Cresols
Silica Gel
Phenolsulfonphthalein
Alkanesulfonates
Adipates
Pseudomonas
Skeletal muscle type ryanodine receptor is involved in calcium signaling in human B lymphocytes. (1/423)
The regulation of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in B cells remains poorly understood and is presently explained almost solely by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-mediated Ca2+ release, followed by activation of a store-operated channel mechanism. In fact, there are reports indicating that IP3 production does not always correlate with the magnitude of Ca2+ release. We demonstrate here that human B cells express a ryanodine receptor (RYR) that functions as a Ca2+ release channel during the B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-stimulated Ca2+ signaling process. Immunoblotting studies showed that both human primary CD19(+) B and DAKIKI cells express a 565-kDa immunoreactive protein that is indistinguishable in molecular size and immunoreactivity from the RYR. Selective reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and sequencing of cloned cDNA indicated that the major isoform of the RYR expressed in primary CD19(+) B and DAKIKI cells is identical to the skeletal muscle type (RYR1). Saturation analysis of [3H]ryanodine binding yielded Bmax = 150 fmol/mg of protein and Kd = 110 nM in DAKIKI cells. In fluo-3-loaded CD19(+) B and DAKIKI cells, 4-chloro-m-cresol, a potent activator of Ca2+ release mediated by the ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channel, induced Ca2+ release in a dose-dependent and ryanodine-sensitive fashion. Furthermore, BCR-mediated Ca2+ release in CD19(+) B cells was significantly altered by 4-chloro-m-cresol and ryanodine. These results indicate that RYR1 functions as a Ca2+ release channel during BCR-stimulated Ca2+ signaling and suggest that complex Ca2+ signals that control the cellular activities of B cells may be generated by cooperation of the IP3 receptor and RYR1. (+info)Tolterodine does not affect the human in vivo metabolism of the probe drugs caffeine, debrisoquine and omeprazole. (2/423)
AIM: To investigate the in vivo effect of treatment with tolterodine on debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation (an index of CYP2D6 activity), omeprazole 5-hydroxylation (CYP2C19), omeprazole sulphoxidation (CYP3A4) and caffeine N3-demethylation (CYP1A2). METHODS: Twelve healthy male volunteers (eight extensive metabolisers [EMs] and four poor metabolisers [PMs] with respect to CYP2D6) received 4 mg tolterodine L-tartrate orally twice daily for 6 days. All subjects were EMs with respect to CYP2C19. The subjects received single oral doses of debrisoquine (10 mg), omeprazole (20 mg) and caffeine (100 mg) for determination of the appropriate metabolic ratios (MR). The drugs were given on separate consecutive days, before, during and after the co-administration of tolterodine. RESULTS: Mean serum tolterodine concentrations were 5-10 times higher in PMs than in EMs. Serum concentrations of the active 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite of tolterodine, 5-HM, were not quantifiable in PMs. The mean MR of debrisoquine (95% confidence interval) during tolterodine treatment was 0.50 (0.25-0.99) and did not differ statistically from the values before [0.49 (0.20-1.2)] and after tolterodine administration [0.46 (0.14-1.6)] in EMs. The mean MR of omeprazole hydroxylation and sulphoxidation or caffeine metabolism were not changed in the presence of tolterodine in either EMs or PMs. Debrisoquine and caffeine had no significant effect on the AUC(1,3 h) of either tolterodine or 5-HM, but during omeprazole administration small decreases (13-19%) in these parameters were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Tolterodine, administered at twice the expected therapeutic dosage, did not change the disposition of the probe drugs debrisoquine, omeprazole and caffeine and thus had no detectable effect on the activities of CYPs 2D6, 2C19, 3A4 and 1A2. Alteration of the metabolism of substrates of these enzymes by tolterodine is unlikely to occur. (+info)Antimalarial activities of WR-194,965, an alpha-amino-o-cresol derivative. (3/423)
