Crispr associated proteins. Medical search

Repetitive nucleic acid sequences that are principal components of the archaeal and bacterial CRISPR-CAS SYSTEMS, which function as adaptive antiviral defense systems.

Copies of nucleic acid sequence that are arranged in opposing orientation. They may lie adjacent to each other (tandem) or be separated by some sequence that is not part of the repeat (hyphenated). They may be true palindromic repeats, i.e. read the same backwards as forward, or complementary which reads as the base complement in the opposite orientation. Complementary inverted repeats have the potential to form hairpin loop or stem-loop structures which results in cruciform structures (such as CRUCIFORM DNA) when the complementary inverted repeats occur in double stranded regions.

Protein components of the CRISPR-CAS SYSTEMS for anti-viral defense in ARCHAEA and BACTERIA. These are proteins that carry out a variety of functions during the creation and expansion of the CRISPR ARRAYS, the capture of new CRISPR SPACERS, biogenesis of SMALL INTERFERING RNA (CRISPR or crRNAs), and the targeting and silencing of invading viruses and plasmids. They include DNA HELICASES; RNA-BINDING PROTEINS; ENDONUCLEASES; and RNA and DNA POLYMERASES.

Adaptive antiviral defense mechanisms, in archaea and bacteria, based on DNA repeat arrays called CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS (CRISPR elements) that function in conjunction with CRISPR-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS (Cas proteins). Several types have been distinguished, including Type I, Type II, and Type III, based on signature motifs of CRISPR-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.

A species of thermophilic, gram-positive bacteria found in MILK and milk products.

Small kinetoplastid mitochondrial RNA that plays a major role in RNA EDITING. These molecules form perfect hybrids with edited mRNA sequences and possess nucleotide sequences at their 5'-ends that are complementary to the sequences of the mRNA's immediately downstream of the pre-edited regions.

Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A reaction that severs one of the sugar-phosphate linkages of the phosphodiester backbone of RNA. It is catalyzed enzymatically, chemically, or by radiation. Cleavage may be exonucleolytic, or endonucleolytic.

A species of thermoacidophilic ARCHAEA in the family Sulfolobaceae, found in volcanic areas where the temperature is about 80 degrees C and SULFUR is present.

Viruses whose hosts are in the domain ARCHAEA.

A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE consisting of species that profusely produce pectinolytic enzymes in plant pathogenesis.

The genetic complement of an archaeal organism (ARCHAEA) as represented in its DNA.

Viruses whose host is Streptococcus.

Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.

A reaction that severs one of the covalent sugar-phosphate linkages between NUCLEOTIDES that compose the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA. It is catalyzed enzymatically, chemically or by radiation. Cleavage may be exonucleolytic - removing the end nucleotide, or endonucleolytic - splitting the strand in two.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in archaea.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.

Proteins found in any species of archaeon.

Viruses whose host is Pseudomonas. A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.

A species of strictly anaerobic, hyperthermophilic archaea which lives in geothermally-heated marine sediments. It exhibits heterotropic growth by fermentation or sulfur respiration.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.

A genus of obligately anaerobic ARCHAEA, in the family THERMOPROTEACEAE. They are found in acidic hot springs and water holes.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Specific regions that are mapped within a GENOME. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of CHROMOSOME 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or HEREDITARY DISEASE.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

Commonly observed BASE SEQUENCE or nucleotide structural components which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE or a SEQUENCE LOGO.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An order of strictly anaerobic, thermophilic archaea, in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. Members exhibit heterotropic growth by sulfur respiration. There is a single family THERMOCOCCACEAE.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A species of gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridaceae. It degrades and ferments CELLOBIOSE and CELLULOSE to ETHANOL in the CELLULOSOME.

A species of halophilic archaea found in the Mediterranean Sea. It produces bacteriocins active against a range of other halobacteria.

A species of gram-negative hyperthermophilic ARCHAEA found in deep ocean hydrothermal vents. It is an obligate anaerobe and obligate chemoorganotroph.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of archaea.

A species of gram-negative bacteria, in the genus ERWINIA, causing a necrotic disease of plants.

Cells lacking a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.

A congenital abnormality in which the occipitofrontal circumference is greater than two standard deviations above the mean for a given age. It is associated with HYDROCEPHALUS; SUBDURAL EFFUSION; ARACHNOID CYSTS; or is part of a genetic condition (e.g., ALEXANDER DISEASE; SOTOS SYNDROME).

The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the K serogroup of ESCHERICHIA COLI. It lives as a harmless inhabitant of the human LARGE INTESTINE and is widely used in medical and GENETIC RESEARCH.

Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.

A genus of HALOBACTERIACEAE distinguished from other genera in the family by the presence of specific derivatives of TGD-2 polar lipids. Haloarcula are found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes, marine salterns, and saline soils.

The genomic analysis of assemblages of organisms.

A genus of aerobic, chemolithotrophic, coccoid ARCHAEA whose organisms are thermoacidophilic. Its cells are highly irregular in shape, often lobed, but occasionally spherical. It has worldwide distribution with organisms isolated from hot acidic soils and water. Sulfur is used as an energy source.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often referred to as "jumping genes". There are two classes of interspersed repetitive elements. Class I elements (or RETROELEMENTS - such as retrotransposons, retroviruses, LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS) transpose via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Class II elements (or DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS - such as transposons, Tn elements, insertion sequence elements and mobile gene cassettes of bacterial integrons) transpose directly from one site in the DNA to another.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.

A genus of gram-positive, endospore-forming, thermophilic bacteria in the family BACILLACEAE.

Family of rod-shaped DNA viruses infecting ARCHAEA. They lack viral envelopes or lipids.

Genus of bacteria in the family PASTEURELLACEAE, comprising multiple species that do not ferment trehalose. Species include MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA; M. glucosida, M. granulomatis, M. ruminalis, and M. varigena.

The rose plant family in the order ROSALES and class Magnoliopsida. They are generally woody plants. A number of the species of this family contain cyanogenic compounds.

A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS that is a spherical, non-motile, gram-positive, chemoorganotrophic, facultative anaerobe. Mainly found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals, it can be primary pathogen or secondary invader.

Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A kingdom in the domain ARCHAEA comprised of thermoacidophilic, sulfur-dependent organisms. The two orders are SULFOLOBALES and THERMOPROTEALES.

Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Habitat of hot water naturally heated by underlying geologic processes. Surface hot springs have been used for BALNEOLOGY. Underwater hot springs are called HYDROTHERMAL VENTS.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Repair of DNA DAMAGE by exchange of DNA between matching sequences, usually between the allelic DNA (ALLELES) of sister chromatids.

A species of halophilic archaea found in the Dead Sea.

The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.

A species of extremophilic bacteria in the family Thermotogaceae. Generally anaerobic but in the presence of OXYGEN, it can produce hydrogen gas as a byproduct of metabolism.

Techniques used to add in exogenous gene sequence such as mutated genes; REPORTER GENES, to study mechanisms of gene expression; or regulatory control sequences, to study effects of temporal changes to GENE EXPRESSION.

The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.

Direct nucleotide sequencing of gene fragments from multiple housekeeping genes for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, organism identification, and typing of species, strain, serovar, or other distinguishable phylogenetic level.

A species in the genus GARDNERELLA previously classified as Haemophilus vaginalis. This bacterium, also isolated from the female genital tract of healthy women, is implicated in the cause of bacterial vaginosis (VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL).

A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

A mutation named with the blend of insertion and deletion. It refers to a length difference between two ALLELES where it is unknowable if the difference was originally caused by a SEQUENCE INSERTION or by a SEQUENCE DELETION. If the number of nucleotides in the insertion/deletion is not divisible by three, and it occurs in a protein coding region, it is also a FRAMESHIFT MUTATION.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

The functional genetic units of ARCHAEA.

An enzyme that activates histidine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.21.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause SCARLET FEVER and RHEUMATIC FEVER.

The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.

A form-genus of CYANOBACTERIA in the order Chroococcales. Many species are planktonic and possess gas vacuoles.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI that are a subgroup of SHIGA-TOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI. They cause non-bloody and bloody DIARRHEA; HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; and hemorrhagic COLITIS. An important member of this subgroup is ESCHERICHIA COLI O157-H7.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in hot springs of neutral to alkaline pH, as well as in hot-water heaters.

A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-like viruses, in the family SIPHOVIRIDAE. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its VIRION contains linear double-stranded DNA with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. The DNA circularizes on infection.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A natural association between organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them. This often refers to the production of chemicals by one microorganism that is harmful to another.

Distinct units in some bacterial, bacteriophage or plasmid GENOMES that are types of MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS. Encoded in them are a variety of fitness conferring genes, such as VIRULENCE FACTORS (in "pathogenicity islands or islets"), ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes, or genes required for SYMBIOSIS (in "symbiosis islands or islets"). They range in size from 10 - 500 kilobases, and their GC CONTENT and CODON usage differ from the rest of the genome. They typically contain an INTEGRASE gene, although in some cases this gene has been deleted resulting in "anchored genomic islands".

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Techniques to alter a gene sequence that result in an inactivated gene, or one in which the expression can be inactivated at a chosen time during development to study the loss of function of a gene.

Protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by B- and T- LYMPHOCYTES following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY. It can result from either previous infection with that agent or vaccination (IMMUNITY, ACTIVE), or transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from an immune donor (IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE).

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.

A genus of anaerobic coccoid METHANOCOCCACEAE whose organisms are motile by means of polar tufts of flagella. These methanogens are found in salt marshes, marine and estuarine sediments, and the intestinal tract of animals.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.

The etiologic agent of PLAGUE in man, rats, ground squirrels, and other rodents.

The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Techniques of nucleotide sequence analysis that increase the range, complexity, sensitivity, and accuracy of results by greatly increasing the scale of operations and thus the number of nucleotides, and the number of copies of each nucleotide sequenced. The sequencing may be done by analysis of the synthesis or ligation products, hybridization to preexisting sequences, etc.

The addition of descriptive information about the function or structure of a molecular sequence to its MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA record.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

An endoribonuclease that is specific for double-stranded RNA. It plays a role in POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL RNA PROCESSING of pre-RIBOSOMAL RNA and a variety of other RNA structures that contain double-stranded regions.

The degree of 3-dimensional shape similarity between proteins. It can be an indication of distant AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and used for rational DRUG DESIGN.

Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances.

Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA; (LYSOGENY); to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.

Proteins that catalyze the unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. In addition DNA helicases are DNA-dependent ATPases that harness the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate DNA strands.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 9 is activated during cell stress by mitochondria-derived proapoptotic factors and by CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1. It activates APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES.

A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.

A type of mutation in which a number of NUCLEOTIDES deleted from or inserted into a protein coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby causing an alteration in the READING FRAMES of the entire coding sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of MUTAGENS or may occur spontaneously.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

The first nucleotide of a transcribed DNA sequence where RNA polymerase (DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE) begins synthesizing the RNA transcript.

RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.

