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CreatineCreatine KinaseCreatine Kinase, MM FormCreatine Kinase, Mitochondrial FormPhosphocreatineCreatine Kinase, MB FormAmidinotransferasesGuanidinoacetate N-MethyltransferaseIsoenzymesClinical Enzyme TestsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMusclesMuscle, SkeletalMyocardiumL-Lactate DehydrogenaseRhabdomyolysisAdenosine TriphosphateArginine KinaseCholineAspartic AcidAdenosine DiphosphateAdenylate KinaseEnergy MetabolismElectrophoresis, Cellulose AcetateMuscular DiseasesMyoglobinUreohydrolasesPlasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport ProteinsMitochondria, HeartBrainGuanidinesAspartate AminotransferasesRabbitsTime FactorsMyositisKineticsTroponin ITroponin TDietary SupplementsPropionatesBiological MarkersInositolMitochondria, MuscleMembrane Transport ProteinsElectrophoresis, Agar GelLactic AcidMuscular DystrophiesHeartOxygen ConsumptionMuscle ProteinsMyoglobinuriaMyocardial Reperfusion InjuryPhosphatesMyocardial ReperfusionWeight LiftingIodoacetatesMyofibrilsDinitrofluorobenzeneGlycosuria, RenalCreatinineReference ValuesAutoanalysisProtonsGlycineOxidative PhosphorylationMuscular Dystrophy, AnimalGlycogenElectrocardiographyRats, WistarBlood Chemical AnalysisLactatesMuscle FatigueMyocardial IschemiaMuscle ContractionIodoacetamideMuscle Fibers, SkeletalSarcosine OxidaseEnzyme ReactivatorsPerfusionTroponinChickensHydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase
Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.Creatine Kinase, MM Form: An isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the MUSCLE.Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial Form: A form of creatine kinase found in the MITOCHONDRIA.Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)Creatine Kinase, MB Form: An isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the CARDIAC MUSCLE.Amidinotransferases: Enzymes of a subclass of TRANSFERASES that catalyze the transfer of an amidino group from donor to acceptor. EC 2.1.4.Guanidinoacetate N-Methyltransferase: This enzyme catalyzes the last step of CREATINE biosynthesis by catalyzing the METHYLATION of guanidinoacetate to CREATINE.Isoenzymes: Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.Clinical Enzyme Tests: Analyses for a specific enzyme activity, or of the level of a specific enzyme that is used to assess health and disease risk, for early detection of disease or disease prediction, diagnosis, and change in disease status.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.L-Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Arginine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the guanidine nitrogen of arginine in the presence of ATP and a divalent cation with formation of phosphorylarginine and ADP. EC 2.7.3.3.Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.Adenylate Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3.Energy Metabolism: The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate: Electrophoresis in which cellulose acetate is the diffusion medium.Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group.UreohydrolasesPlasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins: A family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that facilitate NEUROTRANSMITTER reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. They may play a role in regulating the intensity and duration of neurotransmission.Mitochondria, Heart: The mitochondria of the myocardium.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Guanidines: A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.Aspartate Aminotransferases: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Myositis: Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Troponin I: One of the three polypeptide chains that make up the TROPONIN complex. It inhibits F-actin-myosin interactions.Troponin T: One of the three polypeptide chains that make up the TROPONIN complex. It is a cardiac-specific protein that binds to TROPOMYOSIN. It is released from damaged or injured heart muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Defects in the gene encoding troponin T result in FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY.Dietary Supplements: Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.Propionates: Derivatives of propionic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.Mitochondria, Muscle: Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.Membrane Transport Proteins: Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.Electrophoresis, Agar Gel: Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Muscular Dystrophies: A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Oxygen Consumption: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.MyoglobinuriaMyocardial Reperfusion Injury: Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.Weight Lifting: A sport in which weights are lifted competitively or as an exercise.Iodoacetates: Iodinated derivatives of acetic acid. Iodoacetates are commonly used as alkylating sulfhydryl reagents and enzyme inhibitors in biochemical research.Myofibrils: The long cylindrical contractile organelles of STRIATED MUSCLE cells composed of ACTIN FILAMENTS; MYOSIN filaments; and other proteins organized in arrays of repeating units called SARCOMERES .Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.Glycosuria, Renal: An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene.CreatinineReference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.Autoanalysis: Method of analyzing chemicals using automation.Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.Muscular Dystrophy, AnimalGlycogenElectrocardiography: Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Blood Chemical Analysis: An examination of chemicals in the blood.Lactates: Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.Muscle Fatigue: A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle.Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.Iodoacetamide: An alkylating sulfhydryl reagent. Its actions are similar to those of iodoacetate.Muscle Fibers, Skeletal: Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.Sarcosine Oxidase: A FLAVOPROTEIN, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of SARCOSINE to GLYCINE; FORMALDEHYDE; and HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2).Enzyme Reactivators: Compounds which restore enzymatic activity by removing an inhibitory group bound to the reactive site of the enzyme.Perfusion: Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase

Nitric oxide inhibits cardiac energy production via inhibition of mitochondrial creatine kinase. (1/1169)

Nitric oxide biosynthesis in cardiac muscle leads to a decreased oxygen consumption and lower ATP synthesis. It is suggested that this effect of nitric oxide is mainly due to the inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase. However, this work demonstrates that nitric oxide is able to inhibit soluble mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK), mitochondrial CK bound in purified mitochondria, CK in situ in skinned fibres as well as the functional activity of mitochondrial CK in situ in skinned fibres. Since mitochondrial isoenzyme is functionally coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, its inhibition also leads to decreased sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to ADP and thus decreases ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption under physiological ADP concentrations.  (+info)

Separation of urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with sodium cholate. (2/1169)

The capillary electrophoretic separation of the four nonprotein nitrogenous compounds (NPNs; urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine) typically employed in clinical and medical settings for the monitoring of renal function is described. Successful resolution of these compounds is achieved with the use of a bile salt micelle system composed of sodium cholate at phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The elution patterns of four NPNs are obtained within 30 min with a voltage of 30 kV. The effect of varying the applied voltage, temperature, and the mole ratio of phosphate buffer with bile salt surfactant on the migration behavior is also examined.  (+info)

Shortening of muscle relaxation time after creatine loading. (3/1169)

The effect of creatine (Cr) supplementation on muscle isometric torque generation and relaxation was investigated in healthy male volunteers. Maximal torque (Tmax), contraction time (CT) from 0.25 to 0.75 of Tmax, and relaxation time (RT) from 0.75 to 0.25 of Tmax were measured during 12 maximal isometric 3-s elbow flexions interspersed by 10-s rest intervals. Between the pretest and the posttest, subjects ingested Cr monohydrate (4 x 5 g/day; n = 8) or placebo (n = 8) for 5 days. Pretest Tmax, CT, and RT were similar in Cr and placebo groups. Also in the posttest, Tmax and CT were similar between groups. However, posttest RT was decreased consistently by approximately 20% (P < 0.05) in the Cr group from the first to the last of the 12 contractions. In addition, the mean decrease in RT after Cr loading was positively correlated with pretest RT (r = 0.82). It is concluded that Cr loading facilitates the rate of muscle relaxation during brief isometric muscle contractions without affecting torque production.  (+info)

Absolute quantification of brain metabolites by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in normal-appearing white matter of multiple sclerosis patients. (4/1169)

The aim of this research was to obtain an absolute quantification of the N-acetyl-aspartate, choline, creatine and phosphocreatine levels in normal-appearing white matter by means of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a group of multiple sclerosis patients (27 with the relapsing-remitting form and 13 with the secondary progressive form). These values were compared with those of a group of 12 age-matched healthy control subjects. A significant decrease in the N-acetyl-aspartate concentration was found in normal-appearing white matter of frontal and parietal brain areas in multiple sclerosis patients compared with the same areas in control subjects. This reduction was more evident in progressive patients. The decrease in the N-acetyl-aspartate concentration in normal-appearing white matter significantly correlated with the Expanded Disability Status and the lesional load. No significant change was found in the concentration of creatine or choline. This finding concurs with previous evidence of heterogeneity in the multiple sclerosis pathological process which is not confined to the lesions and involves not only myelin, but also axons, even in white matter which appears normal on MRI.  (+info)

Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and energy dissipation by H+ ion recycling in rat-liver mitochondrial metabolizing pyruvate. (5/1169)

A method was developed for the calculation of metabolic fluxes through individual enzymatic reactions of pyruvate metabolism including the citric acid cycle in rat liver mitochondrial incubated at metabolic states between state 4 and state 3. This method is based on the measurement of the specific radioactivities of the products formed from [2-14C]pyruvate. With this procedure the energy balance of mitochondria incubated in the presence of [2-14C]pyruvate, ATP, bicarbonate and phosphate at different ATP/ADP ratios in the medium was calculated. The ATP/ADP ratios were maintained at a steady state with creatine kinase plus creatine as a phosphoryl acceptor. The calculations revealed that by adding increasing concentrations of creatine up to 20 mM the energy dissipated by the mitochondria decreased but showed a local maximum at 13mM creatine. Omission of bicarbonate from the medium led to a shift of this maximum. When energy dissipation was minimal the overall P/O ratio was maximal. The amount of energy dissipated was paralleled by the magnitude of the pH gradient across the inner membrane. From these results it was concluded that the recycling of H+ ions which consists of a passive leakage of H+ ions into the matrix and an active extrusion of these ions out of this compartment, is an important energy dissipating process. The H+ ion recycling is thus one of the processes which give rise to the state 4 respiration in mitochondria.  (+info)

Cerebral metabolic abnormalities in congestive heart failure detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (6/1169)

OBJECTIVES: Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we investigated cerebral metabolism and its determinants in congestive heart failure (CHF), and the effects of cardiac transplantation on these measurements. BACKGROUND: Few data are available about cerebral metabolism in CHF. METHODS: Fifty patients with CHF (ejection fraction < or = 35%) and 20 healthy volunteers were included for this study. Of the patients, 10 patients underwent heart transplantation. All subjects performed symptom-limited bicycle exercise test. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) was obtained from localized regions (8 to 10 ml) of occipital gray matter (OGM) and parietal white matter (PWM). Absolute levels of the metabolites (N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, myo-inositol) were calculated. RESULTS: In PWM only creatine level was significantly lower in CHF than in control subjects, but in OGM all four metabolite levels were decreased in CHF. The creatine level was independently correlated with half-recovery time and duration of heart failure symptoms in PWM (r = -0.56, p < 0.05), and with peak oxygen consumption and serum sodium concentration in OGM (r = 0.58, p < 0.05). Cerebral metabolic abnormalities were improved after successful cardiac transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that cerebral metabolism is abnormally deranged in advanced CHF and it may serve as a potential marker of the disease severity.  (+info)

Effect of thrombin inhibition in vascular dementia and silent cerebrovascular disease. An MR spectroscopy study. (7/1169)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Silent cerebrovascular disease (CVD) has been proposed as a predisposing condition for clinically overt stroke and vascular dementia. Recently, we found increased thrombin generation in silent CVD patients. Here, we report the effect of thrombin inhibition using a potent selective thrombin inhibitor on the cerebral metabolism and function in peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) patients with or without silent CVD. METHODS: We examined 17 mild chronic PAOD patients, including 2 cases of vascular dementia. We divided the patients into 2 groups: 1 was the advanced CVD group with multiple lacunar infarction and/or advanced periventricular hyperintensity detected by brain MRI (n=12), and the other was the no CVD group that had none of these abnormalities (n=5). We assessed the cerebral biochemical compounds in the deep white matter area and cerebellar hemisphere (8 cm3) by proton MR spectroscopy before and after infusion of argatroban (10 mg/d IV) over 2 hours for 7 days. RESULTS: The ratio of N-acetylasparate (NAA) to total creatine (Cre) in the deep white matter area was significantly lower in the advanced CVD group than in the no CVD group, whereas there were no significant differences in this ratio in the cerebellar hemisphere between the 2 groups. In the former group, this decreased NAA/Cre ratio significantly increased after argatroban therapy, whereas there was no change in the latter group. The 2 patients with vascular dementia showed clinical improvement with marked increases in the NAA/Cre ratio and mini-mental score. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that increased thrombin generation may have some pathophysiological roles in developing vascular dementia and its chronic predisposing conditions. Thrombin inhibition may break this vicious cycle and lead to clinical improvement.  (+info)

