Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.
Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Highly sensitive quantitation of methamphetamine by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay using a new europium chelate as a label. (1/8142)

A simple and highly sensitive time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of methamphetamine (MA) using a new fluorescent europium chelate (BHHCT-Eu3+) as a label is described. Two variations of competitive immunoassay were attempted. In the first (one-step) assay, microtiter plates coated with anti-MA were used, and the new label was bound to a conjugate of bovine serum albumin and N-(4-aminobutyl)-MA (MA-BSA). In the second (two-step) assay, instead of the labeled MA-BSA, biotinylated MA-BSA and BHHCT-Eu3+-labeled streptavidin-BSA were used. The lowest measurable concentrations of MA for the one-step and the two-step methods were 1 ng/mL (25 pg/assay) and 1 pg/mL (25 fg/assay), respectively. These were 10 to 1000 times superior to the detection limits of MA in any other immunoassay. Intra-assay coefficient of variation was approximately 2-8% at eight different concentrations (n = 4). Analysis of 34 urine samples with the new method and conventional gas chromatography showed a good correlation (r = 0.954). The high detectability of the present assay also enabled segmental hair analysis with a few centimeters of a hair.  (+info)

The levels and bactericidal capacity of antibodies directed against the UspA1 and UspA2 outer membrane proteins of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis in adults and children. (2/8142)

The UspA1 and UspA2 proteins from Moraxella catarrhalis share antigenic epitopes and are promising vaccine candidates. In this study, the levels and bactericidal activities of antibodies in sera from healthy adults and children toward UspA1 and UspA2 from the O35E strain were measured. Human sera contained antibodies to both proteins, and the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were age dependent. Adult sera had significantly higher titers of IgG than child sera (P < 0.01). The IgG3 titers to the UspA proteins were higher than the IgG1 titers in the adults' sera, while the IgG1 titers were higher than the IgG3 titers in the children's sera (P < 0.05). The IgG antibodies in the sera from 2-month-old children appeared to be maternally derived, since the mean titer was significantly higher than that in sera from 6- to 7-month-old children (P < 0.05). Serum IgA antibodies to both UspA1 and UspA2 were low during the first 7 months of age but thereafter gradually increased along with the IgG titers. Analysis of sera absorbed with UspA1 or UspA2 showed that the antibodies to UspA1 and UspA2 were cross-reactive with each other and associated with serum bactericidal activity. Examination of affinity-purified human antibodies confirmed that naturally acquired antibodies to UspA1 and UspA2 were bactericidal and cross-reactive. These results support using UspA1 and UspA2 in a vaccine to prevent M. catarrhalis infections.  (+info)

Autoantibodies to RNA polymerases recognize multiple subunits and demonstrate cross-reactivity with RNA polymerase complexes. (3/8142)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the subunit specificity of autoantibody directed to RNA polymerases (RNAP) I, II, and III, which is one of the major autoantibody responses in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: Thirty-two SSc sera with anti-RNAP antibodies (23 with anti-RNAP I/III, 5 with anti-RNAP I/III and II, and 4 with anti-RNAP II alone) were analyzed by immunoblotting using affinity-purified RNAP and by immunoprecipitation using 35S-labeled cell extracts in which RNAP complexes were dissociated. Antibodies bound to individual RNAP subunits were eluted from preparative immunoblots and were further analyzed by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: At least 15 different proteins were bound by antibodies in anti-RNAP-positive SSc sera in various combinations. All 9 sera immunoprecipitating RNAP II and all 28 sera immunoprecipitating RNAP I/III recognized the large subunit proteins of RNAP II and III, respectively. Reactivity to RNAP I large subunits was strongly associated with bright nucleolar staining by indirect immunofluorescence. Affinity-purified antibodies that recognized a 62-kd subunit protein cross-reacted with a 43-kd subunit protein and immunoprecipitated both RNAP I and RNAP III. Antibodies that recognized a 21-kd subunit protein obtained from sera that were positive for anti-RNAP I/III and II antibodies immunoprecipitated both RNAP II and RNAP III. CONCLUSION: Anti-RNAP antibodies recognize multiple subunits of RNAP I, II, and III. Moreover, the results of this study provide the first direct evidence that antibodies that recognize shared subunits of human RNAPs or epitopes present on different human RNAP subunits are responsible for the recognition of multiple RNAPs by SSc sera.  (+info)

Human geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. cDNA cloning and expression. (4/8142)

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase (GGPPSase) catalyzes the synthesis of GGPP, which is an important molecule responsible for the C20-prenylated protein biosynthesis and for the regulation of a nuclear hormone receptor (LXR.RXR). The human GGPPSase cDNA encodes a protein of 300 amino acids which shows 16% sequence identity with the known human farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase (FPPSase). The GGPPSase expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzes the GGPP formation (240 nmol/min/mg) from FPP and isopentenyl diphosphate. The human GGPPSase behaves as an oligomeric molecule with 280 kDa on a gel filtration column and cross-reacts with an antibody directed against bovine brain GGPPSase, which differs immunochemically from bovine brain FPPSase. Northern blot analysis indicates the presence of two forms of the mRNA.  (+info)

Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology. (5/8142)

The serum dilution neutralization test was evaluated for serological diagnosis of California group arbovirus infections and identification of virus isolates. The technical advantages and the degree of subtype specificity of the serum dilution neutralization test over the hemagglutination inhibition test and the complement fixation test were demonstrated with paired specimens from human cases, single human survey sera, and sentinel rabbit sera. Twenty-one virus isolates from various geographical areas of the United States were also used to evaluate the efficacy of the serum dilution neutralization test for specific virus identification.  (+info)

Induction of lasting complete regression of preformed distinct solid tumors by targeting the tumor vasculature using two new anti-endoglin monoclonal antibodies. (6/8142)

Endoglin (EDG, CD105) is a proliferation-associated antigen on endothelial cells. In this study, two new anti-EDG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) Y4-2F1 (or termed SN6j) and P3-2G8 (SN6k) were generated and used for treating distinct preformed tumors. These mAbs, both IgG1-kappa antibodies, cross-reacted weakly with mouse endothelial cells but defined epitopes different from the epitope defined by a previously reported anti-EDG mAb K4-2C10 (B. K. Seon et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 3: 1031-1044, 1997). SN6j and SN6k reacted strongly with human endothelial cells and vascular endothelium of malignant human tissues but showed no significant reactivity with tumor cells per se. The deglycosylated ricin A chain (dgRA) conjugates of the two mAbs showed a weak but specific cytotoxic activity against murine endothelial cells in vitro. In the therapeutic studies, severe combined immunodeficient mice were inoculated s.c. with MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and left untreated until palpable tumors of distinct size (4-6 mm in diameter) appeared. Mice with the distinct tumors were treated by i.v. administration of individual anti-EDG conjugates, unconjugated mAbs, or a control conjugate. Long-lasting complete regression of the tumors was induced in the majority of tumor-bearing mice (n = 8 for each conjugate) when 40 microg of the individual conjugates were administered three times via the tail vein. It is remarkable that the tumors remained regressed without further therapy for as long as the mice were followed (i.e., 100 days). Control conjugate did not induce regression of the tumors in any of the treated mice, although weak nonspecific effects were observed in some of the mice (n = 8). The effects of unconjugated mAbs were small with the dose used, i.e., 34 microg three times. The anti-EDG conjugates showed antiangiogenic activity in the dorsal air sac assay in mice. The results suggest good potential of these conjugates for the clinical application.  (+info)