A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

An electrophoretic technique for assaying the binding of one compound to another. Typically one compound is labeled to follow its mobility during electrophoresis. If the labeled compound is bound by the other compound, then the mobility of the labeled compound through the electrophoretic medium will be retarded.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

A polysaccharide-producing species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from human dental plaque.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Sequence- and structure-specific RNA processing by a CRISPR endonuclease. (1/48)

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A dual function of the CRISPR-Cas system in bacterial antivirus immunity and DNA repair. (2/48)

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CRISPR immunity relies on the consecutive binding and degradation of negatively supercoiled invader DNA by Cascade and Cas3. (3/48)

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Csy4 relies on an unusual catalytic dyad to position and cleave CRISPR RNA. (4/48)

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Function and regulation of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR associated (Cas) systems. (5/48)

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Genetic determinants of PAM-dependent DNA targeting and pre-crRNA processing in Sulfolobus islandicus. (6/48)

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RcsB-BglJ-mediated activation of Cascade operon does not induce the maturation of CRISPR RNAs in E. coli K12. (7/48)

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Comparative analysis ofCas6b processing and CRISPR RNA stability. (8/48)

The prokaryotic antiviral defense systems CRISP R (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISP Rassociated) employs short crRNAs (CRISP R RNAs) to target invading viral nucleic acids. A short spacer sequence of these crRNAs can be derived from a viral genome and recognizes a reoccurring attack of a virus via base complementarity. We analyzed the effect of spacer sequences on the maturation of crRNAs of the subtype I-B Methanococcus maripaludis C5 CRISP R cluster. The responsible endonuclease, termed Cas6b, bound non-hydrolyzable repeat RNA as a dimer and mature crRNA as a monomer. Comparative analysis of Cas6b processing of individual spacer-repeat-spacer RNA substrates and crRNA stability revealed the potential influence of spacer sequence and length on these parameters. Correlation of these observations with the variable abundance of crRNAs visualized by deep-sequencing analyses is discussed. Finally, insertion of spacer and repeat sequences with archaeal poly-T termination signals is suggested to be prevented in archaeal CRISP R/Cas systems. (+info)

"CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes". Protein & Cell. 6 (5): 363-372. doi:10.1007/s13238-015-0153 ... Human cells in which some proteins are fused with green fluorescent protein to allow them to be visualised ... adapted from CRISPR).[74][75] TALEN and CRISPR are the two most commonly used and each has its own advantages.[76] TALENs have ... so that they will overexpress the desired protein. Mass quantities of the protein can then be manufactured by growing the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering

"CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes". Protein & Cell. 6: 363-72. doi:10.1007/s13238-015-0153-5. ... In general, only the parts of the gene that code for the expressed protein (exons) and small amounts of the flanking ... On 19 March 2015, scientists urged a worldwide ban on clinical use of methods, particularly the use of CRISPR and zinc finger, ... In February 2016, British scientists were given permission by regulators to genetically modify human embryos by using CRISPR ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_genetics

18 April 2015). "CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes". Protein & Cell. 6: 363-72. doi:10.1007/ ... 2002), I.3. Proteins: The Shape and Structure of Proteins Alberts et al. (2002), I.3. Proteins: Protein Function "How Does ... Some are simple structural molecules, like the fibers formed by the protein collagen. Proteins can bind to other proteins and ... without changing the structure of the protein itself). Protein structure is dynamic; the protein hemoglobin bends into slightly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics

"CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes". Protein & Cell. 6 (5): 363-72. doi:10.1007/s13238-015-0153-5 ... Defying textbook science, amino acids (the building blocks of a protein) can be assembled by another protein and without ... 2 January - A study published in Science shows evidence that a protein partially assembles another protein without genetic ... Researchers identify a protein on tiny particles, GPC1+ crExos, released by pancreatic cancer cells, which may help in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_science

For example, a protein found in pigs can cause humans to reject their transplanted organs. This protein can be replaced by a ... March 2013). "Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system". Nat. Biotechnol. 31 (3): 227-9. doi:10.1038/nbt ... This means that a specific DNA sequence will code for the same protein in all organisms. Due to this similarity in protein ... a component in milk whey protein that causes allergies. Pharming examples: Haemoglobin as a blood substitute Human protein C ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenesis

"Evolution of an archaeal virus nucleocapsid protein from the CRISPR-associated Cas4 nuclease". Biol Direct. 10 (1): 65. doi: ... The TTV1 virion contains four virus-encoded proteins, TP1-4. The proteins do not display any sequence similarity to structural ... Interestingly, nucleocapsid protein TP1 has apparently evolved from a Cas4 endonuclease, a conserved component of the adaptive ... CRISPR-Cas immunity, presenting the first described case of exaptation of an enzyme for a virus capsid protein function. Viral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphalipothrixvirus

In addition to these protein coding genes, Methanocaldococcus sp. FS406-22 has 36 pseudogenes and a total of 23 CRISPR loci. ... The phylogenetic analysis of nitrogenous and chlorophyll iron proteins suggests that an ancestral iron protein duplicated and ... This strain has the highest number of CRISPR loci of all sequenced isolates to date. It also has a GC-content of 32.04%. The ... Rath, Devashish; Amlinger, Lina; Rath, Archana; Lundgren, Magnus (2015-10-01). "The CRISPR-Cas immune system: Biology, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanocaldococcus_sp._FS406-22

CRISPR can be used to target the virus or the host to disrupt genes encoding the virus cell-surface receptor proteins. ... There are now more publications on CRISPR than ZFN and TALEN despite how recent the discovery of CRISPR is. Both CRISPR and ... Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the programmed Cas9 protein and the sgRNA can be directly introduced into fertilized zygotes to ... Cas (CRISPR associated proteins) process these sequences and cut matching viral DNA sequences. By introducing plasmids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_editing

"CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes". Protein & Cell. 6 (5): 363-372. doi:10.1007/s13238-015-0153 ... 2002), I.3. Proteins: The Shape and Structure of Proteins *^ Alberts et al. (2002), I.3. Proteins: Protein Function Archived 25 ... like the fibers formed by the protein collagen. Proteins can bind to other proteins and simple molecules, sometimes acting as ... A single nucleotide difference within DNA can cause a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein. Because protein ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics

They are used to assist insertion of genes into plasmid vectors during gene cloning and protein production experiments. For ... Horvath P, Barrangou R (Jan 2010). "CRISPR/Cas, the immune system of bacteria and archaea". Science. 327 (5962): 167-70. ... RCSB Protein Data Bank. Archived from the original on 2008-05-31. Retrieved 2008-06-06.. ... Artificial restriction enzymes created by linking the FokI DNA cleavage domain with an array of DNA binding proteins or zinc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_endonucleases

CRISPR-associated protein 1 (cas1) is one of the two universally conserved proteins found in the CRISPR prokaryotic immune ... the proteins responsible for the ability of the CRISPR immune system (CRISPR means: clustered regularly interspaced short ... Cas1 forms a stable complex with the other universally conserved CRISPR-associated protein, cas2, which is essential to spacer ... "Structural basis for DNase activity of a conserved protein implicated in CRISPR-mediated genome defense". Structure. 17 (6): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas1

The CRISPR technique has also been used to modify white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). GM food's economic value to ... Companies that produce Bt seed are introducing strains with multiple Bt proteins. Monsanto did this with Bt cotton in India, ... More recently, CRISPR and TALEN offered much more precise and convenient editing techniques. Gene guns (also known as ... "Gene-edited CRISPR mushroom escapes US regulation". nature.com. Nature. Retrieved 18 April 2016. Economic Impact of Transgenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops

Since 1995 V. Šikšnys is the chief scientist and head of the Department of Protein-DNA Interactions at the Vilnius University ... Lander ES: The Heroes of CRISPR. Cell 2015, 164:18-28. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.041 Gasiunas G, Barrangou R, Horvath P, ... Since 2007 V. Šikšnys focused on mechanistic studies of CRISPR-Cas, the newly discovered bacterial antiviral systems, and was ... V. Šikšnys and members of his laboratory perform biochemical, biophysical and structural studies of proteins involved in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginijus_Šikšnys

Their discovery relies on a protein named Cas9 found in the Streptococcus bacteria "CRISPR" immune system that works like ... The protein attacks its prey, the DNA of viruses, and slices it up. In 2015, Doudna gave a TED Talk about the bioethics of ... using CRISPR. She has also discovered that the hepatitis C virus utilizes an uncommon strategy to synthesize viral proteins. ... "The CRISPR Pioneers: Their Breakthrough Work Could Change the World." Time. N.d. 2016. Web. 25 Dec. 2016. Mukhopadyay, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna

"Highly efficient generation of biallelic reporter gene knock-in mice via CRISPR-mediated genome editing of ESCs". Protein & ... The speed of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockin also allows for biallelic modifications to some genes to be generated and the ... developments in knockin technique have allowed for pigs to have a gene for green fluorescent protein inserted with a CRISPR/ ... "Highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated transgene knockin at the H11 locus in pigs". Scientific Reports. 5. doi:10.1038/srep14253 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockin

The CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats - CRISPR associated proteins) system provides adaptive ... PCC6803 contains three different CRISPR-Cas systems: type I-D, and two versions of type III. All three CRISPR-Cas systems are ... SynechoNET: integrated protein-protein interaction database of a model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. SynechoNET is ... STRING: STRING is a database of known and predicted protein-protein interactions.The interactions include direct (physical) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechocystis

The M protein found on some serotypes is also able to prevent opsonization by binding to fibrinogen. However, the M protein is ... The CRISPR system from this organism that is used to recognize and destroy DNA from invading viruses, stopping the infection, ... In addition, the capsule and several factors embedded in the cell wall, including M protein, lipoteichoic acid, and protein F ( ... M proteins are unique to each strain, and identification can be used clinically to confirm the strain causing an infection. All ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes

"Bacteriophage Protein-Protein Interactions". Bacteriophage protein-protein interactions. Advances in Virus Research. 83. pp. ... T7 bacteriophage overcomes several of the host bacteria's defenses including the peptidoglycan cell wall and the CRISPR system ... virion proteins must first make a channel from the tip of the tail into the cell cytoplasm. The phage also injects proteins ... The head of the phage particle contains the roughly 40 kbp dsDNA genome which encodes 55 proteins. T7 has a short life cycle of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7_phage

"A Multiplexed Single-Cell CRISPR Screening Platform Enables Systematic Dissection of the Unfolded Protein Response" the ... CRISPR libraries can also be custom made using tools for sgRNA design, many of which are listed on the CRISPR/cas9 tools ... CRISPR-associated endonuclease: Cas9 or other CRISPR-associated endonucleases such as Cpf1 must be introduced to cells that do ... "A Multiplexed Single-Cell CRISPR Screening Platform Enables Systematic Dissection of the Unfolded Protein Response". Cell. 167 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturb-seq

On the other hand, CRISPR relies on ribonucleotide complex formation instead of protein/DNA recognition. gRNAs can target ... TAL effectors are proteins that are secreted by Xanthomonas bacteria via their type III secretion system when they infect ... TALEN is ultimately 200 times more expensive than CRISPR and takes several months more to perform. The off-target activity of ... Li T, Huang S, Jiang WZ, Wright D, Spalding MH, Weeks DP, Yang B (January 2011). "TAL nucleases (TALNs): hybrid proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_activator-like_effector_nuclease

In the presence of galactose or lactose, repressor proteins form protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions to loop the DNA. ... At the same time, progress in genome-editing techniques (such as CRISPR/Cas9, ZFNs, and TALENs) have made it easier to test the ... These proteins tend to be highly conserved across a majority of eukaryotic species. In mammals, key architectural proteins ... Cohesin is a heterodimer composed of the proteins SMC1 and SMC3 in combination with the SCC1 and SCC3 proteins. The entire ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_organization

Flagella are rigid protein structures, about 20 nanometres in diameter and up to 20 micrometres in length, that are used for ... This CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection. Bacteria frequently secrete chemicals into their ... These transfer proteins from the cytoplasm into the periplasm or into the environment around the cell. Many types of secretion ... The secretions are often proteins and may act as enzymes that digest some form of food in the environment. A few bacteria have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

... expressed in mammalian testes and somatic cells form RNA-protein complexes with Piwi proteins. These piRNA complexes (piRCs) ... Since then, the discovery of new non-coding RNAs has continued with snoRNAs, Xist, CRISPR and many more. Recent notable ... As with proteins, mutations or imbalances in the ncRNA repertoire within the body can cause a variety of diseases. Many ncRNAs ... The p53 protein functions as a transcription factor with a crucial role in orchestrating the cellular stress response. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_RNA

Using the CRISPR DNA editing technique, his group spliced genetic segments from frozen mammoth specimens, including genes from ... G. M. Church, J. L. Sussman & S.-H. Kim, 1977, "Secondary structural complementarity between DNA and proteins," Proc. natn. ... Robison, K; McGuire, A. M.; Church, G. M. (1998). "A comprehensive library of DNA-binding site matrices for 55 proteins applied ... and optimized CRISPR/Cas9 discovered by Jennifer Doudna and Emanuelle Charpentier for engineering a variety of genomes ranging ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Church