Proton MR spectroscopy in patients with complex partial seizures: single-voxel spectroscopy versus chemical-shift imaging. (8/1169)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Proton MR spectroscopy has recently been applied to the evaluation of seizures, but few comparisons have been made between different clinical spectroscopic techniques. Our goal was to determine whether there is a significant difference between hippocampal NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratios obtained by single-voxel spectroscopy (SVS) and by chemical-shift imaging (CSI). METHODS: Twelve healthy adults and eight patients with complex partial seizures were studied on a 1.5-T MR scanner using a proton SVS method. Another 12 healthy adults and 10 patients with complex partial seizures were recruited for a proton CSI study, which was performed on a different 1.5-T MR system. The NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratio was calculated from the integral peak areas by curve fitting. The two-tailed t-test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean value +/- standard deviation of the hippocampal NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratio in healthy control subjects was 0.63 +/- 0.07 by SVS, with 0.62 +/- 0.15 for the anterior hippocampus and 0.65 +/- 0.11 for the posterior hippocampus by CSI. There was no significant difference between the control group data obtained by SVS and those by CSI, nor was there a regional difference in the CSI NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratio in the hippocampus. Relative to the control group, the patients with seizures had a significant decrease in the NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratio in the abnormal hippocampus: -28% by SVS, and -24% in the anterior hippocampus and -18% in the posterior hippocampus by CSI. Proton SVS and CSI detected hippocampal abnormalities, unilateral or bilateral, in all patients of each group. CONCLUSION: Under similar measurement conditions, proton SVS and CSI provide similar NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratios among healthy control subjects, and they possess comparable ability for detecting hippocampal abnormalities in patients with complex partial seizures.  (+info)

