Creatine. Medical search

An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

An isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the MUSCLE.

A form of creatine kinase found in the MITOCHONDRIA.

An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)

An isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the CARDIAC MUSCLE.

Enzymes of a subclass of TRANSFERASES that catalyze the transfer of an amidino group from donor to acceptor. EC 2.1.4.

This enzyme catalyzes the last step of CREATINE biosynthesis by catalyzing the METHYLATION of guanidinoacetate to CREATINE.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Analyses for a specific enzyme activity, or of the level of a specific enzyme that is used to assess health and disease risk, for early detection of disease or disease prediction, diagnosis, and change in disease status.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the guanidine nitrogen of arginine in the presence of ATP and a divalent cation with formation of phosphorylarginine and ADP. EC 2.7.3.3.

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

Electrophoresis in which cellulose acetate is the diffusion medium.

Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group.

A family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that facilitate NEUROTRANSMITTER reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. They may play a role in regulating the intensity and duration of neurotransmission.

The mitochondria of the myocardium.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

One of the three polypeptide chains that make up the TROPONIN complex. It inhibits F-actin-myosin interactions.

One of the three polypeptide chains that make up the TROPONIN complex. It is a cardiac-specific protein that binds to TROPOMYOSIN. It is released from damaged or injured heart muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Defects in the gene encoding troponin T result in FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY.

Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.

Derivatives of propionic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.

Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.

Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

A sport in which weights are lifted competitively or as an exercise.

Iodinated derivatives of acetic acid. Iodoacetates are commonly used as alkylating sulfhydryl reagents and enzyme inhibitors in biochemical research.

The long cylindrical contractile organelles of STRIATED MUSCLE cells composed of ACTIN FILAMENTS; MYOSIN filaments; and other proteins organized in arrays of repeating units called SARCOMERES .

Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.

An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

Method of analyzing chemicals using automation.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.

Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

An examination of chemicals in the blood.

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle.

A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

An alkylating sulfhydryl reagent. Its actions are similar to those of iodoacetate.

Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.

A FLAVOPROTEIN, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of SARCOSINE to GLYCINE; FORMALDEHYDE; and HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2).

Compounds which restore enzymatic activity by removing an inhibitory group bound to the reactive site of the enzyme.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Nitric oxide inhibits cardiac energy production via inhibition of mitochondrial creatine kinase. (1/1169)

Nitric oxide biosynthesis in cardiac muscle leads to a decreased oxygen consumption and lower ATP synthesis. It is suggested that this effect of nitric oxide is mainly due to the inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase. However, this work demonstrates that nitric oxide is able to inhibit soluble mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK), mitochondrial CK bound in purified mitochondria, CK in situ in skinned fibres as well as the functional activity of mitochondrial CK in situ in skinned fibres. Since mitochondrial isoenzyme is functionally coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, its inhibition also leads to decreased sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to ADP and thus decreases ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption under physiological ADP concentrations. (+info)

Separation of urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with sodium cholate. (2/1169)

The capillary electrophoretic separation of the four nonprotein nitrogenous compounds (NPNs; urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine) typically employed in clinical and medical settings for the monitoring of renal function is described. Successful resolution of these compounds is achieved with the use of a bile salt micelle system composed of sodium cholate at phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The elution patterns of four NPNs are obtained within 30 min with a voltage of 30 kV. The effect of varying the applied voltage, temperature, and the mole ratio of phosphate buffer with bile salt surfactant on the migration behavior is also examined. (+info)

Shortening of muscle relaxation time after creatine loading. (3/1169)

The effect of creatine (Cr) supplementation on muscle isometric torque generation and relaxation was investigated in healthy male volunteers. Maximal torque (Tmax), contraction time (CT) from 0.25 to 0.75 of Tmax, and relaxation time (RT) from 0.75 to 0.25 of Tmax were measured during 12 maximal isometric 3-s elbow flexions interspersed by 10-s rest intervals. Between the pretest and the posttest, subjects ingested Cr monohydrate (4 x 5 g/day; n = 8) or placebo (n = 8) for 5 days. Pretest Tmax, CT, and RT were similar in Cr and placebo groups. Also in the posttest, Tmax and CT were similar between groups. However, posttest RT was decreased consistently by approximately 20% (P < 0.05) in the Cr group from the first to the last of the 12 contractions. In addition, the mean decrease in RT after Cr loading was positively correlated with pretest RT (r = 0.82). It is concluded that Cr loading facilitates the rate of muscle relaxation during brief isometric muscle contractions without affecting torque production. (+info)

Absolute quantification of brain metabolites by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in normal-appearing white matter of multiple sclerosis patients. (4/1169)

The aim of this research was to obtain an absolute quantification of the N-acetyl-aspartate, choline, creatine and phosphocreatine levels in normal-appearing white matter by means of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a group of multiple sclerosis patients (27 with the relapsing-remitting form and 13 with the secondary progressive form). These values were compared with those of a group of 12 age-matched healthy control subjects. A significant decrease in the N-acetyl-aspartate concentration was found in normal-appearing white matter of frontal and parietal brain areas in multiple sclerosis patients compared with the same areas in control subjects. This reduction was more evident in progressive patients. The decrease in the N-acetyl-aspartate concentration in normal-appearing white matter significantly correlated with the Expanded Disability Status and the lesional load. No significant change was found in the concentration of creatine or choline. This finding concurs with previous evidence of heterogeneity in the multiple sclerosis pathological process which is not confined to the lesions and involves not only myelin, but also axons, even in white matter which appears normal on MRI. (+info)

Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and energy dissipation by H+ ion recycling in rat-liver mitochondrial metabolizing pyruvate. (5/1169)

A method was developed for the calculation of metabolic fluxes through individual enzymatic reactions of pyruvate metabolism including the citric acid cycle in rat liver mitochondrial incubated at metabolic states between state 4 and state 3. This method is based on the measurement of the specific radioactivities of the products formed from [2-14C]pyruvate. With this procedure the energy balance of mitochondria incubated in the presence of [2-14C]pyruvate, ATP, bicarbonate and phosphate at different ATP/ADP ratios in the medium was calculated. The ATP/ADP ratios were maintained at a steady state with creatine kinase plus creatine as a phosphoryl acceptor. The calculations revealed that by adding increasing concentrations of creatine up to 20 mM the energy dissipated by the mitochondria decreased but showed a local maximum at 13mM creatine. Omission of bicarbonate from the medium led to a shift of this maximum. When energy dissipation was minimal the overall P/O ratio was maximal. The amount of energy dissipated was paralleled by the magnitude of the pH gradient across the inner membrane. From these results it was concluded that the recycling of H+ ions which consists of a passive leakage of H+ ions into the matrix and an active extrusion of these ions out of this compartment, is an important energy dissipating process. The H+ ion recycling is thus one of the processes which give rise to the state 4 respiration in mitochondria. (+info)

Cerebral metabolic abnormalities in congestive heart failure detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (6/1169)

OBJECTIVES: Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we investigated cerebral metabolism and its determinants in congestive heart failure (CHF), and the effects of cardiac transplantation on these measurements. BACKGROUND: Few data are available about cerebral metabolism in CHF. METHODS: Fifty patients with CHF (ejection fraction < or = 35%) and 20 healthy volunteers were included for this study. Of the patients, 10 patients underwent heart transplantation. All subjects performed symptom-limited bicycle exercise test. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) was obtained from localized regions (8 to 10 ml) of occipital gray matter (OGM) and parietal white matter (PWM). Absolute levels of the metabolites (N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, myo-inositol) were calculated. RESULTS: In PWM only creatine level was significantly lower in CHF than in control subjects, but in OGM all four metabolite levels were decreased in CHF. The creatine level was independently correlated with half-recovery time and duration of heart failure symptoms in PWM (r = -0.56, p < 0.05), and with peak oxygen consumption and serum sodium concentration in OGM (r = 0.58, p < 0.05). Cerebral metabolic abnormalities were improved after successful cardiac transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that cerebral metabolism is abnormally deranged in advanced CHF and it may serve as a potential marker of the disease severity. (+info)

Effect of thrombin inhibition in vascular dementia and silent cerebrovascular disease. An MR spectroscopy study. (7/1169)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Silent cerebrovascular disease (CVD) has been proposed as a predisposing condition for clinically overt stroke and vascular dementia. Recently, we found increased thrombin generation in silent CVD patients. Here, we report the effect of thrombin inhibition using a potent selective thrombin inhibitor on the cerebral metabolism and function in peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) patients with or without silent CVD. METHODS: We examined 17 mild chronic PAOD patients, including 2 cases of vascular dementia. We divided the patients into 2 groups: 1 was the advanced CVD group with multiple lacunar infarction and/or advanced periventricular hyperintensity detected by brain MRI (n=12), and the other was the no CVD group that had none of these abnormalities (n=5). We assessed the cerebral biochemical compounds in the deep white matter area and cerebellar hemisphere (8 cm3) by proton MR spectroscopy before and after infusion of argatroban (10 mg/d IV) over 2 hours for 7 days. RESULTS: The ratio of N-acetylasparate (NAA) to total creatine (Cre) in the deep white matter area was significantly lower in the advanced CVD group than in the no CVD group, whereas there were no significant differences in this ratio in the cerebellar hemisphere between the 2 groups. In the former group, this decreased NAA/Cre ratio significantly increased after argatroban therapy, whereas there was no change in the latter group. The 2 patients with vascular dementia showed clinical improvement with marked increases in the NAA/Cre ratio and mini-mental score. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that increased thrombin generation may have some pathophysiological roles in developing vascular dementia and its chronic predisposing conditions. Thrombin inhibition may break this vicious cycle and lead to clinical improvement. (+info)

Proton MR spectroscopy in patients with complex partial seizures: single-voxel spectroscopy versus chemical-shift imaging. (8/1169)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Proton MR spectroscopy has recently been applied to the evaluation of seizures, but few comparisons have been made between different clinical spectroscopic techniques. Our goal was to determine whether there is a significant difference between hippocampal NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratios obtained by single-voxel spectroscopy (SVS) and by chemical-shift imaging (CSI). METHODS: Twelve healthy adults and eight patients with complex partial seizures were studied on a 1.5-T MR scanner using a proton SVS method. Another 12 healthy adults and 10 patients with complex partial seizures were recruited for a proton CSI study, which was performed on a different 1.5-T MR system. The NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratio was calculated from the integral peak areas by curve fitting. The two-tailed t-test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean value +/- standard deviation of the hippocampal NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratio in healthy control subjects was 0.63 +/- 0.07 by SVS, with 0.62 +/- 0.15 for the anterior hippocampus and 0.65 +/- 0.11 for the posterior hippocampus by CSI. There was no significant difference between the control group data obtained by SVS and those by CSI, nor was there a regional difference in the CSI NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratio in the hippocampus. Relative to the control group, the patients with seizures had a significant decrease in the NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratio in the abnormal hippocampus: -28% by SVS, and -24% in the anterior hippocampus and -18% in the posterior hippocampus by CSI. Proton SVS and CSI detected hippocampal abnormalities, unilateral or bilateral, in all patients of each group. CONCLUSION: Under similar measurement conditions, proton SVS and CSI provide similar NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratios among healthy control subjects, and they possess comparable ability for detecting hippocampal abnormalities in patients with complex partial seizures. (+info)

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (also called phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)) is composed of an 85 kDa regulatory subunit and a 110 kDa catalytic subunit. The protein encoded by this gene represents the catalytic subunit, which uses ATP to phosphorylate phosphatidylinositols (PtdIns), PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2.[7] The involvement of p110α in human cancer has been hypothesized since 1995. Support for this hypothesis came from genetic and functional studies, including the discovery of common activating PIK3CA missense mutations in common human tumors.[8] It has been found to be oncogenic and is implicated in cervical cancers.[9] PIK3CA mutations are present in over one-third of breast cancers, with enrichment in the luminal and in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive subtypes (HER2 +). The three hotspot mutation positions (GLU542, GLU545, and HIS1047) have been widely reported till date.[10] While substantial preclinical data show an association with robust ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIK3CA

... are a subgroup of the enzyme family, phosphoinositide 3-kinase that share a common protein domain structure, substrate specificity and method of activation. Class II PI 3-kinases were the most recently identified class of PI 3-kinases and little is currently known about these enzymes. There are three class II PI 3-kinase isoforms expressed in mammalian cells; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_II_PI_3-kinases

... (PNPase) is a bifunctional enzyme with a phosphorolytic 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity and a 3'-terminal oligonucleotide polymerase activity.[2] That is, it dismantles the RNA chain starting at the 3' end and working toward the 5' end.[1] It also synthesizes long, highly heteropolymeric tails in vivo. It accounts for all of the observed residual polyadenylation in strains of Escherichia coli missing the normal polyadenylation enzyme.[1] Discovered by Marianne Grunberg-Manago working in Severo Ochoa's lab in 1955, the RNA-polymerization activity of PNPase was initially believed to be responsible for DNA-dependent synthesis of messenger RNA, a notion that got disproved by the late 1950s.[3][4] It is involved in mRNA processing and degradation in bacteria, plants,[5] and in humans.[6] In humans, the enzyme is encoded by the PNPT1 gene. In its active form, the protein forms a ring structure consisting of three PNPase molecules. Each PNPase molecule consists of two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide_phosphorylase