Pilot appraisals of the activities of WR-194,965 and WR-204,165, two closely related o-cresol derivatives (both Mannich bases), in owl monkeys infected with the multidrug-resistant Vietnam Smith strain of Plasmodium falciparum showed that these compounds had similar levels of efficacy. Total course doses effecting 90% cures (CD(90)s) were 27 and 37 mg/kg of body weight for the respective compounds, values almost identical to the CD(90) of mefloquine (a highly promising 4-quinolinemethanol) against infections with the same strain, and the CD(90)s of chloroquine against infections with 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strains. Expanded studies of the activities of WR-194,965 against infections with the Smith strain of P. falciparum and Vietnam Palo Alto strain of P. vivax, designed to guide projected evaluations in human volunteers, showed: (i) that the activity of this compound was a function of total dose administered, with single doses as effective as the same amount delivered in three or seven successive daily fractions; (ii) that all regimens effected rapid clearance of parasitemia; and (iii) that based on CD(90)s, this agent was twice as active against infections with the Palo Alto strain of P. vivax as against the Smith strain of P. falciparum. These findings, together with results of preclinical pharmacological studies pursued elsewhere, provided support for studies in human volunteers now underway. (+info)4-chloro-m-cresol triggers malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine at doses greatly exceeding those found in drug preparations. (4/423)
BACKGROUND: Chlorocresols are used as preservatives in numerous commercial drugs that have been shown to induce myoplasmic Ca2+ release; the most potent isoform is 4-chloro-m-cresol. The aims of this study were to (1) examine the in vivo effects of 4-chloro-m-cresol on swine susceptible to malignant hyperthermia and (2) contrast in vivo versus in vitro dose-response curves. METHODS: Susceptible swine (weight: 38.5 kg+/-3.55 kg) were anesthetized and monitored for variations in physiological responses, including end-tidal CO2, heart rate, blood pressure, blood chemistry, and temperatures. In the first animals studied, 4-chloro-m-cresol, at equivalent cumulative doses of 0.14, 0.28, 0.57, 1.14, 2.27, 4.54, and 9.08 mg/kg (n = 3; 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 micromol) were administered, and in a second group, larger doses were used: 1.14, 3.41, 7.95, 17.04 (n = 4), and/or 35.22 (n = 1) mg/kg (100, 300, 700, 1,500, and/or 3,100 micromol). For comparison, in vitro rectus abdominis muscle preparations obtained from normal and susceptible swine were exposed to 4-chloro-m-cresol, at cumulative concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 micromol; standard caffeine and halothane contracture testing was also performed. RESULTS: Episodes of malignant hyperthermia were not triggered in response to administration of low doses of 4-chloro-m-cresol, but transient cardiovascular reactions (e.g., tachycardia, arrhythmias, and hypotension) were observed. Subsequently, episodes in these animals were triggered when halothane (0.87; 1 MAC) and succinylcholine (2 mg/kg) were given. Animals administered the higher doses of 4-chloro-m-cresol all had fulminant episodes of malignant hyperthermia that were fatal, when equivalent cumulative concentrations were greater than 1,500 micromol. The levels of 4-chloro-m-cresol in the plasma rapidly decreased: e.g., 5 min postadministration of the 1,500-micromol dose, the mean plasma level was only 52+/-18 micromol (n = 4). Hemolysis was detected following 4-chloro-m-cresol administration at concentrations > 200 micromol. In vitro, muscle from susceptible animals elicited contractures > 200 mg at 50-micromol bath concentrations of 4-chloro-m-cresol (n = 29), whereas normal muscle did not elicit such contractures until bath concentrations were > 800 micromol (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS: 4-chloro-m-cresol is a trigger of malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine, but only when serum concentrations are far above those likely to be encountered in humans. A relatively low concentration of 4-chloro-m-cresol, 50 micromol, is sufficient to activate sarcoplasmic [Ca+2] release in vitro (e.g., contractures); this same bolus dose administered in vivo (0.57 mg/kg) has minimal effects due to the rapid decrease in its plasma levels. (+info)4-chloro-m-cresol is a trigger of malignant hyperthermia in susceptible swine. (5/423)
BACKGROUND: 4-Chloro-m-cresol (4-CmC) induces marked contractures in skeletal muscle specimens from individuals susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MHS). In contrast, 4-CmC induces only small contractures in specimens from normal (MHN) patients. 