Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)Benzopyrans: Compounds with a core of fused benzo-pyran rings.Pyrroles: Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties.Potassium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes.Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371)Rubidium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of rubidium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Rb atoms with atomic weights 79-84, and 86-95 are radioactive rubidium isotopes.Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.Parasympatholytics: Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.Vasodilator Agents: Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.Guanidines: A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.Picolines: A group of compounds that are monomethyl derivatives of pyridines. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Niacinamide: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.KATP Channels: Heteromultimers of Kir6 channels (the pore portion) and sulfonylurea receptor (the regulatory portion) which affect function of the HEART; PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. KATP channel blockers include GLIBENCLAMIDE and mitiglinide whereas openers include CROMAKALIM and minoxidil sulfate.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Aorta, Thoracic: The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.Charybdotoxin: A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.Muscle, Smooth: Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.Decanoic Acids: 10-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.Hydroxy Acids: Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals.Muscle, Smooth, Vascular: The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.PyransPotassium: An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.Microelectrodes: Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)Nitroprusside: A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.Vasodilation: The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Parasympathetic Nervous System: The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the KIDNEY PELVIS to the URINARY BLADDER.Sulfonylurea CompoundsNitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.Potassium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.Tetraethylammonium CompoundsBromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.Encyclopedias as Topic: Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Terminology as Topic: The terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area.Safety: Freedom from exposure to danger and protection from the occurrence or risk of injury or loss. It suggests optimal precautions in the workplace, on the street, in the home, etc., and includes personal safety as well as the safety of property.Accidents, Occupational: Unforeseen occurrences, especially injuries in the course of work-related activities.Databases, Chemical: Databases devoted to knowledge about specific chemicals.Pharmacopoeias as Topic: Authoritative treatises on drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, physical constants, main chemical properties used in identification, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, etc. They are usually published under governmental jurisdiction (e.g., USP, the United States Pharmacopoeia; BP, British Pharmacopoeia; P. Helv., the Swiss Pharmacopoeia). They differ from FORMULARIES in that they are far more complete: formularies tend to be mere listings of formulas and prescriptions.Cyclic S-OxidesAdministration, Topical: The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.Prostaglandins F, Synthetic: Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins F that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGF.Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.BenzophenonesIntraocular Pressure: The pressure of the fluids in the eye.
Acetylcholine-induced relaxation in blood vessels from endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. (1/374)