A new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). (7/8142)

A previously unknown picornavirus was isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). Electron microscopy images and sequence data of the prototype isolate, named Ljungan virus, showed that it is a picornavirus. The amino acid sequences of predicted Ljungan virus capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 were closely related to the human pathogen echovirus 22 (approximately 70% similarity). A partial 5' noncoding region sequence of Ljungan virus showed the highest degree of relatedness to cardioviruses. Two additional isolates were serologically and molecularly related to the prototype.  (+info)

Serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a slide agglutination test. (8/8142)

Serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the slide agglutination test with live organisms was studied, based on the O antigen schema adopted by the international expert panel sponsored by the Subcommittee on Pseudomonas and Related Organisms of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. The typing results obtained by the slide test with well-absorbed O sera were identical to those obtained by the conventional tube agglutination test with autoclaved organisms. Most O antigens occur singly; but O2, O5, and O16 occur in four combinations. Antigens O13 and O14 are closely related, as are O7 and O8, and it would be convenient to classify organisms possessing these antigens collectively as O7,8 and O13,14.  (+info)

Cross reactions, in the context of medical diagnostics and immunology, refer to a situation where an antibody or a immune response directed against one antigen also reacts with a different antigen due to similarities in their molecular structure. This can occur in allergy testing, where a person who is allergic to a particular substance may have a positive test result for a different but related substance because of cross-reactivity between them. For example, some individuals who are allergic to birch pollen may also have symptoms when eating certain fruits, such as apples, due to cross-reactive proteins present in both.

'Immune sera' refers to the serum fraction of blood that contains antibodies produced in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a vaccine or an infection. These antibodies are proteins known as immunoglobulins, which are secreted by B cells (a type of white blood cell) and can recognize and bind to specific antigens. Immune sera can be collected from an immunized individual and used as a source of passive immunity to protect against infection or disease. It is often used in research and diagnostic settings to identify or measure the presence of specific antigens or antibodies.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory medicine and pathology for the detection and localization of specific antigens or antibodies in tissues, cells, or microorganisms. In this technique, a fluorescein-labeled antibody is used to selectively bind to the target antigen or antibody, forming an immune complex. When excited by light of a specific wavelength, the fluorescein label emits light at a longer wavelength, typically visualized as green fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope.

The FAT is widely used in diagnostic microbiology for the identification and characterization of various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It has also been applied in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers by detecting specific antibodies or antigens in patient samples. The main advantage of FAT is its high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for accurate detection and differentiation of various pathogens and disease markers. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel to perform and interpret the results.

