Birch3
- The most famous example is the birch pollen-nut-stone fruit-syndrome that causes an allergic reaction when consuming an apple in a birch pollen allergy sufferer, because the immune system confuses the protein in apple (Mal d 1) with the protein in birch pollen (Bet v 1). (pollenwarndienst.at)
- Such cross-reactions are common: approximately 70% of those allergic to birch pollen have a cross-reaction. (aha.ch)
- Two cross-reactions are particularly common: birch pollen-nut-pip fruit and mugwort-celery spice syndrome. (aha.ch)
Good yields1
- It was found that NHCs are effective as ligands for these reactions, giving the corresponding cross-coupling products in good yields. (hokudai.ac.jp)
Hypersensitivity6
- food contact hypersensitivity) or, less frequently, intestinal allergic reaction. (familyallergy.org)
- A Type I hypersensitivity reaction is IgE-mediated and often causes urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, pruritus, or anaphylaxis within minutes to hours of the medication administration. (ebmconsult.com)
- Drug hypersensitivity, reactions caused by an immunologic response, account for 5 to 10 percent of all drug reactions. (ebmconsult.com)
- Type I and the serious reactions associated with Type II, III, and IV hypersensitivity can be life-threatening. (ebmconsult.com)
- When the body reacts to a substance that is in no way innately harmful (an allergen), this is called an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction (Haith, 2005). (ceufast.com)
- 1. Type I (immediate hypersensitivity) reactions. (ceufast.com)
Allergies5
- This, however, does not apply for all food allergies triggered by a cross-reaction. (aha.ch)
- Allergies are caused by reactions of the body's immune system to a wide variety of sources. (familyallergy.org)
- Most of the non-food related allergies can be accompanied by reactions in the mouth or the gastrointestinal tract. (familyallergy.org)
- The proportion of individuals experiencing these gut reactions to non-food allergies varies widely depending on the allergy and also the population. (familyallergy.org)
- Up to 80% of individuals with certain pollen allergies, for example, have reactions involving the mouth or intestinal tract. (familyallergy.org)
Chemistry2
- Scientists from Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow imaged an organic chemical reaction with an electron microscope and recorded the transformation in real time. (phys.org)
- Nevertheless this seems like a very versatile (although rather unexplored) reaction in combinatory chemistry. (thevespiary.org)
Catalysts1
- If there were a classroom full of all the transition metals that could be used as catalysts for complex pharmaceutical reactions, iron would be the most promising but most unruly member. (phys.org)
Yields1
- The addition of diethylamine to Stille alkylation reactions using stannanes improves yields by reducing beta-hydride elimination and reduction reactions, it also serves as a substitute for other additives such as Cu(i)I. (thevespiary.org)
Solvent1
- A cross-coupling reaction is typically performed in an organic solvent and leads to the production of a large amount of solvent waste, which is often harmful to the environment. (phys.org)
Prediction1
- Abarbanel, H & Callan, CG 1965, ' Re-examination of an SU 3 prediction for reactions: comparison with differential cross section data ', Physics Letters , vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 191-194. (princeton.edu)
Organic1
- Esters have been identified to act as a new and clean coupling partner for the carbon-carbon bond forming cross-coupling reaction to make useful compounds for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and organic materials. (phys.org)
Reactivity6
- However, due to the toxicity, low reactivity (compared with other Ar-[M] nucleophiles) and poor stability of ArGeCl3, this reaction was demonstrated not to be synthetically applicable. (wikipedia.org)
- In conclusion, these reactions also showed great orthogonal reactivity with different reactive functional groups. (wikipedia.org)
- Cross-reactivity between shellfish and house mite allergy is quite common. (familyallergy.org)
- The newer generation cephalosporin antibiotics have different R1-side chains making the cross-reactivity low and likelihood of allergic reaction even lower compared to some of the first generation agents and penicillin. (ebmconsult.com)
- The structural similarities between penicillins and cephalosporins are the cause of the cross-reactivity between the two drug classes. (ebmconsult.com)
- The changing R1-side chains lowers the cross-reactivity and further lowers the chance for an allergic reaction in patients with reported penicillin allergy. (ebmconsult.com)
Compounds1
- Organogermanium compounds in cross-coupling reactions refers to a type of cross-coupling reaction where one of the coupling partners is an organogermanium compound. (wikipedia.org)
Neutralization Tests1
- Cross neutralization tests at JCSMR indicated that BH2193/p2 is readily distinguish- able from Umbre prototype IG 1424/R620/p5. (cdc.gov)
Antibody2
