Cross-Over Studies
Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Double-Blind Method
Treatment Outcome
Air Pollutants, Occupational
Reinforcement Schedule
Circadian Rhythm
Byssinosis
Drug Administration Schedule
Cultural Competency
Cultural and linguistic competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations. Competence implies the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities.
Communication Barriers
Journalism
The collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through such media as pamphlets, newsletters, newspapers, magazines, radio, motion pictures, television, and books. While originally applied to the reportage of current events in printed form, specifically newspapers, with the advent of radio and television the use of the term has broadened to include all printed and electronic communication dealing with current affairs.
Cross-Cultural Comparison
Posters as Topic
Journalism, Dental
Newcastle disease virus
Foreign Professional Personnel
Exhibits as Topic
Interdisciplinary Communication
Communication, in the sense of cross-fertilization of ideas, involving two or more academic disciplines (such as the disciplines that comprise the cross-disciplinary field of bioethics, including the health and biological sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences and law). Also includes problems in communication stemming from differences in patterns of language usage in different academic or medical disciplines.
Physiological Processes
Cultural Diversity
Education, Graduate
Ethnobotany
Dissertations, Academic as Topic
Faculty, Medical
Crosses, Genetic
Mice, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.)
Genome
Models, Biological
Glomerular size-selective dysfunction in NIDDM is not ameliorated by ACE inhibition or by calcium channel blockade. (1/7712)
BACKGROUND: In patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and overt nephropathy glomerular barrier size-selectivity progressively deteriorates with time and is effectively improved by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. Whether similar glomerular functional changes develop in proteinuric patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and whether antihypertensive agents can favorably affect glomerular filtration of macromolecules in these patients, has not been documented yet. METHODS: We investigated renal hemodynamics and fractional clearance of neutral dextrans of graded sizes, in nine proteinuric patients with NIDDM and renal biopsy findings of typical diabetic glomerulopathy. Six healthy volunteers served as controls. We also investigated the effects of an ACE inhibitor and of a calcium channel blocker, both given in doses targeted to achieve a comparable level of systemic blood pressure control, on glomerular hemodynamics and sieving function. Theoretical analysis of glomerular macromolecule transport was adopted to evaluate intrinsic glomerular membrane permeability properties. RESULTS: Fractional clearance of large macromolecules (42 to 66 A in radius) was significantly higher in diabetic patients than in controls, and the distribution of membrane pore radii was calculated to be shifted towards larger pore sizes in diabetics (mean radius increased from 55 to 60 A). Despite effective blood pressure control, neither antihypertensive affected glomerular hemodynamics to any significant extent. Fractional clearance of dextrans, as well as of albumin and IgG, and total urinary proteins were not modified by either treatments. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that patients with NIDDM and overt nephropathy develop abnormalities in size-selective function of the glomerular barrier and, at variance to IDDM, such changes were not ameliorated either by ACE inhibition or calcium channel blockade. (+info)Energy cost of propulsion in standard and ultralight wheelchairs in people with spinal cord injuries. (2/7712)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Wheelchair- and subject-related factors influence the efficiency of wheelchair propulsion. The purpose of this study was to compare wheelchair propulsion in ultralight and standard wheelchairs in people with different levels of spinal cord injury. SUBJECTS: Seventy-four subjects (mean age=26.2 years, SD=7.14, range=17-50) with spinal cord injury resulting in motor loss (30 with tetraplegia and 44 with paraplegia) were studied. METHOD: Each subject propelled standard and ultralight wheelchairs around an outdoor track at self-selected speeds, while data were collected at 4 predetermined intervals. Speed, distance traveled, and oxygen cost (VO2 mL/kg/m) were compared by wheelchair, group, and over time, using a Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: In the ultralight wheelchair, speed and distance traveled were greater for both subjects with paraplegia and subjects with tetraplegia, whereas VO2 was less only for subjects with paraplegia. Subjects with paraplegia propelled faster and farther than did subjects with tetraplegia. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The ultralight wheelchair improved the efficiency of propulsion in the tested subjects. Subjects with tetraplegia, especially at the C6 level, are limited in their ability to propel a wheelchair. (+info)Pharmacokinetics of ethambutol under fasting conditions, with food, and with antacids. (3/7712)
Ethambutol (EMB) is the most frequent "fourth drug" used for the empiric treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a frequently used drug for infections caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. The pharmacokinetics of EMB in serum were studied with 14 healthy males and females in a randomized, four-period crossover study. Subjects ingested single doses of EMB of 25 mg/kg of body weight under fasting conditions twice, with a high-fat meal, and with aluminum-magnesium antacid. Serum was collected for 48 h and assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods and by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with zero-order absorption and first-order elimination. Both fasting conditions produced similar results: a mean (+/- standard deviation) EMB maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax) of 4.5 +/- 1.0 micrograms/ml, time to maximum concentration of drug in serum (Tmax) of 2.5 +/- 0.9 h, and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (AUC0-infinity) of 28.9 +/- 4.7 micrograms.h/ml. In the presence of antacids, subjects had a mean Cmax of 3.3 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml, Tmax of 2.9 +/- 1.2 h, and AUC0-infinity of 27.5 +/- 5.9 micrograms.h/ml. In the presence of the Food and Drug Administration high-fat meal, subjects had a mean Cmax of 3.8 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml, Tmax of 3.2 +/- 1.3 h, and AUC0-infinity of 29.6 +/- 4.7 micrograms.h/ml. These reductions in Cmax, delays in Tmax, and modest reductions in AUC0-infinity can be avoided by giving EMB on an empty stomach whenever possible. (+info)Antiproteinuric efficacy of verapamil in comparison to trandolapril in non-diabetic renal disease. (4/7712)