... refers to a type of cross-coupling reaction where one of the coupling ... The reaction proceeded through a Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycle. Similarly, other reactive functional groups for cross-coupling ... The first example of organogermanes used in transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction was reported in 2004. However, ... allowing the use of them as nucleophiles in cross-coupling reactions. Pd(TFA)2 is another reactive catalyst for ...
Cross-couplings are a subset of the more general coupling reactions. Often cross-coupling reactions require metal catalysts. ... Cross-coupling reaction are a subset of coupling reactions. Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki were awarded the ... In organic chemistry, a cross-coupling reaction is a reaction where two different fragments are joined. ... Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions Using Alkyl-organometallics as Reaction Partners". Chemical Reviews. 111 (3): 1417-1492. doi ...
These reactions are also called cross-coupling reactions. The product is unsymmetrical, R−R'. Coupling reactions are ... The most common type of coupling reaction is the cross coupling reaction. Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki ... a coupling reaction is a type of reaction in which two reactant molecules are bonded together. Such reactions often require the ... "Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals". Organometallics in Process Chemistry. Topics ...
Reaction ferries cross the rivers Sava and Drava. Dolní Žleb Ferry crosses the Elbe at Dolní Žleb near Děčín. with lower ( ... Several reaction ferries crossed rivers in the Ozark Mountains of the central United States during the first half of the 20th ... A reaction ferry is a cable ferry that uses the reaction of the current of a river against a fixed tether to propel the vessel ... Three such ferries cross the Aare in Bern. A small traditional ferry, the last on this river, crosses the Doubs. The Hampton ...
Beletkaya, I.P.; Cheprakov, A.V. (2004). "Copper in Cross Coupling Reactions: The Post Ullman Chemistry". Coord. Chem. Rev. 248 ... The Ullmann reaction or Ullmann coupling is a coupling reaction between aryl halides. Traditionally this reaction is effected ... In organic synthesis this reaction is often replaced by palladium coupling reactions such as the Heck reaction, the Hiyama ... In organic synthesis this reaction is often replaced by palladium coupling reactions such as the Heck reaction, the Hiyama ...
"The First Direct and Enantioselective Cross-Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (24): ... The organocatalytic intermolecular aldol reaction is now known as the Barbas-List Aldol reaction. Several reaction mechanisms ... suppresses various possible side-reactions: reaction of the ketone with proline to an oxazolidinone and reaction of the ... 3] The reaction mechanism as proposed by the Barbas group in 2000 for the intermolecular reactions is based also on enamine ...
"Ready, a cross-platform implementation of various reaction-diffusion systems." https://github.com/GollyGang/ready Isaacson, ... A thesis on reaction-diffusion patterns with an overview of the field Interactive web application for reaction-diffusion ... Autowave Diffusion-controlled reaction Chemical kinetics Phase space method Autocatalytic reactions and order creation Pattern ... "Reversible interacting-particle reaction dynamics." The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 122.49 (2018): 11240-11250. Reaction- ...
... a new reagent for cross-aldol reactions". Tetrahedron Letters. 26 (36): 4371-4372. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)98737-9. Ishihara ... Coupling reactions, Addition reactions, Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, Organometallic chemistry, Name reactions). ... The Reformatsky reaction (sometimes transliterated as Reformatskii reaction) is an organic reaction which condenses aldehydes ... Shriner, R. L. (1942). "The Reformatsky Reaction". Organic Reactions. 1: 1-37. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or001.01. ISBN ...
... followed a terminating cross-coupling reaction at the ipso position. This cross-coupling cascade reaction depends on the ortho- ... Suzuki reaction, etc. The Catellani reaction facilitates a variety of C-C and C-N bond-forming reactions at the ortho position ... With tethered cross-coupling partners, Lautens, Malacria, and Catellani used this reaction to construct a variety of fused ring ... Total Synthesis of (+)-Linoxepin by Utilizing the Catellani Reaction (CS1 errors: periodical ignored, Chemical reactions). ...
doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01563-6. Baruenga, J. (2007). "N-tosylhydrazones as Reagents for Cross-Coupling Reactions: A Route to ... Zhihui, S. (2012). "N-Tosylhydrazones: versatile reagents for metal-catalyzed and metal-free cross-coupling reactions". Chem. ... The Bamford-Stevens reaction is a chemical reaction whereby treatment of tosylhydrazones with strong base gives alkenes. It is ... Shapiro reaction (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Olefination reactions, Elimination ...
... catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The Heck reaction is a way to substitute alkenes. The original reaction by Tsutomu Mizoroki ... The Heck reaction (also called the Mizoroki-Heck reaction) is the chemical reaction of an unsaturated halide (or triflate) with ... Hiyama coupling Stille reaction Suzuki reaction Sonogashira coupling Intramolecular Heck reaction Negishi Coupling Drahl, ... This reaction was the first example of a carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction that followed a Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalytic cycle, the ...
In organic chemistry, the Fujiwara-Moritani reaction is a type of cross coupling reaction where an aromatic C-H bond is ... Thus, this reaction can be classified as a C-H activation reaction, an oxidative Heck reaction, and a C-H olefination. ... Coupling reactions, Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, Name reactions). ... The reaction was discovered by Yuzo Fujiwara and Ichiro Moritani in 1967. An external oxidant is required to this reaction to ...
The reaction is usually a homocoupling but intramolecular cross-coupling reactions are also possible. Pinacol was discovered by ... Coupling reactions, Addition reactions, Free radical reactions, Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, 1859 in science). ... A pinacol coupling reaction is an organic reaction in which a carbon-carbon bond is formed between the carbonyl groups of an ... The reaction product is a vicinal diol. The reaction is named after pinacol (also known as 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol or ...
Wiskerke, A. E.; S. Stolte; H. J. Loesch; R. D. Levine (2000). "K + CH3I → KI + CH3 revisited: the total reaction cross section ... A harpoon reaction is a type of chemical reaction, first proposed by Michael Polanyi in 1920, whose mechanism (also called the ... The main feature of these redox reactions is that, unlike most reactions, they have steric factors greater than unity; that is ... CS1: Julian-Gregorian uncertainty, CS1 German-language sources (de), Chemical kinetics, Chemical reactions, Reaction mechanisms ...
An alternative developed to this process is the Stille-carbonylative cross-coupling reaction, which introduces the carbonyl ... The Stille reaction is a chemical reaction widely used in organic synthesis. The reaction involves the coupling of two organic ... this can become a significant side reaction. Vinyl halides are common coupling partners in the Stille reaction, and reactions ... The Stille reaction is one of many palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. R 1 − Sn ( Alkyl ) 3 + R 2 − X → ligand set Pd 0 ( ...
This strategy allows the otherwise challenging cross-aldol reaction between two aldehydes. In general, cross-aldol reactions ... Chemistry portal Aldol-Tishchenko reaction Baylis-Hillman reaction Ivanov reaction Reformatsky reaction Claisen-Schmidt ... the reaction is called a crossed aldol reaction; on the converse, when the nucleophile and electrophile are the same, the ... This reaction is known as the Hajos-Parrish reaction (also known as the Hajos-Parrish-Eder-Sauer-Wiechert reaction, referring ...
"Cross-Coupling Reactions". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis doi:10.1002/047084289X.rd100.pub2. Ljungdahl, Thomas ... "Two Competing Mechanisms for the Copper-Free Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reaction". Organometallics. 27 (11): 2490-2498. doi: ... in an effective catalyst for coupling reactions such as the Kumada coupling and Suzuki reactions (example below). It also ... Kumada, Makota; Tamao, Kohei; Sumitani, Koji (1978). "Phosphine-Nickel Complex Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Grignard Reagents ...