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and uridine, whereas its two products are ADP and UMP. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:uridine 5'-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include pyrimidine ribonucleoside kinase, uridine-cytidine kinase, uridine kinase (phosphorylating), and uridine phosphokinase. This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine_kinase

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and D-galacturonate, whereas its two products are ADP and 1-phospho-alpha-D-galacturonate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:D-galacturonate 1-phosphotransferase. This enzyme is also called galacturonokinase (phosphorylating) D-galacturonic acid kinase. This enzyme participates in nucleotide sugars metabolism. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galacturonokinase

ˈpɒlɪməreɪz/ is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Chien et al. in 1976.[1] Its name is often abbreviated to Taq Pol or simply Taq. It is frequently used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of DNA. T. aquaticus is a bacterium that lives in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, and Taq polymerase was identified[1] as an enzyme able to withstand the protein-denaturing conditions (high temperature) required during PCR.[2] Therefore, it replaced the DNA polymerase from E. coli originally used in PCR.[3] Taq's optimum temperature for activity is 75-80 °C, with a half-life of greater than 2 hours at 92.5 °C, 40 minutes at 95 °C and 9 minutes at 97.5 °C, and can replicate a 1000 base pair strand of DNA in less than 10 seconds at 72 °C.[4] At 75-80 °C, Taq reaches its optimal polymerization rate of about 150 nucleotides per second per ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq_polymerase

... then starts to synthesize the initial DNA-RNA heteroduplex, with ribonucleotides base-paired to the template DNA strand according to Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions. As noted above, RNA polymerase makes contacts with the promoter region. However these stabilizing contacts inhibit the enzyme's ability to access DNA further downstream and thus the synthesis of the full-length product. In order to continue RNA synthesis, RNA polymerase must escape the promoter. It must maintain promoter contacts while unwinding more downstream DNA for synthesis, "scrunching" more downstream DNA into the initiation complex.[14] During the promoter escape transition, RNA polymerase is considered a "stressed intermediate." Thermodynamically the stress accumulates from the DNA-unwinding and DNA-compaction activities. Once the DNA-RNA heteroduplex is long enough (~10 bp), RNA polymerase releases its upstream contacts and effectively achieves the promoter escape transition into the elongation phase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_Polymerase

RNAPII can exist in two forms: RNAPII0, with a highly phosphorylated CTD, and RNAPIIA, with a nonphosphorylated CTD.[16] Phosphorylation occurs principally on Ser2 and Ser5 of the repeats, although these positions are not equivalent. The phosphorylation state changes as RNAPII progresses through the transcription cycle: The initiating RNAPII is form IIA, and the elongating enzyme is form II0. While RNAPII0 does consist of RNAPs with hyperphosphorylated CTDs, the pattern of phosphorylation on individual CTDs can vary due to differential phosphorylation of Ser2 versus Ser5 residues and/or to differential phosphorylation of repeats along the length of the CTD.[16] The PCTD (phosphoCTD of an RNAPII0) physically links pre-mRNA processing to transcription by tethering processing factors to elongating RNAPII, e.g., 5′-end capping, 3′-end cleavage, and polyadenylation.[16] Ser5 phosphorylation (Ser5PO4) near the 5′ ends of genes depends principally on the kinase activity of TFIIH (Kin28 in yeast; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II_holoenzyme

While serine/threonine kinases all phosphorylate serine or threonine residues in their substrates, they select specific residues to phosphorylate on the basis of residues that flank the phosphoacceptor site, which together comprise the consensus sequence. Since the consensus sequence residues of a target substrate only make contact with several key amino acids within the catalytic cleft of the kinase (usually through hydrophobic forces and ionic bonds), a kinase is usually not specific to a single substrate, but instead can phosphorylate a whole "substrate family" which share common recognition sequences. While the catalytic domain of these kinases is highly conserved, the sequence variation that is observed in the kinome (the subset of genes in the genome that encode kinases) provides for recognition of distinct substrates. Most kinases are inhibited by a pseudosubstrate that binds to the kinase like a real substrate but lacks the amino acid to be phosphorylated. When the pseudosubstrate is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-specific_serine/threonine_protein_kinase

Increased creatine phosphokinase. Possible permanent effects[edit]. Isotretinoin may stop long bone growth in young people who ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin

Creatine is converted to creatinine during cooking.[73] Health concerns[edit]. See also: Health concerns associated with meat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef

Pastula DM, Moore DH, Bedlack RS (December 2012). "Creatine for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease". The ... and creatine.[127] Beta-adrenergic agonist drugs have been proposed as a treatment for their effects on muscle growth and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gehrig's_Disease

A number of dietary supplements, including L-arginine, L-ornithine, L-lysine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and creatine, may be able to ... 159-. ISBN 978-1-59745-344-8. Schedel JM, Tanaka H, Kiyonaga A, Shindo M, Schutz Y (2000). "Acute creatine loading enhances ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_breast_enhancement

The GAA is transported to the liver where it is methylated by S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) to form creatine. Creatine enters the ... To minimize the conversion of creatine to creatinine, specimens must be as fresh as possible and maintained at pH 7 during ... Creatinine is the product of muscle creatine catabolism. Both are relatively small molecules (60 and 113 daltons, respectively ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BUN-to-creatinine_ratio

"Creatine kinase". GPnotebook. Page 585 in: Lee, Mary Ann (2009). Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests

Human biomolecules - creatine and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate are naturally occurring compounds in humans that have well- ... Creatine, a nutritional supplement that is commonly used by athletes, increases high-intensity exercise capacity.[17] ... "International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise". J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 4: 6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_enhancing_drug

2003). "Creatine depletion in a new case with AGAT deficiency: clinical and genetic study in a large pedigree". Mol. Genet. ... Schulze A (2003). "Creatine deficiency syndromes". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 244 (1-2): 143-50. doi:10.1023/A:1022443503883. PMID ... 2002). "Guanidinoacetate and creatine plus creatinine assessment in physiologic fluids: an effective diagnostic tool for the ... This enzyme is involved in creatine biosynthesis, whereby it catalyzes the transfer of a guanido group from L-arginine to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GATM_(gene)

... creatine (Sekine et al., 2002) and increases in a marker of glial activation, myoinositol (Chang et al., 2002; Ernst et al., ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulants

Wyss M, Kaddurah-Daouk R (July 2000). "Creatine and creatinine metabolism". Physiol. Rev. 80 (3): 1107-213. doi:10.1152/physrev ... the enzyme is also indirectly connected to the creatine cycle and the respiratory chain in the mitochondria (See figure 4 for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcosine_dehydrogenase

Creatine kinase U-type, mitochondrial, also called ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK), is in humans encoded by ... Creatine+Kinase,+Mitochondrial+Form at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article ... Stachowiak O, Schlattner U, Dolder M, Wallimann T (July 1998). "Oligomeric state and membrane binding behaviour of creatine ... Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Wallimann T (February 2006). "Mitochondrial creatine kinase in human health and disease". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKMT1A

Creatine kinase, muscle also known as MCK is a creatine kinase that in humans is encoded by the MCK gene. In the figure to the ... phosphate between ATP and creatine and between phospho-creatine and ADP. Its functional entity is a MM-CK homodimer in striated ... "The generation of the oxidized form of creatine kinase is a negative regulation on muscle creatine kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 282 ... Creatine+Kinase,+MM+Form at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human CKM genome location and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKM_(gene)

Sometimes this is achieved by using nitrate salts of other ingredients (e.g. arginine nitrate, creatine nitrate). Creatine, a ... Creatine has been proven to improve physical performance as well as increase strength, under some circumstances. β-Alanine is ... Pre-workout supplements contain a variety of ingredients such as caffeine and creatine, ranging by product. It can be taken in ... Some ingredients such as caffeine, creatine and β-alanine are found in nearly all pre-workout blends, but each branded product ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-workout

The functions of these isoenzymes are to convert creatine, using ATP, into phosphocreatine expelling ADP. Mini columns were ... Mercer, Donald W (1974). "Separation of tissue and serum creatine kinase isoenzymes by ion-exchange column chromatography". ... clinical application of ion chromatography is in the rapid anion exchange chromatography technique used to separate creatine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_chromatography

L1CAM Creatine deficiency syndrome, X-linked; 300352; SLC6A8 Creatine phosphokinase, elevated serum; 123320; CAV3 Creutzfeldt- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

"Radioimmunoassay for creatine kinase isoenzymes". Science. 194 (4267): 855-857. Bibcode:1976Sci...194..855R. doi:10.1126/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Roberts_(cardiologist)

Defects in this gene have been implicated in neurologic syndromes and muscular hypotonia, probably due to creatine deficiency ... The protein encoded by this gene is a methyltransferase that converts guanidoacetate to creatine, using S-adenosylmethionine as ... CANTONI GL, VIGNOS PJ (1954). "Enzymatic mechanism of creatine synthesis". J. Biol. Chem. 209 (2): 647-59. PMID 13192118. PDBe- ... 1996). "Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency: the first inborn error of creatine metabolism in man". Am. J. Hum. Genet ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidinoacetate_N-methyltransferase

CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Woodling, Chuck (August 17, 2001). "Haskell Football Coach Recommends Creatine". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Haskell_Indian_Nations_Fighting_Indians_head_football_coaches

Creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) (CK), which catalyses the reversible transfer of high energy phosphate from ATP to creatine, ... Bessman SP, Carpenter CL (1985). "The creatine-creatine phosphate energy shuttle". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54: 831-62. doi:10.1146/ ... Creatine kinase plays an important role in energy metabolism of vertebrates. There are at least four different, but very ... Fritz-Wolf K, Schnyder T, Wallimann T, Kabsch W (May 1996). "Structure of mitochondrial creatine kinase". Nature. 381 (6580): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP:guanido_phosphotransferase_family

Myocardial toxoplasmosis causes an increase in the myocardial fraction of creatine kinase (CK-MB). In situ hybridization or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_associated_cardiomyopathy

"Creatine for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease". Department of Neurology, UCSF Medical Center; Pastula DM, ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklerosis_lateral_amiotrofik

The researchers concluded that creatine ethyl ester is inferior to creatine monohydrate as a source of creatine. As a ... Creatine is consumed by the body fairly quickly, and if one wishes to maintain the high concentration of creatine, 2-5 g daily ... Creatine nitrate is a nitrate salt form of creatine. No benefits have been noted except that it may be more water-soluble. ... Ingesting creatine can increase the level of phosphocreatine in the muscles up to 20%. Creatine has no significant effect on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_supplements

Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or phosphocreatine kinase, is an enzyme (EC 2.7.3.2) expressed ... Creatine kinase in the blood may be high in health and disease. Exercise increases the outflow of creatine kinase to the blood ... While mitochondrial creatine kinase is directly involved in formation of phospho-creatine from mitochondrial ATP, cytosolic CK ... Crystal structure of human brain-type creatine kinase with ADP and creatine. PDB 3b6r.[1] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase

Creatine is a chemical in human muscles and brain and in red meat and seafood. It is often used for improving exercise ... Creatine Ethyl Ester, Créatine Ethyl Ester, Creatine Ethyl Ester HCl, Créatine Ethyl Ester HCl, Creatine Gluconate, Creatine ... Combining carbohydrates with creatine can increase muscle creatine levels more than creatine alone. Supplementing 5 grams of ... 2-[carbamimidoyl(methyl)amino]acetic acid, Cr, Creatin, Creatina, Créatine, Créatine Anhydre, Creatine Anhydrous, Creatine ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/873.html

... creatine has generated more interest and controversy than almost any other dietary supplement. ... Creatine Description With its promises of bigger muscles and improved athletic performance, ... CREATINE. OFFICIAL NAMES: Creatine monohydrate, creatine phosphate. STREET NAMES: Legal steroid, muscle candy, ergogenic aid, ... Then, the muscles need creatine to make more ATP.". About two-thirds of the creatine in the body is creatine phosphate. This ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/food-and-drink/food-and-cooking/creatine

Men who use muscle-building supplements containing creatine or androstenedione may have a higher risk of getting testicular ... April 16, 2015 -- Men who use muscle-building supplements containing creatine or androstenedione may have a higher risk of ... The researchers used product labels to look into the major ingredients, including creatine, protein, and androstenedione. ...

https://www.webmd.com/cancer/news/20150416/muscle-building-supplements-cancer

This test measures the amount of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. High levels of CK can indicate damage or disease of the ... What is a creatine kinase (CK) test?. This test measures the amount of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. CK is a type of ... Health Information: Creatine Kinase: Why It Is Done; [updated 2018 Jun 25; cited 2019 Jun 12]; [about 3 screens]. Available ... Health Information: Creatine Kinase: Test Overview; [updated 2018 Jun 25; cited 2019 Jun 12]; [about 2 screens]. Available from ...