1. Isometric tension was recorded in isolated rings of aorta, carotid, coronary and mesenteric arteries taken from endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice (eNOS(-/-) mice) and the corresponding wild-type strain (eNOS(+/+) mice). The membrane potential of smooth muscle cells was measured in coronary arteries with intracellular microelectrodes. 2. In the isolated aorta, carotid and coronary arteries from the eNOS(+/+) mice, acetylcholine induced an endothelium-dependent relaxation which was inhibited by N(omega)-L-nitro-arginine. In contrast, in the mesenteric arteries, the inhibition of the cholinergic relaxation required the combination of N(omega)-L-nitro-arginine and indomethacin. 3. The isolated aorta, carotid and coronary arteries from the eNOS(-/-) mice did not relax in response to acetylcholine. However, acetylcholine produced an indomethacin-sensitive relaxation in the mesenteric artery from eNOS(-/-) mice. 4. The resting membrane potential of smooth muscle cells from isolated coronary arteries was significantly less negative in the eNOS(-/-) mice (-64.8 +/- 1.8 mV, n = 20 and -58.4 +/- 1.9 mV, n = 17, for eNOS(+/+) and eNOS(-/-) mice, respectively). In both strains, acetylcholine, bradykinin and substance P did not induce endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations whereas cromakalim consistently produced hyperpolarizations (- 7.9 +/- 1.1 mV, n = 8 and -13.8 +/- 2.6 mV, n = 4, for eNOS(+/+) and eNOS(-/-) mice, respectively). 5. These findings demonstrate that in the blood vessels studied: (1) in the eNOS(+/+) mice, the endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine involve either NO or the combination of NO plus a product of cyclo-oxygenase but not EDHF; (2) in the eNOS(-/-) mice, NO-dependent responses and EDHF-like responses were not observed. In the mesenteric arteries acetylcholine releases a cyclo-oxygenase derivative. (+info)Differential effects of pinacidil, cromakalim, and NS 1619 on electrically evoked contractions in rat vas deferens. (2/374)
AIM: To compare the inhibitory action of electrically evoked contractions of rat epididymal vas deferens by pinacidil (Pin), cromakalim (Cro), and NS 1619. METHODS: Monophasic contractions were evoked by electric field stimulation in rat isolated epididymal half of vas deferens. RESULTS: Newly developed ATP-sensitive K+ channel openers, Pin and Cro, concentration-dependently reduced the electrically evoked (0.3 Hz, 1 ms pulse duration, 60 V) contractions and glibenclamide but not charybdotoxin antagonized the inhibitory effects of both agents. Pin shifted the concentration-response curve for norepinephrine to the right with reducing the magnitude of the maximum contraction in a glibenclamide-sensitive fashion. The large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel opener, NS 1619, inhibited the electrically evoked contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. Charybdotoxin (100 nmol.L-1) partially reduced the effect of NS 1619 but glibenclamide (10 mumol.L-1) showed no effect. None of these 3 agents affected the basal tension. CONCLUSION: Both ATP-sensitive and Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels presented in vas deferens smooth muscles involved in regulation of muscle contractility. (+info)Role of K+ channels in A2A adenosine receptor-mediated dilation of the pressurized renal arcuate artery. (3/374)
1. Adenosine A2A receptor-mediated renal vasodilation was investigated by measuring the lumenal diameter of pressurized renal arcuate arteries isolated from the rabbit. 2. The selective A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 dilated the arteries with an EC50 of 130 nM. The CGS21680-induced vasodilation was, on average, 34% less in endothelium-denuded arteries. 3. The maximum response and the EC50 for CGS21680-induced vasodilation in endothelium-intact arteries were not significantly affected by incubation with the K+ channel blockers apamin (100 nM), iberiotoxin (100 nM), 3,4-diaminopyridine (1 mM), glibenclamide (1 microM) or Ba2+ (10 microM). However, a cocktail mixture of these blockers did significantly inhibit the maximum response by almost 40%, and 1 mM Ba2+ alone or 1 mM Ba2+ in addition to the cocktail inhibited the maximum CGS21680-response by 58% and about 75% respectively. 4. CGS21680-induced vasodilation was strongly inhibited when the extracellular K+ level was raised to 20 mM even though the dilator response to 1 microM levcromakalim, a K(ATP) channel opener drug, was unaffected. 5. CGS21680-induced vasodilation was inhibited by 10 microM ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+/K(+)-ATPase, but ouabain had a similar inhibitory effect on vasodilation induced by 30 nM nicardipine (a dihydropyridine Ca2+ antagonist) or 1 microM levcromakalim. 6. The data suggest that K+ channel activation does play a role in A(2A) receptor-mediated renal vasodilation. The inhibitory effect of raised extracellular K+ levels on the A(2A) response may be due to K(+)-induced stimulation of Na+/K(+)-ATPase. (+info)ATP-sensitive potassium channels regulate in vivo dopamine release in rat striatum. (4/374)