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Creatine HCL vs. Creatine Monohydrate - BestpreworkoutforwomenCreatine HCL vs. Creatine Monohydrate - Bestpreworkoutforwomen
Both compounds serve as a supplement to the body as there are only slight changes in their structure. More than a thousand researches have been done on Creatine Monohydrate, and there are about very few studies done on the latter. This makes us believe that Creatine Monohydrate is the one we should include in our diets or the pre-workouts. But the data recorded by the consumers have different things to reveal. Consumers find an issue with the Creatine Monohydrate that it is not much soluble in water. Studies have also proved that Creatine Monohydrate dissolves only 3% of the actual intake in the intestinal cells and the tissue fibers that too in more than 90 minutes. It usually causes diarrhea, intestinal contractions, and abdominal pains due to the particles settling down in the intestinal walls. Thus, it requires more water than necessary to make the particles moving, which further increases the blood pressure to an undesirable rate. Comparatively, Creatine HCL being more acidic dissolve ...
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JCM | Free Full-Text | Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation on Aging Muscle and Bone: Focus on Falls Prevention and...JCM | Free Full-Text | Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation on Aging Muscle and Bone: Focus on Falls Prevention and...
Sarcopenia, defined as the age-related decrease in muscle mass, strength and physical performance, is associated with reduced bone mass and elevated low-grade inflammation. From a healthy aging perspective, interventions which overcome sarcopenia are clinically relevant. Accumulating evidence suggests that exogenous creatine supplementation has the potential to increase aging muscle mass, muscle performance, and decrease the risk of falls and possibly attenuate inflammation and loss of bone mineral. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to: (1) summarize the effects of creatine supplementation, with and without resistance training, in aging adults and discuss possible mechanisms of action, (2) examine the effects of creatine on bone biology and risk of falls, (3) evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of creatine and (4) determine the safety of creatine supplementation in aging adults.
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Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition, Strength, and Power of Female Volleyball Players - The Sport JournalEffects of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition, Strength, and Power of Female Volleyball Players - The Sport Journal
Discussion. The present results support the findings of previous studies suggesting that creatine supplementation, in conjunction with a good conditioning program, can significantly increase muscular strength and power, to an extent that conditioning programs alone do not match (Haff et al., 2000; Stout et al., 1999). A number of mechanisms have been offered in explanation. First, creatine supplementation increases creatine and phosphocreatine concentration in skeletal muscle, which appears to be directly related to enhancement of force development (Balsom et al., 1995; Casey et al., 1996; Greenhaff et al., 1993; Harris, Soderlund, & Hultman, 1992). Enhanced ability to meet high demand for ATP during maximal exercise may help explain the improvement in muscular strength and power.. The present studys finding of an increase in lean body mass and body weight with creatine supplementation is consistent with other studies (Earnest et al., 1995; Haff et al., 2000; Kreider, Ferreira, et al., 1998; ...
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Low prices on Creatine! Creatine helps build muscle fast. Ready to get big? Creatine (creatine monohydrate) is natural substance and creatine supplementation is an effective way to build muscle and get stronger. In one study, athletes added 19 pounds to their single-rep bench press within just one month of taking creatine!
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Short and longer-term effects of creatine supplementation on exercise induced muscle damage. - Free Online LibraryShort and longer-term effects of creatine supplementation on exercise induced muscle damage. - Free Online Library
Free Online Library: Short and longer-term effects of creatine supplementation on exercise induced muscle damage.(Research article, Report) by Journal of Sports Science and Medicine; Health, general Creatine Health aspects Exercise Muscle diseases Care and treatment Physiological aspects Muscular diseases
Oral Creatine Supplementation and Upper Extremity Anaerobic Response in Females in: International Journal of Sport Nutrition...Oral Creatine Supplementation and Upper Extremity Anaerobic Response in Females in: International Journal of Sport Nutrition...
K.L. Hamilton was with the Department of Health and Human Development at Montana State University when the research was conducted. She is now with the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. M.C. Meyers is with the Department of Sports and Exercise Science at West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016. W.A. Skelly is with the School of Human Movement, Sport, and Leisure Studies at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 45906. RJ. Marley is with the College of Engineering at Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717. ...
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NOW Creatine Monohydrate Powder 8 Ounces - Creatine Monohydrate is a naturally occurring compound found in the human body and obtained in the diet primarily from meat and fish. Creatine is a popular supplement among active individuals because of its ability to serve as an energy reservoir, especially during intense physical exertion. During short intense bursts of activity, the body breaks down adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate for energy. Creatine helps the body convert ADP back to ATP, providing greater amounts of ATP for energy, which may increase short-term endurance and strength. Creatine can also be stored for later use by cells creating the
Creatine Nitrate vs Creatine Monohydrate - Mr Supplement AustraliaCreatine Nitrate vs Creatine Monohydrate - Mr Supplement Australia
What is creatine monohydrate and creatine nitrate? We take a look at the many benefits and negatives of creatine monohydrate and creatine nitrate and...
Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update | Journal of the International Society of...Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update | Journal of the International Society of...
Creatine is one of the most popular and widely researched natural supplements. The majority of studies have focused on the effects of creatine monohydrate on performance and health; however, many other forms of creatine exist and are commercially available in the sports nutrition/supplement market. Regardless of the form, supplementation with creatine has regularly shown to increase strength, fat free mass, and muscle morphology with concurrent heavy resistance training more than resistance training alone. Creatine may be of benefit in other modes of exercise such as high-intensity sprints or endurance training. However, it appears that the effects of creatine diminish as the length of time spent exercising increases. Even though not all individuals respond similarly to creatine supplementation, it is generally accepted that its supplementation increases creatine storage and promotes a faster regeneration of adenosine triphosphate between high intensity exercises. These improved outcomes will increase
Creatine Monohydrate - Pros and Cons of Creatine Monohydrate - Side Effects and Dosage InfoCreatine Monohydrate - Pros and Cons of Creatine Monohydrate - Side Effects and Dosage Info
What exactly is Creatine?. Creatine (Cr) is a naturally occurring amino acid found in muscle tissue of humans and animals. It plays an important role in fueling muscles. The human body has 100 to 115 grams of creatine stored in the form of creatine phosphate or phosphocreatine. Approximately 95% of the bodys creatine supply are found in the skeletal muscles. The remaining 5% are scattered throughout the rest of the body, with the highest concentrations in the heart, brain and testes. Creatine is easily absorbed from the intestinal tract into the bloodstream. When dietary consumption is inadequate to meet the bodys needs, a limited supply can be synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine and methionine. This creatine production occurs in the liver, pancreas and kidneys. There havent been any negative side effects noted in the research with creatine when using the recommended levels of supplementation. But you should be aware that creatine creates a byproduct called creatinine. ...
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Pure creatine monohydrate powder 80 mesh, View Pure creatine monohydrate powder , N&R Product Details from N&R Bio Industries...Pure creatine monohydrate powder 80 mesh, View Pure creatine monohydrate powder , N&R Product Details from N&R Bio Industries...
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Creatine / Creatine Monohydrate / German CreatineCreatine / Creatine Monohydrate / German Creatine
Creatine is an amino acid produced by the liver and kidneys, and can be derived from a diet that consists of meat and animal products. Unfortunately you would need to eat about ten pounds of meat to have the same amount of creatine, as you would get by taking twenty grams of Creatine monohydrate. In the body, Creatine is changed into a molecule called "phosphocreatine", which is an organic compound found in muscle tissue and capable of storing and providing energy for muscular contraction. Also called Creatine phosphate. Phosphocreatine is especially important in tissues such as the voluntary muscles and the nervous system, which periodically require large amounts of energy. Creatine plays an essential role in the energy metabolism of a muscle by helping replace the energy burned during exercise so you can train harder ...
Creatine supplements - WikipediaCreatine supplements - Wikipedia
Creatine supplements are dietary supplements marketed as increasing high-intensity athletic performance. There is scientific evidence that short term creatine use can increase maximum power and performance in high-intensity anaerobic repetitive work (periods of work and rest) by 5 to 15%. Studies in endurance athletes have been less than promising, most likely because these activities are sustained at a given intensity and thus do not allow for significant intra-exercise synthesis of additional creatine phosphate molecules. Ingesting creatine can increase the level of phosphocreatine in the muscles up to 20%. Creatine has no significant effect on aerobic endurance, though it will increase power during short sessions of high-intensity aerobic exercise. Creatine use is not considered doping and is not banned by the majority of sport-governing bodies. However, in the United States, the NCAA recently ruled that colleges could not provide creatine supplements to their players, though the players are ...
Creatine - Jarrow - Creatine Monohydrate 6GM/SCOOP - 325 GMCreatine - Jarrow - Creatine Monohydrate 6GM/SCOOP - 325 GM
Monohydrate Crystalline Powder Pharmaceutical Grade Purity Assured by HPLC USAGE: Stir one scoop (6 grams) of Creatine Monohydrate into a full glass of water or fruit juice, or as directed by your qualified health consultant. Warning: Do not use if kidney or liver function is impaired, or if using prescribed medication. Do not use if under the age of 18, during pregnancy or lactation. Do not exceed suggested usage. Creatine is synthesized in the liver from the amino acids arginine and glycine and stored in the major skeletal muscles including the heart. Once inside the muscle, creatine is phosphorylated to form creatine phosphate (CP) which is a high energy substrate that assists in the contraction of the myofibrils (muscle fibers). Creatine Phosphate is utilized to maintain higher levels of ATP (energy molecules) during exercise. Creatine Phosphate maximizes physical performance and reduces exercise fatigue by absorbing hydrogen ions released by muscles as lactic acid. Intense anaerobic exercise,
Jarrow Formulas - Jarrow - Creatine Monohydrate 6GM/SCOOP - 325 GMJarrow Formulas - Jarrow - Creatine Monohydrate 6GM/SCOOP - 325 GM
Monohydrate Crystalline Powder Pharmaceutical Grade Purity Assured by HPLC USAGE: Stir one scoop (6 grams) of Creatine Monohydrate into a full glass of water or fruit juice, or as directed by your qualified health consultant. Warning: Do not use if kidney or liver function is impaired, or if using prescribed medication. Do not use if under the age of 18, during pregnancy or lactation. Do not exceed suggested usage. Creatine is synthesized in the liver from the amino acids arginine and glycine and stored in the major skeletal muscles including the heart. Once inside the muscle, creatine is phosphorylated to form creatine phosphate (CP) which is a high energy substrate that assists in the contraction of the myofibrils (muscle fibers). Creatine Phosphate is utilized to maintain higher levels of ATP (energy molecules) during exercise. Creatine Phosphate maximizes physical performance and reduces exercise fatigue by absorbing hydrogen ions released by muscles as lactic acid. Intense anaerobic exercise,
creatine hydrochloride hclcreatine hydrochloride hcl
Mar 30, 2012· As its name suggests, creatine HCL is made by attaching a hydrochloride group to creatine, thereby creating a salt. In attaching this hydrochloride group, the solubility of the molecule increases greatly compared to creatine monohydrate (the existing basic form of creatine). This results in some improved qualities over the already great creatine monohydrate. Benefits of Creatine HCL Creatine Monohydrate vs Creatine HCL. Creatine HCL is the most soluble form of creatine ...
Creatine Monohydrate Decreases Penis Size - WTFCreatine Monohydrate Decreases Penis Size - WTF
I recommended a client to start out with whey protein and creatine monohydrate after 6 months of weight-training and solid food. Two days later, he sent me this article below and a quote Im not taking this shit. Dangers of Creatine - Bad Effects of Creatine Creatine is nitrogenous organic acid occurring naturally in all vertebrates. Creatine helps to supply energy to muscle and nerve cells. The body manufactures stores and uses creatine for pursuits which require bursts of energy like
Universal Nutrition Creatine,Universal Nutrition Creatine,
Whats the difference between Universal Creatine Powder and other creatine supplements? The great manufacturing quality and superior form of the Universal Creatine Powder, makes it a global favourite among health conscious bodybuilders. It is methodically prepared from Creatine Monohydrate Powder which is considered the most pure and concentrated form of creatine. Studies have routinely shown an increase in lean body mass with creatine supplementation although this is likely to represent increased water retention in the short-term, activating your muscle tissue fibers to grow bigger in size. Universal Creatine supplement ensures your muscles are well hydrated, giving them a healthy and bulky look.. Buying Guide. You must have heard about Creatine from the guys in gym, but do you know why it is such a big deal? Creatine is a natural substance that is used as an athletic aid for increasing the high intensity athletic performance. You will be amazed to know that since the researchers found out ...
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological SciencesProceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