4-CmC is a preservative within a large number of commercially available drug-preparations (e.g., insulin, heparin, succinylcholine), and it has been suggested that 4-CmC might trigger malignant hyperthermia. This study was designed to investigate the effects of 4-CmC in vivo and in vitro in the same animals. METHODS: After approval of the animal care committee, six Pietrain MHS and six control (MHN) swine were anesthetized with azaperone 4 mg/kg intramuscularly and metomidate 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally. After endotracheal intubation, lungs were mechanically ventilated (inspired oxygen fraction 0.3) and anesthesia was maintained with etomidate 2.5 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) and fentanyl 50 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1). Animals were surgically prepared with arterial and central venous catheters for measurement of hemodynamic parameters and to obtain blood samples. Before exposure to 4-CmC in vivo, muscle specimens were excised for in vitro contracture tests with 4-CmC in concentrations of 75 and 200 microM. Subsequently, pigs were exposed to cumulative administration of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 mg/kg 4-CmC intravenously. If an unequivocal episode of malignant hyperthermia occurred, as indicated by venous carbon dioxide concentration > or = 70 mmHg, pH < or = 7.25, and an increase of temperature > or = 2 degrees C, the animals were treated with dantrolene, 3.5 mg/kg. RESULTS: All MHS swine developed malignant hyperthermia after administration of 4-CmC in doses of 12 or 24 mg/kg. Venous carbon dioxide concentration significantly increased and pH significantly decreased. Temperature increased in all MHS animals more than 2 degrees C. Blood lactate concentrations and creatine kinase levels were significantly elevated. All MHS swine were treated successfully with dantrolene. In contrast, no MHN swine developed signs of malignant hyperthermia. After receiving 4-CmC in a concentration of 48 mg/kg, however, all MHN animals died by ventricular fibrillation. The in vitro experiments showed that both concentrations of 4-CmC produced significantly greater contractures in MHS than in MHN specimens. CONCLUSIONS: 4-CmC is in vivo a trigger of malignant hyperthermia in swine. However, the 4-CmC doses required for induction of malignant hyperthermia were between 12 and 24 mg/kg, which is about 150-fold higher than the 4-CmC concentrations within clinically used preparations. (+info)Analysis of alpha 1L-adrenoceptor pharmacology in rat small mesenteric artery. (6/423)
1. To illuminate the controversy on alpha 1A- or alpha 1L-adrenoceptor involvement in noradrenaline-mediated contractions of rat small mesenteric artery (SMA), we have studied the effects of subtype-selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists under different experimental conditions. 2. The agonist potency order in rat SMA was: A61603 >> SKF89748-A > cirazoline > noradrenaline > ST-587 > methoxamine. Prazosin antagonized all agonists with a low potency (pA2: 8.29-8.80) indicating the involvement of alpha 1L-rather than alpha 1A-adrenoceptors. 3. The putative alpha 1L-adrenoceptor antagonist JTH-601, but not the alpha 1B-adrenoceptor antagonist chloroethylclonidine (10 microM) antagonized noradrenaline-induced contractions of SMA. The potency of the selective alpha 1D-adrenoceptor antagonist BMY 7378 against noradrenaline (pA2 = 6.16 +/- 0.13) and of the selective alpha 1A-adrenoceptor antagonist RS-17053 against noradrenaline (pKB = 8.35 +/- 0.10) and against the selective alpha 1A-adrenoceptor agonist A-61603 (pKB = 8.40 +/- 0.09) were too low to account for alpha 1D- and alpha 1A-adrenoceptor involvement. 4. The potency of RS-17053 (pKB/pA2's = 7.72-8.46) was not affected by lowering temperature, changing experimental protocol or inducing myogenic tone via KCl or U46619. 5. Selective protection of a putative alpha 1A-adrenoceptor population against the irreversible action of phenoxybenzamine also failed to increase the potency of RS-17053 (pA2 = 8.25 +/- 0.06 against A61603). 6. Combined concentration-ratio analysis demonstrated that tamsulosin, which does not discriminate between alpha 1A- and alpha 1L-adrenoceptors, and RS-17053 competed for binding at the same site in the SMA. 7. In summary, data obtained in our experiments in rat SMA indicate that the alpha 1-adrenoceptor mediating noradrenaline-induced contraction displays a distinct alpha 1L-adrenoceptor pharmacology. This study does not provide evidence for the hypothesis that alpha 1L-adrenoceptors represent an affinity state of the alpha 1A-adrenoceptor in functional assays. Furthermore, there is no co-existing alpha 1A-adrenoceptor in the SMA. (+info)Intracellular Ca2+ transients in mouse soleus muscle after hindlimb unloading and reloading. (7/423)