BACKGROUND: Non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists such as verapamil are equally effective in reducing proteinuria as ACE inhibitors in hypertensive patients with diabetic nephropathy. To date it is unknown whether verapamil elucidates such an antiproteinuric capacity in non-diabetic renal disease. METHODS: We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, random cross-over study which compared the antiproteinuric effect of 6 weeks treatment with verapamil SR (360 mg) to that of the ACE inhibitor trandolapril (4 mg), and their fixed combination vera/tran (180 mg verapamil SR and 2 mg trandolapril) in 11 non-diabetic patients with proteinuria of 6.6 (5.1-8.8) g/day, a creatinine clearance of 87 (74-106) ml/min, and a 24-h blood pressure of 136/85 (126/76-157/96) mmHg at baseline. RESULTS: Twenty-four-hour mean arterial pressure did not change during verapamil, whereas both trandolapril and vera/tran induced a significant reduction in MAP. Verapamil showed no significant effects on renal haemodynamics. Trandolapril and vera/tran did not significantly change GFR, but ERPF increased and FF decreased during both treatments (P<0.05). The antiproteinuric response of verapamil was significantly less compared to that of trandolapril and vera/tran (-12% (-17/-1) vs -51% (-56/-25) and -41% (-50/-19) respectively). The blood pressure and antiproteinuric response during verapamil tended to be greater in hypertensive patients than in normotensive patients, although this difference was not significant. Baseline blood pressure was related to the change in blood pressure during verapamil (r = -0.70; P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The antiproteinuric and antihypertensive response of verapamil is less than that of the ACE inhibitor trandolapril in patients with non-diabetic renal disease. In contrast to the antiproteinuric response of trandolapril, the antiproteinuric reponse of verapamil seems to be completely dependent from effective blood pressure reduction. The fixed combination of verapamil and ACE inhibition at half doses has similar effects as ACE inhibition at full dose. (+info)A nicotine antagonist, mecamylamine, reduces cue-induced cocaine craving in cocaine-dependent subjects. (5/7712)
We have previously shown that nicotine enhances cue-induced cocaine craving. In the present study, the effects of a nicotine antagonist, mecamylamine, on cue-induced cocaine craving were investigated. Twenty-three cocaine-dependent patients, all cigarette smokers, were randomly assigned to mecamylamine (2.5 mg tablet) or placebo in a single-dose, placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blind study. Craving and anxiety were measured before and after cocaine cues with visual analog scales for desire to use cocaine and mood. Skin conductance, skin temperature and heart rate were recorded before and during cocaine cues. Following exposure to cocaine cues, all patients reported an increase in cocaine craving and anxiety relative to the precue measures. Cue exposure also produced an increase in skin conductance and decrease in skin temperature. The cue-induced increase in cocaine craving was reduced, while the cue-induced skin conductance and temperature responses were unaffected, by mecamylamine. These findings show that cue-induced cocaine craving is attenuated by mecamylamine. Further study on the use of mecamylamine in relapse prevention programs are suggested. (+info)Airway inflammatory response to ozone in subjects with different asthma severity. (6/7712)
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ozone exposure induces a similar airway inflammatory response in subjects with different degrees of asthma severity. Two groups of asthmatic subjects were studied: seven with intermittent mild asthma not requiring regular treatment (group A); and seven with persistent mild asthma requiring regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists (group B). All subjects were exposed, in a randomized cross-over design, to air or O3 (0.26 parts per million (ppm) for 2 h with intermittent exercise); subjects in group B withdrew from regular treatment 72 h before each exposure. Before the exposure, and 1 and 2 h after the beginning of the exposure they performed a pulmonary function test, and a questionnaire was completed to obtain a total symptom score (TSS). Six hours after the end of the exposure, hypertonic saline (HS) sputum induction was conducted. Sputum cell percentages, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and interleukin (IL)-8 concentrations in the sputum supernatant were measured. TSS significantly increased and forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) significantly decreased after O3 exposure in comparison with air exposure in group A, whereas no changes were observed in group B except for a significant decrement of FEV1 2 h after the beginning of O3 exposure. Sputum neutrophil percentage was significantly higher after O3 exposure than after air exposure in both groups (Group A: 70.2% (28-87) versus 26.6% (8.6-73.2); Group B: 62.1% (25-82.4) versus 27.9% (14.4-54)). IL-8 was higher in sputum supernatant collected 6 h after O3 exposure than after air, only in group A. No change due to O3 has been found in sputum eosinophil percentage and ECP concentration in both groups. In conclusion, the degree of airway response to a short-term exposure to ozone is different in subjects with asthma of different severity. The available data do not allow elucidation of whether this difference depends on the severity of the disease or on the regular anti-inflammatory treatment. (+info)The contribution of the swallowed fraction of an inhaled dose of salmeterol to it systemic effects. (7/7712)
Salmeterol is approximately eight times as potent as salbutamol for systemic effects. This may be because the drug is eight times more potent on receptors or there may be differences in systemic bioavailability. The systemic effects of salbutamol are limited by its fairly high first-pass metabolism, but the oral bioavailability of salmeterol is unknown. The contribution of the swallowed fraction of an inhaled dose of salmeterol to its systemic effects were analysed in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Twelve healthy subjects were given inhaled salmeterol 400 microg, inhaled salmeterol 400 microg plus oral activated charcoal or inhaled placebo plus oral activated charcoal on three separate days. Cardiac frequency (fC), Q-T interval corrected for heart rate (QTc), plasma potassium and glucose concentrations were measured for 4 h following the inhaled drug. Salmeterol with and without oral charcoal produced significant changes for all measures compared to placebo. The magnitude of effect following salmeterol alone was significantly greater than that following salmeterol plus charcoal for fC and glucose (mean (95% confidence interval) differences 8 (2-13) beats x min(-1), 0.59 (0.04, 1.13) mmol x L(-1), respectively) and nonsignificantly greater for QTc interval and potassium concentration. The differences between salmeterol given with and without charcoal suggest that 28-36% of the systemic response to salmeterol administered from a metered-dose inhaler are due to drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, most of the systemic effects are due to the inhaled fraction of the drug. (+info)Neonatal examination and screening trial (NEST): a randomised, controlled, switchback trial of alternative policies for low risk infants. (8/7712)