Protein and Cell, 2(11), 879-888. Maeder, M.; Linder, S.; Cascio, V.; Fu, Y.; Ho, Q.; Joung, J. CRISPR RNA-Guided Activation Of ... Thus, the MS2 protein is engineered to include p65 and HSF1 proteins. The MS2-p65-HSF1 fusion protein interacts with the dCas9- ... Addgene: CRISPR/Cas9 Guide https://www.addgene.org/crispr/guide/. Addgene: CRISPR/Cas9 Guide https://www.addgene.org/crispr/ ... "A guide to CRISPR gene activation." Phys.org, May 23, 2016. phys.org/news/2016-05-crispr-gene.html Zhang, Yonggang; Yin, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCas9_activation_system

Zinc finger proteins, Transcription Activator-Like Effectors (TALEs) and nuclease deficient Cas9 fusions (CRISPR). Comparing ... has constructed a ZF-TET1 protein for use in DNA demethylation. These zinc finger proteins work similarly to TALE proteins in ... When used for epigenome editing, these DNA binding proteins are attached to an effector protein. Effector proteins that have ... Proteins used for epigenome editing may obstruct ligands and substrates at the target site. The TALE protein itself may even ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome_editing

These proteins seem to be required for transmitting the checkpoint activation signal to downstream proteins. DNA damage ... With the help of CRISPR-Cas9,parts of a genome can be edited by scientists by removing or adding or altering parts in a DNA ... In E. coli , the proteins involved are the Mut class proteins. This is followed by removal of damaged region by an exonuclease ... Checkpoint Proteins can be separated into four groups: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-like protein kinase, proliferating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

In bacteria and archaea; CRISPR/Cas (clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins) ... CRISPR Deltcheva E, Chylinski K, Sharma CM, Gonzales K, Chao Y, Pirzada ZA, et al. (2011). "CRISPR RNA maturation by trans- ... Next, CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) are transcribed from this CRISPR locus. The crRNAs are then incorporated into effector complexes, ... There are several pathways of CRISPR activation, one of which requires a tracrRNA which plays a role in the maturation of crRNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-activating_crRNA

CRISPR/Cas9 Editing[edit]. The CRISPR editing system is able to target specific DNA sequences and, using a donor DNA template, ... This editing system induces a double stranded break in the DNA, using a guide RNA and effector protein Cas9 to break the DNA ... Compared to CRISPR/Cas9, the therapeutic applications of this technology are limited, due to the extensive engineering required ... protein, then their children have a 25% of inheriting the disease.[23] If a child has 1 mutated copy of CFTR, they will not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline_mutation

Hubby, J. L. Protein Differences in Drosophila. I. Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics. 1963, 48 (6): 871-879. PMC 1210521. PMID ... 長散落元件是CRISPR/Cas 系統。[33][34] ... De novo origination of a new protein-coding gene in ... Knowles DG, McLysaght A. Recent de novo origin of human protein-coding genes. Genome Res. 2009, 19 (10): 1752-1759. PMC 2765279 ... 编) In: Bryson, V. and Vogel, H.J. Evolving genes and proteins. Academic Press, New-York. 1964: 479-496.. ...

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/分子演化

Ran FA, Hsu PD, Wright J, Agarwala V, Scott DA, Zhang F (2013). "Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system". Nat Protoc 8 ... Jacob F; Monod J (June 1961). "Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins". J Mol Biol. 3 (3): 318-56. doi: ... Wu, DD; Irwin, DM; Zhang, YP (November 2011). "De novo origin of human protein-coding genes.". PLOS Genetics 7 (11): e1002379. ... Hershey, AD; Chase, M (1952). "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage". The Journal ...

https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ವಂಶವಾಹಿ

There are a number of ALS genes that encode for RNA-binding proteins. The first to be discovered was TDP-43 protein,[35] a ... and CRISPR/Cas9, which can be used to give an animal model multiple mutated genes. Both of these methods are faster and cheaper ... Mutant SOD1 protein forms intracellular aggregations that inhibit protein degradation. Cytoplasmic aggregations of wild-type ( ... Once these mutant RNA-binding proteins are misfolded and aggregated, they may be able to misfold normal protein both within and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gehrig's_disease

Ledford H (March 2016). "CRISPR: gene editing is just the beginning". Nature. 531 (7593): 156-9. Bibcode:2016Natur.531..156L. ... Bakteri yang dihasilkan, bernama Mycoplasma laboratorium, dapat mereplikasi dan menghasilkan protein.[40][41] Empat tahun ... Perusahaan pertama yang berfokus pada rekayasa genetika, Genentech, didirikan pada tahun 1976 dan mulai memproduksi protein ... Jennifer Doudna dan Emmanuelle Charpentier berkolaborasi untuk mengembangkan sistem CRISPR/Cas9,[44][45] teknik yang dapat ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekayasa_genetika

October 2017). "Multiplexed quantification of proteins and transcripts in single cells". Nature Biotechnology. 35 (10): 936-939 ... "Single-cell lineage tracing by integrating CRISPR-Cas9 mutations with transcriptomic data". Nature Communications. 3055 (1): ... In 2017, two approaches were introduced to simultaneously measure single-cell mRNA and protein expression through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_cell_sequencing?source=post_page---------------------------

Short DB, Trotter KW, Reczek D, Kreda SM, Bretscher A, Boucher RC, Stutts MJ, Milgram SL (July 1998). "An apical PDZ protein ... "Functional repair of CFTR by CRISPR/Cas9 in intestinal stem cell organoids of cystic fibrosis patients". Cell Stem Cell 13 (6 ... CRISPR/Cas9-ის (გენის ჩამატების ტექნიკა) გამოყენებით. [138] ...

https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/კისტური_ფიბროზი

In fission yeast this complex contains argonaute, a chromodomain protein Chp1, and a protein called Tas3 of unknown function.[ ... It has been suggested that CRISPR interference systems in prokaryotes are analogous to eukaryotic RNA interference systems, ... This ancestral RNAi system probably contained at least one dicer-like protein, one argonaute, one PIWI protein, and an RNA- ... Left: A full-length argonaute protein from the archaea species Pyrococcus furiosus. Right: The PIWI domain of an argonaute ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference

Antisense nucleic acids and proteins: fundamentals and applications. pp. 4, 136. ISBN 0824785169.. ... Suxeriuse que os sistemas procarióticos de interferencia CRISPR (loci chamados Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short ... Nakayashiki H, Kadotani N, Mayama S (2006). "Evolution and diversification of RNA silencing proteins in fungi". J Mol Evol 63 ( ... Tomari Y, Matranga C, Haley B, Martinez N, Zamore P (2004). "A protein sensor for siRNA asymmetry". Science 306 (5700): 1377-80 ...

https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAi

... hormone and protein differences - some proteins will be molecularly incompatible, which could cause malfunction of important ... Pig cells have been engineered to inactivate all 62 PERVs in the genome using CRISPR Cas9 genome editing technology,[42] and ... The endothelium activation is considered type II since gene induction and protein synthesis are involved. The binding of XNAs ... This response is further perpetuated as normally binding between regulatory proteins and their ligands aid in the control of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenozoonosis

The molecular definition of a stem cell includes many more proteins and continues to be a topic of research.[20] ... 2015: CRISPR genome-editing method. *2016: First observation of gravitational waves. *2017: GW170817 (neutron star merger) ... A human embryonic stem cell is also defined by the expression of several transcription factors and cell surface proteins. The ... Using genetic reprogramming with protein transcription factors, pluripotent stem cells with ESC-like capabilities have been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell

CRISPR/Cas9Edit. Main article: CRISPR. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a method for ... and most cases the gene will be translated into a nonfunctional protein, if it is translated at all. However, this is an ... genome editing that contains a guide RNA complexed with a Cas9 protein.[5] The guide RNA can be engineered to match a desired ... "Efficient Gene Knockout in Goats Using CRISPR/Cas9 System". PLOS ONE. 9 (9): e106718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106718. ISSN ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_gene

2002年SRSR被重命名为CRISPR，其中一部分基因编码的蛋白为核酸酶和解旋酶，这些关联蛋白（Cas, CRISPR-associated proteins）与CRISPR组成了CRISPR/Cas系统[15]。 ... CRISPR/Cas系統，為目前發現存在於多數細菌與絕大多數的古菌中的一種後天免疫系統[2]，以消滅外來的質體或者噬菌體[3][4]，並在自身

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR/Cas_系統

Setelah protein komplemen terikat pada mikroba, protein-protein ini mengaktifkan aktivitas proteasenya, yang kemudian ... Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, Romero DA, Horvath P (Mar 2007). "CRISPR provides acquired ... protein G), Staphylococcus aureus (protein A), dan Peptostreptococcus magnus (protein L).[157] ... biasanya mengenai protein-protein virus yang sudah diteliti dengan baik) sebagai set pelatihan.[139] ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_kekebalan_tubuh

Lander, Eric S. (2016-01-14). "The Heroes of CRISPR". Cell. 164 (1-2): 18-28. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.041. ISSN 1097-4172. ... CRISPR), Philippe Horvath, focused on the genetics of a lactic-acid bacteria used in the production of sauerkraut.[42] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerkraut

"Gene-edited CRISPR mushroom escapes US regulation". 2016. Nature. *↑ 26,0 26,1 Maggie Koerth-Baker. "The case of the poison ... "Canola Proteins for Human Consumption: Extraction, Profile, and Functional Properties". 2011. Journal of Food Science. ... aasta aprillis sai CRISPR-tehnoloogias modifitseeritud valgepuksiir seen (Agaricus bisporus) Ameerika Ühendriikidelt de facto ... Aprillis 2016 hakati müüma šampinjone (Agaricus bisporus), mida oli muundatud CRISPR-meetodil. Need seened ei pea alluma GMO- ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneetiliselt_muundatud_toit

Researchers have discovered an abzyme that can destroy the protein gp120 CD4 binding site. This protein is common to all HIV ... "CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting regulatory genes of HIV-1 inhibits viral replication in infected T-cell cultures". Scientific ... Ferrantelli F; Cafaro A; Ensoli B (December 2004). "Nonstructural HIV proteins as targets for prophylactic or therapeutic ... causing the breakdown of the outer protein envelope of the virus. This, they say, could lead to the production of a vaginal gel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research

Used for analysis of gene expression and protein functioning in signature-tagging mutagenesis. *This analytical tool allows ... Expression of disease causing, damaging proteins that inhibit normal cellular function. *Many TEs contain promoters which drive ... one copy of Hsmar1 found in the SETMAR gene is under selection as it provides DNA-binding for the histone-modifying protein.[47 ... while Class II TEs or DNA transposons encode the protein transposase, which they require for insertion and excision, and some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposable_elements

CRISPREdit. Since 2013, the development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has allowed for the efficient introduction of point mutations ... "Complex regulation of CREB-binding protein by homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2". Cellular Signalling. 27 (11): 2252-60 ... Commercial applications - Proteins may be engineered to produce mutant forms that are tailored for a specific application. For ... Investigative tools - specific mutations in DNA allow the function and properties of a DNA sequence or a protein to be ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis

... large subunit ribosomal proteins (rpl, orange), hypothetical chloroplast open reading frame proteins (ycf, lemon), proteins ... editing experiments and might be of interest as visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as CRISPR ... Secondary databases: UniProt, database of protein sequences grouping together Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL and Protein Information ... Leaf primordia are initiated by the suppression of the genes and proteins of the class I KNOX family (such as SHOOT APICAL ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thale_Cress

For his achievements in demonstrating how changes in the gene produce changes in the way protein is made in the body. ... groundbreaking work that catalyzed the manipulation of the CRISPR-Cas9 pathway for genome engineering. ... For contributions to our understanding of signal transduction, regulation of protein movement into and out of the nucleus, and ... For his pathfinding research in structural biology, which has elucidated both the pathway of protein folding and mechanisms of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Molecular_Biology

Cascade (CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense). CRISPR Cascade protein (cyan) bound to CRISPR RNA (green) and viral ... Cas9 (or "CRISPR-associated protein 9") is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and cleave specific ... Most CRISPR-Cas systems have a Cas1 protein. The phylogeny of Cas1 proteins generally agrees with the classification system.[62 ... proteins recognize and cut foreign pathogenic DNA. Other RNA-guided Cas proteins cut foreign RNA.[9] CRISPR are found in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR

Hooper NM (2005). «Roles of Proteolysis and Lipid Rafts in the Processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein and Prion Protein». ... Could the DNA-editing CRISPR revolutionize medicine? por Carina Storrs publicado na CNN em 12 de agosto de 2015 ... Ohnishi S, Takano K (2004). «Amyloid Fibrils from the Viewpoint of Protein Folding». Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 61 ( ... Turner PR, O'Connor K, Tate WP, Abraham WC (2003). «Roles of Amyloid Precursor Protein and its Fragments in Regulating Neural ...

https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer

... can also recruit fusion proteins engineered to bind specific RNA sequences. Recruiting these proteins can allow ... CRISPR-Display is currently limited by the number of available functional RNA motifs and RNA binding protein functions. As more ... CRISPR-Display (CRISP-Disp) is a modification of the CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) ... Recruitment of endogenous or engineered RNA binding proteins for gene regulation[edit]. Endogenous proteins known to bind a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR-Display

In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, trichome formation is initiated by the GLABROUS1 protein. Knockouts of the ... "An Efficient Visual Screen for CRISPR/Cas9 Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fpls. ... Activation of genes that encode specific protein transcription factors (named GLABRA1 (GL1), GLABRA3 (GL3) and TRANSPARENT ... editing experiments and might be of interest as visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as CRISPR ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomes

CRISPR gene drive and homing endonuclease systems[edit]. CRISPR allows the construction of artificial homing endonucleases, ... and it involves a nuclear envelope protein Ran-GAP and the X-linked repeat array called Responder (Rsp), where the SD allele of ... CRISPR-Cas9 technology allows the artificial construction of homing endonuclease systems.These so-called "gene drive" systems ... the population genetics theory for homing endonucleases and CRISPR-based gene drives has become much more advanced.[50][124] An ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfish_gene

Haft, D. H., Selengut, J., Mongodin, E. F., & Nelson, K. E. (2005). A guild of 45 CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein families and ... Neden Crispr/Cas9. Uygulaması çok daha kolay. Çok daha ekonomik. Çok daha hızlı. Crispr/Cas9 Nedir? Nasıl Çalışır?. Bakteriyel ... 2. Crispr/Cas9 Nedir? Nasıl Çalışır?. 3. CRISPR-Cas9 Sisteminin Potansiyel Kullanımı. 4. Kaynaklar. 1/30. 2/30. 3/30. 4/30. 5/ ... Transcript of Crispr. CRISPR. (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats) -Düzenli Aralıklarla Bölünmüş Palindromik ...

https://prezi.com/gxs4f5alnzie/crispr/

A number of protein families appear only in association with these repeats and are designated Cas (CRISPR associated) proteins ... RT A guild of 45 CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein families and multiple CRISPR/cas subtypes exist in prokaryotic genomes RA Haft ... This family, represented by TM1791 of Thermotoga maritima, is designated Cmr6 [sic], for CRISPR/Cas Ramp Module protein 6. This ... CRISPR is a term for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palidromic Repeats. ...

http://www.jcvi.org/cgi-bin/tigrfams/HmmReportPage.cgi?acc=TIGR01898

We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their ... InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites ... Virulence-associated protein D / CRISPR associated protein Cas2 (IPR019199). Short name: Virulence_VapD/CRISPR_Cas2 ... Virulence-associated protein D / CRISPR associated protein Cas2 (IPR019199) *CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas2 (IPR021127) ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR019199

CRISPR‐associated (Cas) proteins carry out the immune effector functions. Cas2 is a universal component of the CRISPR system. ...

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/ayf2/2010/00000066/00000012/art00002

More Anti-CRISPR Proteins to Block Cas9. More Anti-CRISPR Proteins to Block Cas9. The latest CRISPR deactivators to be ... WIKIMEDIA, CAS9 WIKI PROJECTFollowing closely on the heels of the discovery of several proteins that can block CRISPR-Cas9 ... we can also take advantage of the anti-CRISPR proteins that viruses have sculpted to get around those bacterial defenses," ... "The expression of these inhibiting proteins could be triggered in response to a given condition, or at a particular time point ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/more-anti-crispr-proteins-to-block-cas9-32296/amp

Proteins and DNA elements essential for the CRISPR adaptation process in Escherichia coli.. Yosef I1, Goren MG, Qimron U. ... Proteins and DNA elements essential for the CRISPR adaptation process in Escherichia coli ... Proteins and DNA elements essential for the CRISPR adaptation process in Escherichia coli ... Proteins and DNA elements essential for the CRISPR adaptation process in Escherichia coli ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402487?dopt=Abstract

... and the CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein-coding genes. Here, we have identified a CRISPR-Cas effector complex that is comprised ... RNA-guided RNA cleavage by a CRISPR RNA-Cas protein complex.. Hale CR1, Zhao P, Olson S, Duff MO, Graveley BR, Wells L, Terns ... furiosus Cmr proteins (all), and also with combinations of proteins lacking individual Cmr proteins as indicated (e.g. - Cmr6 ... Cas proteins. The psiRNA-Cmr protein complexes cleave complementary target RNAs at a fixed distance from the 3 end of the ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945378?dopt=Abstract

The work suggests DIA can be a rapid way to confirm the outcome of CRISPR experiments while looking at the downstream effects ... Yale Team Combines DIA-MS With CRISPR to Study Down Syndrome Protein. Mar 28, 2019 ... Home » Yale Team Combines DIA-MS With CRISPR to Study Down Syndrome Protein ... combined with CRISPR gene deletion to study the function of a protein linked to Down Syndrome and tumor immunity. ...

https://www.genomeweb.com/proteomics-protein-research/yale-team-combines-dia-ms-crispr-study-down-syndrome-protein

CRISPR clusters are transcribed and processed into CRISPR RNA (crRNA). The type III-A Csm effector complex binds crRNA and acts ... This CRISPR-Cas system protects bacteria against transformation with plasmids containing DNA homologous to its spacer regions ( ... CRISPR clusters contain spacers, sequences complementary to antecedent mobile elements, and target invading nucleic acids. ... CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) is an adaptive immune system that provides protection against ...

https://uniprot.org/uniprot/P9WPJ5

CRISPR/Cas9 protein & RNA reagents for higher efficiency cleavage with fewer off-target effects. Design your guide RNA sequence ... CRISPR RNA/Cas9 Protein Workflow. Only three steps are required for using synthetic CRISPR RNA oligos:. *Incubate the crRNA and ... CRISPR/Cas9 Protein & RNA FAQs. * What are your CRISPR plasmid delivery specifications? Read More ». ... Cas9 Protein. Cas9 protein is the CRISPR-associated nuclease which enzymatically cleaves DNA and enables gene editing. ...

https://www.genscript.com/crispr-cas9-protein-crRNA.html?src=mostpopular

CRISPR/Cas9 protein & RNA reagents for higher efficiency cleavage with fewer off-target effects. Design your guide RNA sequence ... CRISPR RNA/Cas9 Protein Workflow. Only three steps are required for using synthetic CRISPR RNA oligos:. *Incubate the crRNA and ... Promotion:20% Off CRISPR RNAs & Cas9 Protein. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing is a powerful technique that allows you to ... CRISPR/Cas9 Protein & RNA FAQs. * What are your CRISPR plasmid delivery specifications? Read More ». ...

https://www.genscript.com/crispr-cas9-protein-crRNA.html?src=catpro

... have found four new anti-CRISPR proteins that are distributed across different environments. The new study published in Cell ... only a few anti-CRISPR proteins have been discovered so far in a very specific subset of bacteria. Current anti-CRISPR proteins ... CRISPR-associated protein Cas9 (white) from Staphylococcus aureus based on Protein Database ID 5AXW. Credit: Thomas ... Interestingly, phages have evolved anti-CRISPR proteins to overcome bacterial CRISPR systems in the evolutionary arms race ...

https://phys.org/news/2019-02-anti-crispr-proteins-soil-human-gut.html

Tags: Cas9, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), CRISPR associated protein (Cas), CRISPR/Cas9, ... Tags: agriculture, Cas9, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), CRISPR associated protein (Cas), ... Beiträge zum Thema CRISPR associated protein (Cas). Medizin: Der wissenschaftliche Fortschritt des Jahrhunderts ... August 2017 - The scientific advance of the century in medicine, CRISPR, is a technique that allows scientists to make precise ...

https://cba.fro.at/tag/crispr-associated-protein-cas

High-quality CRISPR/Cas9 Products for Genome Engineering. Find & Order at antikoerper-online.de. ... Hand-selected CRISPR/Cas9 Antibodies and Proteins. ... Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ELISA Kits * Carbonic Anhydrase II ...

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High-quality CRISPR/Cas9 Products for Genome Engineering. Find & Order at antibodies-online.com. ... CRISPR-Cas9 protein (His tag) Recombinant Protein, Escherichia coli (E. coli) (Source), Purity , 80 % as determined by SDS-PAGE ... CRISPR-Cas9 CRISPR-Cas9. The CRISPR/Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that originally confers resistance to foreign ... CRISPR associated proteins link the CRISPR spacers to recognize and cut these exogenous genetic elements in a manner analogous ...

https://www.antibodies-online.com/protein/crispr-cas9/

Four CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein families, designated Cas1 to Cas4, are strictly associated with CRISPR elements and always ...

https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010060

... recombinant proteins & enzymes, and other innovative research tools for studying Apoptosis, Metabolism, Cell Proliferation, ... BioVision develops and offers a wide variety of products including assay kits, antibodies, recombinant proteins & enzymes, and ...

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"Cas4 is present in many CRISPR-Cas systems, but the roles of the proteins were mysterious," said Terns. "In our system, there ... When the Cas1 and Cas2 proteins are present in the cell with either of two Cas4 protein nucleases, Cas4-1 and Cas4-2, they act ... CRISPR-Cas, short for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated, is a defense mechanism that ... about how two previously poorly characterized Cas4 proteins function in tandem with Cas1 and Cas2 proteins found in all CRISPR- ...

https://today.uconn.edu/2018/06/scientists-discover-roles-teamwork-crispr-cas-proteins/?utm_source=uconn-today-plugin

Ribosomal Protein L26L1유전자침묵에는 Ribosomal Protein L26L1 CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout plasmids 와 Ribosomal Protein L26L1 Double Nickase ... 또한 유전자활성화에 쓰이는 Ribosomal Protein L26L1 CRISPR/dCas9 Activation Plasmids와 CRISPR Lenti Activation Systems도 제공합니다. 유전자침묵과 활성화는 ... "산타크루즈바이오테크놀러지는 광범위한 유전자편집 제품을 제공하고 있으며 유전자침묵에 쓰이는 CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout 와 CRISPR Double Nickase plasmids를 제공합니다. ... Ribosomal Protein L26L1 CRISPR Plasmids. 산타크루즈바이오테크놀러지는 유전자침묵에 쓰이는 CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout 와 CRISPR Double Nickase plasmids를 포함한 ...

https://www.scbt.com/ko/browse/Ribosomal-Protein-L26L1-CRISPR-Plasmids/_/N-1x3c6w5

Ribosomal Protein L10a gene silencers are available as Ribosomal Protein L10a CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout plasmids and Ribosomal ... Ribosomal Protein L10a CRISPR/dCas9 Activation Plasmids and CRISPR Lenti Activation Systems for gene activation are also ... offers a broad range of gene editing products including CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout and CRISPR Double Nickase plasmids for gene ... Gene silencers and activators are useful for gene studies in combination with antibodies used for protein detection. ...

https://www.scbt.com/browse/Ribosomal-Protein-L10a-CRISPR-Plasmids/_/N-1l815cs

Researcher Uses CRISPR-Cas9 as Immune System for Plants. *CRISPR-Edited Tobacco Produces Improved Proteins for Pharmaceutical ... CRISPR-Edited Tobacco Produces Improved Proteins for Pharmaceutical Use. July 11, 2018 ... Julia Jansing from Aachen University in Germany and team used multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 to develop tobacco lines without α-1,3- ... The team then compared the CD64‐binding affinity of the 2G12 glycovariants produced in wildtype tobacco, the CRISPR-edited line ...

http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/article/default.asp?ID=16607