https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/creatine-kinase/

Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid typically associated with providing fuel for intense bursts of energy during high- ... Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid typically associated with providing fuel for intense bursts of energy during high- ... Eight women in the creatine group and five in the placebo group did not finish the trial, leaving a total of 39 participants. ... Remarkably, at the end of eight weeks, half of those in the creatine group showed no signs of depression compared with one- ...

https://psychcentral.com/news/2012/08/07/creatine-for-depression/42787.html

Plain ol creatine monohydrate works just fine for most people.. Q: If I make my post-workout protein and creatine shake before ... Thats what creatine is good for.. Creatine monohydrate has been studied hundreds, if not thousands of times, and has been ... At the same time as promoting the new creatine, many companies also had to badmouth the old creatine (without any justification ... since no one had an exclusive patent on creatine), and therefore, "new" forms of creatine have been invented to make more ...

https://www.menshealth.com/fitness/a19542367/creatine-protein-drinks/

... ,ARUP Laboratories is a national reference laboratory and a worldwide leader in innovative laboratory research ... Creatine, Serum. 2. Clinitek 500 Urine Chemistry Analyzer. 3. Clinitek Atlas Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzer (Rack). 4. ...

http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-products/Creatine--Urine-22210-1/

Creatine synthesis is required in adult animals to replace creatine that is spontaneously converted to creatinine and excreted ... Creatine synthesis is required in adult animals to replace creatine that is spontaneously converted to creatinine and excreted ... MacNeil L, Hill L, MacDonald D, Keefe L, Cormier JF, Burke DG, Smith-Palmer T (2005) Analysis of creatine, creatinine, creatine ... Additionally, in growing animals it is necessary to provide creatine to the expanding tissue mass. Creatine synthesis requires ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00726-011-0853-y

The literature on creatine supplementation supporting its efficacy has grown rapidly and has included studies in both healthy ... Persky A.M., Rawson E.S. (2007) Safety of Creatine Supplementation. In: Salomons G.S., Wyss M. (eds) Creatine and Creatine ... Creatine is well-tolerated in most individuals in short-term studies. However, isolated reports suggest creatine may be ... Harris, R.C., Almada, A.L., Harris, D.B., Dunnett, M., and Hespel, P., 2004, The creatine content of Creatine Serum and the ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-6486-9_14

Do people take creatine on non-workout days? I posted a question to Kenny on the thread in Diet & Nutrition, but he hasnt ... Do people take creatine on non-workout days? I posted a question to Kenny on the thread in Diet & Nutrition, but he hasnt ... Creatine is vital for survival. The supposed issue with using non stop is your body stops producing it on its own. How true ... Do people take creatine on non-workout days? I posted a question to Kenny on the thread in Diet & Nutrition, but he hasnt ...

https://exrx.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=68854

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme in the body. It is found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. Alternative ... Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme. in the body. It is found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. This ...

https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/003503

... ,ARUP Laboratories is a national reference laboratory and a worldwide leader in innovative laboratory ... Creatine Kinase (CK-MB). 6. Creatine Kinase (CK-NAC). 7. Creatine Kinase (CK-NAC) SZASZ. 8. Creatine Kinase (CK-MB) ROSALKI. 9 ... Creatine Kinase (CK). 2. Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB). 3. Creatine Kinase Reagent. 4. Creatine Kinase Kinetic Reagent. 5. ... Creatine Kinase (CK-MB) Control. 10. Creatine Kinase, Total, Serum or Plasma. 11. Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes. ...

http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-products/Creatine-Kinase--MB-22206-1/

Superb range of Creatine Tablets at Wiggle, the online cycle, run, swim & tri shop! Collect+ and Next Day delivery available in ... Bio-Synergy Creatine Plus Phase 1 & 2 (375 Capsules) $39.71 Save 40% ...

https://www.wiggle.co.uk/creatine-tablets/

... more than a couple readers have asked about creatine and whether or not it has a place in the Primal Blueprint. People may be ... Creatine works especially if you use the latest and best version creatine hydrocloride. This stuff is incredible. I must tell ... Whatever process is used to manufacture creatine, it is indistinguishable from creatine extracted from meat sources. Frequently ... generally have far less creatine in their muscles than meat eaters). The rest of the creatine we get is biosynthesized ...

https://www.marksdailyapple.com/what-is-creatine/

http://thescrutinizer.net/supplements/creatine/ In the entire world of sports, Creatine as an energy supplement has gained much ... The Very Best Creatine Supplement For Muscle Energ. Created by McCormack Hutchinson Updated On: January 28, 2016. ...

https://foursquare.com/user/149155172/list/the-very-best-creatine-supplement-for-muscle-energ

Creatine kinase definition, an enzyme that, during muscular activity, catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ... creatine kinase in Medicine Expand. creatine kinase n. An enzyme present in muscle, brain, and other tissues of vertebrates ... that catalyzes the reversible conversion of ADP and phosphocreatine into ATP and creatine. ...

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/creatine-kinase

Creatine phosphate is the naturally occurring substance that provides short-term energy for the muscles during training and ... Creatine phosphate is the naturally occurring substance that provides short-term energy for the muscles during training and ... These are non-essential amino acids and the bodys own supply travels through the blood stream to the cells where creatine is ... The University of Delaware states that the creatine phosphate helps the muscles and neuron cells replenish their fuel reserves. ...

https://www.reference.com/science/creatine-phosphate-fb6c098b287b63c4

Using creatine monohydrate (CrM) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) when exercising can help older individuals stay fit, new ... Led by Dr Mark Tarnopolsky a US team has explored the potential for using creatine as a means for preventing the loss of muscle ... Using creatine monohydrate (CrM) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) when exercising can help older individuals stay fit, new ...

https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/news/a15835/creatine-and-exercise-can-help-elderly/

So I thought of taking Creatine and welcoming the side effect of waterlogged muscles.. Has anybody done this? Heard about it?. ... RE: Creatine to help Tendonitis? 4/23/2007 1:36PM - in reply to Payne Weber ... RE: Creatine to help Tendonitis? 4/23/2007 1:37PM - in reply to Payne Weber ... RE: Creatine to help Tendonitis? 4/23/2007 1:46PM - in reply to le runner ...

http://www.letsrun.com/forum/flat_read.php?thread=1877065

Superb range of Girls Creatine Tablets at Wiggle, the online cycle, run, swim & tri shop! Collect+ and Next Day delivery ...

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Classified as a nitrogen-containing organic acid, creatine supplies your muscles with energy through its interaction with ... Creatine is a biological compound located predominantly in your muscle tissue. ... Other forms of creatine include creatine citrate, creatine ester, creatine malate and creatine phosphate. Creatine supplements ... Creatine Supplements. Creatine monophosphate is the most common creatine supplement, according to the University of Illinois ...

https://www.livestrong.com/article/489838-creatine-diarrhea/

Might be nothing to do with the creatine of course).. If hes taking protein powder with creatine in it then it may also ... Creatine also occurs naturally, in meat.. I wouldnt label him a druggy for taking legal supplements though. To get the same ... My experience was that creatine would enable me to lift about 10% more, but any gains were lost when I stopped taking it, so I ... I do think that lifting the same amount without creatine is a greater acheivement than with. Would you agree with this? ...

https://www.ukclimbing.com/forums/walls+training/using_creatine-534052

... , Creatine Kinase, Creatine Phosphotransferase, CPK, CK-MB, CK-MM, CK-BB. ... ATP Creatine, creatine kinase, ATP:creatine N-phosphotransferase, Creatine Kinase [Chemical/Ingredient], creatine kinase (CK), ... Creatine kinase, Creatine phosphokinase, CK - Creatine kinase, CPK - Creatine phosphokinase, Creatine kinase (substance). ... Creatine Phosphokinase. Aka: Creatine Phosphokinase, Creatine Kinase, Creatine Phosphotransferase, CPK, CK-MB, CK-MM, CK-BB ...

https://fpnotebook.com/legacy/CV/Lab/CrtnPhsphkns.htm

... I started using creatine last week (GNC brand) I take whey 3 times a day, 1 in the morning, 1 pre-workout ... Re: Creatine & Glutamine. You really only need 5g of creatine once a day. I take glutamine before bed, but you can take it ... Too much creatine and the glutamine really doesnt matter on timing. Neither does the creatine. Just take it once a day. 5g. No ... I take creatine pre and post WO as well. I want to add glutamine in the mix. When is the best time to take Glutamine? Can I mix ...

https://www.elitefitness.com/forum/printthread.php?t=1498514&pp=10&page=1

Creatine dosing led to an improvement over the placebo condition on several measures. Although creatine seems to facilitate ... This study used a new form of creatine--creatine ethyl ester--to investigate whether supplementation would improve performance ... Cognitive effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation.. Ling J1, Kritikos M, Tiplady B. ... Supplementation with creatine-based substances as a means of enhancing athletic performance has become widespread. Until ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19773644

Beyond providing Skin Deep® as an educational tool for consumers, EWG offers its EWG VERIFIED™ mark as a quick and easily identifiable way of conveying personal care products that meet EWGs strict health criteria. Before a company can use EWG VERIFIEDTM on such products, the company must show that it fully discloses the products ingredients on their labels or packaging, they do not contain EWG ingredients of concern, and are made with good manufacturing practices, among other criteria. Note that EWG receives licensing fees from all EWG VERIFIED member companies that help to support the important work we do. Learn more , Legal Disclaimer ...

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... will creatine cause acne, supplement store warners bay ultrasound, office exercise room ideas tumblr, best belly fat burner ... A lot of guys make the mistake of seeing creatine free and automatically assuming that NO extreme is the creatine free ... Sure NO Extreme doesnt have any creatine like in C4, but it does have the NO3 version of arginine which you wont find in the ... In every 5 gram serving you get creatine nitrate, arginine, beta alanine, caffeine and Synephrine; its a power packed pwo ...

http://s3.amazonaws.com/leerymuscle/can-c4-pre-workout-kill-you.html

View drug interactions between creatine and ephedrine. These medicines may also interact with certain foods or diseases. ... creatine. A total of 8 drugs (39 brand and generic names) are known to interact with creatine. ... Creatine is in the drug class nutraceutical products.. *Creatine is used to treat the following conditions: *Amyotrophic ... There were no interactions found in our database between creatine and ephedrine. However, this does not necessarily mean no ...

https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/creatine-with-ephedrine-2550-0-981-0.html