Cross-coupling reactions. Iron compounds such as Fe(acac)3 catalyze a wide range of cross-coupling reactions with one substrate ... Such compounds may be relevant to the mechanism of Fe-catalyzed cross coupling reactions. Some organoiron(III) compounds are ... Mako, T. L.; Byers, J. A. (2016). "Recent Advances in Iron-Catalysed Cross Coupling Reactions and Their Mechanistic ... In a complementary reaction, Collman's reagent can be used to convert acyl chlorides to aldehydes. Similar reactions can be ...
These enzymes are capable of carry out reaction even in the absence of the protein-based active site organization or carry out ... X. Cross-association of Tert Butyllithium. Kinetics of Tert Butyllithium Dissociation". Journal of the American Chemical ... The ligands can act as a catalyst to carry out different reactions, depending on which transition metal being at the center. ... Using mass spectroscopy, the existence of cross-association with other organolithium species in the vapor phase could also be ...
Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reactions. Aiwen Lei, Wei Shi, Chao Liu, Wei Liu, Hua Zhang, Chuan He, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. ... Usually oxidative couplings are catalysed by a transition metal complex like in classical cross-coupling reactions, although ... Another reaction is the synthesis of 1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol from 2-naphthol by iron chloride, discovered in 1873 by Alexander ... Early examples involve coupling of terminal alkynes: 2 RC≡CH + 2 Cu(I) → RC≡C-C≡CR + 2 Cu + 2 H+ Coupling reactions involving ...
Due to the narrow peak in the reaction cross section primarily ions of the resonance energy undergo a nuclear reaction. Thus, ... In the 1H(15N,αγ)12C reaction (or indeed the 15N(p,αγ)12C inverse reaction), the energetic emitted γ ray is characteristic of ... with a sharp resonance in the reaction cross section at 6.385 MeV of only 1.8 keV. Since the incident 15N ion loses energy ... the deeper the reaction). For example, a commonly used reaction to profile hydrogen with an energetic 15N ion beam is 15N + 1H ...
Meijere, A. de; Diederich, François (2004). Metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-30518-1. ...
... the Kumada coupling is a type of cross coupling reaction, useful for generating carbon-carbon bonds by the reaction of a ... Heck reaction Hiyama coupling Suzuki reaction Negishi coupling Petasis reaction Stille reaction Sonogashira coupling Murahashi ... Use dmy dates from June 2013, Coupling reactions, Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, Name reactions). ... The reaction is notable for being among the first reported catalytic cross-coupling methods. Despite the subsequent development ...
Many decades later, interest in base metal catalysis sparked significant efforts to further develop cross-coupling reactions ... Fürstner, Alois; Leitner, Andreas; Méndez, María; Krause, Helga (2002-11-01). "Iron-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions". ... He developed the Kochi reaction, a variation on the Hunsdiecker reaction. Kochi was of Japanese descent and he and his family ... Kochi's work showed that this reaction proceeds via a complex between benzene (the donor) and nitrosonium ion (the acceptor). ...
The Suzuki reaction is an organic reaction, classified as a cross-coupling reaction, where the coupling partners are a boronic ... The first nickel catalyzed cross-coupling reaction was reported by Percec and co-workers in 1995 using aryl mesylates and ... This reaction is also known as the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction or simply as the Suzuki coupling. It is widely used to synthesize ... Investigation into the nickel catalyzed cross-coupling continued and increased the scope of the reaction after these first ...
The rate at which reactions occur depends on the energy and the flux of the incident particles, and the reaction cross section ... Hence: The reaction energy (the "Q-value") is positive for exothermal reactions and negative for endothermal reactions, ... stripping reactions, or from the target to the projectile; pick-up reactions. (α,n) and (α,p) reactions. Some of the earliest ... exothermic reaction) or kinetic energy may have to be supplied for the reaction to take place (endothermic reaction). This can ...
... but said that the line of proportionality in the reaction had been crossed. "I am deeply critical that the civilian population ... "In quotes: Lebanon reaction". BBC News. 13 July 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2010. Europe Looks To Mediate In Raging Middle East ... Reactions to the 2006 Lebanon War coming from the European countries. Ursula Plassnik, Austrian foreign minister, called for an ... The Dutch foreign minister Bernard Bot has expressed "understanding for Israel's reaction" but said "it would be hard to ...
2004-08-25). Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527619535. ISBN 978-3-527-30518-6. ... late 1960s by researchers at Bayer AG as an increase in reactivity at the silicon atom for hydrolysis and was used for cross- ...
"A Highly Active Catalyst for Pd-Catalyzed Amination Reactions: Cross-Coupling Reactions Using Aryl Mesylates and the Highly ... Many Pd-catalyzed cross coupling reactions involve oxidative addition to from Pd(II) derivatives called oxidative addition ... The Pd2(dba)3/MePhos catalytic system has been applied to late stage Suzuki cross couplings. This reaction has been conducted ... The Suzuki-Miyaura and Negishi cross-coupling reactions were typically performed with Pd(PPh3)4 as catalyst and were mostly ...
Hypersensitivity cross-reactions with penicillins are rare. Ertapenem also can have an effect on some blood tests such as liver ... or with severe hypersensitivity reactions (such as anaphylaxis or severe skin reactions) to other beta-lactam antibiotics in ... It inhibits cross-linking of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls by blocking a type of enzymes called penicillin- ... Common side effects are diarrhoea (in 5% of people receiving ertapenem), nausea (in 3%) and vomiting, reactions at the ...
Organogermanium compounds in cross-coupling reactions refers to a type of cross-coupling reaction where one of the coupling ... The reaction proceeded through a Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycle. Similarly, other reactive functional groups for cross-coupling ... The first example of organogermanes used in transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction was reported in 2004. However, ... allowing the use of them as nucleophiles in cross-coupling reactions. Pd(TFA)2 is another reactive catalyst for ...
Putting all the jurisdictional hassle aside for a moment, cyber crime is international, cross-border. So what happens if a UK ... Nominet/SOCA Cyber Crime Proposal: Allow Cross Border Reactions By Wout de Natris Consultant internet governance ... Putting all the jurisdictional hassle aside for a moment, cyber crime is international, cross-border. So what happens if a UK ...
Cross-reactions. Cross-reaction due to similar allergens are a possible source of risk for pollen allergy sufferers. The most ... The most common cross-reactions of pollen and/or food are listed within their group, but are limited on the most common causes ... More information about cross-reactions based on other allergies (e.g. house dust mite allergy, animal-hair-allergy) can be ... Cross-reactions with food were not apparent up to now for this group.. ...
Citation: reaction cross-section in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 3rd ed. International Union of Pure and Applied ... In some collision theories the reaction cross-section is considered to be related to \(b_{\max }\), the maximum value of the @ ... A glossary of terms used in chemical kinetics, including reaction dynamics (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)) on page 183 [Terms] [ ... A quantity used in collision theories of reactions in order to interpret calculated or experimental rates. ...
Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. Author: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.. Scientists in China have described the Kumada-Tamao- ... Direct Application of Phenolic Salts to Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions with Aryl Grignard Reagents D.-G. Yu, B.-J. ... The fact that phenols, in place of aryl halides, can be used directly in cross-coupling chemistry is a significant finding.. ... Corriu reaction of phenolic salts with various aryl Grignard reagents using a nickel catalyst. ...