The objective of this study was to determine whether altered intracellular Ca(2+) handling contributes to the specific force loss in the soleus muscle after unloading and/or subsequent reloading of mouse hindlimbs. Three groups of female ICR mice were studied: 1) unloaded mice (n = 11) that were hindlimb suspended for 14 days, 2) reloaded mice (n = 10) that were returned to their cages for 1 day after 14 days of hindlimb suspension, and 3) control mice (n = 10) that had normal cage activity. Maximum isometric tetanic force (P(o)) was determined in the soleus muscle from the left hindlimb, and resting free cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), tetanic [Ca(2+)](i), and 4-chloro-m-cresol-induced [Ca(2+)](i) were measured in the contralateral soleus muscle by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Unloading and reloading increased resting [Ca(2+)](i) above control by 36% and 24%, respectively. Although unloading reduced P(o) and specific force by 58% and 24%, respectively, compared with control mice, there was no difference in tetanic [Ca(2+)](i). P(o), specific force, and tetanic [Ca(2+)](i) were reduced by 58%, 23%, and 23%, respectively, in the reloaded animals compared with control mice; however, tetanic [Ca(2+)](i) was not different between unloaded and reloaded mice. These data indicate that although hindlimb suspension results in disturbed intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis, changes in tetanic [Ca(2+)](i) do not contribute to force deficits. Compared with unloading, 24 h of physiological reloading in the mouse do not result in further changes in maximal strength or tetanic [Ca(2+)](i). (+info)Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release by 4-chloro-m-cresol (4-CmC) in intact and chemically skinned ferret cardiac ventricular fibers. (8/423)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether 4-chloro-m-cresol (4-CmC) could generate caffeine-like responses in ferret cardiac muscle. The concentration dependence of 4-CmC-mediated release of Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum was studied in intact cardiac trabeculae and saponin-skinned fibers in which the sarcoplasmic reticulum was loaded with Ca(2+). In intact and saponin-skinned preparations isolated from right ventricle, the effect of 4-CmC on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) content was estimated by analysis of caffeine contracture after application of chlorocresol. In addition, the effects of 4-CmC on maximal Ca(2+)-activated tension and the Ca(2+) sensitivity of myofibrils were analyzed by using Triton-skinned cardiac fibers. The results show that 4-CmC generates a contractile response in saponin-skinned but not intact fibers. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is implicated in the 4-CmC response; more precisely, in Ca(2+) release via the ryanodine receptor. Moreover, 4-CmC, like caffeine, has effects on maximal Ca(2+)-activated tension and the Ca(2+) sensitivity of myofibrils. (+info)Cresols are a group of chemical compounds that are phenolic derivatives of benzene, consisting of methyl substituted cresidines. They have the formula C6H4(OH)(\_3CH3). There are three isomers of cresol, depending on the position of the methyl group: ortho-cresol (m-cresol), meta-cresol (p-cresol), and para-cresol (o-cresol). Cresols are used as disinfectants, antiseptics, and preservatives in various industrial and commercial applications. They have a characteristic odor and are soluble in alcohol and ether. In medical terms, cresols may be used as topical antiseptic agents, but they can also cause skin irritation and sensitization.
Silica gel is not typically considered a medical term, but it is often used in medical contexts. Silica gel is a form of silicon dioxide (SiO2), which is a naturally occurring mineral. It is usually produced in a porous form, with a large surface area and high absorption capacity.
In the medical field, silica gel is sometimes used as a desiccant in packaging to protect sterile medical supplies from moisture during storage and transportation. This helps maintain the sterility of the products and ensures their effectiveness when they are used. Silica gel can also be found in some medical devices, such as wound dressings, where it can help absorb excess exudate and maintain a moist environment that promotes healing.
It is important to note that silica gel should not be ingested or inhaled, as it can cause irritation to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) is a chemical compound that has been historically used in medicine as a diagnostic test for kidney function. It's an acid-base indicator, which means it changes color depending on the pH of the solution it's in. In its colored form, PSP is pink, and in its uncolored form, it's colorless.
In the context of renal function testing, PSP is given to a patient orally or intravenously, and then its clearance from the body is measured through urine and blood samples. The rate at which PSP is cleared from the body can provide information about the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is an important indicator of kidney function. However, this test has largely been replaced by more modern and accurate methods for measuring GFR.