ATP-sensitive K+ channels (K(ATP)) are distributed in a variety of tissues including smooth muscle, cardiac and skeletal muscle, pancreatic beta-cells and neurons. Since K(ATP) channels are present in the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) pathway, the effect of potassium-channel modulators on the release of DA in the striatum of conscious, freely-moving rats was investigated. The extracellular concentration of DA was significantly decreased by the K(ATP)-channel opener (-)-cromakalim but not by diazoxide. (-)-Cromakalim was effective at 100 and 1000 microM concentrations, and the maximum decrease was 54% below baseline. d-Amphetamine significantly increased extracellular DA levels at the doses of 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg, s.c. with a 770% maximum increase. (-)-Cromakalim had no effect on d-amphetamine-induced DA release, while glyburide, a K(ATP) blocker, significantly potentiated the effects of a low dose of d-amphetamine. These data indicate that K+ channels present in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminals modulate basal release as well as evoked release of DA. (+info)Thiopental and propofol impair relaxation produced by ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers in the rat aorta. (5/374)
ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers are used as vasodilators in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. The effects of i.v. anaesthetics on arterial relaxation induced by ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers have not been studied. Therefore, in this study, we have examined if thiopental (thiopentone) and propofol affect the vascular response to the ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers, cromakalim and pinacidil, in the isolated rat aorta. Rings of rat thoracic aortas without endothelium were suspended for isometric force recording. Concentration-response curves were obtained in a cumulative manner. During submaximal contractions with phenylephrine 0.3 mumol litre-1, relaxation after cromakalim 0.1-30 mumol litre-1, pinacidil 0.1-30 mumol litre-1 and papaverine 0.1-300 mumol litre-1 was demonstrated. Thiopental 30-300 mumol litre-1, propofol 10-100 mumol litre-1, 10% Intralipid 45 microliters or glibenclamide 5 mumol litre-1 were applied 15 min before addition of phenylephrine. During contractions with phenylephrine, cromakalim and pinacidil induced concentration-dependent relaxation. A selective ATP-sensitive potassium channel antagonist, glibenclamide 5 mumol litre-1, abolished this relaxation, whereas it did not affect relaxation produced by papaverine. Thiopental concentrations > 30 mumol litre-1 significantly impaired relaxation produced by cromakalim or pinacidil. Propofol concentrations > 10 mumol litre-1 also significantly reduced relaxation produced by cromakalim or pinacidil, whereas Intralipid was ineffective. Thiopental 300 mumol litre-1 and propofol 100 mumol litre-1 did not alter relaxation produced by papaverine. These results suggest that the i.v. anaesthetics, thiopental and propofol, impaired vasodilatation mediated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. (+info)Effects of nicorandil as compared to mixtures of sodium nitroprusside and levcromakalim in isolated rat aorta. (6/374)