All the latest science news about cross-coupling reaction from Phys.org ... Boosting solid state chemical reactions. A cross-coupling reaction is typically performed in an organic solvent and leads to ... Chemists show that sodium can be safely used for cross-coupling reactions. A trio of chemists at Okayama University has ... have been identified to act as a new and clean coupling partner for the carbon-carbon bond forming cross-coupling reaction to ...
... and the cross-antibodies of MPXV A29L, B6R, A35R, and M1R. Our results showed that the humoral immunity from the smallpox ... Li, E., Guo, X., Hong, D. et al. Duration of humoral immunity from smallpox vaccination and its cross-reaction with Mpox virus ... Duration of humoral immunity from smallpox vaccination and its cross-reaction with Mpox virus. *Entao Li1,2 na1, ... Duration of humoral immunity from smallpox vaccination and its cross-reaction with Mpox virus ...
Pet food proteins: Rotation diets, cross reactions and more. A discussion about novel proteins in pet food with expert Kelly ... Does cross reactivity among proteins happen?. The questions related to allergenicity in pets and its possible relation to ... And so you maybe could bypass some of those issues with cross reactivity, but then youd be having to hydrolyze those proteins ... has much been looked at as far as cross reactivity between proteins?" ...
McDermotts work on the deal was recognized with two awards from M&A Advisor: Materials Deal of the Year and Cross-Border Deal ...
O-Ligand-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions of Arylboronic Acids and Aryl Chlorides. Isolation and Structural ... The reaction of ligand 2 (2 equiv) with Pd(dba)(2) and excess 4-(t)()Bu-C(6)H(4)Br or the ligand displacement reaction of {Pd[P ... The reaction of ligand 2 (2 equiv) with Pd(dba)(2) and excess 4-(t)()Bu-C(6)H(4)Br or the ligand displacement reaction of {Pd[P ... TY - JOUR T1 - Palladium/P,O-Ligand-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions of Arylboronic Acids and Aryl Chlorides. ...
... animals or latex is also unable to tolerate certain foods due to a cross-reaction. ... It is often the case that someone who has a reaction to tree pollen, ... the immune system has an allergic reaction to both, resulting in a cross-reaction. Such cross-reactions are common: ... Cross-reactions. Food allergyCross-reactionsPeanut allergyNut allergyMilk allergyEgg allergyWheat allergy ...
471f) Photochemical Reaction Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Light-Induced Collagen Cross-Linking with Rose Bengal for Suture- ... Our proposed mechanism integrates thermodynamic and reaction kinetics of the RB photo-oxidation reaction via the monitoring of ... The light-induced cross-linking of collagenous matrices in the presence of RB has yielded promising results in laboratory and ... the photochemical reactions with multiple spectroscopic techniques in tandem. Notably, we utilized a fluorescence-based oxygen ...
The reaction proceeds under mild and ligand free conditions. The catalyst is recyclable and effective for a wide range of ... bimetallic CuMoO4 nanoparticles for the C-N cross-coupling reaction of alkyl and aryl amines with haloarenes. ... bimetallic CuMoO4 nanoparticles for the C-N cross-coupling reaction of alkyl and aryl amines with haloarenes. The reaction ... Recyclable bimetallic CuMoO4 nanoparticles for C-N cross-coupling reaction under mild conditions R. Panigrahi, S. Panda, P. K. ...
A K2S2O8-mediated transition metal-free oxidative cross-coupling reaction of activated olefins with N-alkyl amides provides N- ... Transition Metal-Free Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reaction of Activated Olefins with N-Alkyl Amides. Miaomiao Li, Lei Zheng, Li Ma ...
Agudath Israel Reaction to Kotel Plan Freeze. by Avi Shafran · June 26, 2017. ...
Retropinacol / Cross-pinacol reacciones de acoplamiento - Un acceso catalíticaa 1,2-dioles asimétricos… ... Retropinacol / Cross-pinacol reacciones de acoplamiento - Un acceso catalíticaa 1,2-dioles asimétricos… ...
Chain Reaction Facebook Chain Reaction Twitter Chain Reaction Instagram Chain Reaction Google Plus Chain Reaction youtube ... Chain Reaction Bicycles. 1680 El Camino Real (at Roosevelt), Redwood City, CA 94063. (650) 366-7130. [email protected]. ...
Cross-reaction was found between S. equina antigens and antibodies in the sera of Wuchereria bancrofti-infected patients, with ... antigens from the adult and microfilaraemic stages showed the highest degree of cross-reaction with human sera. ... Crude antigenic preparations from Setaria equina were used in ELISA and Western blotting to examine cross-reaction with human ... Cross-reaction has previously reported been between the antigens of S. equina, S. cervi and S. digitata adult worms and sera ...
District Judge Larry Burns ruled that the cross atop MountSoledad was unconstitutional. Burns ordered the cross removed within ... Reflections on the Meaning of Christianity and Religious Symbols: A Reaction to the Mt Soledad Cross Controversy. December 25, ... The Cross, when installed in 1954, was originally called "The Mount Soledad Easter Cross." Only in the 1980s was the word " ... Soledad Cross lawsuits, and lightly edited for clarity.. Joel A. Harrison, PhD, MPH, a native San Diegan, is a retired ...
Preparation of Pyrenyl-Modified Nucleosides via Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions ...
Synthesis of cross‐linked glycopeptides and ureas by a mechanochemical, solvent‐free reaction and determination of their ... Synthesis of cross‐linked glycopeptides and ureas by a mechanochemical, solvent‐free reaction and determination of their ...
Antibodies against CNS antigens in autism: Possible cross-reaction with dietary proteins and infectious agent antigens. ... to investigate the source of antibodies and to understand the mechanisms behind the root causes underlying autoimmune reactions ...
Reactions to Crime in Cross-national Perspective. / Skogan, Wesley G. Understanding Crime, Experiences of Crime and Crime ... Reactions to Crime in Cross-national Perspective. In Frate A, Zvekic U, Van Dijk J, editors, Understanding Crime, Experiences ... Reactions to Crime in Cross-national Perspective. Understanding Crime, Experiences of Crime and Crime Control. editor / A Frate ... Skogan, W. G. (1993). Reactions to Crime in Cross-national Perspective. In A. Frate, U. Zvekic, & J. Van Dijk (Eds.), ...
Metal-Free Cross-Coupling Reactions Enabled by Sulfonium Salt Intermediates. File: application/pdf, -1 bytes ... Metal-Free Cross-Coupling Reactions Enabled by Sulfonium Salt Intermediates. Siauciulis, M. (Author). 31 Dec 2020 ... Such reactions usually make use of platinum-group metal catalysts, which, despite their unique reactivity, pose several risks, ... III) Photoredox-catalysed cross-coupling of aryl sulfonium salts with arenes and heteroarenes allows facile access to valuable ...
Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction on Asymmetric Copper trans-A2B-Corroles with Excellent Functional Group Tolerance. ... In addition, we established a high-yield procedure for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of corroles with neutral ... We present the first examples of Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions on meso-substituted trans A2B-corrole derivatives with ... Wolfgang Sch fberger, "Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction on Asymmetric Copper trans-A2B-Corroles with Excellent Functional ...
... a general purpose multigroup cross section and reaction rate processor is constructed for transport, hydrodynamics and plasma ... Cross sections and rates are folded over user specified plasma temperature and density profiles and Maxwellian backgrounds in ... Using analytic fits to the experimental cross sections for coupled H, H2 and H2+ interactions in MFE plasmas, ... HPLAS: Multigroup cross section and reaction rate processor for coupled H, H2 and H+ 2 transport applications in plasmas ...
Reeves, E. K., Entz, E. D., & Neufeldt, S. R. (2021). Chemodivergence between Electrophiles in Cross‐Coupling Reactions. ... Chemodivergent cross-couplings are those in which either one of two (or more) potentially reactive functional groups can be ... In particular, this review focuses on cross-couplings involving two different (pseudo)halides that can compete for the role of ...
... between the efficiency of triflates and nonaflates as leaving groups has been carried out in the Palladium catalyzed cross- ... A case study in the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 7-substituted coumarins Muthipeedika Nibin Joy; Muthipeedika ... A case study in the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 7-substituted coumarins. AIP Conf. Proc. 11 January 2019; ... of triflates and nonaflates as leaving groups has been carried out in the Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 7- ...