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of one rather than two hospital neonatal examinations in detection of abnormalities. DESIGN: Randomised controlled switchback trial. SETTING: Postnatal wards in a teaching hospital in north east Scotland. PARTICIPANTS: All infants delivered at the hospital between March 1993 and February 1995. INTERVENTION: A policy of one neonatal screening examination compared with a policy of two. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Congenital conditions diagnosed in hospital; results of community health assessments at 8 weeks and 8 months; outpatient referrals; inpatient admissions; use of general practioner services; focused analysis of outcomes for suspected hip and heart abnormalities. RESULTS: 4835 babies were allocated to receive one screening examination (one screen policy) and 4877 to receive two (two screen policy). More congenital conditions were suspected at discharge among babies examined twice (9.9 v 8.3 diagnoses per 100 babies; 95% confidence interval for difference 0.3 to 2.7). There was no overall significant difference between the groups in use of community, outpatient, or inpatient resources or in health care received. Although more babies who were examined twice attended orthopaedic outpatient clinics (340 (7%) v 289 (6%)), particularly for suspected congenital dislocation of the hip (176 (3.6/100 babies) v 137 (2.8/100 babies); difference -0.8; -1.5 to 0.1), there was no significant difference in the number of babies who required active management (12 (0.2%) v 15 (0.3%)). CONCLUSIONS: Despite more suspected abnormalities, there was no evidence of net health gain from a policy of two hospital neonatal examinations. Adoption of a single examination policy would save resources both during the postnatal hospital stay and through fewer outpatient consultations. (+info)
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Sectional studies12
- For decades, cross-sectional studies were the mainstay of social science research. (coursera.org)
- well into the late 20th century, we're actually cross sectional studies. (coursera.org)
- But cross sectional studies remain important for studies of novel phenomenon. (coursera.org)
- new phenomenons comes from cross-sectional studies, because they can be done quickly. (coursera.org)
- When there looking at national level relationships in cross sectional studies. (coursera.org)
- However, cross-sectional studies may not provide definite information about cause-and-effect relationships. (iwh.on.ca)
- Cross-sectional studies can be done more quickly than longitudinal studies. (iwh.on.ca)
- Cross-sectional studies must be done on representative samples of the population if generalizations from the findings are to have any validity. (encyclopedia.com)
- Cross-sectional studies, also known as surveys, are a useful way to gather information on important health-related aspects of people's knowledge, attitudes, and practices (such studies are known as "KAP" surveys). (encyclopedia.com)
- repeated or serial cross-sectional studies, on the other hand, do not necessarily (or even usually) study the same individuals repeatedly. (encyclopedia.com)
- Like many other cross-sectional studies, they can identify health problems and provide data from which many useful inferences can be made and hypotheses generated. (encyclopedia.com)
- Cross-sectional studies are often used as a basis for health-policy decisions, and it is important to ensure that only current, rather than obsolete, information is used for this purpose. (encyclopedia.com)
Prevalence7
- These studies gather information about the prevalence of health-related states and conditions, but they cannot distinguish between newly occurring and long-established conditions. (encyclopedia.com)
- Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in China: An up-dated cross-sectional study. (doaj.org)
- Although there have been previous studies on the prevalence of MS in China, the prevalence may have changed with lifestyle changes over the last decade. (doaj.org)
- To update this prevalence, we performed a cross-sectional survey among adults over 18 years old across China from May 2013 to July 2014. (doaj.org)
- A one-day prevalence study was conducted using the methodology specified by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, together with the established methods used by the Collaborative Alliance for Nursing Outcomes. (nih.gov)
- A cross-sectional study of the 1-year prevalence of low back pain was conducted in workers employed in manual lifting jobs. (cdc.gov)
- 9 - 14 Very few studies have assessed the prevalence of recent cannabis use (any use within past 30 days) and its association with MI. (cmaj.ca)
Cohort study3
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) is an ongoing prospective cohort study representative of community living adults in Ireland aged 50 years and older. (springer.com)
- Unlike in a cohort study, however, matching does not on its own eliminate confounding. (bmj.com)
- Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project discovery and replication criteria for cases and controls: Data from a community-based prospective cohort study with autopsy follow-up. (cambridge.org)
20173
- On 20-22 September 2017, the Lower Austria region hosted a study visit entitled "Cross-border health care" in the city of Sankt Pölten. (who.int)
- CAMBRIDGE, Mass. - Aug. 10, 2017 - eGenesis, a biotechnology company focused on transforming xenotransplantation into a lifesaving medical procedure, announced the publication of a study in the journal Science by eGenesis scientists and their collaborators demonstrating the inactivation of PERV to prevent cross-species viral transmission and a breakthrough in producing the first PERV-free pigs, an important milestone for xenotransplantation. (eurekalert.org)
- We performed a cross-sectional study using pooled data from the 2017 and 2018 cohorts of the American Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey of US adults. (cmaj.ca)
Centre7
- The Centre for Cross Border Studies (CCBS) is a think tank based in Ireland. (wikipedia.org)
- The Centre for Cross Border Studies was founded in 1999 with the purpose of undertaking policy research in the field of cross-border cooperation within Ireland and further afield. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to publishing and commissioning works of cross-border policy research, The Centre for Cross Border Studies also engages in a range of practical activities with the intention of facilitating cross-border cooperation. (wikipedia.org)
- The Director of the Centre for the Study of Colonial and Postcolonial Societies at Bristol is Matthew Brown in the Department of Hispanic, Portuguese and Latin American (HiPLA). (bristol.ac.uk)
- The research of Matthew Brown, Jo Crow and Caroline Williams centres on the Spanish Atlantic, ensuring that Bristol becomes a leading centre of Latin-American studies. (bristol.ac.uk)
- BPP in London King's Cross is just a five-minute walk from one of London's busiest transport hubs, the centre is conveniently served by a total of six Tube lines, countless bus routes, four national rail networks (including First Capital Connect) and the Eurostar. (bpp.com)