1. The contribution of the relaxant mechanisms of nicorandil (NIC) were analysed by comparing its effects with those of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), levcromakalim (LEM) and mixtures (1:10, 1:30 and 1:100) of SNP:LEM in isolated endothelium-denuded rat aorta. 2. In rings precontracted with KCl (25 mM), the relative inhibitory potency of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ and the K(ATP) channel inhibitor glibenclamide (GLI) on SNP:LEM mixtures showed a good correlation with the relative proportion of SNP and LEM in the mixtures. Furthermore, the degree of the inhibition by ODQ and GLI of the effects of the 1:30 SNP:LEM mixture varied as a function of the relative potency of SNP and LEM in KCl-, noradrenaline- (NA) or NA plus nifedipine-treated arteries. 3. The inhibitory effects of ODQ, GLI and ODQ plus GLI on NIC-induced relaxation was similar to that for the 1:30 SNP:LEM mixture in NA plus nifedipine-contracted arteries, but the inhibition of GLI or ODQ plus GLI was smaller in KCl-contracted arteries. 4. In conclusion, the relative importance of activation of the cyclic GMP pathway and K(ATP) channel opening in mixtures of SNP and LEM could be predicted by the proportion of the drugs in the mixtures and by the relative potency of SNP vs LEM in different experimental conditions. Furthermore, the present results suggest that besides these two mechanisms, a third ODQ- and GLI-insensitive mechanism, possibly involving Ca2+ channel blockade, also participates in the relaxant effects of NIC in KCl-induced contractions. (+info)Differential effects of lidocaine and mexiletine on relaxations to ATP-sensitive K+ channel openers in rat aortas. (7/374)
BACKGROUND: In cardiac myocytes, lidocaine reduces but mexiletine increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ currents, suggesting that these class Ib antiarrhythmic drugs may differentially modify the activity of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. The effects of lidocaine and mexiletine on arterial relaxations induced by K+ channel openers have not been studied. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate whether lidocaine and mexiletine may produce changes in relaxations to the ATP-sensitive K+ channel openers cromakalim and pinacidil in isolated rat thoracic aortas. METHODS: Rings of rat thoracic aortas without endothelia were suspended for isometric force recording. Concentration-response curves were obtained in a cumulative fashion. During submaximal contractions to phenylephrine (3 x 10(-7) M), relaxations to cromakalim (10(-7) to 3 x 10(-5) M), pinacidil (10(-7) to 3 x 10(-5) M), or diltiazem (10(-7) to 3 x 10(-4) M) were obtained. Lidocaine (10(-5) to 3 x 10(-4) M), mexiletine (10(-5) to 10(-4) M) or glibenclamide (5 x 10(-6) M) was applied 15 min before addition of phenylephrine. RESULTS: During contractions to phenylephrine, cromakalim and pinacidil induced concentration-dependent relaxations. A selective ATP-sensitive K+ channel antagonist, glibenclamide (5 x 10(-6) M), abolished these relaxations, whereas it did not alter relaxations to a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel inhibitor, diltiazem (10(-7) to 3 x 10(-4) M). Lidocaine (more than 10(-5) M) significantly reduced relaxations to cromakalim or pinacidil in a concentration-dependent fashion, whereas lidocaine (3 x 10(-4) M) did not affect relaxations to diltiazem. In contrast, mexiletine (more than 10(-5) M) significantly augmented relaxations to cromakalim or pinacidil. Glibenclamide (5 x 10(-6) M) abolished relaxations to cromakalim or pinacidil in arteries treated with mexiletine (10(-4) M). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that lidocaine impairs but mexiletine augments vasodilation mediated by ATP-sensitive K+ channels in smooth muscle cells. (+info)Inhibitory effect of 4-aminopyridine on responses of the basilar artery to nitric oxide. (8/374)
1. Voltage-dependent K+ channels are present in cerebral arteries and may modulate vascular tone. We used 200 microM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), thought to be a relatively selective inhibitor of voltage-dependent K+ channels at this concentration, to test whether activation of these channels may influence baseline diameter of the basilar artery and dilator responses to nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic GMP in vivo. 2. Using a cranial window in anaesthetized rats, topical application of 4-AP to the basilar artery (baseline diameter = 240+/-5 microm, mean +/- s.e.mean) produced 10+/-1% constriction. Sodium nitroprusside (a NO donor), acetylcholine (which stimulates endothelial release of NO), 8-bromo cyclic GMP (a cyclic GMP analogue), cromakalim (an activator of ATP-sensitive K+ channels) and papaverine (a non-NO, non-K+ channel-related vasodilator) produced concentration-dependent vasodilator responses that were reproducible. 