- Here, we recruited 294 volunteers and detected the level of residual humoral immunity, including the vaccinia-specific IgG level and neutralizing antibody titer, and the cross-antibodies of MPXV A29L, B6R, A35R, and M1R. (nature.com)
- Similar to Type I, Type II and III reactions are also antibody mediated, but instead of IgE mediation, IgG and IgM drive these reactions. (ebmconsult.com)
Experimental5
- A quantity used in collision theories of reactions in order to interpret calculated or experimental rates. (iupac.org)
- Title of program: HPLAS Catalogue Id: ACDA_v1_0 Nature of problem Using analytic fits to the experimental cross sections for coupled H, H2 and H2+ interactions in MFE plasmas, a general purpose multigroup cross section and reaction rate processor is constructed for transport, hydrodynamics and plasma physics applications. (digitalcommonsdata.com)
- Several experimental methodologies can be employed in reaction optimization. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The calculated elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections with observed incident energies are almost in good agreement with experimental and evaluated data. (epj.org)
- This cross section should give a clean experimental signal given the substantial KK̄ decay mode observed in ψ → γθ. (lu.se)
Jesus4
- Finally, Jesus is driven to Mt. Soledad where the crowd proudly shows him the Cross. (sandiegofreepress.org)
- The other rebel, the second criminal on the cross, calls Jesus "Lord! (awakeningchurch.org)
- There is no such thing as a moderate reaction to Jesus. (awakeningchurch.org)
- Today, what will your reaction to Jesus be? (awakeningchurch.org)
Allergy4
- 2) Patients reporting a penicillin allergy are at an increased risk for cross-sensitivity to cephalosporins. (ebmconsult.com)
- The American Academy of Pediatrics states that if the reaction was non Type I or did not result in a serious Type II, III, or IV reaction, patients with a penicillin allergy can be given cephalosporins for the treatment of acute otitis media. (ebmconsult.com)
- An allergy is "an acquired, abnormal immune response to a substance (allergen) that does not normally cause a reaction" (Thomas, 1997, pp. 66-67). (ceufast.com)
- There are many diseases and reactions that fall under the general classification of allergy. (ceufast.com)
Systemic1
- These reactions are local or systemic anaphylactic inflammatory responses which are IgE-mediated and underlie all atopic diseases (Thomas, 1997). (ceufast.com)
Antibodies2
- As a result, the immune system, or more precisely the IgE antibodies that target the pollen allergen, also identify the similar food allergen as dangerous and trigger an allergic reaction. (aha.ch)
- Low level (titers of 10-80) cross-reactions were observed in the HI test, and with one exception, only when BF antigen reacted with antibodies to several of the various alphaviruses. (cdc.gov)
Examine2
- Crude antigenic preparations from Setaria equina were used in ELISA and Western blotting to examine cross-reaction with human sera from areas endemic for bancroftian filariasis. (who.int)
- Linear regression and generalized linear mixed models were used to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between examination date (days) after the MDH and neurobehavioral outcomes, adjusting for demographic, anthropometric, and socio-economic variables. (cdc.gov)
Sections3
- The workshop " Deuteron-induced reactions and beyond: Inclusive breakup fragment cross sections " will be held from July 18 to July 22 at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) in East Lansing, Michigan. (fnal.gov)
- Cross sections and rates are folded over user specified plasma temperature and density profiles and Maxwellian backgrounds in nested numerical integration routines. (digitalcommonsdata.com)
- We investigate the continuum-discretized coupled-channel analysis to the integrated elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections for 6,7 Li + n reactions. (epj.org)
Trigger1
- Tiny amounts of the food in question are often enough to trigger an allergic reaction. (aha.ch)
Nuclear data1
- Much of the cross-section data on radioactive nuclei has not been measured before and performing these measurements would be beneficial for end users of evaluated nuclear data. (msu.edu)
Copper1
- Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction on Asymmetric Copper trans-A2B-Corroles with Excellent Functional Group Tolerance. (jku.at)
Reactive2
- Similarly, other reactive functional groups for cross-coupling such as (pseudo)halides and boronic esters are well tolerated. (wikipedia.org)
- Chemodivergent cross-couplings are those in which either one of two (or more) potentially reactive functional groups can be made to react based on choice of conditions. (montana.edu)
Measurements1
- Measuring total cross-section for the 48V(n, γ)49V reaction can be accomplished using the activation method, while a direct measurement technique that allows for the detection of outgoing protons and neutron energy (via neutron time-of-flight measurements) would be the best method for determining the 48V(n, p)49V cross-section. (msu.edu)
Examination1
- The Influence of Family Communication Patterns on Parental Reactions toward Advertising: A Cross-National Examination. (bvsalud.org)