- Here, they a presentation was made on the EU-funded project, "Unlimited health together", which focuses on improving cross-border emergency care and hospital cooperation in the fields of radiotherapy treatment and gynaecological care (through the knowledge-transfer activities of the Hospital of Znoimo in the Czech Republic and the Endometriosis Centre of the Hospital of Melk). (who.int)
20162
20181
- Stijepic, Damir, A Cross-Country Study of Workers' Skills and Unemployment Flows (August 31, 2018). (ssrn.com)
Irish Longitudinal Study1
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) provides the opportunity to bridge this information gap. (springer.com)
20191
- Rees CA, Pica N, Monuteaux MC, Bourgeois FT (2019) Noncompletion and nonpublication of trials studying rare diseases: A cross-sectional analysis. (plos.org)
Observational studies2
- Both the cross-sectional and the longitudinal studies are observational studies. (iwh.on.ca)
- Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. (equator-network.org)
Conclusions1
- Special emphasis is given to explaining the challenges that social scientists face in drawing conclusions about cause and effect from their studies, and offers an overview of the approaches that are used to overcome these challenges. (coursera.org)
Research25
- The Cross-Cultural Communication and Media Studies MA provides theoretical, research and practical training in areas of international and intercultural communication and the media. (ncl.ac.uk)
- Over 80% of Cultural and Media Studies research rated world leading or internationally excellent. (ncl.ac.uk)
- The pathway draws on our research in media, communication and cultural studies . (ncl.ac.uk)
- Cultural and Media Studies in top 20% for research quality. (ncl.ac.uk)
- You are encouraged to apply your research interests to real world case studies, particularly of international organisations or workplaces with which you have a connection. (ncl.ac.uk)
- Study design depends greatly on the nature of the research question. (iwh.on.ca)
- Professor K. Ramakrishna Rao is a philosopher and psychologist with expertise in Indian psychology, consciousness studies and parapsychological research. (barnesandnoble.com)
- This paper contributes to cross-cultural research by identifying the theoretical and methodological strengths and weaknesses of selected previous research related to accountants' values and judgments. (repec.org)
- It is argued that enhancement in the quality of cross-cultural research in accounting can be accomplished by providing greater insight into the depth, richness and complexity of cultural and acculturational similarities and differences between and across nations by complementing the quantified dimensional based cultural measures with relevant historical, sociological and psychological literature. (repec.org)
- Like the media ownership rules, the study itself has been criticized both for the fact that it was conducted by BIAKelsey, a broadcast research firm, and for responses from an inconclusive sample of 14 broadcast owners. (adweek.com)
- Genome Research has published three articles online in-advance utilizing strains from the emerging Collaborative Cross mouse strains. (redorbit.com)
- This paper is one in a series of similar papers, each comparing different domains (e.g., chronic medical conditions, employment and retirement, expectations, transfers, income, and wealth) across these surveys with an aim to encourage rigorous, cross-national and international comparison research on aging populations. (rand.org)
- This paper series was made possible by the NIA funded RAND Center for the Study of Aging and the NICHD funded RAND Population Research Center. (rand.org)
- In a multicentre study, the 10/66 Dementia Research Group interviewed 2885 people aged 60 years and older in 25 centres, most in Universities, in India, China and southeast Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Africa. (nih.gov)
- The PLUS collaborators have set a new benchmark for cross-national research in this crucial arena of governance. (routledge.com)
- The Television and Cross-Media Culture specialisation within the Media Studies Research Master's Programme focuses on the on-going transformation of media culture, and its impact on culture, politics and everyday life. (uva.nl)
- Handbook of Research on Efficacy and Implementation of Study Abroad Programs for P-12 Teachers. (igi-global.com)
- In H. An (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Efficacy and Implementation of Study Abroad Programs for P-12 Teachers (pp. 221-236). (igi-global.com)
- This research represents an important advance in addressing safety concerns about cross-species viral transmission. (eurekalert.org)
- The global cognitive computing market size is expected to reach USD 49.36 billion by 2025, according to a new study conducted by Grand View Research. (cxotoday.com)
- In our study, over half of randomized controlled trials studying rare diseases were not completed or were left unpublished 4 years after trial completion, highlighting considerable inefficiencies in research activities for these conditions. (plos.org)
- A first GRI cross-scale model intercomparison investigates model performance for simulations of discharge in selected river basins that have been covered by regional research projects. (pik-potsdam.de)
- This is extremely encouraging," said Paul Ginsburg, president of the Center for Studying Health System Change, a nonprofit research organization in Washington, D.C., that was not involved in the study. (bostonglobe.com)
- As the absolute values of troponin elevation are remarkable in this cross-sectional study, further research may investigate the clinical significance of different levels of troponin elevation. (news-medical.net)
- This highlights the need for further cross - cultural research on food quality perception. (umn.edu)
Interventional1
- A potential limitation of our study is that certain interventional trials for rare diseases may not have been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, in particular Phase 0 and Phase I trials, which are not required to be registered. (plos.org)
Methods3
- Major issues have been reported about the methods of data collection in cross-cultural studies, including difficulty in access to people from many nations, limited number of samples, negative effects of translation, and positive self-enhancement illusion. (wikipedia.org)
- Cross-Disciplinary Studies are designed to help students connect ideas, methods, and materials from diverse disciplines. (smcm.edu)
- Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 sampled 252 anesthetists. (rug.nl)
Postgraduate1
- The MA in Latin American History sees the school, and HiPLA in particular, make a critical advance in postgraduate studies through its historical provision. (bristol.ac.uk)
Explores4
- This cross-cultural examination first explores the varieties of conscious experience and reflects on the attempts to understand and explain consciousness in the Western scholarly and scientific tradition. (barnesandnoble.com)
- It explores the nature of the interaction between community involvement and political leadership in modern local governance by drawing on empirical data gathered from case-studies concerning cities in England, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, and Sweden. (routledge.com)
- The Master's in Television and Cross-Media Culture explores contemporary media culture from a critical perspective. (uva.nl)