3. Responses to 10 and 100 nM nitroprusside were inhibited by 4-AP (20+/-4 vs 8+/-2% and 51+/-5 vs 33+/-5%, respectively, n=10; P<0.05). Responses to acetylcholine and 8-bromo cyclic GMP were also partially inhibited by 4-AP. In contrast, 4-AP had no effect on vasodilator responses to cromakalim or papaverine. These findings suggest that NO/cyclic GMP-induced dilator responses of the basilar artery are selectively inhibited by 4-aminopyridine. 4. Responses to nitroprusside were also markedly inhibited by 10 microM 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase; 16+/-4 vs 1+/-1% and 44+/-7 vs 7+/-1%; n=10; P<0.05). 5. Thus, dilator responses of the rat basilar artery to NO appear to be mediated by activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and partially by activation of a 4-aminopyridine-sensitive mechanism. The most likely mechanism would appear to be activation of voltage-dependent K+ channels by NO/cyclic GMP. (+info)
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Effect of cromakalimOpenerDiazoxidePinacidilOpenersMinoxidil34915Porcine coronary arteryActivatorsRelaxationGlibenclamideLevcromakalimCardioprotectiveInhibitory effectProdrugEffect1989KATPVasodilationElectrophysiologicalConcentrationsCurrentsInhibition38227AcetylcholineEffectsVitroPreparationsRatsTachycardiaSerotoninContractionResponse
Effect of cromakalim1
- This suggests that VERP shortening is not a prerequisite for the anti-ischemic effect of cromakalim, and the combination of these drugs may afford a potent and safe anti-ischemic effect without affecting hypotension induced cromakalim. (elsevier.com)
Opener1
- Cromakalim (10 μg/kg), an ATP-sensitive K + channel opener, and cicletanine (30 mg/kg), a cGMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor, reduced VOP-induced ST-segment elevation and LVEDP-increase. (elsevier.com)
Diazoxide7
- When mitochondria were treated with the K(ATP) channel openers diazoxide or cromakalim, their ROS production increased by 40-50%, and this effect was blocked by 5-hydroxydecanoate. (mendeley.com)
- Protective effect of cromakalim and diazoxide, and proulcerogenic effect of glibenclamide on indomethacin-induced gastric injury. (ugent.be)
- Glyburide blocks the relaxation response to BRL 34915 (cromakalim), minoxidil sulfate and diazoxide in vascular smooth muscle. (semanticscholar.org)
- In vitro and in vivo comparison of two K+ channel openers, diazoxide and cromakalim, and their inhibition by glibenclamide. (semanticscholar.org)
- The K+ channel opener diazoxide, but not cromakalim or pinacidil, inhibited electrical activity and increased the whole-cell K+ conductance fourfold. (nih.gov)
- Cholesterol-enriched diet inhibits cardioprotection by ATP-sensitive K+ channel activators cromakalim and diazoxide , AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY: HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY 306: (3) pp. (doktori.hu)
- The study assesses the effect of potassium channel openers (cromakalim, diazoxide and minoxidil) on morphine tolerance and vice-versa, using formalin and tail-flick tests. (bvsalud.org)
Pinacidil5
- 1. The effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of different potassium channel blockers (tetraethylammonium, apamin, charybdotoxin, gliquidone), potassium channel openers (pinacidil, minoxidil, cromakalim) and aODN to mKv1.1 on immobility time was evaluated in the mouse forced swimming test, an animal model of depression. (nih.gov)
- By contrast pinacidil (10-20 microg per mouse i.c.v.), minoxidil (10-20 microg per mouse i.c.v.) and cromakalim (20-30 microg per mouse i.c.v.) increased immobility time when administered in the same experimental conditions. (nih.gov)
- Effect of pinacidil, minoxidil and cromakalim in the mouse forced swimming test. (nih.gov)
- In contrast, tetrabutylammonium significantly reduced the pinacidil- or cromakalim-induced relaxation. (houstonmethodist.org)
- The inhibitory effect on pinacidil- and cromakalim-induced relaxation suggests that tetrabutylammonium ions also inhibit ATP-sensitive K + channels in aortic smooth muscle cells. (houstonmethodist.org)
Openers1
- Moreover, the antidepressant-like effect elicited by an effective dose of hesperidin (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) in TST was abolished by the treatment of mice with pharmacological compounds K(+) channel openers (cromakalim and minoxidil). (sigmaaldrich.com)
Minoxidil3