The reports of damage to the kidneys or liver by creatine supplementation have been scientifically refuted. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine supplementation appears to increase the number of myonuclei that satellite cells will 'donate' to damaged muscle fibers, which increases the potential for growth of those fibers. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine was thrust onto the global athletic scene in 1992 when British sprinters Linford Christie and Sally Gunnel won Olympic gold in Barcelona after reportedly training with the aid of creatine supplementation. (encyclopedia.com)
As of early 2002, creatine supplementation was not explicitly prohibited by the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC), the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Football League (NFL), and other major national athletic organizations. (encyclopedia.com)
This tendency is thought to reverse itself once creatine supplementation stops. (encyclopedia.com)
Creatine monohydrate, the most popular form of off-the-shelf creatine supplementation, is an odorless, white, water-soluble powder. (encyclopedia.com)
The mechanism by which creatine works against depression is not precisely known, but Renshaw and his colleagues suggest that the pro-energetic effect of creatine supplementation, including the making of more phosphocreatine, may contribute to the earlier and greater response to antidepressants. (psychcentral.com)
The literature on creatine supplementation supporting its efficacy has grown rapidly and has included studies in both healthy volunteers and patient populations. (springer.com)
The majority of clinical studies fail to find an increased incidence of side effects with creatine supplementation. (springer.com)
Benzi, G., 2000, Is there a rationale for the use of creatine either as nutritional supplementation or drug administration in humans participating in a sport? (springer.com)
Branch, J.D., 2003, Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: a meta-analysis. (springer.com)
Although bodybuilders and other athletes looking for "puffy" bulk over performance might find some use in creatine supplementation, most Primal Blueprinters who value performance over illusory size are probably getting plenty of creatine through dietary means (meat, fish, fowl, etc). (marksdailyapple.com)
Short-term side effects of creatine supplementation may include digestive problems such as diarrhea. (livestrong.com)
Cognitive effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation. (nih.gov)
Supplementation with creatine-based substances as a means of enhancing athletic performance has become widespread. (nih.gov)
Until recently, however, the effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance has been given little attention. (nih.gov)
This study used a new form of creatine--creatine ethyl ester--to investigate whether supplementation would improve performance in five cognitive tasks, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. (nih.gov)
For this reason, vegetarian athletes may potentially benefit most from creatine supplementation. (epnet.com)
There are numerous studies backed by anecdotal evidence that support the efficacy of creatine supplementation. (bodybuilding.com)
For the majority of the population, including both elite athletes and untrained individuals, creatine supplementation increases fat free mass and improves anaerobic and possibly aerobic performance. (bodybuilding.com)
Supplementation with creatine increases Cr and CP within the muscle, allowing further capacity to regenerate ATP. (bodybuilding.com)
The majority of studies regarding creatine supplementation have used creatine monohydrate, the form of creatine bound to a water molecule. (bodybuilding.com)
Only take creatine in stages such as 2 months on and 2 months off to give your body a rest from supplementation. (wikihow.com)
Some people walk around with (just about) fully topped-off muscle creatine saturation, so they obtain no benefit from creatine supplementation," sports nutrition researcher and bodybuilder Eric Trexler writes at Stronger by Science . (lifehacker.com.au)
However the upper limit of creatine storage post supplementation and dietary intervention is believed to be around 160 mmol/kg. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers also found that creatine supplementation can improve the efficacy of existing immunotherapies. (genengnews.com)
This could provide a clear and expedient path forward for the use of creatine supplementation to enhance existing cancer immunotherapies. (genengnews.com)
Next, the team tried combining creatine supplementation with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy, a form of cancer immunotherapy that prevents T cell exhaustion and has been approved to treat a broad range of cancers including melanoma, lymphoma, colon, lung, liver, kidney, and cervical. (genengnews.com)
They found that creatine supplementation and anti-PD-1 blockade therapy worked synergistically, tipping the metabolic scales in T cells' favor and enabling them to avoid exhaustion and fight cancer effectively for an extended period. (genengnews.com)
They went away upon cessation of the creatine supplementation. (medhelp.org)
So--my own feeling about my question is that yes--there seems to be some link between urinary symptoms and creatine supplementation. (medhelp.org)
Animal studies indicate that creatine supplementation exerts a neuroprotective effect after traumatic brain and spinal cord injury and with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (i.e. (healingtherapies.info)
Protective effects of oral creatine supplementation on spinal cord injury in rats. (healingtherapies.info)
Oral creatine supplementation has been shown to elevate the phospho-creatine content in brain and muscle tissue, leading to neuroprotective effects and increased muscle performance. (healingtherapies.info)
In a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease characterized in part by mitochondrial dysfunction and therefore impaired energy supply, oral creatine supplementation protected against neuronal loss and improved motor performance. (jneurosci.org)
Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation improve strength and lean-tissue mass during heavy during resistance training. (greenmedinfo.com)
Creatine supplementation enhances muscle force recovery after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals. (greenmedinfo.com)
That's why creatine supplementation has the good reputation it does. (bodybuilding.com)
Wondering if your creatine supplementation is increasing the amount of creatine in your brain? (bodybuilding.com)
The American Journal of Physiology published a study on creatine levels in the human brain after oral supplementation. (bodybuilding.com)
Results showed that oral creatine supplementation caused a statistically significant increase in the concentration of creatine across brain regions. (bodybuilding.com)
Numerous well-designed studies have demonstrated that creatine supplementation has an ergogenic potential. (cbass.com)
Forty men in the 59 to 77 age group, with no history of having received creatine supplementation, participated in this study. (fyiliving.com)
Oral creatine supplementation in mice has suggested a neuroprotective effect, according to information in the article. (science20.com)
Since vegetables do not contain creatine, vegetarians clearly show lower levels of muscle creatine which rise upon creatine supplementation more than meat-eaters. (wikidoc.org)
Creatine supplementation (CS) has been reported to increase body mass and improve performance in high-intensity, short-duration exercise tasks. (nih.gov)
A search of MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus using the phrase "creatine supplementation" revealed 96 English-language, peer-reviewed papers (100 studies), which included randomized group formation, a placebo control, and human subjects who were blinded to treatments. (nih.gov)

Creatine supplements are dietary supplements marketed as increasing high-intensity athletic performance. (wikipedia.org)
However, in the United States, the NCAA recently ruled that colleges could not provide creatine supplements to their players, though the players are still allowed to obtain and use creatine independently. (wikipedia.org)
In the U.S., a majority of sports nutrition supplements, which total $2.7 billion in annual sales, contain creatine. (medlineplus.gov)
Oral creatine supplements first gained popularity among athletes in the early 1990s following the publication of a Karolinska Institute study that found that subjects who took creatine supplements experienced a significant increase in total muscle creatine content. (encyclopedia.com)
Researchers say that future research efforts will test creatine supplements in both men and women. (psychcentral.com)
The added reps it can help you pump out might confer some benefits, like signaling your genes to synthesize more protein and grow more muscle, but it gets murky when you consider that creatine supplements are cell volumizers that cause water retention in the muscles. (marksdailyapple.com)
One thing I can say: creatine is one of the most heavily researched training supplements out there, and it's probably quite safe in doses less than 5 grams per day. (marksdailyapple.com)
Certain foods or dietary supplements, including creatine, may cause diarrhea. (livestrong.com)
Creatine supplements not only provide extra energy for short-term, high-intensity exercise but also may help build muscle mass in your body. (livestrong.com)
If you experience diarrhea as a result of taking creatine supplements, increase your water and electrolyte intake - for example, by consuming sports drinks - to offset any dehydration. (livestrong.com)
However, consult with a sports-medicine specialist or your health-care practitioner for advice regarding your personal use of creatine supplements. (livestrong.com)
The website USGyms explains that creatine supplements are available for over-the-counter purchase. (livestrong.com)
Although the evidence for creatine is not definitive, it has the most evidence behind it among all the sports supplements. (epnet.com)
Creatine is one of the best-selling and best documented supplements for enhancing athletic performance , but the scientific evidence that it works is far from complete. (epnet.com)
Preliminary evidence suggests that creatine supplements may be able to reduce levels of triglycerides in the blood. (epnet.com)
One study claimed to find evidence that creatine supplements can reduce levels of blood sugar. (epnet.com)
You can easily find creatine mono hydrate on supplements web sites. (wikihow.com)
Take other supplements in addition to creatine to enhance your physical performance. (wikihow.com)
Creatine, licorice, magnesium, peony and zinc are herbs and supplements that are used to prevent or treat muscle cramps, says WebMD. (reference.com)
Creatine is one of the most popular sports nutrition supplements out there, and it's easy to see why! (hollandandbarrett.com)
Monohydrate creatine is the form creatine takes in most supplements. (hollandandbarrett.com)
Despite the fact creatine is naturally found in animal products, most creatine supplements are vegan-friendly. (hollandandbarrett.com)
Keep scrolling down to browse our full range of muscle-boosting monohydrate creatine supplements. (hollandandbarrett.com)
Creatine is a rare thing in the world of workout supplements: It actually works, plus it's cheap and safe. (lifehacker.com.au)
As supplements go, creatine is pretty safe. (lifehacker.com.au)
In terms of cost, creatine is also one of the cheaper supplements, especially if you buy it in powder form as creatine monohydrate. (lifehacker.com.au)
At the time, low-potency creatine supplements were available in Britain, but creatine supplements designed for strength enhancement were not commercially available until 1993 when a company called Experimental and Applied Sciences (EAS) introduced the compound to the sports nutrition market under the name Phosphagen. (wikipedia.org)
Because oral creatine supplements have been broadly utilized by bodybuilders and athletes for the past three decades, existing data suggest they are likely safe when taken at appropriate doses," said Lili Yang, PhD, a member of the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA and the study's senior author. (genengnews.com)
In addition to these natural sources, creatine supplements are widely popular among athletes and bodybuilders looking to gain muscle mass and improve performance. (genengnews.com)
The popularity of creatine supplements stems from the knowledge that cells with high-energy demands, like those found in muscle and brain tissue, use creatine to store excess energy for when they most need it, according to the UCLA team. (genengnews.com)
Since you can't patent naturally occurring substances, it's hard to get the money together to do really good studies on supplements, and creatine isn't something people have been taking for hundreds of years -- it's a recent pharmaceutical product isolated from food after research showed it might help athletes. (medhelp.org)
Creatine, one of the most common food supplements used by individuals at almost every level of athleticism, promote gains in performance, strength, and fat-free mass. (healingtherapies.info)
The body creates creatine naturally but creatine supplements have been around for many years and are very popular with athletes. (healthline.com)
You can also take creatine supplements to build up your levels. (healthline.com)
Athletes and body builders often use creatine supplements to boost endurance. (healthline.com)
Creatine is one of the most popular bodybuilding supplements, known for its relative safety and efficacy. (ehow.co.uk)
Although most people will have few negative side effects from creatine or testosterone supplements, it is important to be aware if you are at risk. (ehow.co.uk)
Creatine supplements combined with home exercises improve functional performance without significant adverse effects in patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis. (greenmedinfo.com)
Perhaps one of the most widely studied and used supplements in the world, creatine is often touted for its ability to enhance athletic performance. (bodybuilding.com)
0168 59 34 113 (delivery products through courier service anywhere of bangladesh) ***********: following listed top creatine monohydrate supplements for bodybuilding available now! (bdnews24.com)
The Irish Rugby Football Union is developing an education program throughout the underage system in schools so that the concerns about the use of dangerous supplements like creatine amongst rugby-playing school boys can be reduced to a significant extent. (isteroids.com)
Anabolic steroids and supplements such as Creatine are becoming more common among teenage and young males in the quest to attain the perfect body and boost the self-esteem. (isteroids.com)
Hi all, I was just wondering if anyone else has noticed a big improvement in brain function whilst taking creatine supplements? (veganforum.com)
So today we're going to talk about the best creatine supplements money can buy to help you nail your workouts and get you the results you deserve. (observer.com)
At number 1 on our list of the best creatine supplements we have Crazy Bulk's Ultimate CRN-5. (observer.com)
A six-week trial showed sprinters and long-distance runners benefitted from increased performance and endurance from using creatine malate supplements. (observer.com)
Second on our list of the best creatine supplements we have Tango by Redcon1. (observer.com)
Creatine itself is backed by years of research, and creatine supplements, since their introduction in the early 1990s, have undergone more studies than any other supplement - proving itself effective time and time again. (muscletech.com)
Creatine is a chemical compound found in the body - supplements artificially boost this, which can help boost gym performance. (sane.org.uk)
What are creatine supplements? (sharecare.com)
Creatine supplements are popular among young athletes who hope to increase their muscle mass and improve their athletic performance, especially during bursts of high-intensity exercise such as sprinting. (sharecare.com)
Outside of protein supplements, creatine supplements are the most talked about and effective muscle building and performance supplements on the planet. (sharecare.com)
Creatine supplements can provide a 10 to 15% boost in overall strength, and a lean muscle mass gain of up to 10 pounds. (sharecare.com)
Because of their popularity, creatine supplements are extremely cost-effective, giving an athlete the most bang for his supplement buck. (sharecare.com)
Creatine supplements come in powder, pill or liquid forms. (sharecare.com)
Because the powder form of creatine is most popular, many creatine supplements are flavored and sold as powdered drink mixes. (sharecare.com)
For the use of creatine to enhance athletic performance, please see Creatine supplements . (wikidoc.org)
Creatine supplements are widely used to improve performance and give the winning edge in anaerobic athletic competitions. (targetwoman.com)
Creatine supplements that produce creatine compounds can be used to load the muscles with more energy in order to increase the capacity to perform high intensity work for longer periods of time. (targetwoman.com)
Creatine supplements, unlike other supplements that rise and fall with current trends have stood the test of time. (targetwoman.com)
Chewable creatine supplements are like eating an energy bar and these supplements are available at full service gyms, workout centers and nutrition centers. (targetwoman.com)
And so it began in the athletic arena in 1993 when a number of athletes who performed extremely well beyond expectation reported that they had used creatine supplements to augment their training regimen. (targetwoman.com)
Most of the athletes who wish to gain muscle mass consume creatine supplements. (targetwoman.com)
Creatine supplements can help give 'bursts' of intense energy during short sessions of high intensity aerobic exercise but they have no significant effect on aerobic endurance as such. (targetwoman.com)
How do creatine supplements work? (targetwoman.com)
Creatine supplements help maximize muscle energy by participating in the complex muscle contraction process. (targetwoman.com)
For sustained intensity in workouts, improved power and muscle size and longer and stronger exercise regimen, probably creatine supplements should help in a big way. (targetwoman.com)
Creatine supplements can lead to water retention which in turn can possibly lead to acne which is particularly annoying. (targetwoman.com)
There are creatine supplements exclusively designed for women that help minimize weight gain overcoming problems of water retention. (targetwoman.com)
Female sports enthusiasts can well combine creatine supplements with whey protein during weight loss regimes and fitness performances. (targetwoman.com)
Fine tuned doses of creatine supplements with medical advice should not cause bloating or any stomach discomfort. (targetwoman.com)