- iv) The present author finds the logic of the reply faulty.This volume explores verbal and pronominal agreement with imposters from a cross-linguistic perspective. (indigo.ca)
Longitudinal studies2
- The key here is that longitudinal studies extend beyond a single moment in time. (iwh.on.ca)
- Since reference data will have to be obtained on pencil beam densitometers and longitudinal studies need to be continued on the fan-beam densitometer, it is imperative to identify any differences between them. (nature.com)
Adults6
- This study aims to describe the distribution of serum cholesterol in a community living population of older adults in Ireland and to examine the awareness, treatment and control of hypercholesterolaemia according to CVD risk status. (springer.com)
- This is a cross-sectional study in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 50-79 years ( n = 5287). (springer.com)
- The aim of this study is to document the distribution of serum cholesterol in a community living population of older adults aged 50-79 years in Ireland and apply clinical guideline targets [ 9 ] to examine the awareness, treatment and control of hypercholesterolaemia in a subgroup aged 50-64 years according to their absolute risk of CVD. (springer.com)
- Results of studies in adults have suggested that lipid testing might be reliably performed without fasting. (aappublications.org)
- Our study provides evidence supporting an association between recent cannabis use and history of MI in young adults. (cmaj.ca)
- Half of the adults studied do not meet the EFSA fluid intake recommendations. (isciii.es)
Findings7
- To give an extreme example, a case-control study of bladder cancer and smoking could give quite erroneous findings if controls were taken from the chest clinic. (bmj.com)
- Findings from this study will also appear in a Museum Learning volume (co-authored with Jill Hohenstein). (ucl.ac.uk)
- it would be necessary to repeat a large cross-sectional study only if the findings from a current sub-sample are seriously discrepant from earlier results. (encyclopedia.com)
- Researchers in a wide range of relevant fields, from political economy to social policy to the study of civic life, will benefit from close scrutiny of the empirical findings of this project. (routledge.com)
- In this study, over half of clinical trials initiated for rare diseases were either discontinued or not published 4 years after completion, resulting in large numbers of patients with rare diseases exposed to interventions that did not lead to informative findings. (plos.org)
- Findings of the cross-scale model intercomparison will be published and serve as a basis for fund raising. (pik-potsdam.de)
- The cross-sectional, observational study had 19 patients with COVID-19 myocarditis and reports clinical course, presenting symptoms, lab findings, and echocardiographic results stratified by fulminant and non-fulminant myocarditis. (news-medical.net)
Attitudes3
- Within this study we wanted to find out whether experiencing moral doubt is related to the normative attitudes of health care professionals towards coercion. (biomedcentral.com)
- The Intergenerational Transmission of Risk and Trust Attitudes ," Review of Economic Studies , Oxford University Press, vol. 79(2), pages 645-677. (repec.org)
- The Intergenerational Transmission of Risk and Trust Attitudes ," IZA Discussion Papers 2380, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). (repec.org)
Epidemiologic1
- Evaluation of the revised NIOSH lifting equation: a cross-sectional epidemiologic study. (cdc.gov)
Abstract1
- The current study tests whether this discrepancy between abstract representations and acoustic realizations influences how native speakers of Japanese perceive geminate consonants. (frontiersin.org)
Bias4
- Comparative cultural studies Cross-cultural Cross-cultural capital Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural bias Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Human Relations Area Files Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's values orientation theory Standard cross-cultural sample Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory Annamoradnejad, I. (wikipedia.org)
- In that way, if one of the control diseases happens to be related to a risk factor under study, the resultant bias is not too large. (bmj.com)
- Although heavy cannabis use has been reported to trigger acute myocardial infarction (MI), the current evidence is limited to case-control studies that are prone to bias and studies relying solely on administrative data. (cmaj.ca)
- Bias in cross-cultural neuropsychological testing: problems and possible solutions. (cambridge.org)
Empirical1
- Both studies in ethics and empirical studies come with different and sometimes contradictive arguments. (biomedcentral.com)
Epidemiology1
- A cross-sectional study is the simplest variety of descriptive or observational epidemiology that can be conducted on representative samples of a population. (encyclopedia.com)
Case studies2
- The first is comparison of case studies, the second is controlled comparison among variants of a common derivation, and the third is comparison within a sample of cases. (wikipedia.org)
- New urban leaders and community involvement: The Italian case studies 5. (routledge.com)
Main5
- Superabsorbant Hydrogels: A Study of the Most Effective Application of Cross-linked Polyacrylamide Polymers main content. (amnh.org)
- The main objective of the study visit was to facilitate an in-depth exchange on the topic of the cross-border health care, introduce current related programmes and large-scale innovative projects in Lower Austria, and provide an opportunity for sharing ideas and practical approaches in this field within RHN. (who.int)
- This ensured achievement of the main purpose of the study visit, namely, to enable the participants to facilitate the establishment of new contacts and provide opportunities for future cross-border collaboration. (who.int)
- Our main outcome measures were the frequency of trial noncompletion and, among completed studies, frequency of trial nonpublication at 2 and 4 years following trial completion. (plos.org)
- The evaluation of the fluid consumption pattern of a population has been the main objective of only a very few studies. (isciii.es)
Describe3
- Simply put, it is a study that aims to describe the relationship between diseases (or other health-related states) and other factors of interest as they exist in a specified population at a particular time, without regard for what may have preceded or precipitated the health status found at the time of the study. (encyclopedia.com)
- This chapter will describe the development of a study abroad program designed to assist preservice teachers in developing and utilizing these skills and dispositions in a global setting. (igi-global.com)
- This chapter will describe how three professors integrated cross-curricular projects grounded in children's and young adult literature, historical literacy, and understanding diverse populations. (igi-global.com)
Statistical7
- Unlike comparative studies, which examines similar characteristics of a few societies, cross-cultural studies uses a sufficiently large sample so that statistical analysis can be made to show relationships or lack of relationships between the traits in question. (wikipedia.org)