Creatine supplementation is in widespread use to enhance sports-fitness performance, and has been trialled successfully in the treatment of neurological, neuromuscular and atherosclerotic disease. Creatine plays a pivotal role in brain energy homeostasis, being a temporal and spatial buffer for cytosolic and mitochondrial pools of the cellular energy currency, adenosine triphosphate and its regulator, adenosine diphosphate. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that oral creatine supplementation (5 g d-1 for six weeks) would enhance intelligence test scores and working memory performance in 45 young adult, vegetarian subjects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Creatine supplementation had a significant positive effect (p , 0.0001) on both working memory (backward digit span) and intelligence (Ravens Advanced Progressive Matrices), both tasks that require speed of processing. These findings underline a dynamic and significant role of brain energy capacity in influencing ...
Does long-term creatine supplementation impair kidney function in resistance-trained individuals consuming a high-protein diet?...Does long-term creatine supplementation impair kidney function in resistance-trained individuals consuming a high-protein diet?...
The present results are in agreement with other investigations that have demonstrated the safety of creatine supplementation on kidney function in distinct populations [4-9]. However, most of these studies estimated glomerular filtration rate by using serum endogenous markers, which are widely used in clinical practice but potentially susceptible to methodological errors. For instance, serum creatinine and its derivative equations are influenced by dietary intake, particularly by creatine-containing foods or supplements. Upon the ingestion of creatine, one may expect an increase in serum creatinine, since creatine is spontaneously and irreversibly converted into creatinine. As such, a false positive diagnosis of a decreased kidney function may occur in creatine-supplemented individual when only serum creatinine data are taken into consideration. Although serum creatinine was not significantly elevated in the current study, previous observations from our group [8] and others [15] support the ...
NOW FOODS Creatine Monohydrate 100% Pure Powder - NutraPlanetNOW FOODS Creatine Monohydrate 100% Pure Powder - NutraPlanet
Creatine may be especially useful for those doing short-term, intense exercise such as weight lifting, football, basketball, swimming, skiing or cycling.. Creatine Monohydrate is a naturally occurring compound found in the human body and obtained in the diet primarily from meat and fish. Creatine is a popular supplement among active individuals because of its ability to serve as an energy reservoir, especially during intense physical exertion. During short, intense burst of activity, the body breaks down adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate for energy. Creatine helps the body convert ADP back to ATP, providing greater amounts of ATP for energy, which may increase short-term endurance and strength. Creatine can also be stored for later use by cells, creating the "energy reservoir" active individuals desire.. ...
Creatine Monohydrate | GoNutrition®Creatine Monohydrate | GoNutrition®
Creatine Monohydrate is a premium quality creatine supplement, and is regarded as one of the most effective sports supplements available on the market today.
Universal Nutrition Creatine Powder - Allegro Medical SuppliesUniversal Nutrition Creatine Powder - Allegro Medical Supplies
Universal Nutrition Creatine Powder - Theres bad creatine and good creatine. Then theres great creatine. Whats the difference? Manufacturing quality and form. The only clinically proven form is creatine monohydrate powder. The best creatine monohydrate is manufactured in Germany. Our creatine monohydrate powder is a German creatine thats so pure, its patented. Its the finest in the world.
Calories in Champion Nutrition Enhanced Creatine Transport, Island Punch - Nutritional Information and Diet InfoCalories in Champion Nutrition Enhanced Creatine Transport, Island Punch - Nutritional Information and Diet Info
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strength endurancestrength endurance
My advice is to use creatine monohydrate. This is the most common and most researched form of the substance. It is also perfectly safe (according to the 150 research papers Ive viewed on it). *See the end of this article for safe dosages and monitoring any reactions. There are other forms of creatine, creatine ethylester (CEE), that is broken down into creatinine, which is toxic to the body. I strongly suggest you avoid this type of creatine or anything other than creatine monohydrate, because this is the one we know works best and is also completely safe.. The buffered Ph neutral creatine called KreAlklyn is a madey uppey type of creatine. It is just mixed with creatine salts and baking soda. They then tell you that creatine monohydrate will be largely broken down into creatinine in the body, unless it is buffered like theirs is.. This is not true. Creatine monohydrate mixed with water is Ph neutral and very little degrades into creatinine (not enough to be significant in any way). Plus ...
Health Information CenterHealth Information Center
1. Green AL, Hultman E, MacDonald IA, Sewell DA, et al. Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:E821-E826. 2. Steenge GR, Lambourne J, Casey A, et al. Stimulatory effect of insulin on creatine accumulation in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:E974-E979. 3. Nelson AG, Arnall DA, Kokkonen J, et al. Muscle glycogen supercompensation is enhanced by prior creatine supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:1096-1100. 4. Williams MH, Branch JD. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: an update. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17:216-234. 5. Williams MH, Branch JD. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: an update. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17:216-234. 6. Balsom PD, Ekblom B, Soderlund K, et al. Creatine supplementation and dynamic high-intensity intermittent exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 1993;3:143-149. 7. Mujika I, Padilla S. Creatine supplementation as an ergogenic acid for sports ...
APPLIED ERGOGENICS: Another one bites the dust!APPLIED ERGOGENICS: Another one bites the dust!
It would not be an exaggeration to say that creatine is one of the most popular and effective sports supplements. Studies show that about 70% of those who use creatine supplements obtain definite ergogenic benefits, including increased body mass, strength, and upgraded muscle endurance. Most of the published studies attesting to creatine efficacy have involved creatine monohydrate, which is composed of 99% creatine and 1% water.While forms of creatine were routinely used by Russian and East German athletes in the 60s, the use of creatine as a popular sports supplement began in 1993. The ongoing popularity of creatine has led to a variety of supplemental forms of creatine. Some creatine supplements contain simple sugars, based on studies showing that promoting an insulin release boosts muscle uptake of creatine. In actuality, the efficiency of muscle creatine uptake is dependent on the creatine transporter protein found in muscle. With continued use of creatine, this muscle transporter eventually ...
Augmentation of Creatine in the Heart. - Radcliffe Department of MedicineAugmentation of Creatine in the Heart. - Radcliffe Department of Medicine
Creatine is a principle component of the creatine kinase (CK) phosphagen system common to all vertebrates. It is found in excitable cells, such as cardiomyocytes, where it plays an important role in the buffering and transport of chemical energy to ensure that supply meets the dynamic demands of the heart. Multiple components of the CK system, including intracellular creatine levels, are reduced in heart failure, while ischaemia and hypoxia represent acute crises of energy provision. Elevation of myocardial creatine levels has therefore been suggested as potentially beneficial, however, achieving this goal is not trivial. This mini-review outlines the evidence in support of creatine elevation and critically examines the pharmacological approaches that are currently available. In particular, dietary creatine-supplementation does not sufficiently elevate creatine levels in the heart due to subsequent down-regulation of the plasma membrane creatine transporter (CrT). Attempts to increase passive diffusion
Coachs Effervescent Creatine Formula - Protein Synthesis - Fitness VIPCoachs Effervescent Creatine Formula - Protein Synthesis - Fitness VIP
The main problem with powdered creatine monohydrate is water solubility. It takes 100 milliliters of pure water to dissolve 750 milligrams of creatine monohydrate. So 5grams would require about 670 ml or roughly 24 ounces of room temperature water to dissolve. Warm water does a somewhat better job. Remember, if creatine does not dissolve, it can not be absorbed. Some bright individuals actually just toss creatine powder into their mouths and chase it with water. That is like not chewing your food. Most of the creatine granules will not go anywhere useful. The second problem is the monohydrate electrical charge. Intestinal mucosa cells, which absorb nutrients, resist to some extent anything containing a net electrical charge of other than zero. (Which creatine monohydrate does not have) By the way, a molecule with a net electrical charge of zero is called a zwitterion and is readily absorbed by intestinal mucosa.. Next is the issue of PH. The PH that allows creatine to have a net electrical ...
Muscle Feast Creatine HCl (200 grams) - VitaOto - Vitamins and SupplementsMuscle Feast Creatine HCl (200 grams) - VitaOto - Vitamins and Supplements
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Creatine Monohydrate - Underground Nutrition StoreCreatine Monohydrate - Underground Nutrition Store
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SiS Creatine - 400g (Unflavoured) offers a convenient way to help increase physical performance. Creatine monohydrate has been shown in many scientific studies to increase physical performance in successive bursts of short-term, high intensity exercise.
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Now Vitamins - Creatine Monohydrate powder 1kg (2.2 lbs) ATP Energizer* Creatine is a compound that occurs naturally in the body, primarily in skeletal m...
Creatine Supplementation 101 - The Ultimate GuideCreatine Supplementation 101 - The Ultimate Guide
Creatine supplementation is possibly one of the most well-researched topics in sports nutrition in the world! The use of creatine supplementation has been shown
Kinetics of creatine uptake in the perfused mouse liver: a 31P-n.m.r. study of transgenic mice expressing creatine kinase (CKBB...Kinetics of creatine uptake in the perfused mouse liver: a 31P-n.m.r. study of transgenic mice expressing creatine kinase (CKBB...
Transport of creatine in the mouse liver has been investigated in vivo and in the perfused organ. Experiments were carried out with transgenic mice expressing creatine kinase in the liver (brain isoenzyme CKBB; EC 7.2.3.2.) [Koretsky, Brosnan, Chen, Chen and Van Dyke (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 3112-3116] and in the corresponding control mice. The animals were fed a regular chow with or without the addition of 10% creatine (w/w) for 5 days. The kinetics of creatine uptake was measured in the perfused liver by 31P-n.m.r. spectroscopy and biochemical analysis following infusion of creatine at concentrations ranging over 0-15 mM and at an extracellular pH of either 7.40 or 6.40. The results suggest that creatine is actively transported by a pH-dependent mechanism obeying a saturable Michaelis-Menten type of kinetics (Km = 0.80 +/- 0.18 and 5.12 +/- 2.40 mM; Vmax. = 0.57 +/- 0.04 and 1.72 +/- 0.32 mumol.g of liver-1.min-1 at pH 7.40 and 6.40 respectively). Creatine export was evaluated ...
Buy USN 500g Creatine Monohydrate Shake at Argos.co.uk - Your Online Shop for Muscle building, Nutritional aids and supplements...Buy USN 500g Creatine Monohydrate Shake at Argos.co.uk - Your Online Shop for Muscle building, Nutritional aids and supplements...
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Creatine Monohydrate (325 gm) - Sports NutritionCreatine Monohydrate (325 gm) - Sports Nutrition
Are There Any Side Effects Or Health Risks?. This product contains only 100% pure pharmaceutical grade ingredients and is regularly tested to ensure the safety and quality. Each ingredient has been approved as safe by the FDA and all appear on the FDAs GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) list. This product is manufactured in the USA under stringent GMP guidelines that have been set by the FDA.. ♦ Are There any Contra-indications or Safety Issues?. Safety is very important to us. Although Creatine Monohydrate (325 gm) does not require any prescription, it is always suggested to consult your doctor with the list of ingredients if you are under any other medication, treatment or medical condition (such as pregnancy, heart problem).. ...
Creatine Monohydrate (600 gm) - Sports NutritionCreatine Monohydrate (600 gm) - Sports Nutrition
Are There Any Side Effects Or Health Risks?. This product contains only 100% pure pharmaceutical grade ingredients and is regularly tested to ensure the safety and quality. Each ingredient has been approved as safe by the FDA and all appear on the FDAs GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) list. This product is manufactured in the USA under stringent GMP guidelines that have been set by the FDA.. ♦ Are There any Contra-indications or Safety Issues?. Safety is very important to us. Although Creatine Monohydrate (600 gm) does not require any prescription, it is always suggested to consult your doctor with the list of ingredients if you are under any other medication, treatment or medical condition (such as pregnancy, heart problem).. ...
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1)H-MR spectroscopy for analysis of cardiac lipid and creatine metabolism. - Radcliffe Department of Medicine1)H-MR spectroscopy for analysis of cardiac lipid and creatine metabolism. - Radcliffe Department of Medicine
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is the only non-invasive, non-radiation-based technique for investigating the metabolism of living tissue. MRS of protons (1H-MRS), which provides the highest sensitivity of all MR-visible nuclei, is a method capable of detecting and quantifying specific cardiac biomolecules, such as lipids and creatine in normal and diseased hearts in both animal models and humans. This can be used to study mechanisms of heart failure development in a longitudinal manner, for example, the potential contribution of myocardial lipid accumulation in the context of ageing and obesity. Similarly, quantifying creatine levels provides insight into the energy storage and buffering capacity in the heart. Creatine depletion is consistently observed in heart failure independent of aetiology, but its contribution to pathophysiology remains a matter of debate. These and other questions can in theory be answered with cardiac MRS, but fundamental technical challenges have limited its use. The
Correlations between cardiac protein synthesis rates, intracellular pH and the concentrations of creatine metabolites |...Correlations between cardiac protein synthesis rates, intracellular pH and the concentrations of creatine metabolites |...