It's worth noting that phenolsulfonphthalein is not a medication or therapeutic agent, but rather a diagnostic tool that has been used in the past to assess kidney function.
Catechols are a type of chemical compound that contain a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to it in the ortho position. The term "catechol" is often used interchangeably with "ortho-dihydroxybenzene." Catechols are important in biology because they are produced through the metabolism of certain amino acids, such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, and are involved in the synthesis of various neurotransmitters and hormones. They also have antioxidant properties and can act as reducing agents. In chemistry, catechols can undergo various reactions, such as oxidation and polymerization, to form other classes of compounds.
Alkanesulfonates are organic compounds that consist of a hydrocarbon chain, typically consisting of alkane molecules, which is bonded to a sulfonate group. The sulfonate group (-SO3-) consists of a sulfur atom bonded to three oxygen atoms, with one of the oxygen atoms carrying a negative charge.
Alkanesulfonates are commonly used as detergents and surfactants due to their ability to reduce surface tension and improve the wetting, emulsifying, and dispersing properties of liquids. They are also used in various industrial applications, such as in the production of paper, textiles, and leather.
In medical terms, alkanesulfonates may be used as topical antimicrobial agents or as ingredients in personal care products. However, some alkanesulfonates have been found to have potential health and environmental hazards, such as irritation of the skin and eyes, respiratory effects, and potential toxicity to aquatic life. Therefore, their use is subject to regulatory oversight and safety assessments.
Adipates are a group of chemical compounds that are esters of adipic acid. Adipic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula (CH₂)₄(COOH)₂. Adipates are commonly used as plasticizers in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, such as pipes, cables, and flooring. They can also be found in cosmetics, personal care products, and some food additives.
Adipates are generally considered to be safe for use in consumer products, but like all chemicals, they should be used with caution and in accordance with recommended guidelines. Some adipates have been shown to have potential health effects, such as endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity, at high levels of exposure. Therefore, it is important to follow proper handling and disposal procedures to minimize exposure.
Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water and has a melting point of 40-42°C. Phenol is a weak acid, but it is quite reactive and can be converted into a variety of other chemicals.
In a medical context, phenol is most commonly used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. It has a characteristic odor that is often described as "tarry" or " medicinal." Phenol is also used in some over-the-counter products, such as mouthwashes and throat lozenges, to help kill bacteria and freshen breath.
However, phenol is also a toxic substance that can cause serious harm if it is swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It can cause irritation and burns to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and it can damage the liver and kidneys if ingested. Long-term exposure to phenol has been linked to an increased risk of cancer.
Because of its potential for harm, phenol is regulated as a hazardous substance in many countries, and it must be handled with care when used in medical or industrial settings.
Phenols, also known as phenolic acids or phenol derivatives, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In the context of medicine and biology, phenols are often referred to as a type of antioxidant that can be found in various foods and plants.
Phenols have the ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some common examples of phenolic compounds include gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid, among many others.
Phenols can also have various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects. However, some phenolic compounds can also be toxic or irritating to the body in high concentrations, so their use as therapeutic agents must be carefully monitored and controlled.
"Pseudomonas" is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely found in soil, water, and plants. Some species of Pseudomonas can cause disease in animals and humans, with P. aeruginosa being the most clinically relevant as it's an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat. It can cause a range of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. In addition, it can also cause external ear infections and eye infections.
Prompt identification and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial for managing Pseudomonas infections, although the increasing antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge in treatment.
Oxygenases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of molecular oxygen (O2) into their substrates. They play crucial roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of many natural products, as well as the detoxification and degradation of xenobiotics (foreign substances).
There are two main types of oxygenases: monooxygenases and dioxygenases. Monooxygenases introduce one atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate while reducing the other to water. An example of this type of enzyme is cytochrome P450, which is involved in drug metabolism and steroid hormone synthesis. Dioxygenases, on the other hand, incorporate both atoms of molecular oxygen into their substrates, often leading to the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds or the cleavage of existing ones.
It's important to note that while oxygenases are essential for many life-sustaining processes, they can also contribute to the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) during normal cellular metabolism. An imbalance in ROS levels can lead to oxidative stress and damage to cells and tissues, which has been linked to various diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disease.