- One of Edward Tylor's first studies gave rise to the central statistical issue of cross-cultural studies: Galton's problem. (wikipedia.org)
- This paper describes an explorative statistical analysis based on a cross-sectional survey across seven wards in three Norwegian mental health care institutions. (biomedcentral.com)
- As discussed in the previous chapter, one of the drawbacks of using a longitudinal approach to investigate the causes of disease with low incidence is that large and lengthy studies may be required to give adequate statistical power. (bmj.com)
- 7 - 9 These small studies failed to find a protective effect possibly due to a lack of statistical power, whereas a protective effect has been reported in a Canadian cross sectional study of 1320 adolescents born in the late 1960s. (bmj.com)
- Therefore, statistical inference cannot be made to a generalized population based on the observations of this study. (news-medical.net)
- Statistical extremes in the observations show that the results call for further investigation and the authors hope this can motivate variable selection in future studies. (news-medical.net)
Anthropology5
- Cross-cultural studies, sometimes called holocultural studies or comparative studies, is a specialization in anthropology and sister sciences (sociology, psychology, economics, political science) that uses field data from many societies to examine the scope of human behavior and test hypotheses about human behavior and culture. (wikipedia.org)
- Cross-cultural studies are applied widely in the social sciences, particularly in cultural anthropology and psychology. (wikipedia.org)
- B.A. Anthropology and B.A. Alaska Native Studies from University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2004. (uaf.edu)
- Students completing the major pursue coursework in some combination of anthropology, economics, history, political science, religious studies, and sociology, in addition to the study of a foreign language. (holycross.edu)
- Beginning with the fundamentals of human interactions, this edited volume allows scholars across a variety of disciplines (such as criminology, sociology, communication studies, social psychology, anthropology, and economics) to become familiar with and apply the core principles and the requisite terminology of human communication within a criminological context. (peterlang.com)
Hypotheses1
- This study is a relatively small cross-sectional study in a convenience sample and is limited to generating hypotheses. (news-medical.net)
Methodology1
- In other words, knowing what kind of information the study should collect is a first step in determining how the study will be carried out (also known as the methodology). (iwh.on.ca)
Psychology2
- The ethics committee at the School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, approved the study. (springer.com)
- This study guide aims to make European trainees in forensic psychiatry and psychology and young forensic psychiatrists and psychologists aware of the differences and commonalities in forensic psychiatry and psychology in different countries within Europe and to enable them to learn from the approaches adopted in each country. (springer.com)
Adult3
- Despite a substantial reduction in population mean TC from a high of 6.0 mmol/L in the 1980s to 5.1 mmol/L, this study reports a failure to control hypercholesterolaemia to recommended risk-stratified targets in the Irish adult population. (springer.com)
- This study compared AAB for alcohol cues across age groups (early adolescent, late adolescent, and young adult) and drinking groups (heavy drinkers, light drinkers, and non-drinkers) to provide a cross-sectional examination of differences in AAB and their relationship to alcohol use and age. (springer.com)
- Results of studies in adult patients are raising questions of whether fasting is needed before lipid screening. (aappublications.org)
Examine3
- The study, which is continuing, was apparently the first to examine the injury impact of such a wide range of high school sports. (nytimes.com)
- This study was initiated to examine if any intermachine differences occurred when a DPXL pencil beam absorptiometer was upgraded to a Prodigy fan-beam. (nature.com)
- Researchers from the US recently conducted a study to examine the clinical course and echocardiographic and lab testing across clinically defined fulminant and non-fulminant COVID-19 myocarditis. (news-medical.net)
Methodological1
- The study combines analytical and methodological approaches from motivation, multimodality and embodied interaction to explore their effectiveness for gaining insight into the relationship between motivation to visit an exhibition and particular exhibits within it, the elicitation of embodied forms of interaction - in particular social and emotional experiences - with digitally mediated exhibits, and their role in fostering meaning making and learning in a family context. (ucl.ac.uk)
Centers2
- We performed a cross-sectional study using data collected from 2 cycles of the annual Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a health-related telephone survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (cmaj.ca)
- Method: The study was conducted at 30 antenatal care centers across Sweden in 2009-2010. (diva-portal.org)
Cohorts1
- However, the impact of breast feeding on obesity has only been studied in comparatively small cohorts. (bmj.com)
Francophone studies1
- Postcolonial studies (North Africa, Indo-China) in its relation to visual culture is represented by Siobhán Shilton in the Department of French, who is developing this fresh sub-field in francophone studies supported by an AHRC Early Career Fellowship in 2012. (bristol.ac.uk)
Differences4
- By the end of this week, you should understand the differences between the most common types of study, and have some sense of the settings in which each is most relevant. (coursera.org)
- Small differences between the two absorptiometers for both BMD and body composition can be made compatible by use of cross-calibration equations and factors. (nature.com)
- It was therefore essential to perform cross-calibration studies between the two densitometers to determine if any systematic differences in calibration occur since different scanning technologies are used. (nature.com)
- Cross-linguistic studies of speech perception have unearthed language-specific differences in the perception and representation of basic speech sounds ( Cutler, 2012 ). (frontiersin.org)
Christ5
- Make this declaration: "Heavenly Father, I accept without reservation the supernatural atonement of Jesus Christ on the cross. (ligonier.org)
- It was my determination to concentrate entirely on Jesus Christ himself and the fact of his death upon the cross. (acts17-11.com)
- Gal 6:12 (NAS) Those who desire to make a good showing in the flesh try to compel you to be circumcised, simply that they may not be persecuted for the cross of Christ. (acts17-11.com)
- We know the suffering and humiliation that Christ suffered on the cross and the gruesome death that he endured for our sins. (spreadinglight.com)
- If we refuse to take up our cross and submit to suffering and rejection at the hands of men, we forfeit our fellowship with Christ and have ceased to follow him. (spreadinglight.com)
Content3