We have examined in detail the correlations between protein synthesis rates, intracellular pH (pHi) and the concentrations of creatine metabolites in the rat heart perfused anterogradely in vitro. Using perfusion buffers ranging from pH 7.2 to 8.2 at 37 degrees C, we were able to manipulate pHi from between 7.24 to 7.66, i.e. from the slightly acidotic to the alkalinotic as compared with the physiological values of pHi (about pH 7.29). The dependence of pHi on extracellular pH (pHo) was linear, with the value of delta pHi/delta pHo being 0.4-0.5. Protein synthesis rates were significantly stimulated when pHi was increased above its physiological value, and they were strongly correlated with pHi. They were also strongly correlated with phosphocreatine concentrations (and with creatine concentrations and phosphocreatine/creatine concentration ratios). Adenine nucleotide (ATP, ADP and AMP) concentrations and the ATP/ADP concentration ratio were not systematically altered by manipulating pHi, and ...
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You will find stories of kidney damage with creatine use, for example interstitial nephritis; people with kidney illness need to avoid use of this health supplement.[seventeen] In comparable way, liver purpose may be altered, and caution is suggested in People with fundamental liver disease, Though reports have revealed little if any adverse influence on kidney or liver function from oral creatine supplementation.[20] In 2004 the ecu Meals Security Authority (EFSA) posted a file which mentioned that oral long-term intake of 3 g pure creatine daily is possibility-no cost ...
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Liquid creatine is a rip off in my opinion, until I hear differently. Creatine is just a series of three amino acids, which tend to denature or unfold if left in fluid for too long. A lot of the creatine products youre seeing are likely mixtures of creatine monohydrate, creatine ethyl ester, the two malate and chelate versions, etc. There are plenty of versions around. They also likely have arginine of some form in them, "transport matrixs" which is usually a fancy name for some carbohydrates mixed in, etc. In other words, stuff you dont really need. Get raw bulk powder creatine, of whatever form you want. Right now theyve all been out for a while, so the price per effective dose has basically equalized for the various forms available. Optimum Nutrition sells a tub of creatine monohydrate powder thats 2000 grams and just under 40 bucks on the internet. At ~5 grams a day which is a good dose itll last more than year. But, you may want to buy a small tub first to see if you respond to it. ...
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When it comes to the manufacture of creatine, no other brand combines the three pillars of quality - careful selection of raw materials, patented high-performance process to ensure a finished product which is free of all impurities and contaminants such as creatinine, dicyandiamide or dihydrotriazine and precise chemical analysis. If it doesnt say Creapure® on the label, its not pure creatine. Creapure® is the safest creatine on the world market. And the most effective... ...
The Polymyositis Investigation - NutrientsThe Polymyositis Investigation - Nutrients
There are potential benefits from creatine monohydrate supplementation in patients with ... inflammatory myopathy. (Tarnopolsky 2008)[1]. The same researcher published a further paper in 2010 entitled Creatine as a Therapeutic Strategy for Myopathies. (Tarnopolsky 2010)[2] A double blind placebo controlled study was done in 2007 of the effects of Creatine supplementation on inflamatory myopathies. Although they found no evidence dreatine supplements had any effect on the underlying disease process, they did find that combining creatine supplements with exercise will provide a safe, effective, and inexpensive adjunct to conventional medical treatment for patients with chronic stable IIM. (Chung, Alexanderson Pepitone 2007)[3]. ...
Effect of creatine on nociception in a mouse model of inflammatory pai by Haydee S. Izurieta Munoz"Effect of creatine on nociception in a mouse model of inflammatory pai" by Haydee S. Izurieta Munoz
The objective of this study was to evaluate creatine as an anti-nociceptive compound in an animal model of thermal and inflammatory pain. Creatine has the structural potential to interact with acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3), which have been involved in pain sensation modulation. Our hypothesis was that creatine will interact with ASIC3 leading to decreased nociception. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were supplemented with creatine (6.25g/kg diet) and tested for thermal hyperalgesia and inflammatory pain response. The latency to withdraw the tail during the thermal hyperalgesia test was unaffected by sex or diet. For the formalin test, males and females responded differently to the stimulus, and the female mice supplemented with creatine seemed to recover faster than the controls. These preliminary data suggest a potential effect of creatine and sex on inflammation-based nociception and can be used as a stepping stone for the development of ASIC-based therapeutics
Creatine Monohydrate | Creatine Supplement - APS NutritionCreatine Monohydrate | Creatine Supplement - APS Nutrition
For increased energy output involving short, intense bursts of energy. Shown to increase muscular performance and may help athletes work out at a higher intensity.
CreatineCreatine
Rich Pianas philosophy is that if you are gonna do it- lets do it right! Creatine can convert to creatinine in your body and go unused and wasted coupled with unwanted side effects. Creatine Monohydrate still has its place, but you need creatines that bypass this conversion and have a better chance at being used by your muscles along with Creatine Monohydrate. 10 Different Types of Creatine means you now have 10 avenues or pathways to get creatine to your muscles. Why have 1 when you can have. ...
Creatine Monohydrate - Jyoto.info- jyoto.infoCreatine Monohydrate - Jyoto.info- jyoto.info
There are many creatine products to choose from, but its always best if you can take your creatine with a fast acting carbohydrate to spike insulin levels and get that creatine right into the muscle cells.. You can pick a creatine product thats already been pre-mixed with carbs and then add this into your post-workout protein powder. If you already have post-workout carbs, you can buy the creatine powder by itself too.. For expert results, check out some of our advanced creatine products that double as energy enhancers and muscle builders. They contain other ingredients such as nitric oxide and amino acids to help break the barrier on your performance levels. *. ...
Creatine effects - dosage and use of creatine - Olimp creatine - the best creatine - creatine monohydrateCreatine effects - dosage and use of creatine - Olimp creatine - the best creatine - creatine monohydrate
Creatine Nutrition and dietary supplements Muscle-Zone.pl A wide choice of creatines at attractive prices. Best supplements on the market CHECK IT OUT HERE!
The role of phosphorylcreatine and creatine in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration in human skeletal muscle.The role of phosphorylcreatine and creatine in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration in human skeletal muscle.
1. The role of phosphorylcreatine (PCr) and creatine (Cr) in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration was investigated in permeabilised fibre bundles prepared from human vastus lateralis muscle. 2. Fibre respiration was measured in the absence of ADP (V(0)) and after sequential additions of submaximal ADP (0.1 mM ADP, V(submax)), PCr (or Cr) and saturating [ADP] (V(max)). 3. V(submax) increased by 55 % after addition of saturating creatine (P , 0.01; n = 8) and half the maximal effect was obtained at 5 mM [Cr]. In contrast, V(submax) decreased by 54 % after addition of saturating phosphorylcreatine (P , 0.01; n = 8) and half the maximal effect was obtained at 1 mM [PCr]. V(max) was not affected by Cr or PCr. 4. V(submax) was similar when PCr and Cr were added simultaneously at concentrations similar to those in muscle at rest (PCr/Cr = 2) and at low-intensity exercise (PCr/Cr = 0.5). At conditions mimicking high-intensity exercise (PCr/Cr = 0.1), V(submax) increased to 60 % of V(max) (P , ...
Normal urine creatine levels - Things You Didnt KnowNormal urine creatine levels - Things You Didn't Know
Normal urine creatine levels - In 2011 creatine level of 1.36, 2012 it was 1.49. Yesterday results was 1.38, and my GFR 79. NO protein in urine. Am worried. Is this normal? Not Ideal. Your renal functions are not ideal. But you failed to tell us the most important fact about your health: what is your blood pressure? Is it high or borderline? And should you be on medication to control your blood pressure?
Creatine Supplements Sale! Lowest Prices at Muscle & StrengthCreatine Supplements Sale! Lowest Prices at Muscle & Strength
Creatine is the most popular sports supplement in the world. It has been scientifically proven to increase energy, muscle size and strength. Muscle and Strength is the #1 online store for creatine supplements!
Do Creatine Supplements Cause Testicular Cancer? - Revive Wellness - Nutrition Coaching, Sports Nutrition, Weight Management -...Do Creatine Supplements Cause Testicular Cancer? - Revive Wellness - Nutrition Coaching, Sports Nutrition, Weight Management -...
Youve probably heard by now about the new research that came out suggesting CREATINE SUPPLEMENTS CAUSE TESTICULAR CANCER! If you didnt know, creatine is a supplement commonly used by athletes with the hopes of supporting more rapid energy production - often for high-intensity sprint-based sp...
Best Creatine - MrSupplement.com.auBest Creatine - MrSupplement.com.au
Best Creatine - What is the best creatine? Types of creatine, how to choose the best creatine monohydrate, creatine supplements, supplements with creatine...
Creatine - igokpo - dayviews.comCreatine - igokpo - dayviews.com
Creatine Chicken ----------------------------------------- DOWNLOAD: http://urllio.com/tvhec ----------------------------------------- 20 Dec 2017 . Creatine in Foods. Creatine is most abundant in red meat, pork, poultry, and fish. There is much less in dairy, eggs, and shellfish. Creatine is mostly in muscle meat; organ meats such as liver, heart, and kidney have very little. Or you can choose to increase your intake naturally by consuming creatine-rich foods. Beef, but not chicken, is a good source of this amino acid. It doesnt matter. The amount of creatine you could possible get from meat, even raw meat, is not significant enough to matter. If you did try to. 14 Nov 2014 . Meat has a high creatine content, particularly steak (5g of creatine per kg of uncooked beef), chicken (3.4g/kg), and rabbit (3.4g/kg). Eggs and fish are also good sources of creatine. Still, its very unlikely youre eating enough meat to not want to supplement. 3 Oct 2017 . As a general guideline, any type of uncooked muscle
Brain spectroscopy reveals that N-acetylaspartate is associated to peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy in type 1 diabetes -...Brain spectroscopy reveals that N-acetylaspartate is associated to peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy in type 1 diabetes -...
AIMS: Emerging evidence shows, that distal symmetric peripheral neuropathy (DSPN) also involves alterations in the central nervous system. Hence, the aims were to investigate brain metabolites in white matter of adults with diabetes and DSPN, and to compare any cerebral disparities with peripheral nerve characteristics.. METHODS: In type 1 diabetes, brain metabolites of 47 adults with confirmed DSPN were compared with 28 matched healthy controls using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) in the parietal region including the sensorimotor fiber tracts.. RESULTS: Adults with diabetes had 9.3% lower ratio of N-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/cre) in comparison to healthy (p , 0.001). Lower NAA/cre was associated with lower sural (p = 0.01) and tibial (p = 0.04) nerve amplitudes, longer diabetes duration (p = 0.03) and higher age (p = 0.03). In addition, NAA/cre was significantly lower in the subgroup with proliferative retinopathy as compared to the subgroup with non-proliferative ...
Creatine supplement enhancing muscle volume and strengthCreatine supplement enhancing muscle volume and strength
Adding more water content to the body muscles, this Creatine supplement increases the cell volume subsequently increasing muscle size
Scitec Nutrition 100% Creatine Monohydrate - Body Nutrition UKScitec Nutrition 100% Creatine Monohydrate - Body Nutrition UK
Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs in vertebrates. Approximately 95% of the Creatine in the body is located in skeletal muscle. It helps to supply energy to all cells, primarily muscle, by increasing the formation of Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) acting as cell energy reserve also for muscle contractions. 100% CREATINE contains the most studied Creatine form ever
Creatine: The FAQ - UristocratCreatine: The FAQ - Uristocrat
Not all nutritional supplements are created equal. In fact, most of the stuff being peddled as magical muscle and strength builders are a complete waste of money.. But one supplement has been studied heavily for the past 35 years and consistently been shown to be safe and effective: creatine.. Creatine is in fact one of the most well-researched nutritional supplements on the market. Below are some of the benefits studies have proven come from this supplement:. Creatine can help make you stronger. Several studies have shown that creatine supplementation results in strength gains. In a meta-analysis of 22 studies on creatine, researchers found that individuals who use it show an 8% increase in strength compared to those who dont.. Creatine can help your muscles grow bigger. Creatine makes your muscles look bigger, while actually making them bigger as well. First, creatine causes your muscle cells to store more water which causes your muscles to appear fuller and larger. You may notice the size ...
Creatines Role in Enhancing Memory & Preventing Alzheimers - Dr. Fitt Info : Dr. Fitt InfoCreatine's Role in Enhancing Memory & Preventing Alzheimer's - Dr. Fitt Info : Dr. Fitt Info
The Cognitive Benefits of Creatine Explained. "When you think of creatine, your first thought may be of the stereotypical athletic guy with pumped up muscles doing curls at the gym. The sports supplement industry has entirely focused the discussion on creatines benefits for athletic performance.. However, youll probably be surprised to hear then that its actually been over a decade now since scientists demonstrated that supplementing creatine can significantly enhance cognition and delay mental fatigue.. Since 2003, the evidence for these effects have been dramatically growing every year. As more and more people become aware of facts about how creatine boosts cognition, theres no doubt that soon youll be as likely to find people discussing the supplement in the office, library and college dormitories as much as in the weight room.. This article explains why and how creatine is crucial for high-functioning cognition.. Creatine Supplementation Enhances Brain Power. Creatine is a naturally ...
Safety of Creatine Supplementation | SpringerLinkSafety of Creatine Supplementation | SpringerLink
The literature on creatine supplementation supporting its efficacy has grown rapidly and has included studies in both healthy volunteers and patient populations. However, the first rule in the...
Cell-Tech Hardcore Pro 4.4lb-GrapeCell-Tech Hardcore Pro 4.4lb-Grape