Cresol
Cresol Red
O-Cresol
P-Cresol
M-Cresol
Dinitro-ortho-cresol
2-Chloro-m-cresol
4-Cresol dehydrogenase (hydroxylating)
2,6-Xylenol
2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
Cumene process
Aromatic sulfonation
Sodium benzenesulfonate
Sodium p-toluenesulfonate
Potassium hydroxide
3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde
Creolin
Lysol
Metacresol purple
Cresolene
Pyrolysis oil
Schulze method
Toluene toxicity
Carvacrol
Phenol
Creosote
Anna Volkova
Construction of electronic cigarettes
Phenol formaldehyde resin
3-Methylsalicylic acid
Cresols | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
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m-Cresol
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IUPAC name of m-cresol is .
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Phenol7
- The name "cresol" is an adduct of phenol and their traditional source, creosote. (wikipedia.org)
- In its chemical structure, a molecule of cresol has a methyl group substituted onto the ring of phenol. (wikipedia.org)
- o-Cresol is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene, O-cresol is a cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. (hmdb.ca)
- These residue contains a few percent by weight of phenol and isomeric cresols. (hmdb.ca)
- The bactericidal power of cresol is 4 times that of phenol. (haihangchem.com)
- Cresols are monomethyl derivatives of phenol, and are found as constituents of coal tar, in various industrial solvents and resins, and in some essential oils. (nih.gov)
- They suggest that exposures to phenol and cresol occur through skin contact although no link between exposure and cancer could be established. (cdc.gov)
Meta-cresol4
- There are three forms (isomers) of cresol: ortho-cresol (o-cresol), meta-cresol (m-cresol), and para-cresol (p-cresol). (wikipedia.org)
- ortho -cresol ( o -cresol), meta -cresol ( m -cresol, and para -cresol ( p -cresol). (cdc.gov)
- We are considered to be one of the most reputed and eminent manufacturer, supplier, distributor and exporter of Para Chloro Meta Cresol. (shivshaktiindia.in)
- Para Chloro Meta Cresol finds its application as disinfectant in hand wash, antiseptics, and medicinal soaps as well. (shivshaktiindia.in)
Effects of breathi2
- Aside from these effects, very little is known about the effects of breathing cresols, for example, at lower levels over longer times. (wikipedia.org)
- Very little else is known about the effects of breathing cresols. (cdc.gov)
Isomers1
- The cresol isomers exhibited a generally similar pattern of toxicities in rats and mice. (nih.gov)
Mixtures5
- Cresols are found in many foods and in wood and tobacco smoke, crude oil, coal tar, and in chemical mixtures used as wood preservatives. (cdc.gov)
- Cresols mixtures we offer are appreciable for their antibacterial as well as insecticidal properties. (shivshaktiindia.in)
- Cresols mixtures works as the precursors as well as synthetic intermediates to many compounds and materials. (shivshaktiindia.in)
- It is widely used in organic synthesis to separate o-, m-, and p-cresols from mixed cresols, including mixtures of m-p-cresol. (haihangchem.com)
- The relation between crystallizing point and o-cresol content of o-cresol/cineole mixtures is given in a table. (iso.org)
Sodium1
- Manufacturer of a wide range of products which include m cresol lr, sodium arsenate ar, bismuth sulphate lr, cobalt sulphate lr, bentonite powder ep and ethyl methyl ketone ar. (acschemicals.org)
Compounds7
- Cresols (also known as hydroxytoluene, toluenol, benzol or cresylic acid) are a group of aromatic organic compounds. (wikipedia.org)
- Cresols may be formed normally in the body from other compounds. (cdc.gov)
- Besides, o-Cresol is one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum. (hmdb.ca)
- Together with many other compounds, o-cresol is traditionally extracted from coal tar, the volatile materials obtained in the production of coke from coal. (hmdb.ca)
- Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ortho cresols. (hmdb.ca)
- These are organic compounds containing an ortho-cresol moiety, which consists of a benzene bearing one hydroxyl group at ring positions 1 and 2, respectively. (hmdb.ca)
- 5-Amino- o -cresol is brought to the attention of the CSWG because it is the most widely used member of a class of 25 chemicals, the aminocresols and related compounds, defined as amino- and methyl-substituted phenols, their salts, and ethers. (nih.gov)