G protein-coupled receptors are a major class of membrane receptors that mediate physiological and pathophysiological cellular ... Crispr-associated Proteins. Protein components of the CRISPR-CAS SYSTEMS for anti-viral defense in ARCHAEA and BACTERIA. These ... CRISPR elements) that function in conjunction with CRISPR-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS (Cas proteins). Several types have been ... High-throughput CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens using a tiling-sgRNA design permit in situ evaluation of protein domain function. ...

https://www.bioportfolio.com/resources/pmarticle/2616814/CRISPR-Mediated-Protein-Tagging-with-Nanoluciferase-to-Investigate-Native-Chemokine-Receptor-Function.html

Abstract 4517: A CRISPR approach to monitoring hypoxia-inducible proteins in real-time. Marie K. Schwinn, Thomas Machleidt, ... A CRISPR approach to monitoring hypoxia-inducible proteins in real-time [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association ... Abstract 4517: A CRISPR approach to monitoring hypoxia-inducible proteins in real-time ... Abstract 4517: A CRISPR approach to monitoring hypoxia-inducible proteins in real-time ...

http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/77/13_Supplement/4517

Recombinant CRISPR-Cas9 Protein. Spezies: Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes). Quelle: Escherichia coli (E. coli). Jetzt ... CRISPR-Cas9 (Active) Protein. Details zu Produkt Nr. ABIN3071564, Anbieter: Anmelden zum Anzeigen ... Cas9 protein forms a very stable ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex with the guide RNA (gRNA) component of the CRISPR/Cas9 system ... CRISPR-Cas9 Spezies Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes). Alternativen 2 Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes). ...

https://www.antikoerper-online.de/protein/3071564/CRISPR-Cas9+Active+protein/

... ... "Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Regulators of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase as Suppressors of Liver Tumors in Mice." ... Conclusions Using a CRISPR-based strategy, we identified Nf1, Plxnb1, Flrt2, and B9d1 as suppressors of liver tumor formation. ... We used CRISPR to inactivate candidate tumor suppressor genes in p53 −/− ;Myc;Cas9 cells and transplanted them subcutaneously ...

https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/121984

A guild of 45 CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein families and multiple CRISPR/Cas subtypes exist in prokaryotic genomes. PLoS ... the protein-mediated functions of the CRISPR-Cas system are apparently carried out by distinct sets of Cas proteins in ... The diversity of Cas proteins found in CRISPR-containing prokaryotes may reflect significantly different mechanisms of CRISPR ... RNA-Guided RNA Cleavage by a CRISPR RNA-Cas Protein Complex. Caryn R. Hale, Peng Zhao, Sara Olson, Michael O. Duff, Brenton R. ...

http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC2951265/

A battle is brewing between two research groups over whether a CRISPR-like, DNA based defense system in mimivirus that confers ... Do giant viruses have a CRISPR-like immune system or a protein restriction factor?. 30 June 2016 ... noted that type VI CRISPR systems have no CRISPR locus and likely function via mechanisms that are different from other CRISPR ... then why would silencing the genes encoding CRISPR-like proteins allow Zamilon replication? Claverie and Abergel think that it ...

http://www.virology.ws/2016/06/30/do-giant-viruses-have-a-crispr-like-immune-system-or-a-protein-restriction-factor/

CRISPR clusters are transcribed and processed into CRISPR RNA (crRNA), formerly called psiRNA (prokaryotic silencing) in this ... CRISPR clusters contain sequences complementary to antecedent mobile elements and target invading nucleic acids. ... CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat), is an adaptive immune system that provides protection ... "RNA-guided RNA cleavage by a CRISPR RNA-Cas protein complex.". Hale C.R., Zhao P., Olson S., Duff M.O., Graveley B.R., Wells L. ...

http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8U1T0

Increasing the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated precise genome editing in rats by inhibiting NHEJ and using Cas9 protein.. [ ... Meanwhile, the Cas9 protein instead of mRNA was used to save the mRNA to protein translation step to improve the precise ... The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been proved as a powerful tool to generate gene knockout and knockin animals. But the homologous ... Our result showed that both Scr7 and Cas9 protein can increase the precise modification. ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/27163284

... at the gene loci were removed within 4 h in this dual CRISPR/Cas9 strategy before any effect on cytoplasmic mRNA and protein ... Br-cAMP stimulation of primary and spliced StAR RNA at the gene loci were removed within 4 h in this dual CRISPR/Cas9 strategy ... Here, we describe a dual CRISPR/Cas9 strategy marked by GFP/mCherry expression that deletes StAR activity within 12 h. We used ... Here, we describe a dual CRISPR/Cas9 strategy marked by GFP/mCherry expression that deletes StAR activity within 12 h. We used ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2017.00289/full

Anti-CRISPR proteins interact with NmeCas9 in mammalian cells to inhibit genome editing. (A) Anti-CRISPR proteins interact with ... Identification and in vitro validation of two anti-CRISPR protein families. (A) Schematic of candidate anti-CRISPR proteins and ... Widespread anti-CRISPR proteins in virulent bacteriophages inhibit a range of Cas9 proteins. Nat Commun 9:2919. doi:10.1038/ ... Structural basis of CRISPR-SpyCas9 inhibition by an anti-CRISPR protein. Nature 546:436-439. doi:10.1038/nature22377. ...

https://mbio.asm.org/content/9/6/e02321-18

CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9)?: * addgene - CRISPR/Cas9 Guide ... TME - The almighty CRISPR-Cas9 technology: How does it work? The almighty CRISPR-Cas9 technology: How does it work? by The ... WiB - CRISPR-Cas9 CRISPR-Cas9 by What is biotechnology? an independent, non-profit educational organisation. Free at the point ... RSBP - Introduction to CRISPR and Cas9 Introduction to CRISPR and Cas9 by The Registry of Standard Biological Parts, Cambridge ...

https://microbes.info/resources/1222/what-is-clustered-regularly-interspaced-short-palindromic-repeats---crispr-associated-protein-9-%28crispr-cas9%29%3F

Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. (prezi.com)
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome wide screens, CRISPR/Cas9/rAAV-mediated gene editing, microscopy, proteomics, cell and molecular biology. (jobvector.com)
In eukaryotes, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has now been widely used as a revolutionary genome engineering tool1, 2. (readbyqxmd.com)
Enhancing the genome editing toolbox: genome wide CRISPR arrayed libraries. (readbyqxmd.com)
[2] "Genome editing tools such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated system (Cas) have been widely used to modify genes in model systems including animal zygotes and human cells, and hold tremendous promise for both basic research and clinical applications. (edu.au)
Upon future infection, crRNAs recruit either a single or series of Cas proteins to the targeted location in the viral genome, leading to cleavage by Cas proteins and DNA degradation. (infectiveperspective.com)
In order to prevent the system from accidentally destroying the host genome where the CRISPR array is integrated, crRNAs retain part of the repeat non-spacer sequence at each end. (infectiveperspective.com)

Next, the CRISPR region - the chain of repeats - is expressed ("read") and individual spacer sequences are processed into what are called crRNAs (CRISPR RNAs). (infectiveperspective.com)
In RNAi , short pieces of RNAs are also processed from longer precursors in order to target effector proteins (similar to crRNAs recruiting Cas) toward complementary gene sequences in order to inhibit their function. (infectiveperspective.com)

CRISPR utilizes a short RNA molecule (similar to DNA, but used by cells to put genes in their active form) that is complementary to the genomic region of interest, which targets the DNA for cleavage by the Cas9 protein. (infectiveperspective.com)
CRISPR regions in bacteria, first discovered in 1987, contain a large chain of nucleotide repeats separated by unique short sequences called spacers along with a series of associated genes (called cas ) at one end of the chain. (infectiveperspective.com)

To repair the mutated IARS gene, we designed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) to create a double-strand break near the mutation site. (readbyqxmd.com)

Type II CRISPR-Cas systems use an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, Cas9, to generate double strand breaks in invasive DNA during an adaptative bacterial immune response. (expasy.org)
Cas9 proteins are abundant across the bacterial kingdom, but vary widely in both sequence and size. (expasy.org)
CRISPR therefore acts like an ancient bacterial form of the antibody-mediated immunity (the mechanism by which our body defends against past infection) that is present in mammals. (infectiveperspective.com)

The total array is expressed as a single long RNA, and groups of Cas proteins then process this RNA into individual crRNAs containing each individual spacer sequence. (infectiveperspective.com)

Cytidine deaminase PmCDA1 fused to the nuclease-deficient CRISPR-Cas9 system achieved specific point mutagenesis at the target sites in E. (readbyqxmd.com)

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human zygotes using Cas9 protein [1] "Previous works using human tripronuclear zygotes suggested that the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system could be a tool in correcting disease-causing mutations. (edu.au)
Molecular biologists have been taking advantage of CRISPR function in order to create targeted permanent gene mutations. (infectiveperspective.com)

The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas (CRISPR associated) system is a naturally occuring, adaptative microbial immune system for defense against invading phages and other mobile genetic elements. (expasy.org)

The CRISPR system allows selective permanent editing of almost any genomic region, whether by deletion, insertion or substitution of specific nucleotides (units of DNA). (infectiveperspective.com)
CRISPR is a naturally occurring system of acquired immunity (aka an immune system) in many species of bacteria that protects against viral infection. (infectiveperspective.com)

RNAi is commonly used in molecular biology research for easily downregulating gene expression temporarily, in contrast with CRISPR which creates permanent genomic changes. (infectiveperspective.com)

We systematically compared four different engineered zinc finger proteins (ZFP), four transcription activator-like effector proteins (TALE), CRISPR associated protein 9 (SpCas9) and the catalytically inactive dSpCas9 protein fused to the amino-terminus of the transposase enzyme designed to target the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene located on human chromosome X. (readbyqxmd.com)

C lustered r egularly i nterspaced s hort p alindromic r epeats (CRISPR) technology is revolutionizing molecular biology and genetic engineering. (infectiveperspective.com)
CRISPR/Cas9 therefore has almost unlimited potential, not just for laboratory research studies but more importantly for potentially curing genetic diseases. (infectiveperspective.com)

1. Use the Cas9 recombinant protein rather than a plasmid. (wordpress.com)

The mechanism of CRISPR interference is analogous to RNA interference (RNAi) in eukaryotes (more advanced cells than bacteria). (infectiveperspective.com)

CRISPR/Cas9 and donor DNA that contained a synonymous codon for the correct amino acid and an Aequorea coerulescens Green Fluorescent Protein (AcGFP) cassette with a piggyBac transposase recognition site at both ends were introduced into bovine fetal fibroblast (BFF) cells isolated from a homozygous mutant calf. (readbyqxmd.com)

CRISPR-Cas9 technology has accelerated biological research becoming routine for many laboratories. (readbyqxmd.com)

We found that CRISPR/Cas9 could effectively cleave the endogenous β-globin gene (HBB). (edu.au)

Functional validation of mouse tyrosinase non-coding regulatory DNA elements by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutagenesis. (prezi.com)

So yes off-targets are a matter of concern when doing CRISPR experiments, which means there's still a lot to be done before this gene editing technique sees the light of clinical trials. (wordpress.com)

CRISPR-mediated immunity works in three phases. (infectiveperspective.com)

CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. (ebi.ac.uk)

In this work, we report two novel anti-CRISPR families in strains of Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Simonsiella muelleri , both of which harbor type II-C CRISPR-Cas systems (A. Mir, A. Edraki, J. Lee, and E. J. Sontheimer, ACS Chem Biol 13:357-365, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.7b00855 ). (asm.org)
The CRISPR-Cas9 and Anti-CRISPR proteins are the topic of Protein Modeling for the 2018-2019 season. (scioly.org)
Dong Y, Simões ML, Marois E, Dimopoulos G (2018) CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection. (eurekalert.org)