- RESULTS: The antinociceptive effect of cromakalim and minoxidil was significantly reduced when administered to morphine-tolerant mice, in both the behavioural tests. (bvsalud.org)
- El estudio evalúa el efecto de los abridores de canales de potasio (cromacalina, diazóxido y minoxidil) en la tolerancia a la morfina, y viceversa, usando la prueba de la sacudida de la cola y la prueba de la formalina. (bvsalud.org)
- RESULTADOS: El efecto antinociceptivo de la cromacalina y el minoxidil fue significativamente reducido cuando se le administró a los ratones tolerantes a la morfina, en ambas pruebas conductuales. (bvsalud.org)
349151
- Cromakalim (BRL 34915) restores in vitro the membrane potential of depolarized human skeletal muscle fibres. (uni-muenchen.de)
Porcine coronary artery1
- In the present study, it was aimed to further indentify the intracellular action mechansm of cromakalim and levcromakalim in the porcine coronary artery. (ndsl.kr)
Activators1
- 8. Discovery and Development of Cromakalim and Related Potassium Channel Activators 9. (textbookx.com)
Relaxation2
- 1 μM GLI decreased the maximum of cromakalim-induced relaxation by 60% but did not affect the action of levosimendan. (springer.com)
- 5) Cromakalim in concentrations causing maximal relaxation did not increase the tissue level of either cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP in the BRP muscle, although the appropriate synthetic enzymes were present and could be stimulated by forskolin or NaNP. (gla.ac.uk)
Glibenclamide3
- In the present study performed in the porcine epicardial coronary artery, the effect of levosimendan (0.009-3.2 μM) was compared to cromakalim (0.0125-5 μM), the known activator of ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channels, in the presence of glibenclamide (GLI), an inhibitor of K ATP channels and tetraethylammonium (TEA), the non-selective inhibitor of potassium channels. (springer.com)
- 14 17 18 These data suggest that EDHF acts on the Ca 2+ -dependent K + channels inhibited by TEA and not the ATP-sensitive K + channels opened by cromakalim and inhibited by glibenclamide. (ahajournals.org)
- Glibenclamide (10 μM) alone increased NP(o) and partially inhibited the cromakalim-induced increase in NP(o) with respect to control. (edu.au)
Levcromakalim2
- mu}M$ ) strongly blocked the effect of cromakalim and levcromakalim. (ndsl.kr)
- Based on these results, it is suggested that cromakalim and levcromakalim exert a potent vasorelaxation, in part, by acting on the $K^+$ channels of the intracellular sites (e.g., sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane), thereby, resulting in decrease in release of $Ca^{2+}$ from the intracellular storage site. (ndsl.kr)
Cardioprotective1
- The cardioprotective and electrophysiological effects of cromakalim are attenuated by meclofenamate through a cyclooxygenase-independent mechanism. (semanticscholar.org)
Inhibitory effect1
- CONCLUSION: In the dome, the urothelium and suburothelium reduce the inhibitory effect of cromakalim on spontaneous contractions, whilst in the trigone these structures appear to have little influence. (edu.au)
Prodrug1
- Fautsch, M. P. Effect of cromakalim prodrug 1 (CKLP1) on aqueous humor dynamics and feasibility of combination therapy with existing ocular hypotensive agents. (umn.edu)
Effect8
- The antagonistic effect of Bdph against cromakalim was similar to that of 4-AP, a K+ channel blocker of Kv1 family, and partially similar to that of GBC, an ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker. (biomedcentral.com)
- This suggests that VERP shortening is not a prerequisite for the anti-ischemic effect of cromakalim, and the combination of these drugs may afford a potent and safe anti-ischemic effect without affecting hypotension induced cromakalim. (elsevier.com)
- Comparison of the vasorelaxant effect of cromakalim and the new inodilator, levosimendan, in human isolated portal vein. (springer.com)
- Comparison of the effect of cromakalim in porcine and human coronary arteries. (springer.com)
- The Effects of Cromakalim on Spasmogen- or Stretch-induced Contraction of a Variety of Smooth Muscle Preparations (1) The relaxant effect of cromakalim has been examined on four isolated preparations, the rabbit aortic strip, the BRP muscle, the guinea-pig trachea and the guinea-pig taenia coli contracted by either histamine, carbachol, noradrenaline or KCl. (gla.ac.uk)