Concentrations5
- In 28-day toxicity studies, F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of both sexes were given o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, or m/p-cresol (60:40) at concentrations from 300 ppm to 30,000 ppm in the diet. (nih.gov)
- In 90-day studies, o-cresol or m/p-cresol (60:40) were added to the diet in concentrations as high as 30,000 ppm to F344/N rats and 20,000 ppm (o-cresol) or 10,000 ppm (m/p-cresol) to B6C3F1 mice. (nih.gov)
- Increased relative liver weights and kidney weights were noted in both rats and mice given concentrations of cresols as low as 3,000 ppm. (nih.gov)
- Results of reproductive tissue evaluations and estrus cycle characterizations with o-cresol and m/p-cresol gave no indication of adverse effects to the male reproductive system, but the estrus cycle was lengthened in rats and mice receiving the higher concentrations of o-cresol and rats receiving m/p-cresol. (nih.gov)
- Results of microscopic analyses were consistent with findings in the 28-day studies, and revealed evidence of mild bone marrow hypocellularity in rats and forestomach hyperplasia in mice given diets containing the higher concentrations of o-cresol. (nih.gov)
Phenols1
- Cresols have an odor characteristic to that of other simple phenols, reminiscent to some of a "coal tar" smell. (wikipedia.org)
Benzene1
- Cresol red is a green to dark green or brown-red, greenish powder slightly soluble in water, and very soluble in ethanol, but insoluble in acetone or benzene. (octagonchem.com)
Disinfectants2
- For cresol bactericides or disinfectants the mechanism of action is due to the destruction of bacterial cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
- Cresols are used to dissolve other chemicals, as disinfectants and deodorizers, and to make other chemicals. (cdc.gov)
Pubchem1
- Dihydroxytoluene Trihydroxytoluene o-CRESOL (ICSC) m-CRESOL (ICSC) p-CRESOL (ICSC) Pubchem. (wikipedia.org)
Coal2
- citation needed] About half of the world's supply of cresols are extracted from coal tar. (wikipedia.org)
- Exposure to cresols occurs mainly from breathing air containing car exhaust, air from homes heated with coal or wood, and smoking cigarettes. (cdc.gov)
Exposure1
- Short-term and long-term studies with animals have shown similar effects from exposure to cresols. (wikipedia.org)
PMID1
- The minimum lethal dose of cresol by mouth is about 2 g (PMID 15040915 ). (hmdb.ca)
10,0003
- According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the annual production level of 5 amino- o -cresol is 10,000 to 100,000 lbs. (nih.gov)
- In the 28-day studies, all rats survived (5 per sex per dose), but some mice given o-cresol at 30,000 ppm, or m-cresol or p-cresol at 10,000 ppm or 30,000 ppm died before the end of the studies. (nih.gov)
- Bone marrow hypoplasia and uterus, ovary and occasional mammary gland atrophy were seen primarily at the highest dietary concentration, but also at 10,000 ppm with certain cresols. (nih.gov)
Pseudomonas1
- o-Cresol is a microbial metabolite that can be found in Pseudomonas. (hmdb.ca)
Irritation3
- Breathing high levels of cresols for a short time results in irritation of the nose and throat. (wikipedia.org)
- Hair dye components such as pyrogallol and cresol have been shown previously to promote allergic reactions such as rashes, dermal inflammation, irritation and dermatitis. (nih.gov)
- Evidence of nasal irritation was present in rats and mice receiving feed containing m/p-cresol. (nih.gov)
NIOSH1
- NIOSH skin notation profile: Dinitro- o -cresol. (cdc.gov)
Corrosive2
- Cresols are corrosive and high levels can cause skin burns and internal burns if ingested, in addition to liver and kidney damage, and possibly death. (cdc.gov)
- Most exposures to cresols are at very low levels that are not harmful, but cresols breathed, ingested, or applied to the skin at very high levels, can be very harmful because they are corrosive substances. (cdc.gov)
Toxicology1
- An overview of Genetic Toxicology Micronucleus Mice study conclusions related to Cresols (1319-77-3). (nih.gov)
20221
- Kenneth Research recently added a report on Para Cresol Market which provides an in-depth analysis of the market scenario based on the market size and the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of the market over the forecast period, i.e., 2022-2031. (techtodaynewspaper.com)
Ingestion2