Studies in endurance athletes have been less than promising, most likely because these activities are sustained at a given intensity and thus do not allow for significant intra-exercise synthesis of additional creatine phosphate molecules. (wikipedia.org)
In the late 1920s, after finding that the intramuscular stores of creatine can be increased by ingesting creatine in larger than normal amounts, scientists discovered creatine phosphate, and determined that creatine is a key player in the metabolism of skeletal muscle. (wikipedia.org)
About two-thirds of this is bound with phosphates, forming the compound creatine phosphate (PCr). (encyclopedia.com)
Creatine phosphate provides an extra phosphate molecule for the ADP to convert or regenerate quickly back to ATP again and refuel muscle performance. (encyclopedia.com)
What Is Creatine Phosphate? (reference.com)
Creatine phosphate is the naturally occurring substance that provides short-term energy for the muscles during training and other energy-consuming activities. (reference.com)
Arginine and glycine form guanidinoacetate in the kidneys, whereas creatine phosphate synthesis is completed in the liver by the addition of S-adenosylmethionine. (reference.com)
The University of Delaware states that the creatine phosphate helps the muscles and neuron cells replenish their fuel reserves. (reference.com)
Other forms of creatine include creatine citrate, creatine ester, creatine malate and creatine phosphate. (livestrong.com)
Creatine is available under the following different brand names: amidinosarcosine, creatine citrate, creatine monohydrate, creatine phosphate, and N-amidinosarcosine. (rxlist.com)
Do not take amidinosarcosine, creatine citrate, creatine monohydrate, creatine phosphate, and N-amidinosarcosine, if you are allergic to creatine or any ingredients contained in this drug. (rxlist.com)
Approximately 40% of the body's creatine stores are free creatine (Cr), while the remaining 60% is stored in form of creatine phosphate (CP). (bodybuilding.com)
Creatine phosphate is "split" to yield the phosphate portion of the molecule. (bodybuilding.com)
14. The composition according to claim 1, comprising 1-10 gram creatine, preferably provided by creatine citrate, 0.6-5 gram phosphorus, preferably provided by phosphate, 0.1-15 gram buffer, preferably a combination of carbonate and/or bicarbonate and citrate, and 1-100 g of digestible carbohydrates. (freepatentsonline.com)
It is converted into creatine phosphate or phosphocreatine and stored in the muscles, where it is used for energy. (aminoz.com.au)
Creatine can hold onto an extra phosphate, and immediately stick that phosphate onto the ADP so it can become ATP again. (lifehacker.com.au)
The drugs used were either creatine, creatine phosphate (orally, intravenously, or intramuscular) or phosphocreatinine. (mendeley.com)
creatine orally (Gordon 1995, Kuethe 2006), creatine phosphate via intravenous infusion (Ferraro 1996, Grazioli 1992), and phosphocreatinine orally (Carmenini 1994, Maggi 1990). (mendeley.com)
In contrast, the acute myocardial infarction trials studied intravenous creatine phosphate only. (mendeley.com)
In the ischemic heart disease trial (Pedone 1984) creatine phosphate was given twice daily through an intramuscular injection to outpatients and through an intravenous infusion to inpatients. (mendeley.com)
The duration of the study intervention was shorter for the acute patients, from a two hour intravenous infusion of creatine phosphate in acute myocardial infarction (Ruda 1988, Samarenko 1987), to six months in patients with heart failure on oral phosphocreatinine therapy (Carmenini 1994). (mendeley.com)
Most of the creatine is metabolized in these tissues to phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate). (drugbank.ca)
In the muscles, a fraction of the total creatine binds to phosphate - forming creatine phosphate. (drugbank.ca)
Physically, creatine is found in food in variety of creatine phosphate. (apsense.com)
2. The formula of claim 1, further comprising: at least one additional species of creatine selected from the group comprising creatine esters, creatine pyruvate, creatine phosphate, creatine alpha-ketoglutarate, creatine citrate, and combinations thereof. (freepatentsonline.com)
Creatine speeds up this process by supplying the needed phosphate to convert ADP back to ATP instantly. (blogswithballs.com)
Like ADP, creatine can also form an energy-charged bond with a phosphate group, forming phosphocreatine (PCr). (bodybuilding.com)
Creatine transfers phosphate to ADP, recreating ATP. (cbass.com)
Brain cyclocreatine and cyclocreatine phosphate were detected after 9 weeks of cyclocreatine treatment in Slc6a8-/y mice, in contrast to the same mice treated with creatine or placebo. (jci.org)
There, creatine acts as a phosphate donor pool to hard-working muscles, allowing you to train harder, for longer. (muscletech.com)
Once inside the muscle cells, creatine is phosphorylated to form creatine phosphate (CP), which, as a high energy substrate for the universal energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), assists in the contraction of the myofibrils (muscle fibers). (jarrow.com)
Creatine Phosphate is utilized to maintain higher levels of ATP during exercise. (jarrow.com)
Creatine Phosphate maximizes physical performance and reduces exercise fatigue by absorbing hydrogen ions released by muscles in the form of lactic acid. (jarrow.com)
Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). (abcam.com)
As activities such as swimming and running are sustained at a given intensity, they do not allow for significant intra exercise synthesis of additional creatine phosphate molecules. (targetwoman.com)

People with kidney disease, high blood pressure, or liver disease should not take creatine as a dietary supplement. (wikipedia.org)
It also plays a critical role in cell maintenance by regulating the assembly and disassembly of the cytoskeleton, but that's usually not why people take creatine. (marksdailyapple.com)
Is It Safe to Take Creatine if You're Over 40? (livestrong.com)
I take creatine pre and post WO as well. (elitefitness.com)
While the effectiveness of creatine is well known, the most effective way to take creatine is not known. (bodybuilding.com)
Decide by which method you wish to take creatine by such as by powder or by capsule. (wikihow.com)
Understand that it is not necessary to take creatine day-in-day out. (wikihow.com)
However, when you take creatine does not matter. (blogswithballs.com)
Any attempt to take creatine and testosterone boosters at the same time should be approached with caution. (ehow.co.uk)
Many of us take creatine hoping it will help increase our one-rep max or add on an extra five pounds of lean mass. (bodybuilding.com)
The biggest mistake for people who take creatine is they simply use the default 5 gram measuring spoon included in the bottle or tub. (speedendurance.com)

In theory, increased creatine stores would increase PCr stored in the muscles, which would in turn provide a larger power supply for anaerobic muscle activity and exercise (short bursts of exercise which don't require oxygen). (encyclopedia.com)
Bodybuilders and weightlifters supplement with creatine to bulk up muscles, and athletes involved in team sports train with creatine to increase their energy for sprints and other short and intense muscular tasks. (encyclopedia.com)
Storing extra creatine in the skeletal muscles theoretically will provide for faster, more frequent ATP conversion. (encyclopedia.com)
Red meat in particular - beef, lamb, and bison - contains the highest levels of dietary creatine (interestingly enough, human vegetarians - unlike their ungulate counterparts - generally have far less creatine in their muscles than meat eaters). (marksdailyapple.com)
Whether it's biosynthesized, part of a natural meaty diet, or taken as a supplement, creatine helps provide a very specific type of energy for your muscles. (marksdailyapple.com)
So I thought of taking Creatine and welcoming the side effect of waterlogged muscles. (letsrun.com)
Classified as a nitrogen-containing organic acid, creatine supplies your muscles with energy through its interaction with adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. (livestrong.com)
Creatine is a compound that the body produces naturally and is sent through the bloodstream to your body's muscles. (livestrong.com)
The skeletal muscles store the creatine for your workouts and any excess goes to the brain, heart and bodily tissues. (livestrong.com)
How Much Creatine Can Your Muscles Absorb? (livestrong.com)
The theory behind its use is that supplemental creatine can build up a reserve of phosphocreatine in the muscles to help them perform on demand. (epnet.com)
Drink plenty of water as creatine will cause your body to retain more water in the muscles which will lead to dehydration if an adequate amount of water is not consumed. (wikihow.com)
Muscles can only hold a certain amount of creatine so taking more is unnecessary and could be harmful. (wikihow.com)
Creatine also volumises the muscles. (aminoz.com.au)
The very best approach to explain creatine is always to state that it assists the muscles assistance by themselves develop muscle mass. (dailystrength.org)
This really is the level of creatine and it seriously is effective at keeping h2o within the muscles. (dailystrength.org)
Alternatively, should you be getting creatine and hoping it is going to basically develop you bodybuilders muscles without the need of placing inside the function then you definitely are mistaken. (dailystrength.org)
Creatine supplies quick energy in your muscles for short, intense bursts of power. (lifehacker.com.au)
That means that the more creatine you have in your muscles, the better you'll be at movements that require a short, intense use of muscles. (lifehacker.com.au)
Unlike most drugs, where the effects wear off in a matter of hours, creatine is stored in our muscles for a fairly long period of time. (lifehacker.com.au)
If you start taking the recommended dose of 3 to 5g per day (larger people should go with the larger dose and vice versa), it will take about a month to fully load up your muscles with creatine. (lifehacker.com.au)
That extra creatine in your body will also cause your muscles to retain more water, which is fine and may even help contribute to muscle growth. (lifehacker.com.au)
Creatine itself can be phosphorylated by creatine kinase to form phosphocreatine, which is used as an energy buffer in skeletal muscles and the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine also has the effect that the muscles can recuperate better because of this energy reservoir. (pipa.be)
Basically creatine, which is a naturally occurring amino acid present in muscle tissues of human beings and animals, adds fuel to the muscles. (apsense.com)
Creatine helps energize muscles and provides a supportive boost. (healthline.com)
Creatine is a type of amino acid found mostly in skeletal muscles. (healthline.com)
When your muscles need energy, creatine provides that fuel for quick, powerful movements. (healthline.com)
When muscles use up the stored energy, you need more creatine to keep powering your muscles. (healthline.com)
Creatine pulls water into your cells to build up muscles after exercise, so if you're dehydrated, creatine can't provide your muscles with power. (healthline.com)
Athletes typically take loading doses of 20 grams of creatine over five days to build up phosphocreatine in the muscles before training. (healthline.com)
Actually, the idea is to get the muscles saturated with creatine, so that the muscles draw in the excess liquid. (exrx.net)
Creatine is an amino acid found primarily in the skeletal muscles. (cbass.com)
When creatine is present the muscles don't have to switch to a second energy system called glycolysis. (cbass.com)
Creatine is a naturally occurring nitrogenous organic acid which supplies energy to body cells, including muscles. (repec.org)
Creatine is naturally present in vertebrates and provides energy to muscles. (fyiliving.com)
It's easy to understand, then, that if you can hyper-regenerate creatine stores in your muscles, you'll be able to rest less between sets, get more power out of each set, get more reps from each set and, thus, stimulate more muscle fibers during each set. (muscletech.com)
Platinum 100% Creatine provides your muscles with the and most clinically researched form of micronized creatine. (muscletech.com)
Platinum 100% Creatine delivers creatine directly to your muscles - precisely where it needs to be to drive performance. (muscletech.com)
By saturating your muscles with creatine, you can increase intracellular fluid, resulting in bigger, fuller muscles! (muscletech.com)
Creatine is synthesized in the liver and stored in the major muscles, including cardiac and skeletal tissues. (jarrow.com)

A study presented at the 4th International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) annual meeting demonstrated that the addition of the ethyl group to creatine actually reduces acid stability and accelerates its breakdown to creatinine. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine synthesis is required in adult animals to replace creatine that is spontaneously converted to creatinine and excreted in the urine. (springer.com)
Approximately half of this creatine lost to creatinine can be replaced, in omnivorous individuals, by dietary creatine. (springer.com)
Arias A, Garcia-Villoria J, Ribes A (2004) Guanidinoacetate and creatine/creatinine levels in controls and patients with urea cycle defects. (springer.com)
Dash, A.K., and Sawhney, A., 2002, A simple LC method with UV detection for the analysis of creatine and creatinine and its application to several creatine formulations. (springer.com)
The creatine rapidly degrades to creatinine, which is not useable by the body. (bodybuilding.com)
I switched to buffered creatine (kre alkalyn), which is supposed to be easier to digest -- otherwise, about half of the creatine monohydrate is lost to stomach acids, and transformed to creatinine. (patientslikeme.com)
In 1928, creatine was shown to exist in equilibrium with creatinine. (wikipedia.org)
A cyclic form of creatine, called creatinine, exists in equilibrium with its tautomer and with creatine. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. (drugbank.ca)
Preliminary research showed elevated plasma creatine concentrations and increased urinary creatine/creatinine ratios in half of the RTT girls. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Those with higher levels of creatine (proxied by urine creatinine) prior to labour market entry spend more time in the labour market in the subsequent two decades and earn more. (repec.org)
One thing to be aware of: creatine is metabolized into creatinine, which is measured in routine blood tests as a proxy for kidney function. (startingstrength.com)
If you supplement with a lot of creatine, you might have elevated creatinine levels on a blood test that will alarm your doctor. (startingstrength.com)