CRISPR‐associated (Cas) proteins carry out the immune effector functions. (ingentaconnect.com)
CRISPR systems are bacterial immune systems that enable the bacterium to fight off infecting viruses ( phages ) in a targeted manner. (phys.org)
Recently published research from UConn Health and the University of Georgia provides new insight about the basic biological mechanisms of the RNA-based viral immune system known as CRISPR-Cas. (uconn.edu)
When the Cas1 and Cas2 proteins are present in the cell with either of two Cas4 protein nucleases, Cas4-1 and Cas4-2, they act like the generals of this army-based immune system, communicating uniform sized clipped DNA fragments, directions on where to go next and ultimately instructions that destroy the lethal DNA fragment. (uconn.edu)
Do giant viruses have a CRISPR-like immune system or a protein restriction factor? (virology.ws)
Because the CRISPR-Cas system is an adaptive immune system that protects bacteria and Archaea from virus infections and invasion of foreign DNA, the authors propose that they have discovered a new adaptive immune system that protects mimiviruses from virophage infection. (virology.ws)
CRISPR-Cas is an adaptive immune system which provides protection from invasive mobile genetic elements in prokaryotes. (nottingham.ac.uk)
That process, of course, is the microbial immune system known as CRISPR, which has been adapted since 2012 to become a powerful and highly accessible genome editing tool. (genengnews.com)
To repel infection by phage and mobile genetic elements, prokaryotes have a form of adaptive immune response and memory invested in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas). (sciencemag.org)
The so-called CRISPR-Cas systems-clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated proteins-are adaptive immune defense systems found in bacteria and archaea. (sciencemag.org)
As such, all CRISPR-Cas immune systems are reliant on the formation of CRISPR memories, known as spacers, to facilitate future defense. (sciencemag.org)
The genetic basis of immunity means that CRISPR adaptation provides heritable benefits, an attribute that is unparalleled in eukaryotic immune systems. (sciencemag.org)
The CRISPR-Cas immune system: biology, mechanisms and applications," Biochimie 117:119-128, 2015. (mybeckman.ca)
Cas3 is a single-stranded DNA nuclease and ATP-dependent helicase in the CRISPR/Cas immune system," EMBO J 30(7):1335-1342, 2011. (mybeckman.ca)
Bacteria have developed diverse strategies to counteract virus predation, one of which is the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated (Cas) proteins immune defense system. (springer.com)
The RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 is responsible for recognizing, unwinding, and cutting double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) targets as part of the type II CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated) adaptive immune system ( 1 - 4 ). (sciencemag.org)
Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) constitute a bacterial and archaeal adaptive immune system. (umassmed.edu)
Researchers from the University of Toronto and the University of Otago have discovered five new proteins that block the bacterial CRISPR/Cas immune system. (labcritics.com)
CRISPR/Cas is a bacterial immune system that has been recently adapted as genomic editing tool. (labcritics.com)
The seemingly vast amount of anti-CRISPR proteins indicates that these are very important for phage survival and replication, and that CRISPR is a very effective immune system. (labcritics.com)
In a series of experiments on mice and on human cells, Parton's team found that lipid droplets carry an array of proteins that are involved in the immune response. (newscientist.com)
When dangerous bacteria enter the cell, chemical alarm signals are released, and these activate the immune proteins on the lipid droplets - which kill any bacteria that approach the droplet. (newscientist.com)
In general terms, CRISPR stores Viral DNA seperated by palindromic repeats, working as part of an active immune system in bacteria and archaea. (scioly.org)
Phages have also developed an evolutionary immune system to the CRISPR system. (scioly.org)
Study reveals new mechanisms by which viral proteins can turn off the CRISPR adaptive immune system of bacteria ( Nature 2015, 526, 136-9 ). (utoronto.ca)
CRISPR/Cas systems are prokaryotic immune systems against bacteriophages and mobile genetic elements. (wur.nl)
CRISPR-Cas is a prokaryotic immune system that has been recently repurposed as a next-generation tool for bacterial genome engineering. (wur.nl)
The original function of CRISPR systems was as bacterial immune systems that enable the bacterium to fight off infecting viruses called phages (yes, bacteria can get viruses too, crazy right! (interestingengineering.com)
This protein only differs from the previous one by one amino acid, so the question becomes how sensitive the immune system is to such a change. (ycombinator.com)
Given that the immune system has some difficulty recognizing cancer cells with multiple protein-coding mutations in them, I think it's likely that a single amino acid change will fly under the radar and not require any immune suppression, at least for the vast majority of recipients of this treatment. (ycombinator.com)
The goal of the UPenn trial was to see if Crispr could solve some of those issues-without creating a dangerous immune system reaction. (wired.com)
It makes a protein that acts like a brake on the immune system. (wired.com)
Tumors have ways of turning up the expression of this protein in immune cells to dampen their response to the invading cancer. (wired.com)
CRISPR-Cas9 evolved in bacteria as an immune system to protect against viral infections, but in the past decade it has excited both researchers and the general public as a general-use gene editing system, enabling scientists to quickly and efficiently modify genetic information and tweak gene activity in virtually any organism. (ucsf.edu)
CRISPR and CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein, as components of microbial adaptive immune system, allows biologists to edit genomic DNA in a precise and specific way. (biomedcentral.com)
UC Berkeley researchers have discovered how Cas1-Cas2, the proteins responsible for the ability of the CRISPR immune system in bacteria to adapt to new viral infections, identify the site in the genome where they insert viral DNA so they can recognize it later and mount an attack. (berkeley.edu)
The G protein-coupled P2Y 11 receptor is known to sense extracellular ATP during inflammatory and immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
The key players of the prokaryotic immune system CRISPR-Cas are the CRISPR RNA (CRISPR is short for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) and the Cas proteins (Cas stands for CRISPR associated). (uni-ulm.de)
Storage of the invader DNA in the CRISPR locus makes the cell immune against a repeated attack of the invader. (uni-ulm.de)
These proteins act as an immune surveillance system to counteract viruses that infect the bacteria by remembering the virus genome and destroying viral DNA/RNA by the RNA-guided endonucleases. (snu.ac.kr)
Anti-CRISPR is a defense mechanism within a virus to evade the bacterial immune system. (snu.ac.kr)
CRISPR gene editing could let us hack the immune system to give lasting protection against HIV and other infections. (newscientist.com)

Members of this family of bacterial proteins comprise various hypothetical proteins, as well as CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) associated proteins, conferring resistance to infection by certain bacteriophages. (ebi.ac.uk)
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and their associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas) constitute a recently identified prokaryotic defense mechanism against invading nucleic acids. (nih.gov)
CRISPR-Cas, short for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated, is a defense mechanism that has evolved in bacteria and archaea that these single celled organisms use to ward off attacks from viruses and other invaders. (uconn.edu)
Links for What is Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats - CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9)? (microbes.info)
Cat#:RP-2374H;Product Name:Recombinant CAS9 S. Pyogenes Protein;Synonym:CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9/Csn1, csn1, SpyCas9, cas9, ;Background:Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9) is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme associated with the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) adaptive immunity system in Streptococcus pyogenes, among other bacteria. (advbiomart.net)
Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9) is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme associated with the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) adaptive immunity system in Streptococcus pyogenes, among other bacteria. (advbiomart.net)
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and Cas9 protein system is a revolutionary tool for gene therapy. (springer.com)
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system has received much attention recently due to its potential for revolutionizing targeted genome editing with unprecedented precision and control. (springer.com)
By shedding light on the biophysical details governing the mechanics of CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) activity, the study provides a fundamental framework for designing a more efficient and accurate genome-splicing technology that doesn t yield off-target DNA breaks currently frustrating the potential of the CRISPR-Cas9- system, particularly for clinical uses. (nanowerk.com)
CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and it refers to a series of DNA sequences found in prokaryotes that defend the organism from bacteriophages. (scioly.org)
Here we present mechanistic insights into the interactions of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated Marinitoga piezophila Argonaute (MpAgo) with its guide RNA (gRNA) and RNA substrates. (pnas.org)
In particular, the binary system relying on the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 endonuclease targeted by CRISPR (clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat) RNAs has been successfully used to generate point mutations, deletion, or DNA insertions in an ever-growing number of experimental systems. (g3journal.org)
Several groups have used CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) for DNA virus editing. (bioportfolio.com)
Delivery of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9) represents a major hurdle for successful clinical translation of genome editing tools. (bioportfolio.com)
In recent years, discovery of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) revolutionized biology. (asm.org)
Previous works using human tripronuclear zygotes suggested that the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system could be a tool in correcting disease-causing mutations. (scinapse.io)

CRISPR clusters are transcribed and processed into CRISPR RNA (crRNA). (ebi.ac.uk)
During the second stage (the expression stage), the CRISPR RNA (pre-crRNA) is transcribed and subsequently processed into the mature crRNAs. (ebi.ac.uk)
In CRISPR-Cas types I and III, the mature crRNA is generally generated by a member of the Cas6 protein family. (ebi.ac.uk)
The Cas6 protein is an endoribonuclease necessary for crRNA production whereas the additional Cas proteins that form the Cascade complex are needed for crRNA stability [ PMID: 24459147 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
GenScript CRISPR/Cas9 trans-activating crRNAs (tracrRNAs) are 67 nt RNA oligonucleotides which together with the crRNA and Cas9 nuclease, form the activated CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex. (genscript.com)
GenScript offers pre-duplexed human HPRT crRNA:tracrRNA as positive controls for your CRISPR experiments. (genscript.com)
CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes are composed of a CRISPR RNA (crRNA), trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) duplex and Cas9 protein. (genscript.com)
Incubate the duplexed crRNA:tracrRNA with Cas9 protein to form the active CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein. (genscript.com)
To accomplish this goal, mammalian cell lines were edited by CRISPR using a Cas9:crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex with a single-stranded oligonucleotide donor DNA to introduce the HiBiT tag at the C-terminus of HIF1A and a number of known hypoxia-inducible proteins, including BNIP3, ANKRD37, HILDPA and KLF10. (aacrjournals.org)
Following transcription, CRISPR RNAs (crRNA) are processed by a multiprotein complex to produce ~60 nucleotide RNAs. (virology.ws)
When the spacer of a crRNA base pairs with a complementary sequence in an invading DNA molecule, CRISPR-associated endonucleases cleave the DNA. (virology.ws)
In some CRISPR systems this discrimination is achieved by protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs), short (2-5 nt) sequences next to the invader protospacer sequences that are recognized by the endonuclease complex guided by the crRNA. (virology.ws)
CRISPR clusters are transcribed and processed into CRISPR RNA (crRNA), formerly called psiRNA (prokaryotic silencing) in this organism. (uniprot.org)
CRISPR transcripts (crRNA) bind and guide Cas endonucleases to cut genomic DNA complementary to crRNA. (labcritics.com)
crRNA(CRISPR RNA) is used to locate target DNA by binding to the PAM. (scioly.org)
In this review, we attempt to discuss the evolutionary origins, basic architectures, and molecular mechanisms of Cpf1 family proteins, as well as crRNA designing and delivery strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
During the expression as the second stage, the transcription of CRISPR locus to a long pre-CRISPR RNA (pre-crRNA) and the maturation of pre-crRNA to crRNA also termed guide RNA take place [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
If an invader repeatedly attacks the cell, which has a crRNA specific for this invader, the invader can be immediately detected by the crRNA (through base pairing) and the invader is degraded by Cas proteins (Figure 4). (uni-ulm.de)

Interestingly, phages have evolved anti-CRISPR proteins to overcome bacterial CRISPR systems in the evolutionary arms race between viruses and bacteria. (phys.org)
Current anti-CRISPR proteins are not abundant in nature and have been identified by studying the DNA of the phages that were able to infect bacteria harbouring CRISPR-Cas9. (phys.org)
Using this method, one relies on being able to culture bacteria and on phages that are able to infect and avoid the surveillance of the endogenous CRISPR Cas9-system. (phys.org)
The ongoing arms race between prokaryotic hosts and their invaders such as phages led to the emergence of anti-CRISPR proteins as countermeasures against the potent antiviral defense. (umassmed.edu)
Some phages use Anti-CRISPR(Found originally in Listeria Monocytogenes) to deactivate the CRISPR system. (scioly.org)
Interestingly, in this war of infect and protect, phages have evolved anti-CRISPR proteins to overcome the bacterial CRISPR systems in a sort of evolutionary arms race. (interestingengineering.com)
The team hypothesized that these phages must encode some anti-CRISPR agent, or else Cas9 would kill the bacteria by cutting its own genome where the viral DNA had been inserted. (ucsf.edu)
The arms race between bacteria and phages has driven the evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems, resulting in six primary types of CRISPR-Cas systems. (biomedcentral.com)