New Cell-Tech Hardcore Pro Series is the most powerful musclebuilding creatine supplement available from Team MuscleTech. This scientifically advanced formula is engineered with seven new, state-of-the-art proprietary blends â€" CreaMax, InsuloDrive, Lipoic-Tech and Osmodrol, which includes SyntheCell, Cell-Vol and ChainFX. It also features new Micro-Diffuse Technology to deliver smaller, micron-sized particles of a key musclebuilding driver. New Cell-Tech Hardcore Pro Series is engineered with a 10,000 mg (thats right â€" 10 grams!) blend of creatine powered by a lab-tested, HPLC-certified mega dose of the most scientifically validated form of creatine on the planet. HPLC is a biochemical, analytical method used in lab testing to identify components of a compound and test for purity. Unlike low-dosed creatine supplements, Cell-Tech Hardcore Pro Series offers at least twice as much creatine as other top brands to increase the potential for intra-muscular creatine absorption for rapid and ...
Cell-Tech Hardcore Pro 4.4lb-Fruit PunchCell-Tech Hardcore Pro 4.4lb-Fruit Punch
New Cell-Tech Hardcore Pro Series is the most powerful musclebuilding creatine supplement available from Team MuscleTech. This scientifically advanced formula is engineered with seven new, state-of-the-art proprietary blends â€" CreaMax, InsuloDrive, Lipoic-Tech and Osmodrol, which includes SyntheCell, Cell-Vol and ChainFX. It also features new Micro-Diffuse Technology to deliver smaller, micron-sized particles of a key musclebuilding driver. New Cell-Tech Hardcore Pro Series is engineered with a 10,000 mg (thats right â€" 10 grams!) blend of creatine powered by a lab-tested, HPLC-certified mega dose of the most scientifically validated form of creatine on the planet. HPLC is a biochemical, analytical method used in lab testing to identify components of a compound and test for purity. Unlike low-dosed creatine supplements, Cell-Tech Hardcore Pro Series offers at least twice as much creatine as other top brands to increase the potential for intra-muscular creatine absorption for rapid and ...
Gold Label Creatine plusGold Label Creatine plus
... is available online with fast delivery from VioVet, the trusted supplier of veterinary medication, foods and animal care products.
Why should I take a Creatine Supplement? - Site TitleWhy should I take a Creatine Supplement? - Site Title
Probably the Best YouTube Video on Creatine!Creatine has a limited lifespan. It is degraded into creatinine and cannot be regenerated. It must therefore be continuously replenished. In addition, any new muscle tissue will need its own store of creatine. Therefore, creatine requirements increase as your muscle mass increases. Creatine is a micronutrient as opposed to…
Everyday Scientist » 2010 » JulyEveryday Scientist » 2010 » July
Creatine monophosphate. As a consequence, lifters that supplement with creatine can do more reps, which can lead to better results in the gym on a shorter timescale. Creatine supplementation also has the effect of increasing water volume in the muscles, causing them to swell and look bigger; this effect subsides quickly once creatine supplementation is stopped.. It is well known that consumption of simple sugars with creatine increases creatine absorption. When you consume sugar, your blood-sugar level increases, and your body releases insulin in response (assuming you dont have type 1 diabetes). Insulin instructs the cells to take up sugar from the bloodstream. Insulin also has the nice effect of stimulating creatine transporters, which transport creatine from the blood into cells.. Now that the background is finished…. I was at GNC yesterday buying some creatine. I looked at the ingredients on the GNC-brand creatine and gasped. Creatine and sucralose!?!?!?! Sucralose??? OK- a little more ...
Current Issues in Sports NutritionCurrent Issues in Sports Nutrition
Background/Aims: Caffeine and creatine are 2 of the most widely available and used compounds in sport. Although the use of either is not considered a doping infraction, the evidence does suggest ergogenic potential in certain sports. The purpose of this paper is to review the pharmacology and potential mechanism(s) of action of caffeine and creatine as they pertain to possible use as an ergogenic aid in sport. Methods: Previous review articles on caffeine and creatine use in sport were screened for relevant information and references, and studies for review and recent articles (2007 onwards) were obtained and reviewed using a PUBMED search with the terms caffeine AND exercise, creatine and creatine monohydrate AND exercise, and appropriate linked articles were evaluated. Results: Caffeine taken before (3-6 mg/kg) or during (1-2 mg/kg) endurance exercise enhances performance, through central nervous system and direct muscle effects. Creatine monohydrate supplementation at higher (approx. 20 ...
Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter elisa and antibodySodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter elisa and antibody
Shop Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter Antibody at MyBioSource. Custom ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Antibody are available.
Creatine Monohydrate | Creatine Powder Australia | Bulk NutrientsCreatine Monohydrate | Creatine Powder Australia | Bulk Nutrients
Creatine is perhaps the best-known and well researched nutritional supplement. Supplementing with Creatine can help users gain strength and increase muscle volume
You searched for Bloating From Creatine - Help Your WorkoutYou searched for Bloating From Creatine - Help Your Workout
Best creatine supplements - 2017 top 10 list, Find the best creatine supplement to help you reach your goals creatine occurs in food naturally and helps you improve strength and decrease fatigue.. How to take creatine: your definitive guide - sean nalewanyj, Learn everything you need to know about how to take creatine with maximum effectiveness, including the best forms, dosages, timing and how to properly mix it.. Excessive belching, burping and bloating - causes and, Home » current health articles » excessive belching, burping and bloating - causes and treatment excessive belching, burping and bloating - causes and treatment. ...
China Creatine: Creatine Anhydrous; Creatine Preparation; N-Amidinosarcosine; 5-Chloro-2-Maino Benzotrifluoride; N...China Creatine: Creatine Anhydrous; Creatine Preparation; N-Amidinosarcosine; 5-Chloro-2-Maino Benzotrifluoride; N...
China Creatine: Creatine Anhydrous; Creatine Preparation; N-Amidinosarcosine; 5-Chloro-2-Maino Benzotrifluoride; N-Carbamimidoyl-N-Methylglycine, Find details about China Creatine Anhydrous, Creatine Preparation from Creatine: Creatine Anhydrous; Creatine Preparation; N-Amidinosarcosine; 5-Chloro-2-Maino Benzotrifluoride; N-Carbamimidoyl-N-Methylglycine - Hubei Yuancheng Saichuang Technology Co., Ltd.
Exercise is Nonpharmacological Intervention To Reduce Inflammation...prevent metabolic diseases Taming HIV-Related..."Exercise is Nonpharmacological Intervention To Reduce Inflammation...prevent metabolic diseases" Taming HIV-Related...
In individuals with HIV infection, as well as those with other chronic diseases, it is important to improve muscle mass to preserve muscle trophism and functional status. Sakkas et al. conducted a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of creatine supplementation on muscle size, strength, and function in HIV-infected individuals. The study enrolled 40 HIV-infected males in a 14-week study (20 receiving creatine and 20 placebo). Treatment began with a loading dose of 20 g/day (or an equivalent number of placebo capsules) for 5 days, followed by maintenance dosing of 4.8 g/day. All subjects underwent three times-weekly supervised resistance exercise beginning at week 2 until week 14 while continuing on the assigned study medication. It was found that after 14 weeks, 1-repetition maximum strength increased in all muscle groups and that the magnitude of this increase was not greater with creatine supplementation; in the two groups phosphocreatine recovery following ...
USN Creatine X4 120 Capsules Managers SpecialUSN Creatine X4 120 Capsules Managers Special
Our Creatine X4 contains 3 creatines, Creatine Monohydrate, Creatine Pyruvate and Creatine Citrate. A fantastic stack creatine, which are all provided in one capsule aimed to give you the boost you need to make sure youre getting the most out of your workouts ...
Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Exploratory Studies Of The Potential Anti-cancer Effects Of...Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Exploratory Studies Of The Potential Anti-cancer Effects Of...
Two experiments were performed, in which male Wistar Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats were inoculated with 4 x 10(7) tumor cells subcutaneously and received either creatine (300 mg/kg body weight/day; CR) or placebo (water; PL) supplementation via intragastric gavage. In experiment 1, 50 rats were given PL (n = 22) or CR (n = 22) and a non-supplemented, non-inoculated group served as control CT (n = 6), for 40 days, and the survival rate and tumor mass were assessed. In experiment 2, 25 rats were given CR or PL for 15 days and sacrificed for biochemical analysis. Again, a non-supplemented, non-inoculated group served as control (CT; n = 6). Tumor and muscle creatine kinase (CK) activity and total creatine content, acidosis, inflammatory cytokines, and antioxidant capacity were assessed. Tumor growth was significantly reduced by approximately 30 % in CR when compared with PL (p = 0.03), although the survival rate was not significantly different between CR and PL (p = 0.65). Tumor creatine content ...
Precision Engineered Creatine Ethyl Ester AKG Caplets | Holland & Barrett - the UKs Leading Health RetailerPrecision Engineered Creatine Ethyl Ester AKG Caplets | Holland & Barrett - the UK's Leading Health Retailer
Precision Engineered Creatine Ethyl Ester & Creatine Ketoglutarate is a unique creatine formula, providing fantastic value for money as well as excellent absorption, effectiveness and bioavailability. Creatine Ethyl Ester is the most absorbable form of creatine available. The ethyl ester has a delivery system that bypasses the need for creatine transporters and is delivered directly into the muscle cells. Once the creatine ethyl ester enters the muscle, the ethyl ester is simply removed leaving creatine in its salt form.
Creatine Supplements - What You Need to Know | AmbiancebandbCreatine Supplements - What You Need to Know | Ambiancebandb
Thats a very simple but important question that everybody wants answered. Whenever you encounter information about a nutritional supplement theres always somebody giving a convincing argument why you need to take it.. This guide will provide you some simple suggestions and point you in the ideal direction to discover more about Creatine and at which it is possible to find more information so that you can make a educated decision on your own.. Creatine is one of the most frequently used sports nutritional supplements in the marketplace nowadays. Its principal use is in strength and bulk-building exercises which enhance performance for high-intensity athletics, providing a border in anaerobic athletic contests. Creatine is a naturally occurring substance as it comes out of beef, particularly wild game and a few fish. It key to creating strong skeletal muscle like biceps, triceps and pecs.. Quite simply Creatine keeps water into your muscles. This is the purpose of nourishment and it is in fact ...
All About Creatine Monohydrate as a SupplementAll About Creatine Monohydrate as a Supplement
Creatine is a substance that is processed by the liver from three amino acids called methionine, arginine, and glycine. Creatine then becomes the main source of
Betancourt Nutrition Phosflex Creatine on sale at AllStarHealth.comBetancourt Nutrition Phosflex Creatine on sale at AllStarHealth.com
Phosflex Creatine information including description from Betancourt Nutrition, supplement facts, and suggested use. Order online for quick delivery at the best prices.
Dietkart Blog: Best Bodybuilding and Mass Gaining Supplements from Kiwi NutritechDietkart Blog: Best Bodybuilding and Mass Gaining Supplements from Kiwi Nutritech
Kiwi Nutritech High Voltage Micronized Creatine is an ideal supplement to increase muscle strength, energy and endurance. Creatine is produced by the human body in a natural form. This supplement contains creatine monohydrate, which is responsible for supplying energy to the body cells and muscles. It is a perfect combination of Creatine Monohydrate and amino acids to enhance the energy stored in muscle cells. Creatine also helps in the production of Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) and offers instant energy after exercise or hard workouts. ...
Reflex | Creatine | Sports Nutrition | Holland & BarrettReflex | Creatine | Sports Nutrition | Holland & Barrett
Creatine has been shown to increase physical performance in successive bursts of short term, high intensity exercise. Our creatine monohydrate range has creatine capsules, creatine powder and more to help you achieve your exercise and fitness goals. Reflex | Creatine | Sports Nutrition | Holland & Barrett
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, Agriculture
CreatineCreatine KinaseCreatine Kinase, MM FormCreatine Kinase, Mitochondrial FormPhosphocreatineCreatine Kinase, MB FormAmidinotransferasesGuanidinoacetate N-MethyltransferaseIsoenzymesClinical Enzyme TestsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMusclesMuscle, SkeletalMyocardiumL-Lactate DehydrogenaseRhabdomyolysisAdenosine TriphosphateArginine KinaseCholineAspartic AcidAdenosine DiphosphateAdenylate KinaseEnergy MetabolismElectrophoresis, Cellulose AcetateMuscular DiseasesMyoglobinUreohydrolasesPlasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport ProteinsMitochondria, HeartBrainGuanidinesAspartate AminotransferasesRabbitsTime FactorsMyositisKineticsTroponin ITroponin TDietary SupplementsPropionatesBiological MarkersInositolMitochondria, MuscleMembrane Transport ProteinsElectrophoresis, Agar GelLactic AcidMuscular DystrophiesHeartOxygen ConsumptionMuscle ProteinsMyoglobinuriaMyocardial Reperfusion InjuryPhosphatesMyocardial ReperfusionWeight LiftingIodoacetatesMyofibrilsDinitrofluorobenzeneGlycosuria, RenalCreatinineReference ValuesAutoanalysisProtonsGlycineOxidative PhosphorylationMuscular Dystrophy, AnimalGlycogenElectrocardiographyRats, WistarBlood Chemical AnalysisLactatesMuscle FatigueMyocardial IschemiaMuscle ContractionIodoacetamideMuscle Fibers, SkeletalSarcosine OxidaseEnzyme ReactivatorsPerfusionTroponinChickensHydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase
P110αP110α
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (also called phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)) is composed of an 85 kDa regulatory subunit and a 110 kDa catalytic subunit. The protein encoded by this gene represents the catalytic subunit, which uses ATP to phosphorylate phosphatidylinositols (PtdIns), PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2.[7] The involvement of p110α in human cancer has been hypothesized since 1995. Support for this hypothesis came from genetic and functional studies, including the discovery of common activating PIK3CA missense mutations in common human tumors.[8] It has been found to be oncogenic and is implicated in cervical cancers.[9] PIK3CA mutations are present in over one-third of breast cancers, with enrichment in the luminal and in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive subtypes (HER2 +). The three hotspot mutation positions (GLU542, GLU545, and HIS1047) have been widely reported till date.[10] While substantial preclinical data show an association with robust ...
Class II PI 3-kinasesClass II PI 3-kinases
... are a subgroup of the enzyme family, phosphoinositide 3-kinase that share a common protein domain structure, substrate specificity and method of activation. Class II PI 3-kinases were the most recently identified class of PI 3-kinases and little is currently known about these enzymes. There are three class II PI 3-kinase isoforms expressed in mammalian cells; ...
Polynucleotide phosphorylasePolynucleotide phosphorylase