The substance creatine is naturally formed in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid typically associated with providing fuel for intense bursts of energy during high-intensity, short-duration exercises, such as lifting weights or sprinting. (psychcentral.com)
To clarify, creatine is a naturally occurring substance involved in ATP energy production. (marksdailyapple.com)
If he's taking protein powder with creatine in it then it may also contain aspartic acid which is a naturally occurring amino acid that stimulates testosterone production in the body. (ukclimbing.com)
Creatine also occurs naturally, in meat. (ukclimbing.com)
Creatine is a naturally occurring substance that plays an important role in the production of energy in the body. (epnet.com)
Creatine is manufactured naturally in the body from the amino acids glycine, arginine , and methionine . (bodybuilding.com)
Creatine is a naturally occurring substance in the body and is used to supply energy. (wikihow.com)
Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid thats found in meat and fish, and also made by the human body in the liver, kidneys and pancreas. (aminoz.com.au)
Creatine can be made naturally by the body from several types of amino acids, namely glycine and arginine, both of which are usually sourced from meat or fish. (hollandandbarrett.com)
Creatine is a naturally occurring non-protein compound of which the primary metabolic role is to combine creatine with a phosphoryl group to generate phosphocreatine, which is used to regenerate ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine is not an essential nutrient as it is naturally produced in the human body from the amino acids glycine and arginine, with an additional requirement for methionine to catalyze the transformation of guanidinoacetate to creatine. (wikipedia.org)
Although the body naturally makes creatine in the liver, kidneys and pancreas, it â ¦ Please make sure that you are posting in the form of a question. (blogswithballs.com)
Creatine is nitrogenous organic acid which naturally occurs in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to muscle and nerve cells. (wikidoc.org)
Creatine is a naturally occurring substance that is found in the human body. (targetwoman.com)

The researchers used product labels to look into the major ingredients, including creatine, protein, and androstenedione. (webmd.com)
Q: If I make my post-workout protein and creatine shake before my workout, and keep it in the fridge, will it still be okay after my workout? (menshealth.com)
Cytosolic creatine kinases are comprised of homodimers or heterodimers of creatine kinase B-type protein and creatine kinase M-type protein. (fpnotebook.com)
Mitochondrial creatine kinases are octomers comprised of either four homodimers of creatine kinase U-type, mitochondrial protein or four creatine kinase S-type, mitochondrial protein homodimers. (fpnotebook.com)
Provided you eat enough animal protein (the principal source of these amino acids), your body will make all the creatine you need for good health. (epnet.com)
The first atomic structure of a creatine kinase proper, solved by X-ray protein crystallography, was that of the octameric, sarcomeric muscle-type mitochondrial CK (s-mtCK) in 1996. (wikipedia.org)
Creapure® is the most widely studied form of creatine â ¦ Most people take their creatine post workout with carbs and protein, which is fine. (blogswithballs.com)
1,800/= my protein creatine 50ser. (bdnews24.com)
This study examines if inclusion of small amounts of creatine and protein in the diet of older men during resistance training will improve muscle quality and function. (fyiliving.com)
Three groups of older men were given protein plus creatine, just creatine, or a placebo on training days. (fyiliving.com)
There was an increase in muscle strength in those who received protein and creatine. (fyiliving.com)
Previous reports on young adults had showed that low doses of creatine (8 grams a day) together with protein were beneficial to muscle. (fyiliving.com)
They trained three days a week for 10 weeks, and were divided into groups to test the effect of just creatine, or creatine and protein, or a placebo. (fyiliving.com)
Training itself increased lean tissue mass in all groups, but it was the highest in the group on creatine plus protein diet, and the least in placebo group. (fyiliving.com)
Body mass and muscle thickness increased the most in the creatine plus protein group, and the least in placebo group. (fyiliving.com)
Muscle strength was the also highest in the creatine plus protein group. (fyiliving.com)
however, bone and protein degradation products reduced in the groups that received creatine. (fyiliving.com)
Muscle mass and lean tissue mass improve further when creatine is taken in combination with a protein supplement. (fyiliving.com)
Creatine also reduces catabolism or breakdown of muscle protein and bone tissue. (fyiliving.com)
It is recommended to consume creatine with high glycemic index carbohydrates or in combination with protein. (targetwoman.com)
Remarkably, creatine administration into Gamt -deficient and wild-type mice with demyelinating injury reduced oligodendrocyte apoptosis, thereby increasing oligodendrocyte density and myelin basic protein staining in CNS lesions. (jneurosci.org)

Creatine kinase ( CK ), also known as creatine phosphokinase ( CPK ) or phosphocreatine kinase , is an enzyme ( EC 2.7.3.2 ) expressed by various tissues and cell types. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme in the body. (ucsfhealth.org)
questions CKQ010 CKD070) collects survey participant interview data to help interpret NHANES laboratory data for serum Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK). (cdc.gov)

Monohydrate creatine can come in powder or tablet form. (hollandandbarrett.com)
1. ON Creatine Powder (Creapure):- Creapure is a 100% pure creatine monohydrate powder that improves athletic performance. (apsense.com)
Try ON Creatine Powder for higher and quicker muscle gaining outcomes! (apsense.com)
creatine powder)*** on creatine 300g tk. (bdnews24.com)
Every single serving of Creatine Powder allows for a full, five grams of Creapure brand Creatine Mon. (illpumpyouup.com)
Universal Nutrition Creatine Powder is German creatine that has been patented due to the fact that i. (illpumpyouup.com)
This micronized creatine is super pulverized powder that dissolves faster and is ready for complete absorption. (targetwoman.com)

Most people take in approximately 1-2 grams (g) of dietary creatine from these sources daily (vegetarians somewhat less). (encyclopedia.com)
In a new study, researchers found that women with major depressive disorder (MDD) - also known as clinical depression - who augmented their daily antidepressant with 5 grams of creatine responded twice as fast and experienced remission of the illness at twice the rate of women who took the antidepressant alone. (psychcentral.com)
The typical male adult processes 2 grams of creatine per day, and replaces that amount through dietary intake and fabrication within the body. (bodybuilding.com)
8. The composition according to claim 7, wherein the creatine salt has a solubility above about 6 grams per 100 ml water. (freepatentsonline.com)
Studies have also shown that 1-2% of intramuscular creatine is degraded per day and an individual would need to consume about 1-3 grams of creatine per day to maintain average (unsupplemented) creatine storage. (wikipedia.org)
The power of 5 grams of creatine in only two easy-to-swallow tablets. (gnc.com)
This creatine HCl, containing 1.25 grams of a PEG-Creatine, improved leg press and bench press performance just as well as 5 grams of creatine monohydrate. (gnc.com)
In a randomized, double-blind clinical study of 57 healthy, young adult males, subjects who took GNC AMP Creatine HCl 189™ containing only 1.25 grams of the PEG-Creatine Systems™ significantly improved leg press 1-RM performance by 54.3 lbs, while subjects receiving 5 grams of creatine monohydrate significant improvement at 5.7 lbs at the end of the study. (gnc.com)
Typically, your body needs one to three grams of creatine every day to replace what you lose. (healthline.com)
You need around three to five grams of creatine every day to boost performance - most people can get this from their diet. (healthline.com)
4 Volunteers in the study consumed 5 grams of creatine monohydrate four times a day for four weeks. (bodybuilding.com)
High amounts of creatine (21 grams a day) in diet increase muscle rebuilding. (fyiliving.com)
This study, CREST-HD, will examine the safety and tolerability of 8 grams of creatine in subjects affected by Huntington's disease (HD). (clinicaltrials.gov)

CEE is a form of commercially available creatine touted to have higher absorption rates and a longer serum half-life than regular creatine monohydrate by several supplement companies. (wikipedia.org)
Order Creatine Disorders Panel, Serum/Plasma (2002328), simultaneously for proper result interpretation. (nationwidechildrens.org)
Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. (fpnotebook.com)
Science shows that creatine is unstable in liquid form, meaning that serum or liquid delivery systems are currently not supported by scientific literature. (bodybuilding.com)
Serum creatine kinase levels and renal function measures in exertional muscle damage. (cdc.gov)

Together, the kidneys, liver, and pancreas produce an additional 1-2 g of creatine daily, synthesized from the amino acids L-arginine, glycine, and L-methionine. (encyclopedia.com)
In addition to unadulterated creatine monohydrate, special formulations of the supplement are available in the U.S. market which may include supplemental phosphates, amino acids, carbohydrates, and other dietary additives. (encyclopedia.com)
The rest of the creatine we get is biosynthesized internally from three amino acids (some of which are also derived from diet): arginine, glycine, and methionine. (marksdailyapple.com)
It is a phosphorylated creatine, which is a compound of three amino acids: arginine, glycine and methionine. (reference.com)
These are non-essential amino acids and the body's own supply travels through the blood stream to the cells where creatine is synthesized. (reference.com)
Although some creatine exists in the daily diet, it is not an essential nutrient because your body can make it from the amino acids L-arginine , glycine, and L-methionine . (epnet.com)
If the blood is unable to soak up enough Creatine from the intestinal tract, due to insufficient nutritional consumption, limited amounts can be supplied creatine can be supplied by blending from the amino acids arginine and methionine. (apsense.com)
When the dietary supply is inadequate the body can make a limited amount of creatine from a combination of the amino acids arginine, glycine and methionine. (cbass.com)
Creatine is a chemical that your body makes from amino acids in the liver, pancreas and kidneys. (sharecare.com)
In the human body, approximately half of the daily creatine is biosynthesized mainly in the vertebrates by the use of parts from three different amino acids - arginine , glycine , and methionine . (wikidoc.org)

Endogenous creatine is creatine that is synthesized, or manufactured, within the body by the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. (encyclopedia.com)
Constantly supplementing with creatine can put stress on the liver and kidneys and can lead to problems. (wikihow.com)
What Is Creatine in the Kidneys? (reference.com)
Creatine is stored as phosphocreatine in muscle cells and in smaller amounts in the brain, liver, and kidneys. (hollandandbarrett.com)
Creatine synthesis primarily occurs in the liver and kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine is thought by some researchers to be harmful to the kidneys. (medhelp.org)
glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), EC 2.1.4.1 ) is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first rate-limiting step of creatine biosynthesis, and is primarily expressed in the kidneys and pancreas [1] . (wikidoc.org)
IOW, Creatine does NOT hurt your kidneys, but it can confuse the measurement of kidney function, which may be an issue if you have kidney problems for another reason. (startingstrength.com)

Creatine is most commonly used for improving exercise performance and increasing muscle mass in athletes and older adults. (medlineplus.gov)
Creatine seems to help improve rowing performance, jumping height, and soccer performance in athletes. (medlineplus.gov)
Despite these issues, creatine remains well-known as a nutritional, performance-enhancing supplement used by athletes to improve high-intensity muscle endurance and performance. (encyclopedia.com)
Statistics show that the use of creatine by adolescent and adult athletes is growing. (encyclopedia.com)
The increased muscle fluid absorption can even result in muscle cramps and in dehydration for the rest of the body, so I would actually advise against too much creatine for dedicated athletes. (marksdailyapple.com)
Creatine is often taken by many fitness enthusiasts, athletes of all levels, and bodybuilders all around the world to increase performance in anaerobic type activities. (wikihow.com)
Creatine improves the performance of athletes and bodybuilders during periods of heightened physical activity by providing a rapid energy boost and intense. (reference.com)
Weight class athletes sometimes stop taking their creatine in the weeks leading up to the competition, in an effort to lose some water weight. (lifehacker.com.au)
So far creatine has been studied more often in untrained people than in experienced athletes, and in men more than women. (lifehacker.com.au)
UCLA scientists report that creatine, the organic acid that is popularly taken as a supplement by athletes and bodybuilders, serves as a molecular battery for immune cells by storing and distributing energy to power their fight against cancer. (genengnews.com)
The team then tried validating their hypothesis from the opposite angle, giving non-engineered mice a daily dose of creatine comparable to the safe dose recommended to athletes and bodybuilders. (genengnews.com)
Creatine is known as an ergogenic support tool, or performance booster, that's popular with athletes. (healthline.com)
A shocking survey of athletes in Britain has revealed the widespread use of the controversial dietary supplement marketed as a legal alternative to anabolic steroids , creatine . (isteroids.com)
Nearly 57 percent said they had taken creatine, in a poll of elite men and women athletes conducted by The Independent newspaper. (isteroids.com)
And in another study of trained athletes, creatine was found to add over 5 pounds of muscle mass and 24 pounds to a bicep curl. (observer.com)
[ citation needed ] Though its effectiveness is not proven, many believe creatine should be banned for athletes as a performance enhancing substance, but due to the legal ingredients it still remains a commonly used substance. (wikidoc.org)
Creatine is natural and there are no restrictions on its use among athletes. (targetwoman.com)