Reactions to the Cross: The Rebel Saved. Posted on April 5, 2018. // Sunday ... This is a proposition to you: Your reaction to the cross determines your eternity. ... There is no such thing as a moderate reaction to Jesus. As the theologian C.S. Lewis argues., "You can shut him up for a fool, ... The other rebel, the second criminal on the cross, calls Jesus "Lord!". The Rebel recognized the Savior. As He watched Jesus ...
Associations between food and other allergies, cross-reactions. By familyallergy106/12June 6th, 2022Blog, Eye Allergies, Food ... Common cross-reactions between pollen and food. *Birch pollen: apple, carrot, celery, pear, tomato, cherry, tree nuts ( ... Common cross-reactions between different foods. *Shrimp, lobster, crab, less common: squid, scallops, clams, oysters ( ... Fish, frequent cross-reactions, even between salt and fresh water fish. Not to shellfish. Distinguish from histamine ...
  • We present the first examples of Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions on meso-substituted trans A2B-corrole derivatives with neutral, sterically hindered, inactivated and hetero-aromatic boronic acids and esters,alkenylboronic acids, as well as quickly deboronating aryl boronic acids and benzo-condensated five membered heterocyclic boronic acids. (jku.at)
  • Other cross-coupling-reactive functional groups, such as other (psudo)halides, aryl boronic esters, stayed intact during the reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • In comparison, under traditional Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions, ArGeEt3 are inert while aryl boronic acids/esters are reactive. (wikipedia.org)
  • Besides, ArGeEt3 bearing electron-deficient aryl groups, whose aryl boronic acid analogues are highly unstable, have excellent stability instead, allowing the use of them as nucleophiles in cross-coupling reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Merging this reactivity with C(aryl)-H activation or photo-induced oxidative addition of ArN2BF4 with gold catalysts, C(aryl)-H functionalization or C(aryl)-C(aryl) cross-coupling can be realized via Au(I)/Au(III) catalytic cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Au-catalyzed C(aryl)-C(alkynyl) cross-coupling was reported with alkynyl germanes as nucleophiles and ArN2BF4 as coupling partners under photoirradiation condition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists in China have described the Kumada-Tamao-Corriu reaction of phenolic salts with various aryl Grignard reagents using a nickel catalyst. (chemistryviews.org)
  • The fact that phenols, in place of aryl halides, can be used directly in cross-coupling chemistry is a significant finding. (chemistryviews.org)
  • Palladium/P,O-Ligand-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions of Arylboronic Acids and Aryl Chlorides. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The 2-(2'-dicyclohexylphosphinophenyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (ligand 1) in combination with Pd(dba)(2) affords an efficient catalyst for general Suzuki reactions of a wide variety of arylboronic acids and aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides to afford the desired biaryl products in high isolated yields. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Thus, the higher efficiency of ligand 1 over ligand 2 in Pd/L-catalyzed Suzuki arylation of aryl chlorides can be ascribed to the ability of ligand 1 to generate and stabilize mono-phosphine P,O-chelating Pd/L intermediates, which appear to be most suitable for Suzuki arylation reactions involving certain substrates and conditions. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Herein we disclosed inexpensive copper( II ) bimetallic CuMoO 4 nanoparticles for the C-N cross-coupling reaction of alkyl and aryl amines with haloarenes. (rsc.org)
  • Aryl bromides substituted with electron-withdrawing groups couple rapidly under the the reaction conditions, while aryl bromides containing electron-donating substituents require further addition of catalyst for complete conversion. (thevespiary.org)
  • Organometallic aryl-CuIII species have been proposed as key intermediates in Ullmann-type reactions. (udg.edu)
  • The broad reaction scope and good yields of the Ni-catalyzed electrochemical coupling reaction were confirmed by 48 examples of aryl/β-styrenyl chloride/bromide and benzylic trifluoroborates. (chemrxiv.org)
  • 1) The Gell and Coombs classification system categorizes drug hypersensitivity reactions into four types. (ebmconsult.com)
  • Allergies are categorized into four different hypersensitivity reactions by Gell and Coombs and atopy refers simply to the first type (type I hypersensitivity reactions) only (Merck, 2005). (ceufast.com)
  • Our proposed mechanism integrates thermodynamic and reaction kinetics of the RB photo-oxidation reaction via the monitoring of the photochemical reactions with multiple spectroscopic techniques in tandem. (aiche.org)
  • This will clarify the role of the nucleotide bases in the photochemical reactions. (europa.eu)
  • The most important requirement for the target being measured via the activation method is the isotopic purity of the 48V, specifically with respect to 49V (>104 atoms of 48V/atom of 49V), while the 48V target for direct neutron-induced charged particle reaction measurements must be thin and uniform to minimize the attenuation of outgoing protons and the measurement time and error. (msu.edu)
  • Overall, a recommended thin 48V target manufacturing protocol was identified and covers all the steps from the in the process to produce mCi levels of 48V in high isotopic purity relative to 49V along with those necessary for the fabrication of a thin and uniform 48V target for neutron-induced reaction studies. (msu.edu)
  • The phenyl backbone-derived P,O-ligands 1 and 2 were investigated for their utility as ligands in palladium/ligand-catalyzed Suzuki reactions. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction has been investigated on meso-substituted trans A2B-corroles using tailored Pd-catalyst systems. (jku.at)
  • A comparative study between the efficiency of triflates and nonaflates as leaving groups has been carried out in the Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 7-substituted coumarins. (aip.org)
  • The Stille reaction is a member of a large family of palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions. (thevespiary.org)
  • The so far accepted mechanism of the Stille reaction (palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of organotin reagents with organic electrophiles) is criticized. (thevespiary.org)
  • Palladium catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction은 boron 화합물과 organic halide 혹은 triflate간의 반응으로 천연물의 전합성 및 생리활성 물질의 제조에 많이 이용된다.1 기존에 사용 되어 온 boron 화합물로는 boronic acid 와 boronate ester가 있다. (kist.re.kr)
  • Palladium- or nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 2-substituted cyclohexenes, which are generally less reactive than those having no substituent at the C2 position, with organotin reagents (Migita-Kosugi-Stille coupling) or with Grigard reagents (Kumada-Tamao-Corriu coupling) using a NHC as a ligand was investigated. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • Nickel (Ni) catalyzed carbon-carbon (C−C) cross-coupling has been considerably developed in last decades and has demonstrated unique reactivities compared to palladium. (chemrxiv.org)
  • In rare cases, such a cross-reaction may also occur with allergies to animals and latex. (aha.ch)
  • reactions that occur from the extravascular use of ICM are rare. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Nonetheless, severe or life-threatening reactions can occur with either route of administration. (medscape.com)
  • The reaction proceeded through a Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on kinetic studies on catalytic reactions, and on reactions with isolated intermediates, a corrected mechanism is proposed. (thevespiary.org)
  • KitAlysis High-Throughput Screening Kits provide solution to efficiently identify or optimize suitable catalytic reaction conditions. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • DFT calculation indicated that the conventional concerted transmetallation mechanism has an extremely high energy barrier and not viable under the reaction conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Preliminary studies were conducted to understand the reaction mechanism. (chemistryviews.org)
  • Another objective of this project will be to investigate by means of NMR the mechanism of reaction of selected Pt(IV)-complexes with other biomolecules such as glutathione and proteins (e.g. albumin), and to determine the effects of light on these reactions. (europa.eu)