The key elements of this defense system are the Cas proteins and the CRISPR RNA. (ebi.ac.uk)
Whereas in system III the Cas6 protein acts alone, in some class I systems it is part of a complex of Cas proteins known as Cascade (CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense). (ebi.ac.uk)
Just as CRISPR technology was developed from the natural anti-viral defense systems in bacteria, we can also take advantage of the anti-CRISPR proteins that viruses have sculpted to get around those bacterial defenses," Rauch said in the statement. (the-scientist.com)
Didier Raoul and colleagues believe that they have discovered a CRISPR-like, DNA based defense system in mimivirus that confers resistance to virophage ( paper link ). (virology.ws)
Claverie and Abergel disagree: they think that the defense system involves proteins, not nucleic acids ( paper link ). (virology.ws)
The CRISPR system provides defense against invading DNA. (virology.ws)
The first problem is that mimivirus and Zamilon virophage replicate in the same location in the infected cell, making a CRISPR-like defense system difficult to conceptualize. (virology.ws)
Protein components of the CRISPR-CAS SYSTEMS for anti-viral defense in ARCHAEA and BACTERIA. (ucdenver.edu)
The recent exponential growth of research in the CRISPR field has led to the discovery of a diverse range of CRISPR-Cas systems and insight into their defense functions. (sciencemag.org)
Our goal was to determine the significance of CRISPR-Cas systems as a mechanism of defense in this group by investigating their prevalence, phylogenetic distribution, and genome context. (springer.com)
CRISPR was discovered in bacteria and function as a defense mechanism against invading viral DNA [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
These proteins quickly inhibit the host bacterium's defense system leaving the bacterium vulnerable to infection, and eventually destruction, by the invading virus. (interestingengineering.com)
So apart from constituting the viral defense system, anti-CRISPR promises a useful tool that could potentially increase the efficiency and elaborateness of gene editing. (snu.ac.kr)
This suggests that the defense mechanism of CRISPR and anti-CRISPR may be more involved than originally believed and opens up new possibilities for further research. (snu.ac.kr)

WIKIMEDIA, CAS9 WIKI PROJECT Following closely on the heels of the discovery of several proteins that can block CRISPR-Cas9 activity in human cells, researchers from the University of California, San Francisco, report yet more anti-CRISPRs, in a study published in Cell today (December 29). (the-scientist.com)
NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - A team led by researchers at Yale University has used data independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) combined with CRISPR gene deletion to study the function of a protein linked to Down Syndrome and tumor immunity. (genomeweb.com)
With this system, the researchers could easily detect and select DNA with anti-CRISPR activity and trace it back to its origin. (phys.org)
Today, most researchers using CRISPR-Cas9 have difficulties controlling the system and off-target activity. (phys.org)
The researchers actually discovered that the four new anti-CRISPR proteins seem to have different traits and properties. (phys.org)
Previously, researchers did not understand how the cell recognized the virus as an invader, nor which bacterial proteins were necessary for successful integration and immunity. (uconn.edu)
By looking at patterns in the data, the researchers discovered several new findings about how two previously poorly characterized Cas4 proteins function in tandem with Cas1 and Cas2 proteins found in all CRISPR-Cas systems. (uconn.edu)
In a study reported online this week in the journal Science Advances, researchers from UC Berkeley and UC San Francisco show that recently discovered anti-CRISPR proteins decrease off-target effects by as much as a factor of four, acting like a kill switch to disable CRISPR-Cas9 after it's done its job. (technologynetworks.com)
The team included researchers in the lab of Jennifer Doudna, one of the inventors of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, who determined how the anti-CRISPR protein binds to the CRISPR-Cas9 complex. (technologynetworks.com)
Two of these also inhibited the Cas9 protein most commonly used by researchers, which is adapted from the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes and is referred to as SpyCas9. (technologynetworks.com)
In a new study in cells, University of Illinois researchers have adapted CRISPR gene-editing technology to cause the cell's internal machinery to skip over a small portion of a gene when transcribing it into a template for protein building. (news-medical.net)
The group built a web tool allowing other researchers to search whether an exon could be targeted with the CRISPR-SKIP technique while minimizing chances of it binding to similar sites in the genome. (news-medical.net)
Since the researchers saw some mutations at off-target sites, they are working to make CRISPR-SKIP even more efficient and specific. (news-medical.net)
Researchers have tried to correct those mutations with CRISPR-based gene editing. (genengnews.com)
Pending federal government approval, it is anticipated that U.S. clinical trials involving CRISPR gene editing will begin this year, starting in blood disorders, as researchers continue studying the best methods to maximize efficiency and reduce the potential for unintended edits to the genome. (news-medical.net)
Researchers at MIT decided to look into whether CRISPR could be taken advantage of as a gene transcriptional modulator. (bioscriptionblog.com)
For the next study, the researchers decided to look for regions encoding anti-CRISPR proteins in the Proteobacteria phylum. (labcritics.com)
With this experiment, the researchers found five anti-CRISPR proteins: four worked against CRISPR type I-F, and one against both I-F and I-E types. (labcritics.com)
Researchers have revealed the remarkably common protein behind an aggressive blood cancer's drivers. (cshl.edu)
CRISPR/Cas9, is an RNA-guided targeted genome editing tool - allows researchers to do gene knockout, knockin SNPs, insertions and deletions in cell lines and animals. (origene.com)
The researchers showed they could use CRISPR to control electronic circuits and microfluidic devices , and to release drugs, proteins, or living cells from gels. (phys.org)
The researchers also created two CRISPR-controlled diagnostic devices, one based on an electronic circuit and the other on a microfluidic chip. (phys.org)
Last year, researchers from the McCammon Lab at UC San Diego used the Comet supercomputer at SDSC to perform atomistic molecular dynamics a method that captures a more complete vision of the myriad shapes and conformations that a target protein molecule may go through at petascale speeds (one quadrillion arithmetic calculations per second). (nanowerk.com)
Researchers have discovered a single protein that can perform CRISPR-style, precise programmable cutting on both DNA and RNA. (scoop.it)
Learn the basic steps researchers take when reconstructing proteins from the past and how these biomolecules can inform engineering projects. (the-scientist.com)
For example, researchers at the University of Granada in Spain reconstructed several versions of an antibiotic-resistance protein called beta-lactamase, going back as far as 3 million years. (the-scientist.com)
There, researchers equipped the cells with souped up cancer-recognizing receptors and used Crispr to make them more efficient killing machines. (wired.com)
UC San Francisco researchers have discovered a way to switch off the widely used CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system using newly identified anti-CRISPR proteins that are produced by bacterial viruses. (ucsf.edu)
Spurred by growing expertise in and demand for genome editing, UW-Madison recently opened in its Biotechnology Center a genome-editing facility that allows researchers to take advantage of a relatively new tool called Cas9-CRISPR gene editing. (crisprsystem.com)
The technique, which the researchers have termed CARGO, for chimeric array of gRNA oligo, is a variation of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tool, and it promises to revolutionize the study of genome dynamics. (stanford.edu)
A variation of the technique that was developed by other researchers instead uses guide RNAs and the CRISPR system with a catalytically inactive form of Cas9 to recognize and label specific stretches of DNA with fluorescent molecules. (stanford.edu)
But in a paper published in Nature Biotechnology on Monday, researchers from the Wellcome Sanger Institute in the UK described how CRISPR edits in two kinds of mouse cells and one type of human cell can often cause large deletions or rearrangements of DNA around the target site. (singularityhub.com)
For their part, the researchers say the study should act as a wake-up call for those planning to use CRISPR in humans to be more vigilant of the potential downsides. (singularityhub.com)
These techniques, collectively termed "optogenetics," originally involved genetically introducing specific light-sensitive proteins into brain cells to let researchers activate the cell with light. (ucsf.edu)
In contrast, the new photo-inactivation technique lets researchers make any of a vast number of different proteins light-sensitive in any type of cell, and allows them to switch the protein's function off and on rapidly in tightly controlled regions of the cell, which makes it an extremely powerful tool for advancing our knowledge of cell biology. (ucsf.edu)

Here, we combine anti-CRISPR proteins with novel CRISPR-Cas endonucleases to create highly controllable and efficient tools for bacterial genome editing and silencing. (wur.nl)
The signature Cas9 effector proteins are large multi-domain RNA-dependent endonucleases that locate, bind, and cleave the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) targets which are complementary to their guide RNAs [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
CRISPR-associated endonuclease: Cas9 or other CRISPR-associated endonucleases such as Cpf1 must be introduced to cells that do not endogenously express them. (wikipedia.org)

The discovery of anti-CRISPR proteins is not surprising in the sense that phage must develop these as part of the nature of the host-parasite co-evolution," said Eugene Koonin of the US National Center for Biotechnology Information and the National Library of Medicine who was not involved in the work. (the-scientist.com)
This includes the recent discovery of anti-CRISPR proteins. (snu.ac.kr)

Last year, Bondy-Denomy reported finding four anti-CRISPR proteins used by attacking viruses to inactivate the version of the Cas9 protein found in the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. (technologynetworks.com)
Since the first examples of anti-CRISPRs were shown in a subset of CRISPR-Cas systems, we endeavored to uncover these naturally-occurring inhibitors that inactivate different types of CRISPR-Cas systems. (umassmed.edu)
In the first part of my thesis, we have identified and characterized Type II anti-CRISPR proteins that inactivate several Cas9 orthologs. (umassmed.edu)
Here we show a new method to inactivate specific proteins acutely, locally and reversibly inside living cells, which should be able to address many of these questions. (ucsf.edu)
They used a CRISPR/Cas9 technique to inactivate the FREP1 gene in A. gambiae mosquitos and explore the effects on malaria parasite infection. (eurekalert.org)
Nonetheless, the findings highlight the potential for CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing techniques to inactivate parasite host factors and improve understanding of malaria. (eurekalert.org)

Our embryologist is interested in partaking in a course regarding CRISPR gene editing for Embryology Lab Application (sic). (genengnews.com)

A CRISPR approach to monitoring hypoxia-inducible proteins in real-time [abstract]. (aacrjournals.org)

In order for a cell to successfully recognize and excise strands of DNA, incorporate them into its own genome and achieve immunity, the Cas4 proteins must be present in conjunction with the Cas1 and Cas2 proteins. (uconn.edu)
All CRISPR/Cas systems contain cas1 (a sequence specificity-free metal-dependent DNAse) and cas2 (a metal-dependent endoribonuclease). (mybeckman.ca)
Only two Cas proteins are universally conserved in all CRISPR-Cas systems: Cas1 and Cas2. (uni-ulm.de)

It then uses this DNA to make RNAs that bind with a bacterial protein that then kills the viral DNA. (uconn.edu)
Proteins that merge with CRISPR to cut Viral DNA in bacteria. (scioly.org)
This Cas protein takes viral DNA and adds it to CRISPR. (scioly.org)
The Cas9 protein uses the PAM sequence to make sure that it is cutting the viral DNA and not the bacteria's own CRISPR array, which doesn't contain the PAM sequence. (scioly.org)
In this study we report that the F-box protein FBXO17 negatively regulates IFN-I signaling triggered by double-strand DNA, RNA, or viral infection. (jimmunol.org)
Another diagnostic tool we will review is the DNA endonuclease-targeted CRISPR trans reporter (DETECTR), a rapid (∼30 min), low-cost, and accurate CRISPR-Cas12-based lateral flow assay for detection of viral infections ( 17 ). (asm.org)
Proteins expressed from the anti-CRISPR gene bind to Cas proteins and prevent it from destroying the viral genome. (snu.ac.kr)

Search, Find and Buy Antibodies, ELISA Kits and Proteins. (antibodies-online.com)
Gene silencers and activators are useful for gene studies in combination with antibodies used for protein detection. (scbt.com)