Creatine nitrate is a nitrate salt form of creatine. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine gluconate is a form of creatine where the molecule is bound to gluconic acid. (wikipedia.org)
The present invention is directed to a third generation form of creatine, specifically a creatine hydrochloride salt, that drives significant improvements in muscle development and recovery due to its enhanced bio-availability, while causing fewer negative side effects compared to previous forms of creatine. (freepatentsonline.com)
Creapure is a form of creatine monohydrate and is widely considered to be the purest and finest quality micronized Creatine Monohydrate on the market today. (blogswithballs.com)
WHAT IS GERMAN CREATINE - CREAPURE®?Creapure® is a patent protected form of Creatine Monohydrate. (blogswithballs.com)
Creatine Monohydrate is the most economical, stable and best absorbed form of creatine. (jarrow.com)

i've ordered some pure creatine monohydrate, and will begin that when it gets in. (patientslikeme.com)
Contains 99% pure Creatine Monohydrate plus Vitamin C. As a natural constituent of the body, it does not infringe international rules in affiliated competitions. (viovet.co.uk)
4. Weider Pure Creatine:- Weider Pure Creatine contains pure creatine monohydrate, accountable for enhancing muscle strength and volume. (apsense.com)

German Creatine is made with 100% Creapure, manufactured in Germany under strict GMP conditions, and verified for purity using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. (blogswithballs.com)

Creatine is a substance formed by the metabolic system when changing food into energy, according to WebMD. (reference.com)
The availability of creatine also delays the production of lactic acid, the substance which causes the famous 'burn' and can eventually shut down the muscle. (cbass.com)

However, since dietary creatine is only provided in animal products, principally in meat and fish, virtually all of the creatine loss in vegetarians must be replaced via endogenous synthesis. (springer.com)
Because of this, vegetarians and vegans often have lower creatine stores than meat-eaters. (hollandandbarrett.com)
Vegetarians and vegans are usually lower on creatine to start with, so they stand to benefit more. (lifehacker.com.au)

All vertebrates have it, and most of us get a good chunk of our creatine from eating said vertebrates. (marksdailyapple.com)
An enzyme present in muscle, brain, and other tissues of vertebrates that catalyzes the reversible conversion of ADP and phosphocreatine into ATP and creatine. (dictionary.com)
Creatine is found in vertebrates where it facilitates recycling of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell, primarily in muscle and brain tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine by way of conversion to and from phosphocreatine is present and functions in all vertebrates, as well as some invertebrates, in conjunction with the enzyme creatine kinase . (wikidoc.org)

Examining these cells, the team observed that killer T cells taken from inside of tumors possessed a large number of creatine transporter molecules, which sit on cells' surfaces and control creatine uptake into cells. (genengnews.com)
The lab genetically engineered mouse models so that their killer T cells were deficient in a gene called CrT, or Slc6a8, which is responsible for producing creatine transporter molecules. (genengnews.com)
The aim of this study is to confirm previous findings and examine the functionality of the creatine transporter in RTT girls. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The investigators assume that previous findings will be confirmed, and are due to an altered functionality of the creatine transporter. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Secondary, a skin biopsy will be collected for functional studies regarding the creatine transporter in RTT girls. (clinicaltrials.gov)
By comparing intracellular and extracellular creatine concentrations, one can assess the functionality of the creatine transporter. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Creatine may contribute to improved insulin sensitivity via enhanced muscle glycogen accumulation and glucose transporter (GLUT4) expression. (greenmedinfo.com)
Predicted translation of exons and RT-PCR analysis reveal specific expression of the creatine transporter paralogous in testis and brain. (hindawi.com)
Several studies reported on the role of X-linked creatine transporter mutations in individuals with mental retardation, with or without autism. (hindawi.com)

Because of this, creatine is often used as a dietary supplement to improve muscle strength and athletic performance. (medlineplus.gov)
In addition to improving athletic performance and muscle strength, creatine is taken by mouth for muscle cramps, multiple sclerosis (MS), depression, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. (medlineplus.gov)
However, analyses of this research show that creatine seems to modestly improve upper body strength and lower body strength in both younger and older adults. (medlineplus.gov)
Creatine may help improve muscle strength in older adults. (medlineplus.gov)
Research shows that taking creatine by mouth daily for 2 years does not improve muscle strength, coordination, or symptoms in people with Huntington disease. (medlineplus.gov)
Evidence from animal and open human trials suggested that creatine improved strength and slowed the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and for this reason, many people with ALS have tried it. (epnet.com)
Creatine can be supplemented with to increase muscle mass, strength and stamina. (wikihow.com)
Delivering 189% superior muscle creatine uptake, GNC AMP Creatine HCl 189™ is clinically proven to get into muscle and improve strength & performance more efficiently than creatine monohydrate. (gnc.com)
Creatine alone will endorse power, strength, lean muscle mass expansion as well as quicker revival. (apsense.com)
Supplementing your diet with creatine has also been proven to result in increased strength and faster sprinting times. (observer.com)
There's evidence that creatine ethyl ester, when combined with resistance training, will improve body shape and strength for underweight non-athlete men. (observer.com)
Though there is a higher loss of muscle mass and strength with age, small amounts of creatine added to the diet are beneficial to older men, as it is in younger men. (fyiliving.com)
Secondly, creatine has been demonstrated to cause modest increases in strength in people with a variety of neuromuscular disorders [3] . (wikidoc.org)

59 Use of creatine at a dose of 10 g daily failed to provide any benefit at all in terms of symptoms or disease progression. (epnet.com)
What Is The Most Effective Creatine Dose? (bodybuilding.com)
The invention discloses a composition comprising (a) soluble creatine, (b) a phosphorus supplement, wherein the phosphorus supplement provides at least 75% of the recommended daily dose of phosphorus value per serving, and (c) a blood buffer, which is preferably citrate and/or (bi)carbonate. (freepatentsonline.com)
18. A method for increasing the energy capacity within tissue cells comprising administrating to a subject a composition comprising creatine, a phosphorus supplement, wherein the phosphorus supplement provides at least 75% of the daily dose value per serving, and a blood buffer. (freepatentsonline.com)
What's the dose for creatine before the racing season? (pipa.be)
The PEG-Creatine System™ is a proprietary formula wth a patent-pending technology that allows to get the same benefits as creatine monohydrate at a much lower dose. (gnc.com)
Started creatine loading dose today. (cbass.com)
In fact, in just one clinical study, subjects using the dose of creatine found in one max serving of Platinum 100% Creatine gained an amazing 6 lbs. of muscle in just 6 weeks. (muscletech.com)

Twenty-five of the women received creatine with the Lexapro and 27 were given a placebo. (psychcentral.com)
Neither the study participants nor the researchers knew who received creatine or placebo. (psychcentral.com)
Eight women in the creatine group and five in the placebo group did not finish the trial, leaving a total of 39 participants. (psychcentral.com)
Investigators discovered that the group that received creatine showed significantly higher improvement rates on the HDRS at two and four weeks (32 percent and 68 percent) compared to the placebo group (3.7 percent and 29 percent). (psychcentral.com)
Remarkably, at the end of eight weeks, half of those in the creatine group showed no signs of depression compared with one-quarter in the placebo group. (psychcentral.com)
Creatine dosing led to an improvement over the placebo condition on several measures. (nih.gov)
OBJECTIVES: To systematically evaluate evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions directly targeting the creatine kinase system as compared to placebo control in adult patients with essential hypertension or cardiovascular disease. (mendeley.com)
Eleven trials (1474 patients, 35 years or older) comparing add-on therapy of the creatine-based drug on standard treatment to placebo control in patients with heart failure (6 trials in 1226 / 1474 patients ), or acute myocardial infarction (4 trials in 220 / 1474 patients) or 1 in ischemic heart disease (28 / 1474 patients) were identified. (mendeley.com)
Studies show that when compared to a placebo, body mass can increase to 2.2kg during heavy resistance training thanks to creatine monohydrate. (observer.com)
Treatment with creatine monohydrate for at least 5 years for patients with early and treated Parkinson disease failed to slow clinical progression of the disease, compared with placebo, according to a study in the February 10 issue of JAMA. (science20.com)
Karl Kieburtz, M.D., M.P.H., of the University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., and colleagues, randomly assigned 1,741 men and women with early (within 5 years of diagnosis) and treated (receiving dopaminergic therapy) Parkinson disease to receive placebo or creatine monohydrate (10 g/d) for a minimum of 5 years (maximum follow-up, 8 years). (science20.com)
Using several measures of Parkinson disease progression, the researchers found that treatment with creatine, compared with placebo, did not improve clinical outcomes. (science20.com)

This test measures the amount of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
The researchers in this study expected the reduced amount of creatine to reduce the production of formaldehyde. (fyiliving.com)

In other words, the creatine enhances the ability of the muscle to maintain power output during brief periods of high-intensity exercise. (bodybuilding.com)
Our data suggest that creatine feeding enhances the nuclear content and DNA binding activity of MEF2 isoforms, which is concomitant with an increase in GLUT4 gene expression. (nih.gov)
Dymatize Creatine Monohydrate is 100% pure pharmaceutical grade creatine monohydrate that enhances p. (illpumpyouup.com)
AllMax Creatine gives you great lean muscle mass gains, improves workout performance, and enhances y. (illpumpyouup.com)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We report that creatine enhances oligodendrocyte mitochondrial function and protects against caspase-dependent oligodendrocyte apoptosis during CNS remyelination. (jneurosci.org)

Taking creatine by mouth daily for up to 3 years can increase creatine levels in the brain in children and young adults with a disorder of creatine production called guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
Moreover, lysolecithin-mediated demyelination in mice deficient in the creatine-synthesizing enzyme guanidinoacetate-methyltransferase ( Gamt ) did not affect oligodendrocyte precursor cell recruitment, but resulted in exacerbated apoptosis of regenerated oligodendrocytes in central nervous system (CNS) lesions. (jneurosci.org)

Recent experimental findings have demonstrated that creatine affords significant neuroprotection against ischemic and oxidative insults. (healingtherapies.info)
Creatine reduces oxidative injury to DNA in patients with Huntington's disease. (greenmedinfo.com)
Because of this research, there has been increasing interest in the HD field in exploring complementary agents that might prevent oxidative injury, Creatine is a widely used dietary supplement principally taken to enhance athletic performance. (clinicaltrials.gov)

There is some science supporting the use of creatine in improving the athletic performance of young, healthy people during brief high-intensity activity such as sprinting. (medlineplus.gov)
Creatine use is allowed by the International Olympic Committee, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and professional sports. (medlineplus.gov)
However, a lack of well-designed clinical studies of creatine's long-term effects combined with loose regulatory standards for creatine supplement products manufactured in the United States has caused some athletic associations, including the USOC, to caution against its use without banning it outright. (encyclopedia.com)
Athletic performance: Creatine seems to enhance muscle performance during repeated bouts of brief, high-intensity exercise. (rxlist.com)
For an effective and easy way to help athletic performance, creatine is a no-brainer. (hollandandbarrett.com)
More study is needed to explore the potential usefulness of creatine for enhancing athletic performance, as well as for aiding in the treatment of certain medical conditions. (sharecare.com)

9. The composition according to claim 7, wherein the creatine salt comprises an anionic component selected from the group of tartrate, maleate, malate, fumarate, citrate, and pyruvate. (freepatentsonline.com)

[2] Thus creatine kinase is an important enzyme in such tissues. (wikipedia.org)
An enzyme complex that can reversibly convert ATP and creatine to phosphocreatine and ADP. (fpnotebook.com)

Following its biosynthesis, creatine is transported to the skeletal muscle, heart, brain and other tissues. (drugbank.ca)

A company known as Albion Laboratories, Inc. claims to have found an effective delivery mechanism by chelating creatine to magnesium (a chelate is an organic compound that is typically absorbed more readily by the body than individual elements). (bodybuilding.com)
7. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the creatine is an organic creatine salt. (freepatentsonline.com)
Creatine (/ˈkriːətiːn/ or /ˈkriːətɪn/) is an organic compound with the nominal formula (H2N)(HN)CN(CH3)CH2CO2H. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, pharmacological compounds that promote oligodendrocyte survival could be beneficial for neuroprotection in MS. Here, we investigated the role of creatine, an organic acid involved in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) buffering, in oligodendrocyte function. (jneurosci.org)

Chronic heart failure: When creatine is taken orally, it improves exercise tolerance but does not affect the ejection fraction . (rxlist.com)

However, no peer-reviewed studies have emerged on creatine ethyl ester which conclusively prove these claims. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers concluded that creatine ethyl ester is inferior to creatine monohydrate as a source of creatine. (wikipedia.org)
Nutrakey Creatine Ethyl Ester 120 Capsul. (allegromedical.com)
Common among the supplement forms are creatine monohydrate and creatine ethyl ester. (targetwoman.com)

In addition to those three cytosolic CK isoforms, there are two mitochondrial creatine kinase isoenzymes, the ubiquitous and sarcomeric form. (wikipedia.org)
While mitochondrial creatine kinase is directly involved in formation of phospho-creatine from mitochondrial ATP, cytosolic CK regenerates ATP from ADP, using PCr. (wikipedia.org)
The mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK m ) is present in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, where it regenerates phosphocreatine (PCr) from mitochondrially generated ATP and creatine (Cr) imported from the cytosol . (wikipedia.org)
The mitochondrial creatine kinase (CKm) is present in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, where it regenerates phosphocreatine (PCr) from mitochondrially generated ATP and creatine (Cr) imported from the cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine is hypothesized to function as an intracellular ATP buffer because it is phosphorylated near sites of ATP production by mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK) to generate phosphocreatine, which is then reversibly dephosphorylated by cytoplasmic creatine kinases for rapid ATP regeneration near sites of high utilization ( Wyss and Kaddurah-Daouk, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)