  • The activation of this precatalyst towards cross-coupling reactions follows a hitherto undisclosed mechanism that is different from previously reported light-responsive nickel complexes that undergo metal-to-ligand charge transfer. (vapourtec.com)
  • Finally, an array of chemical and electrochemical studies mechanistically indicates that electrochemical C−C cross-coupling reaction proceeds through an unconventional radical trans-metalation mechanism. (chemrxiv.org)
  • Cross sections for glueball production in hadron-induced reactions are estimated using the gluon-gluon fusion mechanism. (lu.se)
  • Solid-supported masked peptide aldehydes containing 3- or 4-iodophenylalanine residues were subjected to Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions with arylboronic acids. (ku.dk)
  • Cross-reaction due to similar allergens are a possible source of risk for pollen allergy sufferers. (pollenwarndienst.at)
  • A cross-reaction can be explained by the similarity in structure of allergens in specific pollens and plant-based foods. (aha.ch)
  • Because specific proteins in pollen or pollen allergens are similar in structure to specific allergens in fruits, vegetables and nuts, the immune system has an allergic reaction to both, resulting in a cross-reaction. (aha.ch)
  • There are other respiratory tract allergens apart from pollen that may, more rarely, cause a cross-reaction to foods, e.g. latex (natural rubber), animal allergens (e.g. cats, birds) and house dust mites. (aha.ch)
  • Viruses or even bacteria can be allergens as they can trigger a reaction unrelated to their normal viral or bacterial influence in the body (Haith, 2005). (ceufast.com)
  • This response is a generalized response and causes the generalized inflammatory reaction common with exposure to allergens. (ceufast.com)
  • A trio of chemists at Okayama University has published a paper in the journal Nature Catalysis outlining the manner in which sodium can be safely used for cross-coupling reactions. (phys.org)
  • Ligand polymerization affords a porous, recyclable organic polymer for heterogeneous nickel catalysis of cross-coupling reactions. (vapourtec.com)
  • While many chemists resort to their extensive reaction knowledge to make these synthetic routes, there are now many software tools, such as SYNTHIA™ , which allow users to easily analyze custom pathways for known and novel molecules against search criteria. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In the second part of this chapter, an overview of how computational chemists apply quantum mechanics to the study of chemical reactions, which are the approximations that we do, and how do we obtain valuable information by means of these approximations will be provided. (deepdyve.com)
  • The reaction of ligand 1 with Pd(dba)(2) affords the complex LPd(dba) (14, L = 1). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The reaction proceeds under mild and ligand free conditions. (rsc.org)
  • We demonstrate that several visible-light-mediated carbon−heteroatom cross-coupling reactions can be carried out using a photoactive NiII precatalyst that forms in situ from a nickel salt and a bipyridine ligand decorated with two carbazole groups (Ni(Czbpy)Cl2). (vapourtec.com)
  • Between 30-80% of individuals with latex allergy have associated allergic reactions to food. (familyallergy.org)
  • Allergic reactions involving the alimentary tract can result in a wide range of symptoms, stretching from harmless tingling of the mouth to life-threatening shock reactions and from lasting a few hours to many days. (familyallergy.org)
  • Allergic reactions are mediated through the T-helper 2 responses which activate eosinophils and IgE production. (ceufast.com)
  • As mentioned above, there are four different categories into which allergic reactions lie. (ceufast.com)
  • A drug reaction is any adverse event associated with medication use. (ebmconsult.com)
  • Adverse reactions to medications are common and often manifest as a cutaneous eruption. (medscape.com)
  • Chemical reaction design and optimization is vital in organic synthesis research. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In optimizing chemical reactions, flexibility, precision and reproducibility are required of the synthesis tools with which the experiments are carried out. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • However, existing Ni catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, despite success in organic synthesis, are still subject to the use of air-sensitive nucleophiles (i.e. (chemrxiv.org)
  • For the bromination (with NBS) and iodination (with NIS), the reaction is highly chemoselective, with halogenation solely taking place at C-Ge in presence of electron-rich arene, heterocycle substrates or other reactive functional groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, it is sometimes found that it is not universally applicable and that many substrates require specific reaction conditions for cross-coupling to be successful. (thevespiary.org)
  • If the hypersensitivity reaction was not Type I or severe Type II, III, IV, cephalosporins can be used in patients with a penicillin allergy after careful evaluation of the timing of the reaction, severity of reaction symptoms, and structural comparison of the penicillin that resulted in the allergy and the cephalosporin being considered. (ebmconsult.com)
  • These mediators cause the common symptoms of an atopic reaction by causing vasodilation, capillary permeability, mucus production, smooth muscle spasm, eosinophil and T-infiltration into tissue as well as other inflammatory cells. (ceufast.com)
  • Cross-reaction was found between S. equina antigens and antibodies in the sera of Wuchereria bancrofti-infected patients, with the highest levels observed between sera of chronic infected patients and Setaria spp. (who.int)
  • In the presence of active S. equina infection, antigens from the adult and microfilaraemic stages showed the highest degree of cross-reaction with human sera. (who.int)
  • A K 2 S 2 O 8 -mediated transition metal-free oxidative cross-coupling reaction of activated olefins with N -alkyl amides provides N -allylic amides in good yield. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • There are relatively few examples of the successful introduction of alkyl groups employing Stille cross-coupling reactions described in the literature, and for alpha-iodocyclohexenones the reported yields are only moderate. (thevespiary.org)
  • Utilizing chemical reaction design optimization can lead to scientific breakthroughs more rapidly. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Does cross reactivity among proteins happen? (petfoodindustry.com)
  • For example: "In pet prescription hypoallergenic diets fed to dogs and cats with food allergies, has much been looked at as far as cross reactivity between proteins? (petfoodindustry.com)
  • And so you maybe could bypass some of those issues with cross reactivity, but then you'd be having to hydrolyze those proteins. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • The reason for the cross-reactions lies in the structural similarities among proteins of diverse sources, such as pollens and foods. (familyallergy.org)
  • In designing chemical reactions, focus is placed on building a synthetic pathway to a target molecule from commercially available starting materials. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • After a viable synthetic pathway to synthesize the target molecule is found countless additional hours are put in to optimize each chemical reaction to make the product better, faster, or more efficient. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The most famous example is the birch pollen-nut-stone fruit-syndrome that causes an allergic reaction when consuming an apple in a birch pollen allergy sufferer, because the immune system confuses the protein in apple (Mal d 1) with the protein in birch pollen (Bet v 1). (pollenwarndienst.at)
  • Such cross-reactions are common: approximately 70% of those allergic to birch pollen have a cross-reaction. (aha.ch)
  • Two cross-reactions are particularly common: birch pollen-nut-pip fruit and mugwort-celery spice syndrome. (aha.ch)
  • It was found that NHCs are effective as ligands for these reactions, giving the corresponding cross-coupling products in good yields. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • food contact hypersensitivity) or, less frequently, intestinal allergic reaction. (familyallergy.org)
  • A Type I hypersensitivity reaction is IgE-mediated and often causes urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, pruritus, or anaphylaxis within minutes to hours of the medication administration. (ebmconsult.com)
  • Drug hypersensitivity, reactions caused by an immunologic response, account for 5 to 10 percent of all drug reactions. (ebmconsult.com)