The CRISPR-Cas systems have been sorted into three major classes. (ebi.ac.uk)
These anti-CRISPRs can potentially be used to regulate the activity of CRISPR-Cas9 systems better in the future. (phys.org)
Due to their programmable nature CRISPR systems, and in particular Cas9, are currently being widely deployed in the life science industry with the potential to deliver breakthrough gene therapies, new antibiotics and malaria therapies. (phys.org)
Cas4 is present in many CRISPR-Cas systems, but the roles of the proteins were mysterious," said Terns. (uconn.edu)
While there is still much to learn about the biological mechanisms involved in CRISPR-Cas systems, this research tells scientists more about the way these proteins work together to save the cell and achieve immunity. (uconn.edu)
However, the use of these biosensors in live cell systems requires the exogenous expression of the tagged protein of interest. (bioportfolio.com)
It should be noted that there are six known types of CRISPR systems that differ in their components and mechanisms. (virology.ws)
Previously we discovered bacteriophage-encoded Cas9-specific anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins that serve as countermeasures against host bacterial immunity by inactivating their CRISPR-Cas systems (A. Pawluk, N. Amrani, Y. Zhang, B. Garcia, et al. (asm.org)
There is widespread evidence of highly active CRISPR adaptation in nature, and it is clear that these systems play important roles in shaping microbial evolution and global ecological networks. (sciencemag.org)
Unification of Cas protein families and a simple scenario for the origin and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems," Biol Direct 6:38, 2011. (mybeckman.ca)
All systems described contained a CRISPR array that ranged in size from 3 to 179 spacers. (springer.com)
Phylogenetic analysis of Cas proteins indicated that the CRISPR-Cas systems were acquired by horizontal gene transfer. (springer.com)
Our data show that CRISPR-Cas systems are phylogenetically widespread but sporadic in occurrence, actively evolving, and present on MGEs within Vibrionaceae . (springer.com)
The new findings, published in the journal Nature Microbiology, enlarge the list of known anti-CRISPR systems. (labcritics.com)
In prior work, a team led by Dr. Alan Davidson and his then graduate student Joe Bondy-Denomy identified the first examples of proteins produced by bacterial viruses that can inhibit CRISPR-Cas systems. (utoronto.ca)
This work provides insight into a completely novel group of proteins and increases our understanding of CRISPR-Cas systems, which have recently been developed into powerful tools for human genome editing. (utoronto.ca)
Anti-CRISPR/Cas systems are bacteriophage encoded systems to counterattack CRISPR/Cas immunity. (wur.nl)
It is an exciting new complement to existing CRISPR editing systems and may even be an improvement in many cases. (idtdna.com)
Joseph Fraietta, who runs his own immunotherapy lab at UPenn's Center for Advanced Cellular Therapeutics, designed the Crispr systems they used and supervised the editing. (wired.com)
CRISPR-Cas systems are classified into two main classes and six types. (biomedcentral.com)
CRISPR-Cas systems exert their immunity through three distinct stages. (biomedcentral.com)
Once those molecules proved effective at reassembling human DNA, a number of scientists began looking at other species for Crispr systems that might be even better. (nytimes.com)

The new CRISPR-SKIP technique, described in the journal Genome Biology , does not break the DNA strands but instead alters a single point in the targeted DNA sequence. (news-medical.net)
CRISPR-SKIP alters a single base before the beginning of an exon, causing the cell to read it as a non-coding portion. (news-medical.net)
With CRISPR-SKIP, we have seen modification rates of more than 20 to 30 percent in many of the cell lines we have studied,' Perez-Pinera said. (news-medical.net)

Methods We performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout screen of P53-null mouse embryonic liver progenitor cells that overexpressed MYC. (mit.edu)
Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening reveal. (regionh.dk)
Here, we use genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening to establish that a T cell receptor (TCR) recognized and killed most human cancer types via the monomorphic MHC class I-related protein, MR1, while remaining inert to noncancerous cells. (regionh.dk)

De novo identification of essential protein domains from CRISPR-Cas9 tiling-sgRNA knockout screens. (bioportfolio.com)
High-throughput CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens using a tiling-sgRNA design permit in situ evaluation of protein domain function. (bioportfolio.com)
Thus, we sought to develop a method that precludes co-CRISPR, requires only one targeting single guide RNA (sgRNA), and is completely strain and background independent. (g3journal.org)
The sgRNA then forms a complex with the Cas9 protein. (scioly.org)
CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated targeted gene modification confirms the cause-effect relationship between gyrA mutation and quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. (bioportfolio.com)
CRISPR libraries can also be custom made using tools for sgRNA design, many of which are listed on the CRISPR/cas9 tools Wikipedia page. (wikipedia.org)
The sgRNA expression vector design will depend largely on the experiment performed but requires the following central components: Promoter Restriction sites Primer Binding Sites sgRNA Guide Barcode Reporter gene: Fluorescent gene: vectors are often constructed to include a gene encoding a fluorescent protein, such that successfully transduced cells can be visually and quantitatively assessed by their expression. (wikipedia.org)

Structure of a CRISPR‐associated protein Cas2 from Desulfov. (ingentaconnect.com)

The new study published in Cell Host & Microbe suggests that some anti-CRISPR proteins are more widespread in nature than previously anticipated. (phys.org)
And since these proteins were discovered distributed across a wide variety of environments, it also suggests that these proteins may be much more widespread in nature than we realized, meaning that even more refinement may be possible as new discoveries are made. (interestingengineering.com)

Getting started with CRISPR? (thermofisher.com)

IMPORTANCE As one of their countermeasures against CRISPR-Cas immunity, bacteriophages have evolved natural inhibitors known as anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins. (asm.org)

Argonaute proteins are present in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. (pnas.org)

Tobacco is widely used for the expression of recombinant proteins, hence, it is desirable to modify its N-glycosylation machinery to allow the synthesis of complex N-glycans lacking β-1,2-xylose and core α-1,3-fucose. (isaaa.org)

Previous research has shown humans to have existing immunity to the bacteria from which Crispr ( the original version , which the UPenn team used) is derived. (wired.com)
And at the start of the year, a Stanford paper on the preprint biorXiv server-a repository for research that hasn't yet been peer-reviewed-suggested the technology may not work on many humans because we've already built up immunity to the bacteria CRISPR is derived from. (singularityhub.com)

The work builds upon previous CRISPR research from Dr. Eric Olson, including studies from 2014, 2016 and 2017. (news-medical.net)
Computer algorithms construct a phylogenetic tree for the proteins ( Curr Opin Struct Biol , 38:37-43, 2016). (the-scientist.com)
In October 2016, the CROP-seq method for single-cell CRISPR screening was presented in a preprint on bioRxiv and later published in the Nature Methods journal. (wikipedia.org)

The current study looked at the effect of one of the proteins from Listeria, AcrIIA4, on SpyCas9 loaded with a guide RNA that homes in on complementary DNA to bind and cut. (technologynetworks.com)
The dendrimer could bind with both negatively and positively charged proteins and efficiently delivered 13 cargo proteins into the cytosol of living cells. (sciencemag.org)
CRISPR is based on DNA-cutting proteins called Cas enzymes, which bind to short RNA guides that direct them to specific areas of the genome. (phys.org)
Cpf1 is a putative type V (class II) CRISPR effector, which can be programmed with a CRISPR RNA to bind and cleave complementary DNA targets. (biomedcentral.com)
The new technology relies on a pair of proteins called LOV2 and Zdk1, which bind together in the dark, but come apart like a pair of Lego bricks when exposed to blue light. (ucsf.edu)

This is a review describing advances in CRISPR/Cas-mediated therapies for neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). (bioportfolio.com)
Recent advances in fluorescence microscopy, coupled with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, provide opportunities for understanding gene regulation at the single-cell level. (frontiersin.org)
A study published in Science Advances documents the success of a new CRISPR gene-editing technique designed to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). (news-medical.net)
The research, the cover story of this month's Science Advances , builds upon previous studies from Dr. Olson in which CRISPR-Cas9 corrected a single gene mutation that caused DMD in mice. (news-medical.net)

Increasing the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated precise genome editing in rats by inhibiting NHEJ and using Cas9 protein. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Meanwhile, the Cas9 protein instead of mRNA was used to save the mRNA to protein translation step to improve the precise modification efficiency. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Our result showed that both Scr7 and Cas9 protein can increase the precise modification. (sigmaaldrich.com)
CRISPR-Cas9 is capable of precise and predictable template-free editing and repair. (genengnews.com)
According to a new study led by Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, CRISPR-Cas9 is capable precise genome editing-even without the assistance of donor DNA templates. (genengnews.com)
Detailed findings appeared November 7 in the journal Nature , in an article titled, "Predictable and precise template-free CRISPR editing of pathogenic variants. (genengnews.com)

The discovery of CRISPR gene editing technology led many to believe we may soon be able to tweak our DNA with ultra-high accuracy. (singularityhub.com)

The latest CRISPR deactivators to be discovered turn off the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 widely used in genome editing. (the-scientist.com)
Joseph Bondy-Denomy of UCSF and colleagues demonstrate how two such inhibitors can stop CRISPR gene editing activity in both bacterial and human cells, by impeding the Cas9 enzyme from Streptococcus pyogenes . (the-scientist.com)
Most of that early work was carried out with Crispr molecules from a species of bacteria that lives in human skin called Streptococcus pyogenes. (nytimes.com)

In the third stage (the interference stage), Cas proteins, together with crRNAs, identify and degrade the invader [ PMID: 17379808 , PMID: 16545108 , PMID: 21699496 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
The University of California yesterday filed its opening brief with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington, D.C., in support of its appeal of the U.S. Patent Trial and Appeal Board's (PTAB) decision in the CRISPR-Cas9 interference. (berkeley.edu)
The defence reaction progresses in three steps: (1) adaptation, (2) CRISPR RNA expression and (3) interference. (uni-ulm.de)
Pooled CRISPR libraries that enable gene inactivation can come in the form of either knockout or interference. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy3

Organisms39

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes67

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Humanities1

Information Science7

Health Care2

Geographicals2

Sequence- and structure-specific RNA processing by a CRISPR endonuclease. (1/48)

A dual function of the CRISPR-Cas system in bacterial antivirus immunity and DNA repair. (2/48)

CRISPR immunity relies on the consecutive binding and degradation of negatively supercoiled invader DNA by Cascade and Cas3. (3/48)

Csy4 relies on an unusual catalytic dyad to position and cleave CRISPR RNA. (4/48)

Function and regulation of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR associated (Cas) systems. (5/48)

Genetic determinants of PAM-dependent DNA targeting and pre-crRNA processing in Sulfolobus islandicus. (6/48)

RcsB-BglJ-mediated activation of Cascade operon does not induce the maturation of CRISPR RNAs in E. coli K12. (7/48)

Comparative analysis ofCas6b processing and CRISPR RNA stability. (8/48)

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

Inverted Repeat Sequences

CRISPR-Associated Proteins

CRISPR-Cas Systems

DNA, Intergenic

Streptococcus thermophilus

RNA, Guide

RNA, Archaeal

RNA Cleavage

Sulfolobus solfataricus

Archaeal Viruses

Pectobacterium

Genome, Archaeal

Streptococcus Phages

Bacteriophages

DNA Cleavage

Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid

Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal

RNA, Bacterial

Genome, Bacterial

Prophages

Archaeal Proteins

Pseudomonas Phages

Pyrococcus furiosus

Archaea

Thermoproteus

DNA, Bacterial

Genetic Loci

Base Sequence

RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional

Nucleotide Motifs

Molecular Sequence Data

Thermococcales

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Clostridium thermocellum

Haloferax mediterranei

Pyrococcus abyssi

DNA, Archaeal

Erwinia amylovora

Prokaryotic Cells

Macrocephaly

Gene Transfer, Horizontal

Plasmids

Escherichia coli K12

Genetic Engineering

Haloarcula

Metagenomics

Sulfolobus

Evolution, Molecular

Interspersed Repetitive Sequences

Phylogeny

Endoribonucleases

Geobacillus

Rudiviridae

Mannheimia

Rosaceae

New Hampshire

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Deoxyribonucleases

Bacterial Proteins

Crenarchaeota

Viruses

Conserved Sequence

Escherichia coli

Bacteria

Hot Springs

Genes, Bacterial

Recombinational DNA Repair

Haloferax volcanii

Gene Targeting

Thermotoga neapolitana

Gene Knock-In Techniques

Lysogeny

Multilocus Sequence Typing

Gardnerella vaginalis

Endodeoxyribonucleases

Genome

INDEL Mutation

Genetic Variation

Genes, Archaeal