... (PNPase) is a bifunctional enzyme with a phosphorolytic 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity and a 3'-terminal oligonucleotide polymerase activity.[2] That is, it dismantles the RNA chain starting at the 3' end and working toward the 5' end.[1] It also synthesizes long, highly heteropolymeric tails in vivo. It accounts for all of the observed residual polyadenylation in strains of Escherichia coli missing the normal polyadenylation enzyme.[1] Discovered by Marianne Grunberg-Manago working in Severo Ochoa's lab in 1955, the RNA-polymerization activity of PNPase was initially believed to be responsible for DNA-dependent synthesis of messenger RNA, a notion that got disproved by the late 1950s.[3][4] It is involved in mRNA processing and degradation in bacteria, plants,[5] and in humans.[6] In humans, the enzyme is encoded by the PNPT1 gene. In its active form, the protein forms a ring structure consisting of three PNPase molecules. Each PNPase molecule consists of two ...
Uridine kinaseUridine kinase
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and uridine, whereas its two products are ADP and UMP. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:uridine 5'-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include pyrimidine ribonucleoside kinase, uridine-cytidine kinase, uridine kinase (phosphorylating), and uridine phosphokinase. This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism. ...
Taq polymeraseTaq polymerase
ˈpɒlɪməreɪz/ is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Chien et al. in 1976.[1] Its name is often abbreviated to Taq Pol or simply Taq. It is frequently used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of DNA. T. aquaticus is a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, and Taq polymerase was identified[1] as an enzyme able to withstand the protein-denaturing conditions (high temperature) required during PCR.[2] Therefore, it replaced the DNA polymerase from E. coli originally used in PCR.[3] Taq's optimum temperature for activity is 75-80 °C, with a half-life of greater than 2 hours at 92.5 °C, 40 minutes at 95 °C and 9 minutes at 97.5 °C, and can replicate a 1000 base pair strand of DNA in less than 10 seconds at 72 °C.[4] At 75-80 °C, Taq reaches its optimal polymerization rate of about 150 nucleotides per second per ...
RNA polymeraseRNA polymerase
... then starts to synthesize the initial DNA-RNA heteroduplex, with ribonucleotides base-paired to the template DNA strand according to Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions. As noted above, RNA polymerase makes contacts with the promoter region. However these stabilizing contacts inhibit the enzyme's ability to access DNA further downstream and thus the synthesis of the full-length product. In order to continue RNA synthesis, RNA polymerase must escape the promoter. It must maintain promoter contacts while unwinding more downstream DNA for synthesis, "scrunching" more downstream DNA into the initiation complex.[14] During the promoter escape transition, RNA polymerase is considered a "stressed intermediate." Thermodynamically the stress accumulates from the DNA-unwinding and DNA-compaction activities. Once the DNA-RNA heteroduplex is long enough (~10 bp), RNA polymerase releases its upstream contacts and effectively achieves the promoter escape transition into the elongation phase. ...
RNA polymerase II holoenzymeRNA polymerase II holoenzyme
RNAPII can exist in two forms: RNAPII0, with a highly phosphorylated CTD, and RNAPIIA, with a nonphosphorylated CTD.[16] Phosphorylation occurs principally on Ser2 and Ser5 of the repeats, although these positions are not equivalent. The phosphorylation state changes as RNAPII progresses through the transcription cycle: The initiating RNAPII is form IIA, and the elongating enzyme is form II0. While RNAPII0 does consist of RNAPs with hyperphosphorylated CTDs, the pattern of phosphorylation on individual CTDs can vary due to differential phosphorylation of Ser2 versus Ser5 residues and/or to differential phosphorylation of repeats along the length of the CTD.[16] The PCTD (phosphoCTD of an RNAPII0) physically links pre-mRNA processing to transcription by tethering processing factors to elongating RNAPII, e.g., 5′-end capping, 3′-end cleavage, and polyadenylation.[16] Ser5 phosphorylation (Ser5PO4) near the 5′ ends of genes depends principally on the kinase activity of TFIIH (Kin28 in yeast; ...
Serine/threonine-specific protein kinaseSerine/threonine-specific protein kinase
While serine/threonine kinases all phosphorylate serine or threonine residues in their substrates, they select specific residues to phosphorylate on the basis of residues that flank the phosphoacceptor site, which together comprise the consensus sequence. Since the consensus sequence residues of a target substrate only make contact with several key amino acids within the catalytic cleft of the kinase (usually through hydrophobic forces and ionic bonds), a kinase is usually not specific to a single substrate, but instead can phosphorylate a whole "substrate family" which share common recognition sequences. While the catalytic domain of these kinases is highly conserved, the sequence variation that is observed in the kinome (the subset of genes in the genome that encode kinases) provides for recognition of distinct substrates. Most kinases are inhibited by a pseudosubstrate that binds to the kinase like a real substrate but lacks the amino acid to be phosphorylated. When the pseudosubstrate is ...
IsotretinoinIsotretinoin
Increased creatine phosphokinase. Possible permanent effects[edit]. Isotretinoin may stop long bone growth in young people who ...
Reference ranges for blood testsReference ranges for blood tests
"Creatine kinase". GPnotebook. Page 585 in: Lee, Mary Ann (2009). Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of ...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Pastula DM, Moore DH, Bedlack RS (December 2012). "Creatine for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease". The ... and creatine.[127] Beta-adrenergic agonist drugs have been proposed as a treatment for their effects on muscle growth and ...
Hormonal breast enhancementHormonal breast enhancement
A number of dietary supplements, including L-arginine, L-ornithine, L-lysine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and creatine, may be able to ... 159-. ISBN 978-1-59745-344-8. Schedel JM, Tanaka H, Kiyonaga A, Shindo M, Schutz Y (2000). "Acute creatine loading enhances ...
Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiencyGuanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency
The treatment approaches focus to restore depleted brain creatine with creatine supplementation in pharmacologic doses. All ... Creatine is needed for many tissues in the body to be able to store and use energy properly. The effects of guanidinoacetate ... It is the first observed disorder of creatine metabolism. This disorder usually appears in the first few months of life, when ... Association for Creatine Deficiencies patient advocacy group. National Library of Medicine. Genetics Home Reference - ...
Sarcosine dehydrogenaseSarcosine dehydrogenase
Wyss M, Kaddurah-Daouk R (July 2000). "Creatine and creatinine metabolism". Physiol. Rev. 80 (3): 1107-213. PMID 10893433. ... the enzyme is also indirectly connected to the creatine cycle and the respiratory chain in the mitochondria (See figure 4 for ...
CKMT1ACKMT1A
Creatine kinase U-type, mitochondrial, also called ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK), is in humans encoded by ... Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial Form at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article ... Stachowiak O, Schlattner U, Dolder M, Wallimann T (July 1998). "Oligomeric state and membrane binding behaviour of creatine ... Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Wallimann T (February 2006). "Mitochondrial creatine kinase in human health and disease". ...
CKM (gene)CKM (gene)
Creatine kinase, muscle also known as CKM is a creatine kinase that in humans is encoded by the CKM gene. In the figure to the ... phosphate between ATP and creatine and between phospho-creatine and ADP. Its functional entity is a MM-CK homodimer in striated ... "The generation of the oxidized form of creatine kinase is a negative regulation on muscle creatine kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 282 ... "Cardiac involvement of major thalassemia and evaluation of total serum creatine kinase and creatine kinase-mB isoenzyme and ...
List of OMIM disorder codesList of OMIM disorder codes
L1CAM Creatine deficiency syndrome, X-linked; 300352; SLC6A8 Creatine phosphokinase, elevated serum; 123320; CAV3 Creutzfeldt- ...
Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferaseGuanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
Defects in this gene have been implicated in neurologic syndromes and muscular hypotonia, probably due to creatine deficiency ... The protein encoded by this gene is a methyltransferase that converts guanidoacetate to creatine, using S-adenosylmethionine as ... 1996). "Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency: the first inborn error of creatine metabolism in man". Am. J. Hum. Genet ... CANTONI GL, VIGNOS PJ (1954). "Enzymatic mechanism of creatine synthesis". J. Biol. Chem. 209 (2): 647-59. PMID 13192118. ...
List of Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians head football coachesList of Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians head football coaches
Woodling, Chuck (August 17, 2001). "Haskell Football Coach Recommends Creatine". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved March 21, ...
ATP:guanido phosphotransferase familyATP:guanido phosphotransferase family
Creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) (CK), which catalyses the reversible transfer of high energy phosphate from ATP to creatine, ... Bessman SP, Carpenter CL (1985). "The creatine-creatine phosphate energy shuttle". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54: 831-62. doi:10.1146/ ... Creatine kinase plays an important role in energy metabolism of vertebrates. There are at least four different, but very ... Fritz-Wolf K, Schnyder T, Wallimann T, Kabsch W (May 1996). "Structure of mitochondrial creatine kinase". Nature. 381 (6580): ...
Performance-enhancing substancePerformance-enhancing substance
Human biomolecules - creatine and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate are naturally occurring compounds in humans that have well- ... Creatine, a nutritional supplement that is commonly used by athletes, increases high-intensity exercise capacity.[17] ... "International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise". J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 4: 6 ...
The Boat Race 1993The Boat Race 1993
Wilson, Stephen (8 May 1993). "Creatine said to boost performance - and it's legal". AP News Archive. Associated Press. ... Arnot, Chris (28 March 1993). "Cambridge boat enjoys the creatine effect". The Independent. Retrieved 17 August 2014. Official ... creatine was believed to provide legal energy-enhancing effects to the crew. "Dark Blues aim to punch above their weight". The ... the journalist Chris Arnot noted that the Cambridge crew had used creatine supplements in order to attempt to enhance their ...
CaffeineCaffeine
Tarnopolsky MA (2010). "Caffeine and creatine use in sport". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 57 Suppl 2: 1-8. doi:10.1159/ ...
StimulantStimulant
... creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., ...
ArginineArginine
... is also a precursor for urea, ornithine, and agmatine; is necessary for the synthesis of creatine; and can also be ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, Agriculture
CreatineCreatine KinaseCreatine Kinase, MM FormCreatine Kinase, Mitochondrial FormPhosphocreatineCreatine Kinase, MB FormAmidinotransferasesGuanidinoacetate N-MethyltransferaseIsoenzymesClinical Enzyme TestsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMusclesMuscle, SkeletalMyocardiumL-Lactate DehydrogenaseRhabdomyolysisAdenosine TriphosphateArginine KinaseCholineAspartic AcidAdenosine DiphosphateAdenylate KinaseEnergy MetabolismElectrophoresis, Cellulose AcetateMuscular DiseasesMyoglobinUreohydrolasesPlasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport ProteinsMitochondria, HeartBrainGuanidinesAspartate AminotransferasesRabbitsTime FactorsMyositisKineticsTroponin ITroponin TDietary SupplementsPropionatesBiological MarkersInositolMitochondria, MuscleMembrane Transport ProteinsElectrophoresis, Agar GelLactic AcidMuscular DystrophiesHeartOxygen ConsumptionMuscle ProteinsMyoglobinuriaMyocardial Reperfusion InjuryPhosphatesMyocardial ReperfusionWeight LiftingIodoacetatesMyofibrilsDinitrofluorobenzeneGlycosuria, RenalCreatinineReference ValuesAutoanalysisProtonsGlycineOxidative PhosphorylationMuscular Dystrophy, AnimalGlycogenElectrocardiographyRats, WistarBlood Chemical AnalysisLactatesMuscle FatigueMyocardial IschemiaMuscle ContractionIodoacetamideMuscle Fibers, SkeletalSarcosine OxidaseEnzyme ReactivatorsPerfusionTroponinChickensHydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase
Guanidinoacetic acid more effective than creatine | IronMag Bodybuilding BlogGuanidinoacetic acid more effective than creatine | IronMag Bodybuilding Blog
Guanidinoacetic acid versus creatine for improved brain and muscle creatine levels: a superiority pilot trial in healthy men. ... The researchers suspect that cells are absorb guanidinoacetic acid better than creatine. "While creatine is mainly transported ... is superior to creatine in facilitating creatine levels in healthy men (n = 5). GAA (3.0 g/day) resulted in a more powerful ... as compared with creatine (P < 0.05). These results indicate that GAA as a preferred alternative to creatine for improved ...
ironmagazine.com
Effect of Pentobarbitone Sodium on Serum Creatine Kinase of Normal and Dystrophic Hamsters | Clinical ScienceEffect of Pentobarbitone Sodium on Serum Creatine Kinase of Normal and Dystrophic Hamsters | Clinical Science
4. Creatine kinase in normal and dystrophic sera, as in skeletal muscles, consisted of MM isoenzyme. Heart creatine kinase ... Effect of Pentobarbitone Sodium on Serum Creatine Kinase of Normal and Dystrophic Hamsters. J. S. Neerunjun, V. Dubowitz ... 2. Serum creatine kinase activity was significantly higher in dystrophic than in normal hamsters. ... 5. Pentobarbitone raised serum creatine kinase activity of normal and dystrophic hamsters to the same extent, elevation of ...
clinsci.org
Creatine Metabolism and Safety Profiles after Six-Week Oral Guanidinoacetic Acid Administration in Healthy HumansCreatine Metabolism and Safety Profiles after Six-Week Oral Guanidinoacetic Acid Administration in Healthy Humans
Balsom PD, Söderlund K, Ekblom B. Creatine in humans with special reference to creatine supplementation. Sports Med. 1994;18: ... Creatine and the creatine transporter: a review. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001;224:169-81 ... For GAMT no feedback control by creatine was observed [1]. Creatine is then released from the liver into the circulation where ... The transformation of GAA into creatine was evidenced by an increase in serum and muscle creatine levels [11, 12]. Early ...
medsci.org
Simultaneous determination of guanidinoacetate, creatine and creatinine in urine and plasma by un-derivatized liquid...Simultaneous determination of guanidinoacetate, creatine and creatinine in urine and plasma by un-derivatized liquid...
Background: Creatine plays an important role in the storage and transmission of phosphate-bound energy. The cerebral creatine ... It is stated that the creatine molecule reduces to creatinine which is a waste product that cannot be used by cells for any ... For guanidinoacetate, the standard curve was linear to at least 5000 μmol/L and for creatine and creatinine it was linear to ... All three disorders cause low-creatine signal on brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); however, MRS may not be readily ...