  • Type I and the serious reactions associated with Type II, III, and IV hypersensitivity can be life-threatening. (ebmconsult.com)
  • When the body reacts to a substance that is in no way innately harmful (an allergen), this is called an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction (Haith, 2005). (ceufast.com)
  • 1. Type I (immediate hypersensitivity) reactions. (ceufast.com)
  • This, however, does not apply for all food allergies triggered by a cross-reaction. (aha.ch)
  • Allergies are caused by reactions of the body's immune system to a wide variety of sources. (familyallergy.org)
  • Most of the non-food related allergies can be accompanied by reactions in the mouth or the gastrointestinal tract. (familyallergy.org)
  • The proportion of individuals experiencing these gut reactions to non-food allergies varies widely depending on the allergy and also the population. (familyallergy.org)
  • Up to 80% of individuals with certain pollen allergies, for example, have reactions involving the mouth or intestinal tract. (familyallergy.org)
  • Scientists from Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow imaged an organic chemical reaction with an electron microscope and recorded the transformation in real time. (phys.org)
  • Nevertheless this seems like a very versatile (although rather unexplored) reaction in combinatory chemistry. (thevespiary.org)
  • If there were a classroom full of all the transition metals that could be used as catalysts for complex pharmaceutical reactions, iron would be the most promising but most unruly member. (phys.org)
  • The addition of diethylamine to Stille alkylation reactions using stannanes improves yields by reducing beta-hydride elimination and reduction reactions, it also serves as a substitute for other additives such as Cu(i)I. (thevespiary.org)
  • A cross-coupling reaction is typically performed in an organic solvent and leads to the production of a large amount of solvent waste, which is often harmful to the environment. (phys.org)
  • Abarbanel, H & Callan, CG 1965, ' Re-examination of an SU 3 prediction for reactions: comparison with differential cross section data ', Physics Letters , vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 191-194. (princeton.edu)
  • Esters have been identified to act as a new and clean coupling partner for the carbon-carbon bond forming cross-coupling reaction to make useful compounds for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and organic materials. (phys.org)
  • However, due to the toxicity, low reactivity (compared with other Ar-[M] nucleophiles) and poor stability of ArGeCl3, this reaction was demonstrated not to be synthetically applicable. (wikipedia.org)
  • In conclusion, these reactions also showed great orthogonal reactivity with different reactive functional groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cross-reactivity between shellfish and house mite allergy is quite common. (familyallergy.org)
  • The newer generation cephalosporin antibiotics have different R1-side chains making the cross-reactivity low and likelihood of allergic reaction even lower compared to some of the first generation agents and penicillin. (ebmconsult.com)
  • The structural similarities between penicillins and cephalosporins are the cause of the cross-reactivity between the two drug classes. (ebmconsult.com)
  • The changing R1-side chains lowers the cross-reactivity and further lowers the chance for an allergic reaction in patients with reported penicillin allergy. (ebmconsult.com)
  • Organogermanium compounds in cross-coupling reactions refers to a type of cross-coupling reaction where one of the coupling partners is an organogermanium compound. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cross neutralization tests at JCSMR indicated that BH2193/p2 is readily distinguish- able from Umbre prototype IG 1424/R620/p5. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we recruited 294 volunteers and detected the level of residual humoral immunity, including the vaccinia-specific IgG level and neutralizing antibody titer, and the cross-antibodies of MPXV A29L, B6R, A35R, and M1R. (nature.com)
  • Similar to Type I, Type II and III reactions are also antibody mediated, but instead of IgE mediation, IgG and IgM drive these reactions. (ebmconsult.com)
  • A quantity used in collision theories of reactions in order to interpret calculated or experimental rates. (iupac.org)
  • Title of program: HPLAS Catalogue Id: ACDA_v1_0 Nature of problem Using analytic fits to the experimental cross sections for coupled H, H2 and H2+ interactions in MFE plasmas, a general purpose multigroup cross section and reaction rate processor is constructed for transport, hydrodynamics and plasma physics applications. (digitalcommonsdata.com)
  • Several experimental methodologies can be employed in reaction optimization. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The calculated elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections with observed incident energies are almost in good agreement with experimental and evaluated data. (epj.org)
  • This cross section should give a clean experimental signal given the substantial KK̄ decay mode observed in ψ → γθ. (lu.se)
  • 2) Patients reporting a penicillin allergy are at an increased risk for cross-sensitivity to cephalosporins. (ebmconsult.com)
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics states that if the reaction was non Type I or did not result in a serious Type II, III, or IV reaction, patients with a penicillin allergy can be given cephalosporins for the treatment of acute otitis media. (ebmconsult.com)
  • An allergy is "an acquired, abnormal immune response to a substance (allergen) that does not normally cause a reaction" (Thomas, 1997, pp. 66-67). (ceufast.com)
  • There are many diseases and reactions that fall under the general classification of allergy. (ceufast.com)
  • These reactions are local or systemic anaphylactic inflammatory responses which are IgE-mediated and underlie all atopic diseases (Thomas, 1997). (ceufast.com)
  • As a result, the immune system, or more precisely the IgE antibodies that target the pollen allergen, also identify the similar food allergen as dangerous and trigger an allergic reaction. (aha.ch)
  • Low level (titers of 10-80) cross-reactions were observed in the HI test, and with one exception, only when BF antigen reacted with antibodies to several of the various alphaviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Crude antigenic preparations from Setaria equina were used in ELISA and Western blotting to examine cross-reaction with human sera from areas endemic for bancroftian filariasis. (who.int)
  • Linear regression and generalized linear mixed models were used to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between examination date (days) after the MDH and neurobehavioral outcomes, adjusting for demographic, anthropometric, and socio-economic variables. (cdc.gov)
  • The workshop " Deuteron-induced reactions and beyond: Inclusive breakup fragment cross sections " will be held from July 18 to July 22 at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) in East Lansing, Michigan. (fnal.gov)
  • Cross sections and rates are folded over user specified plasma temperature and density profiles and Maxwellian backgrounds in nested numerical integration routines. (digitalcommonsdata.com)
  • We investigate the continuum-discretized coupled-channel analysis to the integrated elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections for 6,7 Li + n reactions. (epj.org)
  • Tiny amounts of the food in question are often enough to trigger an allergic reaction. (aha.ch)
  • Much of the cross-section data on radioactive nuclei has not been measured before and performing these measurements would be beneficial for end users of evaluated nuclear data. (msu.edu)
  • Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction on Asymmetric Copper trans-A2B-Corroles with Excellent Functional Group Tolerance. (jku.at)
  • Similarly, other reactive functional groups for cross-coupling such as (pseudo)halides and boronic esters are well tolerated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemodivergent cross-couplings are those in which either one of two (or more) potentially reactive functional groups can be made to react based on choice of conditions. (montana.edu)
  • Measuring total cross-section for the 48V(n, γ)49V reaction can be accomplished using the activation method, while a direct measurement technique that allows for the detection of outgoing protons and neutron energy (via neutron time-of-flight measurements) would be the best method for determining the 48V(n, p)49V cross-section. (msu.edu)
  • The Influence of Family Communication Patterns on Parental Reactions toward Advertising: A Cross-National Examination. (bvsalud.org)