Creatine synthesis does not appear to place a major burden on glycine metabolism in adults since this amino acid is readily synthesized. (springer.com)
Creatine synthesis is, therefore, a quantitatively major pathway in amino acid metabolism and imposes an appreciable burden on the metabolism of methionine and of arginine. (springer.com)
Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME (2010) Creatine metabolism and the urea cycle. (springer.com)
Brosnan JT, Wijekoon EP, Warford-Woolgar L, Trottier NL, Brosnan ME, Brunton JA, Bertolo RF (2009) Creatine synthesis is a major metabolic process in neonatal piglets and has important implications for amino acid metabolism and methyl balance. (springer.com)
Da Silva RP, Nissim I, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT (2009) Creatine synthesis: hepatic metabolism of guanidinoacetate and creatine in the rat in vitro and in vivo. (springer.com)
The intended use for this test is as a means of evaluating patients with a suspected inherited disorder of creatine metabolism. (questdiagnostics.com)
BACKGROUND: The creatine kinase system, the central regulatory system of cellular energy metabolism, provides ATP in situ at ATP-ases involved in ion transport and muscle contraction. (mendeley.com)

Creatine has a fairly short elimination half-life, averaging just less than 3 hours, so to maintain an elevated blood plasma level it would be necessary to take small oral doses every 3-6 hours throughout the day. (wikipedia.org)
This creatine boost, which was given to some mice via injection and others as an oral supplement, made both groups better equipped to suppress both skin and colon cancer tumor growth. (genengnews.com)

As if these werent enough, creatine helps protect cells and tissues from damage and injuries. (aminoz.com.au)
Creatine does exactly what it claims to do and that is definitely to keep drinking water within your muscle tissues. (dailystrength.org)
As a result, when you get creatine and water is retained in your muscle tissues then when you weight teach you will get additional of the impact due to the fact your muscle tissues are improved effective at creating muscle mass. (dailystrength.org)
By having the creatine your muscle tissues will be poised to grow and have more powerful though creating stamina. (dailystrength.org)
Having said that, take into account you have to place in each of the hard work and that all creatine does for you is helps your muscle tissues retain water so that you can be within a state where creating muscle mass is less difficult. (dailystrength.org)
Most of the human body's total creatine and phosphocreatine stores are found in skeletal muscle (95%), while the remainder is distributed in the blood, brain, testes, and other tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine is transported through the blood and taken up by tissues with high energy demands, such as the brain and skeletal muscle, through an active transport system. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa. (abcam.com)
Creatine is stored in the muscle tissues and provides quick but short bursts of energy for any sort of intense exercise. (targetwoman.com)

The entire glycine molecule is consumed in creatine synthesis but only the methyl and amidino groups, respectively, from methionine and arginine. (springer.com)
These different forms of creatine are not better than creatine monohydrate, in fact, because the core creatine molecule is scientifically changed so that it performs in different, and sometimes unknown, ways which could be dangerous. (blogswithballs.com)
The creatine monohydrate in Platinum 100% Creatine is changed into a molecule called phosphocreatine, which serves as a storage reservoir for regenerating ATP. (muscletech.com)

Being a dietary supplement, it is advised that creatine should be taken under the supervision of a health professional. (wikipedia.org)
This result pointed to the ability of the body to store creatine, which in turn suggested its use as a dietary supplement. (wikipedia.org)
Dietary supplement creatine protects against traumatic brain injury. (healingtherapies.info)
Regardless of the fact that you are fitness newbie, odds are you have known about a dietary supplement called creatine. (apsense.com)

CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and utilizes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to create phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). (wikipedia.org)
Creatine is able to rapidly enhance your muscle cells' ability to regenerate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (muscletech.com)

Blood as well as urine samples will be collected to confirm previous findings concerning plasma and urine creatine concentrations. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Urine samples were tested for signs of adverse effects of creatine consumption. (fyiliving.com)

However, creatine synthesis does account for approximately 40% of all of the labile methyl groups provided by S -adenosylmethionine (SAM) and, as such, places an appreciable burden on the provision of such methyl groups, either from the diet or via de novo methylneogenesis. (springer.com)
Creatine synthesis consumes some 20-30% of arginine's amidino groups, whether provided in the diet or synthesized within the body. (springer.com)
Edison EE, Brosnan ME, Meyer C, Brosnan JT (2007) Creatine synthesis: production of guanidinoacetate by the rat and human kidney in vivo. (springer.com)

Phospho-creatine in conjunction with the creatine kinase isoenzyme system acts as a potent intracellular energy buffer. (healingtherapies.info)

First, a study demonstrated that creatine was twice as effective as the prescription drug riluzole in extending the lives of mice with the degenerative neural disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease) [2] . (wikidoc.org)

Creatine is consumed by the body fairly quickly, and if one wishes to maintain the high concentration of creatine, 2-5 g daily is the standard amount to intake. (wikipedia.org)
Creatine is a chemical that is found in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Some people have a disorder that prevents their body from making creatine. (medlineplus.gov)
Arginine-glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency is another disorder that prevents the body from making creatine. (medlineplus.gov)
The body can biosynthesize, or manufacture, up to 2 g of creatine daily. (encyclopedia.com)
However, animal studies have shown that when supplemental creatine is taken regularly, the amount of endogenous creatine produced by the body is reduced. (encyclopedia.com)
The majority of creatine in the body (over 95%) is stored in skeletal muscle. (encyclopedia.com)
You may notice side effects as your body adjusts to the additional creatine in your body. (livestrong.com)
You may also choose to back off on your intake of creatine until your body adjusts. (livestrong.com)
As I understand it, creatine assists the body to produce more ATP which fuels muscle contraction. (ukclimbing.com)
Creatine is used by your body during muscle contraction as an energy source. (livestrong.com)
Bodybuildingforyou explains that creatine helps your body regenerate ATP. (livestrong.com)
Supplemental creatine may also help the body make new phosphocreatine faster when it has been used up by intense activity. (epnet.com)
Creatine has also been proposed as an aid to promote weight loss and to reduce the proportion of fat to muscle in the body, but there is little evidence that it is effective for this purpose. (epnet.com)
There is very little support for the notion that creatine in any type of mixture, including an effervescent mixture, is absorbed more efficiently by the body. (bodybuilding.com)
Do your own research on Creatine such as the effects it has on the body and how it can enhance your physical performance. (wikihow.com)
Some products state that you should do a creatine 'loading phase' for a certain amount of days so that your body will be 'saturated' with creatine. (wikihow.com)
The average amount of total creatine (creatine and phosphocreatine) stored in the body is approximately 120 mmol/kg of dry muscle mass. (wikipedia.org)
I strongly believe that MS was triggered by creatine because I use to be very atletic so I had taking creating because I had decided to body build and take a break from playing basketball. (webmd.com)
2. Ultimate Nutrition Creatine Monohydrate:- This is a natural products and nutrients essential for the expansion of your body. (apsense.com)
Since creatine is made and used by these organs, alcohol misuse can slowly weaken your body. (healthline.com)
Creatine attenuates body fat accumulation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during maintenance chemotherapy. (greenmedinfo.com)
Creatine is the most effective supplement for increasing lean body mass. (observer.com)
Sports that are well augmented by the use of creatine other than body building include baseball, basketball, hockey, rowing, wrestling, soccer and football. (targetwoman.com)
Creatine serves to enhance performance adding lean body mass. (targetwoman.com)

Some studies suggest that the combination of creatine and carbohydrate will enhance absorption or "uptake" of creatine. (bodybuilding.com)
They say their study, conducted in mice and published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine , is the first to show that creatine uptake is critical to the anti-tumor activities of CD8 T cells (aka killer T cells). (genengnews.com)

Clinically, creatine kinase is assayed in blood tests as a marker of damage of CK-rich tissue such as in myocardial infarction (heart attack), rhabdomyolysis (severe muscle breakdown), muscular dystrophy , autoimmune myositides , and acute kidney injury . (wikipedia.org)
Creatine also used to treat muscular dystrophy, hardening of the arteries, stroke and other neuromuscular disorders. (aminoz.com.au)
Creatine appears to improve muscular dystrophies. (greenmedinfo.com)
Creatine is a major storage form of fuel that drives muscular contractions when you're lifting heavy weights. (muscletech.com)
Many women believe that intake of creatine can make them bloated and bigger and massively muscular. (targetwoman.com)

And every supplement company was selling a creatine product (since no one had an exclusive patent on creatine), and therefore, "new" forms of creatine have been invented to make more profit, even though there isn't much (if any? (menshealth.com)
Personally, as a supplement expert, (I â ¦ There is very few research evidence to support the idea that these new and improved forms of creatine are more effective than Creapure® in any way. (blogswithballs.com)

Since that time, a number of clinical studies have looked at both the ergogenic (output enhancing effect) and therapeutic benefits of creatine. (encyclopedia.com)
So, drinking alcohol might undo some of the muscle-building benefits of creatine. (healthline.com)
Studies of the clinical benefits of creatine administration have been contradictory. (jneurosci.org)

Most studies suggest that creatine is most effective when taken after a workout. (aminoz.com.au)
Furthermore, both in vitro and behavioral evidence suggest that creatine is used as an emergency energy substrate, at least for a short time. (jneurosci.org)

If you choose to supplement with creatine and experience diarrhea that persists for more than a few days or if you notice blood in your bowel movements, the Mayo Clinic suggests you visit your health-care provider for an evaluation. (livestrong.com)
You should NOT use creatine if you have kidney disease or diabetes and should seek medical advice if you have a heart condition and wish to supplement with creatine. (wikihow.com)
Nobody needs to supplement with creatine. (lifehacker.com.au)

Initial test to diagnose or rule out creatine deficiency syndromes following clinical presentation. (nationwidechildrens.org)
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review found inconclusive evidence to decide on the use of creatine analogues in clinical practice. (mendeley.com)
We propose to test whether creatine can ameliorate the behavioral and neuropathologic phenotypes occurring in transgenic models of HD, examine the potential mechanisms of creatine neuroprotection, test its safety and tolerability in HD patients, and collect pilot clinical data examining how creatine impacts HD symptoms and progression. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Anatomy9

Organisms3

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs42

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes8

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Nitric oxide inhibits cardiac energy production via inhibition of mitochondrial creatine kinase. (1/1169)

Separation of urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with sodium cholate. (2/1169)

Shortening of muscle relaxation time after creatine loading. (3/1169)

Absolute quantification of brain metabolites by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in normal-appearing white matter of multiple sclerosis patients. (4/1169)

Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and energy dissipation by H+ ion recycling in rat-liver mitochondrial metabolizing pyruvate. (5/1169)

Cerebral metabolic abnormalities in congestive heart failure detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (6/1169)

Effect of thrombin inhibition in vascular dementia and silent cerebrovascular disease. An MR spectroscopy study. (7/1169)

Proton MR spectroscopy in patients with complex partial seizures: single-voxel spectroscopy versus chemical-shift imaging. (8/1169)

Creatine

Creatine Kinase

Creatine Kinase, MM Form

Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial Form

Phosphocreatine

Creatine Kinase, MB Form

Amidinotransferases

Guanidinoacetate N-Methyltransferase

Isoenzymes

Clinical Enzyme Tests

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Muscles

Muscle, Skeletal

Myocardium

L-Lactate Dehydrogenase

Rhabdomyolysis

Adenosine Triphosphate

Arginine Kinase

Choline

Aspartic Acid

Adenosine Diphosphate

Adenylate Kinase

Energy Metabolism

Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate

Muscular Diseases

Myoglobin

Ureohydrolases

Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins

Mitochondria, Heart

Brain

Guanidines

Aspartate Aminotransferases

Rabbits

Time Factors

Myositis

Kinetics

Troponin I

Troponin T

Dietary Supplements

Propionates

Biological Markers

Inositol

Mitochondria, Muscle

Membrane Transport Proteins

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel

Lactic Acid

Muscular Dystrophies

Heart

Oxygen Consumption

Muscle Proteins

Myoglobinuria

Myocardial Reperfusion Injury

Phosphates

Myocardial Reperfusion

Weight Lifting

Iodoacetates

Myofibrils

Dinitrofluorobenzene

Glycosuria, Renal

Creatinine

Reference Values

Autoanalysis

Protons

Glycine

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Muscular Dystrophy, Animal

Glycogen

Electrocardiography

Rats, Wistar

Blood Chemical Analysis

Lactates

Muscle Fatigue

Myocardial Ischemia

Muscle Contraction

Iodoacetamide

Muscle Fibers, Skeletal

Sarcosine Oxidase

Enzyme Reactivators

Perfusion

Troponin