- Before, during, and after the study abroad commitment, students experience and live both their curricular content as well as their culturally diverse experiences. (igi-global.com)
- The study abroad experience required courses from both teacher education and general education content. (igi-global.com)
- Study abroad experiences are inherently two-fold: Before, during, and after their involvement, students immerse themselves in both the curricular content and in a diverse culture. (igi-global.com)
Design6
- The benefit of a cross-sectional study design is that it allows researchers to compare many different variables at the same time. (iwh.on.ca)
- The longitudinal study design would account for cholesterol levels at the onset of a walking regime and as the walking behaviour continued over time. (iwh.on.ca)
- Cross-flow or, Horizontal-flow scrubber design is almost never mentioned in chemical engineering literature. (environmental-expert.com)
- And, when cross-flow design is mentioned, the discussion is usually very brief. (environmental-expert.com)
- No comments were found for Cross-flow scrubber design case study from Kimre . (environmental-expert.com)
- Pseudo-problem-independent, multigroup cross section libraries were generated to support the Advanced Neutron source (ANS) reactor design studies. (oecd-nea.org)
Validity2
- These issues either cause difficulty to perform a cross-cultural study or have negative impacts on the validity of the final results. (wikipedia.org)
- The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Perspectives3
- Consciousness Studies: Cross-Cultural Perspectives 5 out of 5 based on 0 ratings. (barnesandnoble.com)
- However, it is impossible either to establish causal relationships or to get reliable perspectives on the natural history of respiratory disease from such a study. (encyclopedia.com)
- Students pursuing an International Studies major are challenged to develop critical thinking and writing skills, to master an additional language, and to engage important questions of our day from the perspectives of multiple disciplines. (holycross.edu)
Clinical5
- Sign up for Insight Alerts highlighting editor-chosen studies with the greatest impact on clinical care. (aappublications.org)
- "An increasing number of clinical observations indicates that fungi are becoming a more common cause of upper airway allergic diseases such as asthma, as well as other conditions such as sepsis," said study author Dr David Corry, professor of medicine-immunology, allergy and rheumatology at Baylor College of Medicine. (nutraingredients.com)
- We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of randomized clinical trials studying rare diseases as defined by the Genetic and Rare Disease Information Center database that were registered in ClinicalTrials.gov between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2012, and completed or discontinued by December 31, 2014. (plos.org)
- This study seeks to evaluate and compare the clinical performance of two daily disposable soft contact lenses, Proclear 1 Day and 1-Day Acuvue Moist. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- This study characterizes clinical COVID-19-related myocarditis using descriptive analysis. (news-medical.net)
Neutron3
- The AMPX system was used to generate a P$sub 3$ 218 neutron group master cross-section library from ENDF/B-IV data for the fuel, structural, and neutron- absorbing materials tabulated. (unt.edu)
- The libraries, designated ANSL-V (Advanced Neutron Source Cross Section Libraries based on ENDF/B-V) are data based in AMPX master format. (oecd-nea.org)
- In support of local projects, ORNL extended the Sn neutron cross sections down to 10 -5 eV and changed the mat number to 8850, while the gamma-ray identifier was unchanged from 7850. (oecd-nea.org)
Indigenous4
- In so doing he introduced the construct of "Native Ways of Knowing" and contributed greatly to the academic field of Indigenous knowledge and broader cross-cultural sharing. (uaf.edu)
- The Indigenous Studies Program located within the Center for Cross-Cultural Studies and College of Liberal Arts at UAF offers a collaborative interdiscriplinary PhD program that is a direct result of Dr. Kawagley's lifetime of work. (uaf.edu)
- He received his B.A. in Humanities, M.A. in Cross-Cultural Studies, and Ph.D. in Indigenous Studies - all from the University of Alaska Fairbanks. (uaf.edu)
- He works closely with the Center for Cross-Cultural Studies as an Indigenous education faculty member. (uaf.edu)
Closely1
- Basic demonstrable academic knowledge in the field of Media Studies or a closely related discipline. (uva.nl)
Researchers6
- This means that researchers record information about their subjects without manipulating the study environment. (iwh.on.ca)
- However, in a longitudinal study, researchers conduct several observations of the same subjects over a period of time, sometimes lasting many years. (iwh.on.ca)
- The benefit of a longitudinal study is that researchers are able to detect developments or changes in the characteristics of the target population at both the group and the individual level. (iwh.on.ca)
- That's why researchers might start with a cross-sectional study to first establish whether there are links or associations between certain variables. (iwh.on.ca)
- The mouse has been an important model for studying Aspergillus infection, but classical laboratory strains of mice used in these studies arose from a small set of founders and lack most of the genetic variation present in wild mice, limiting researchers' ability to identify additional genetic loci relevant to disease. (redorbit.com)
- The study, led by Boston researchers and published online by Health Affairs, bolsters its proponents' hopes that the approach will play a key role in controlling health spending. (bostonglobe.com)
Publish1
- For example, the Massachusetts Blue Cross/Blue Shield apparently thinks that you can't publish a study criticizing its doctors without permission thanks to trademark law. (techdirt.com)
Bible4
- The Life Application Study Bible is today's #1-selling study Bible, containing notes that not only explain difficult passages and give information on Bible life and times, but also go a step further to show how God's Word speaks to every situation and circumstance of your life! (christianbook.com)
- I'm the author/artist and I want to review NLT Life Application Study Bible, Personal Size TuTone Leatherlike Black/Celtic Cross . (christianbook.com)
- The ESV Study Bible, Personal Size compresses nearly all the features of the award-winning ESV Study Bible into a smaller size for easier carrying. (parable.com)
- Suited to high school and college students, the ESV Student Study Bible is also a versatile resource for anyone engaged in serious study of God's Word. (bookwire.com)
Abroad experience3
- Developing a Multicultural Cross-Curricular Study Abroad Experience. (igi-global.com)
- An overarching goal of our program was to facilitate students' ability to utilize a multicultural lens both in their study abroad experience and throughout their lives. (igi-global.com)
- Holy Cross students typically take full advantage of their study abroad experience by enrolling in a yearlong program - in fact, we hold the number two ranking for long-term study abroad among baccalaureate institutions. (holycross.edu)