- It is not known what the effects are from long-term ingestion or skin contact with low levels of cresols. (wikipedia.org)
- Ingestion of o-Cresol cause intense burning of mouth and throat, followed by marked abdominal pain and distress. (hmdb.ca)
Harmful2
- No human or animal studies have shown harmful effects from cresols on reproduction. (wikipedia.org)
- Q. Is Cresol Mixture harmful to one's health? (shivshaktiindia.in)
Synthetic1
- Cresol can be used as synthetic material additives and dye intermediates. (haihangchem.com)
Occur2
- Cresols commonly occur as either solids or liquids because their melting points are generally close to room temperature. (wikipedia.org)
- These forms occur separately or as a mixture, which can also be called cresol or more specifically, tricresol. (wikipedia.org)
Rats2
Hazardous1
- Drinking contaminated water near garbage dumps or hazardous waste sites where cresols may be stored or buried. (cdc.gov)
Chemicals4
- Most recently, cresols have been used to create a breakthrough in manufacturing carbon nanotubes at scale that are separated and not twisted, without additional chemicals that change the surface properties of the nanotubes. (wikipedia.org)
- Cresols are a widely occurring natural and manufactured group of chemicals. (cdc.gov)
- In air, cresols quickly break down into other chemicals. (cdc.gov)
- Animal studies show that cresols may increase the ability of some carcinogenic chemicals to cause tumors. (cdc.gov)
Mice1
- The objective of this study was to determine the contact sensitization potential of pyrogallol (PYR) and 5-amino-o-cresol (AOC) when applied dermally to female BALB/c mice. (nih.gov)
Substances1
- Q. Is it possible to dilute or combine Cresol Mixture with other substances? (shivshaktiindia.in)
Smell1
- Cresols smell like medicine. (cdc.gov)
Primarily2
- Suspicion of carcinogenic potential of 5-amino- o -cresol is based primarily on its genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity, as well as some equivocal epidemiologic evidence of carcinogenic potential of some hair dye formulations. (nih.gov)
- Master-Dent Formo-Cresol is used primarily for the treatment of putrescent or necrotic pulps as well as a temporary medicament during root canal therapy. (firstchoicedentalsupplies.com)
Carcinogenic1
- No human studies are available on the carcinogenic effects of cresols. (cdc.gov)
Bacteria3
- Cresols evaporate slowly from soil and water surfaces, but can be quickly degraded by bacteria. (cdc.gov)
- Cresols may last longer in deep groundwater or water that does not have bacteria. (cdc.gov)
- [ 9 , 10 ] Additional studies also demonstrated that CKD is associated with an increased number of bacteria possessing urease, uricase, p -cresol and indole-forming enzymes. (medscape.com)
Solvents1
- Ans: For various purposes or industrial applications, Cresol Mixture can be diluted with appropriate solvents or additions. (shivshaktiindia.in)
Soil3
Evaluation1
- Genetic Toxicity Evaluation of Cresols in Salmonella/E.coli Mutagenicity Test or Ames Test. (nih.gov)
Products1
- This definitely shows how the market is trying to recover back and this will have a direct impact on the Healthcare/ICT/Chemical industries, creating a huge demand for Para Cresol Market products. (techtodaynewspaper.com)
Found4
- o -Cresol, m -cresol, p -cresol, and mixed cresols have been found in at least 210, 22, 310, and 70 of the 1,678 current or former National Priority List sites, respectively, identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (cdc.gov)
- Studies in animals have also found lesions inside the nose and thyroid gland damage in animals eating food containing mostly p -cresol or a mixture of m - and p -cresol. (cdc.gov)
- It has been proposed that the hpdBCA operon, rarely found in other gut microflora, encodes the enzymes responsible for the conversion of p-HPA to p-cresol. (nih.gov)
- No information on the manufacturing process for 5-amino- o cresol was found in the available literature. (nih.gov)
Properties1
- P-cresol is a phenolic compound with bacteriostatic properties which C. difficile can tolerate and may provide the organism with a competitive advantage over other gut microflora, enabling it to proliferate and cause CDI. (nih.gov)
Pattern1
- Use Pattern: 5-Amino- o -cresol is used almost exclusively in the cosmetic industry as a coupler (secondary intermediate) in oxidative (permanent) hair dye formulations, which produce hair coloration that lasts until the hair grows out. (nih.gov)