connection.ebscohost.com
Octameric mitochondrial creatine kinase induces and stabilizes contact sites between the inner and outer membrane | Biochemical...Octameric mitochondrial creatine kinase induces and stabilizes contact sites between the inner and outer membrane | Biochemical...
Octameric mitochondrial creatine kinase induces and stabilizes contact sites between the inner and outer membrane. Oliver SPEER ... Octameric mitochondrial creatine kinase induces and stabilizes contact sites between the inner and outer membrane ... Octameric mitochondrial creatine kinase induces and stabilizes contact sites between the inner and outer membrane ... Octameric mitochondrial creatine kinase induces and stabilizes contact sites between the inner and outer membrane ...
biochemj.org
The Expression of Ubiquitous Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase Is Downregulated as Prostate Cancer Progression [Abstract]The Expression of Ubiquitous Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase Is Downregulated as Prostate Cancer Progression [Abstract]
Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK) is predominantly localized in the intermembrane space of mitochondria and ... The Expression of Ubiquitous Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase Is Downregulated as Prostate Cancer Progression Rie Amamoto1,4, ... The Expression of Ubiquitous Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase Is Downregulated as Prostate Cancer Progression. J Cancer 2016; 7(1 ...
jcancer.org
Living Without Creatine: Unchanged Exercise Capacity and Response to Chronic Myocardial Infarction in Creatine-Deficient Mice |...Living Without Creatine: Unchanged Exercise Capacity and Response to Chronic Myocardial Infarction in Creatine-Deficient Mice |...
Living Without Creatine: Unchanged Exercise Capacity and Response to Chronic Myocardial Infarction in Creatine-Deficient Mice. ... Living Without Creatine: Unchanged Exercise Capacity and Response to Chronic Myocardial Infarction in Creatine-Deficient Mice ... Creatine depletion affects force generation during maximal stimulation, while reduced levels of myocardial creatine are a ... Living Without Creatine: Unchanged Exercise Capacity and Response to Chronic Myocardial Infarction in Creatine-Deficient Mice ...
circres.ahajournals.org
Creatine HCL vs. Creatine Monohydrate - BestpreworkoutforwomenCreatine HCL vs. Creatine Monohydrate - Bestpreworkoutforwomen
Con Cret Creatine HCl Review. Creatine HCL vs. Creatine Monohydrate. Six Star Pre-workout Explosion Review. Finaflex Stimul8 ... Creatine Ethyl Ester: This compound increases the bioavailability of Creatine. It benefits in almost similar ways like Creatine ... Creatine HCL vs. Creatine Monohydrate. June 24, 2020. by Sheryl Our body works like a machine. It needs fuel that burns in the ... Myth 1: Creatine is a steroid.. No, Creatine is not a steroid at all. It is found naturally in our body and the food we eat too ...
bestpreworkoutforwomen.net
Conformationally Restricted Creatine Analogs and Substrate Specificity of Rabbit Muscle Creatine Kinase<...Conformationally Restricted Creatine Analogs and Substrate Specificity of Rabbit Muscle Creatine Kinase<...
Conformationally Restricted Creatine Analogs and Substrate Specificity of Rabbit Muscle Creatine Kinase. Biochemistry. 1980 Jan ... Conformationally Restricted Creatine Analogs and Substrate Specificity of Rabbit Muscle Creatine Kinase. / Dietrich, Robert F ... title = "Conformationally Restricted Creatine Analogs and Substrate Specificity of Rabbit Muscle Creatine Kinase", ... T1 - Conformationally Restricted Creatine Analogs and Substrate Specificity of Rabbit Muscle Creatine Kinase ...
einstein.pure.elsevier.com
Gentaur Molecular :Ray Biotech \ Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme Type-2 \ 228-10244-3Gentaur Molecular :Ray Biotech \ Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme Type-2 \ 228-10244-3
Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme Type-2 \ 228-10244-3 for more molecular products just contact us ... The biological activity measured by the enzymatic activity of Creatine phosphokinase procedure No.45-UV, 1IU-1 µmole creatine ... Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme Type-2 Human samples 80 % of the research is conducted on human samples. GENTAUR ... We have also other products like : Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme Type-2. Related products : Recombinant Human ...
antibody-antibodies.com
CREATINE KINASE RESEARCH: New physiological model of serum creatine phosphokinase activity in acute myocardial infarctionCREATINE KINASE RESEARCH: New physiological model of serum creatine phosphokinase activity in acute myocardial infarction
The physiological model was applied to the serum creatine kinase CPK activity change of patients who suffered acute myocardial ... In this report, we introduce a new physiological model of the serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity change, that is ... New physiological model of serum creatine phosphokinase activity in acute myocardial infarction ...
creatinekinase-research.blogspot.com
Creatine: MedlinePlus SupplementsCreatine: MedlinePlus Supplements
Creatine: learn about effectiveness, usual dosage, and drug interactions on MedlinePlus ... Creatine Ethyl Ester, Créatine Ethyl Ester, Creatine Ethyl Ester HCl, Créatine Ethyl Ester HCl, Creatine Gluconate, Creatine ... Combining carbohydrates with creatine can increase muscle creatine levels more than creatine alone. Supplementing 5 grams of ... 2-[carbamimidoyl(methyl)amino]acetic acid, Cr, Creatin, Creatina, Créatine, Créatine Anhydre, Creatine Anhydrous, Creatine ...
medlineplus.gov
CPK isoenzymes test: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaCPK isoenzymes test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
The creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes test measures the different forms of CPK in the blood. CPK is an enzyme found ... Creatine phosphokinase - isoenzymes; Creatine kinase - isoenzymes; CK - isoenzymes; Heart attack - CPK; Crush - CPK ... The creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes test measures the different forms of CPK in the blood. CPK is an enzyme found ...
medlineplus.gov
Creatine supplements - WikipediaCreatine supplements - Wikipedia
The researchers concluded that creatine ethyl ester is inferior to creatine monohydrate as a source of creatine. As a ... Creatine is consumed by the body fairly quickly, and if one wishes to maintain the high concentration of creatine, 2-5 g daily ... Creatine nitrate is a nitrate salt form of creatine. No benefits have been noted except that it may be more water-soluble. ... Ingesting creatine can increase the level of phosphocreatine in the muscles up to 20%. Creatine has no significant effect on ...
en.wikipedia.org
Creatine kinase - WikipediaCreatine kinase - Wikipedia
Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or phosphocreatine kinase, is an enzyme (EC 2.7.3.2) expressed ... Creatine kinase in the blood may be high in health and disease. Exercise increases the outflow of creatine kinase to the blood ... While mitochondrial creatine kinase is directly involved in formation of phospho-creatine from mitochondrial ATP, cytosolic CK ... Crystal structure of human brain-type creatine kinase with ADP and creatine. PDB 3b6r.[1] ...
en.wikipedia.org
Creatine TroubleCreatine Trouble
The wily Odysseus slips Achilles some androstenedione, while Apollo stokes the Trojan defenders on creatine. All contenders ...
slate.com
Creatine | Encyclopedia.comCreatine | Encyclopedia.com
... creatine has generated more interest and controversy than almost any other dietary supplement. ... Creatine Description With its promises of bigger muscles and improved athletic performance, ... CREATINE. OFFICIAL NAMES: Creatine monohydrate, creatine phosphate. STREET NAMES: Legal steroid, muscle candy, ergogenic aid, ... Then, the muscles need creatine to make more ATP.". About two-thirds of the creatine in the body is creatine phosphate. This ...
encyclopedia.com
Creatine for Depression?Creatine for Depression?
Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid typically associated with providing fuel for intense bursts of energy during high- ... Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid typically associated with providing fuel for intense bursts of energy during high- ... Eight women in the creatine group and five in the placebo group did not finish the trial, leaving a total of 39 participants. ... Remarkably, at the end of eight weeks, half of those in the creatine group showed no signs of depression compared with one- ...
psychcentral.com
Creatine & Protein DrinksCreatine & Protein Drinks
Plain ol creatine monohydrate works just fine for most people.. Q: If I make my post-workout protein and creatine shake before ... Thats what creatine is good for.. Creatine monohydrate has been studied hundreds, if not thousands of times, and has been ... At the same time as promoting the new creatine, many companies also had to badmouth the old creatine (without any justification ... since no one had an exclusive patent on creatine), and therefore, "new" forms of creatine have been invented to make more ...
menshealth.com
Creatine phosphokinase test: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaCreatine phosphokinase test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme in the body. It is found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. This ... Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme in the body. It is found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. This ...
medlineplus.gov
Creatine, UrineCreatine, Urine
... ,ARUP Laboratories is a national reference laboratory and a worldwide leader in innovative laboratory research ... Creatine, Serum. 2. Clinitek 500 Urine Chemistry Analyzer. 3. Clinitek Atlas Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzer (Rack). 4. ...
bio-medicine.org
The metabolic burden of creatine synthesis | SpringerLinkThe metabolic burden of creatine synthesis | SpringerLink
Creatine synthesis is required in adult animals to replace creatine that is spontaneously converted to creatinine and excreted ... Creatine synthesis is required in adult animals to replace creatine that is spontaneously converted to creatinine and excreted ... MacNeil L, Hill L, MacDonald D, Keefe L, Cormier JF, Burke DG, Smith-Palmer T (2005) Analysis of creatine, creatinine, creatine ... Additionally, in growing animals it is necessary to provide creatine to the expanding tissue mass. Creatine synthesis requires ...
link.springer.com
Safety of Creatine Supplementation | SpringerLinkSafety of Creatine Supplementation | SpringerLink
The literature on creatine supplementation supporting its efficacy has grown rapidly and has included studies in both healthy ... Persky A.M., Rawson E.S. (2007) Safety of Creatine Supplementation. In: Salomons G.S., Wyss M. (eds) Creatine and Creatine ... Creatine is well-tolerated in most individuals in short-term studies. However, isolated reports suggest creatine may be ... Harris, R.C., Almada, A.L., Harris, D.B., Dunnett, M., and Hespel, P., 2004, The creatine content of Creatine Serum and the ...
link.springer.com
Creatine phosphokinase testCreatine phosphokinase test
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme in the body. It is found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. Alternative ... Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme. in the body. It is found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. This ...
ucsfhealth.org
Wiggle | Creatine TabletsWiggle | Creatine Tablets
Superb range of Creatine Tablets at Wiggle, the online cycle, run, swim & tri shop! Collect+ and Next Day delivery available in ... Bio-Synergy Creatine Plus Phase 1 & 2 (375 Capsules) $39.71 Save 40% ...
wiggle.co.uk
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, Agriculture
CreatineCreatine KinaseCreatine Kinase, MM FormCreatine Kinase, Mitochondrial FormPhosphocreatineCreatine Kinase, MB FormAmidinotransferasesGuanidinoacetate N-MethyltransferaseIsoenzymesClinical Enzyme TestsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMusclesMuscle, SkeletalMyocardiumL-Lactate DehydrogenaseRhabdomyolysisAdenosine TriphosphateArginine KinaseCholineAspartic AcidAdenosine DiphosphateAdenylate KinaseEnergy MetabolismElectrophoresis, Cellulose AcetateMuscular DiseasesMyoglobinUreohydrolasesPlasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport ProteinsMitochondria, HeartBrainGuanidinesAspartate AminotransferasesRabbitsTime FactorsMyositisKineticsTroponin ITroponin TDietary SupplementsPropionatesBiological MarkersInositolMitochondria, MuscleMembrane Transport ProteinsElectrophoresis, Agar GelLactic AcidMuscular DystrophiesHeartOxygen ConsumptionMuscle ProteinsMyoglobinuriaMyocardial Reperfusion InjuryPhosphatesMyocardial ReperfusionWeight LiftingIodoacetatesMyofibrilsDinitrofluorobenzeneGlycosuria, RenalCreatinineReference ValuesAutoanalysisProtonsGlycineOxidative PhosphorylationMuscular Dystrophy, AnimalGlycogenElectrocardiographyRats, WistarBlood Chemical AnalysisLactatesMuscle FatigueMyocardial IschemiaMuscle ContractionIodoacetamideMuscle Fibers, SkeletalSarcosine OxidaseEnzyme ReactivatorsPerfusionTroponinChickensHydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase
PhosphatePhosphocreatineMonohydrateMetabolismCreatinineSynthesisTransporterPrecursor of creatineArginineGAMTBrainBody'sAcidMuscle creatine kinaseSupplement
Phosphate1
Phosphocreatine1
Monohydrate7
Metabolism1
  • According to research in rodents [ 8 ] short-term oral administration of GAA increases the serum level of creatine to a similar extent like an equimolar dose of creatine, thus showing an impact on creatine metabolism. (medsci.org)
Creatinine2
Synthesis1
  • Daily turnover of creatine in humans (~ 2 grams) must be replaced from dietary animal protein or de novo synthesis from GAA [ 2 ]. (medsci.org)
Transporter1
  • Creatine is then released from the liver into the circulation where it can be taken up, via a specific transporter, by various tissues [ 6 ]. (medsci.org)
Precursor of creatine2
  • Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural precursor of creatine, yet the potential use of GAA as a nutritional additive for restoring creatine availability in humans has been limited by unclear efficacy and safety after exogenous GAA administration. (medsci.org)
  • Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) occurs naturally in the human body and acts as a precursor of creatine, the latter playing an important role as an energy carrier/mediator in the cell [ 1 , 2 ]. (medsci.org)
Arginine1
  • This first step in the creatine biosynthesis pathway was found to be rate-limiting as the respective enzyme L-arginine-glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) is subject to feedback inhibition of creatine on a pretranslational stage [ 3 - 5 ]. (medsci.org)
GAMT2
  • The second enzyme in the pathway is GAA N -methyltransferase (GAMT), which catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S -adenosylmethionine (SAM) to GAA to form creatine and S -adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) mainly in the liver. (medsci.org)
  • For GAMT no feedback control by creatine was observed [ 1 ]. (medsci.org)
Brain1
Body's1
Acid1
  • On the other hand, the conformationally restricted creatine analogues N-[2-(4,5-dihydroimidazolyl)]sarcosine (10), 2-iminoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (11), and 2-imino-3-methylimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (12) did not show detectable activity either as substrates or as inhibitors. (elsevier.com)
Muscle creatine kinase2
Supplement1
more