- 3) Verapamil significantly reduced the relaxant effect of cromakalim in the guinea-pig trachea. (gla.ac.uk)
- 4) The relaxant effects of cromakalim on the BRP muscle and the guinea-pig taenia coli were unaffected by haemoglobin (3.3 muM) or apamin (0.5 muM) in concentrations which block completely the relaxant effect of respectively NANC nerve stimulation in these tissues respectively. (gla.ac.uk)
- The time needed for spontaneous contractions to develop, the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions, and the effect of cromakalim were analysed. (edu.au)
19891
- 1989). We now show, by using electrophysiological techniques in three different types of smooth muscle, that a large-conductance voltage and Ca 2+ -sensitive channel, otherwise indistinguishable from the large-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channel (BK channel), is also sensitive to cytoplasmic ATP and cromakalim. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
KATP2
- Activation of KATP channels by cromakalim inhibited the frequency of carbachol-induced phasic activity of bladder strips, although strips from diabetic rats showed a trend towards being less sensitive to cromakalim. (edu.au)
- Sur des anneaux aortiques dénudés de leur endothélium, nous avons mesuré les réponses contractiles à la phényléphrine (PhE) et au KCl en présence d'un bloqueur des canaux calciques dépendants du voltage (VDCC), la nifédipine, et d'activateurs des canaux potassiques à large conductance (BKCa) et ceux dépendants de l'ATP (KATP), respectivement le NS-1619 et la cromakalim. (umontreal.ca)
Vasodilation1
- Atherosclerosis attenuated vasodilation to cromakalim and the AMPK activator A769662 but not peroxynitrite. (strath.ac.uk)
Electrophysiological1
- Intracellular electrophysiological studies showed that ischemia-induced depolarization was reversed with cromakalim, which increased the resting potential nearly back to preischemic levels. (curehunter.com)
Concentrations1
- The active enantiomer of cromakalim has been found to be effective in alleviating nocturnal asthma at plasma concentrations just threshold for relaxing human airways smooth muscle in vitro. (curehunter.com)
Currents1
Inhibition1
- Cromakalim, 10 μM, partially reversed the ATP induced inhibition and increased P 0 . (royalsocietypublishing.org)
382271
- We evaluated the effects of BRL 38227, the active enantiomer of cromakalim, on the electrophysiologic and hemodynamic parameters in anesthetized dogs. (ovid.com)
Acetylcholine1
- Cromakalim (1 ${\mu}M$ ) caused a reduction in acetylcholine-induced increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ not only in the mormal physiological salt solution (PSS) but also in $Ca^{2+}$ -free PSS (containing 1 mM EGTA). (ndsl.kr)
Effects3
- Sodium SaltA K+ channel antagonist which blocks the post-ischemic effects of the K+ channel activator cromakalim. (mpbio.com)
- In contrast, cromakalim potentiated the relaxant effects of isoprenaline and NaNP in the guinea-pig trachea. (gla.ac.uk)
- whilst in the trigone the effects of cromakalim were similar in mucosa-intact and denuded strips. (edu.au)
Vitro1
- Cromakalim dilates rat cerebral arteries in vitro. (ahajournals.org)
Preparations1
- Preparations of crushed due cromakalim into Asia may settle made some fights to remain damage programs on the additional dose, ' ADB came. (miniworldrotterdam.com)
Rats1
- Thus, we were interested in investigating whether Bdph at the dose without changing blood pressure antagonized cromakalim-induced systolic pressure reduction in conscious rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Tachycardia1
- Cicletanine did not change cromakalim-induced hypotension but abolished reflexogenic tachycardia. (elsevier.com)
Serotonin1
- Cromakalim (100 nM) relaxierte vollständig Serotonin-kontrahierte Gefäßringe (+)fat und (-)fat, aber konnte nicht U46619-kontrahierte Gefäßringe (+)fat und (-)fat relaxieren. (hu-berlin.de)
Contraction1
- This did not happen when cromakalim was added at the peak of contraction. (gla.ac.uk)
Response2
- Methylene blue (30 muM) greatly reduced the response to both cromakalim and NANC nerve stimulation in the BRP suggesting a non-specific action. (gla.ac.uk)
- Spontaneous activity was allowed to develop and recorded, and then cumulative concentration-response curves to cromakalim were obtained. (edu.au)