Infants4
- Raat, H. Correlates of Unsupervised Bathing of Infants: A Cross-Sectional Study. (mdpi.com)
- van Beelen MEJ, van Beeck EF, den Hertog P, Beirens TMJ, Raat H. Correlates of Unsupervised Bathing of Infants: A Cross-Sectional Study. (mdpi.com)
- The Mazira Project is a study of the effect of egg consumption on growth, development and gut health of infants in Malawi. (bioportfolio.com)
- The study randomly assigns infants to receive one egg per day ove. (bioportfolio.com)
Participants1
- The second and third waves were managed online by the PI from Belgium, by re-contacting participants who agreed to participate on the longitudinal study (33% of the initial sample). (europa.eu)
Examines1
- This study examines the associations between different types of infant feeding and BMI and overweight in childhood. (bioportfolio.com)
Holy Cross5
- Virtually every Holy Cross student who participates in one of our immersive study abroad experiences learns an essential lesson: Living and learning in a different culture is truly life-changing. (holycross.edu)
- By contrast, Holy Cross students normally enroll directly at their host institutions, where their experience mirrors that of local students. (holycross.edu)
- During their time abroad, Holy Cross students tackle an Independent Cultural Immersion Project (ICIP) , which gives them the opportunity to explore the culture of their host country in depth. (holycross.edu)
- Holy Cross also maintains close ties with our partner institutions to help ensure that students' international learning experiences integrate with our curriculum. (holycross.edu)
- Students studying abroad advance their majors, minors, and concentrations, and continue to fulfill Holy Cross common area requirements. (holycross.edu)
Elongation1
- On the other hand, the change in the potential energies owing to the uniaxial elongation indicated that cross-links suppressed local segmental motions in the cross-linked structure, probably at the region around the linear and terminal phenols , which resulted in an increase in the degree of cross-linking accompanied by a decrease in Poisson's ratio and an increase in Young's modulus. (rsc.org)
Occupational2
- For instance, a single cross-sectional study may include questions about smoking behavior, occupational exposure to dusts and fumes, respiratory symptoms (cough, breathlessness), and physical examinations of physical fitness - including simple tests of lung function. (encyclopedia.com)
- Such a study would throw some light on the relationship of both occupational exposures and smoking behavior to respiratory symptoms and respiratory function. (encyclopedia.com)
Safety analyses2
- The library is the data base for the generation of broad-group cross sections for shipping cask calculations and other criticality safety analyses using codes such as KENO and ANISN. (unt.edu)
- ANSL-V data are to be used for the subsequent generation of problem-dependent fine- and/or broad-group cross sections for a wide range of applications, such as core and shield analysis, activation analyses after irradiation of certain elements in the reactor environment, and safety analyses. (oecd-nea.org)
Students9
- It maintains the Border People web portal, which is designed to provide practical information for cross-border workers and students on the island of Ireland as well as those crossing the border to live in the other jurisdiction. (wikipedia.org)
- It is designed for students who wish to combine the study of cross-cultural communication with developing skills and knowledge relevant to various aspects of media. (ncl.ac.uk)
- It comprises one compulsory module and a number of optional modules available to all cross-cultural communication students. (ncl.ac.uk)
- You will study with other media students. (ncl.ac.uk)
- Each CDSA also has its own introductory course, and students can pursue their SMP in the study area, provided they secure the approval of the department in which they are majoring. (smcm.edu)
- Learn about what - and where - our students are studying. (holycross.edu)
- This is just one way that study abroad immerses our students as completely as possible into the intellectual and cultural fabric of their host countries. (holycross.edu)
- The educational advantages of study abroad - and its effect on students' personal growth - are profound. (holycross.edu)
- International study opportunities for students. (edu.au)
Assess3
- The purpose of this study was to assess the tobacco intervention practices and training needs of Hispanic physicians. (nih.gov)
- 9 - 14 It is also limited in its definition of exposure, as these studies assess patients with heavy cannabis use (cannabis abuse or cannabis use disorder). (cmaj.ca)
- Specifically, this study will assess whether patterns of individual employment induced by economic cycles during the last 50 years are associated with life-course health in 18 countries. (europa.eu)
OBJECTIVE1
- Our objective was to determine the frequency of noncompletion and nonpublication of trials studying rare diseases. (plos.org)
University5
- Southern Cross University acknowledges and pays respect to the ancestors, Elders and descendants of the Lands upon which we meet and study. (edu.au)
- He is one of the co-chairs for the Alaska Native Studies Council and serves on the University of Alaska Teacher Education Council. (uaf.edu)
- Dr. Theresa Arevgaq John is an Associate Professor in the Department of Cross-Cultural Studies at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. (uaf.edu)
- That's a really big number," said Dana Gelb Safran, a senior vice president at Blue Cross and a professor at Tufts University School of Medicine who worked on the study. (bostonglobe.com)
- If you are enrolled in a program at another university you can apply to study one or more units as a cross-institutional student for credit towards an award at your 'home' institution. (edu.au)
Baseline1
- The baseline cross section of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis recruited a population-based cohort of 6781 persons, aged 45-84 years, from 6 communities in the United States. (diabetesjournals.org)
Critical2
- The CC is a tool to integrate studies of gene function and gene networks, allowing the prediction and testing of biological models based on the whole organism, critical to the development of personalized therapies for humans. (redorbit.com)
- The Critical Illness policy can only be purchased in conjunction with a health insurance policy underwritten by Southern Cross Medical Care Society. (southerncross.co.nz)
Theoretical1
- Find out how theoretical calculations are used to determine, elucidate and propose mechanisms for Pd-catalyzed C-C cross-coupling reactions in Max Garcia Melchor's outstanding thesis. (springer.com)
Representative2
- Within the constraints of any matching criteria, their exposure to risk factors and confounders should be representative of that in the population "at risk" of becoming cases - that is, people who do not have the disease under investigation, but who would be included in the study as cases if they had. (bmj.com)
- A Nation-Wide Laboratory: Examining Trust and Trustworthiness by Integrating Behavioral Experiments into Representative Surveys ," IZA Discussion Papers 715, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). (repec.org)