Medulloblastoma
Cranial Irradiation
Cerebellar Neoplasms
Infratentorial Neoplasms
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive
Neuroectodermal Tumors
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Radiotherapy, High-Energy
Radiation Injuries
Brain Neoplasms
Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated
Radiotherapy, Conformal
Combined Modality Therapy
Protons
Whole-Body Irradiation
Neurocytoma
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
Retrospective Studies
Ultraviolet Rays
Supratentorial Neoplasms
Pinealoma
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Meningeal Neoplasms
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure
Germinoma
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Leukemia, Myeloid
Bone Marrow
Leukemia
Cytarabine
Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Life years lost--comparing potentially fatal late complications after radiotherapy for pediatric medulloblastoma on a common scale. (1/8)
(+info)Cutaneous graft-versus-host disease after proton-based craniospinal irradiation for recurrent Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. (2/8)
(+info)Technique for sparing previously irradiated critical normal structures in salvage proton craniospinal irradiation. (3/8)
(+info)Comparison of risk of radiogenic second cancer following photon and proton craniospinal irradiation for a pediatric medulloblastoma patient. (4/8)
(+info)Standardized treatment planning methodology for passively scattered proton craniospinal irradiation. (5/8)
(+info)Replication of TPMT and ABCC3 genetic variants highly associated with cisplatin-induced hearing loss in children. (6/8)
(+info)The predicted relative risk of premature ovarian failure for three radiotherapy modalities in a girl receiving craniospinal irradiation. (7/8)
(+info)The role of inherited TPMT and COMT genetic variation in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in children with cancer. (8/8)
(+info)The tumor develops from immature cells in the cerebellum called granule cells, and it can grow rapidly and spread to other parts of the brain. Medulloblastoma is usually diagnosed in the early stages, and treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
There are several subtypes of medulloblastoma, including:
* Winged-helix transcription factor (WHCT) medulloblastoma
* Sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma
* Group 3 medulloblastoma
* Group 4 medulloblastoma
Each subtype has a different genetic profile and may require different treatment approaches.
Medulloblastoma is a rare cancer, but it is the most common type of pediatric brain cancer. With current treatments, the prognosis for medulloblastoma is generally good, especially for children who are diagnosed early and receive appropriate treatment. However, the cancer can recur in some cases, and ongoing research is focused on improving treatment outcomes and finding new, less toxic therapies for this disease.
Symptoms of cerebellar neoplasms can include:
* Headaches
* Nausea and vomiting
* Dizziness and loss of balance
* Weakness or paralysis in the arms or legs
* Coordination problems and difficulty walking
* Double vision or other visual disturbances
* Speech difficulties
* Seizures
Cerebellar neoplasms can be caused by genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, or viral infections. They can also occur spontaneously without any known cause.
Diagnosis of cerebellar neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and tissue sampling through biopsy. Treatment options for cerebellar neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health.
Treatment options may include:
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill remaining cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells
* Targeted therapy to attack specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the tumor.
Prognosis for cerebellar neoplasms varies depending on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with benign tumors that are located in the outer layers of the cerebellum, and worse for those with malignant tumors that are located in the deeper layers.
Overall, cerebellar neoplasms are a complex and rare type of brain tumor that require specialized care and treatment from a team of medical professionals.
Examples of infratentorial neoplasms include:
1. Cerebellar astrocytomas
2. Brain stem gliomas
3. Vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas)
4. Meningiomas
5. Metastatic tumors to the infratentorial region
Infratentorial neoplasms can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on their size, location, and degree of malignancy. Common symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, balance problems, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, double vision, and difficulty with speech or swallowing.
Infratentorial neoplasms are diagnosed using a combination of imaging techniques such as CT or MRI scans, and tissue biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for infratentorial neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are a type of neuroectodermal tumor that is thought to arise from primitive neural cells, which are the earliest forms of brain cells. These tumors tend to be more aggressive than other types of neuroectodermal tumors and have a poorer prognosis.
Some common features of primitive neuroectodermal tumors include:
* They usually occur in children and young adults, although they can occur at any age.
* They tend to be located in the central nervous system, particularly in the brain or spine.
* They are often large and can grow rapidly.
* They can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location, including headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision, balance, or coordination.
* They are often diagnosed using imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
* Treatment typically involves surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.
Overall, primitive neuroectodermal tumors are rare and aggressive brain tumors that can occur in both children and adults. They tend to be more difficult to treat than other types of brain tumors, but with the help of advanced medical techniques and a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, it is possible to improve outcomes for patients with these tumors.
Sources:
1. "Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors." American Brain Tumor Association, 2022,
2. "Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNETs)." Childhood Brain Tumor Foundation, 2022,
3. "Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNETs) in Adults." Cancer Research UK, 2022,
Neuroectodermal tumors are relatively rare, accounting for only about 1-2% of all childhood cancers. However, they are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. These tumors can be benign or malignant, and their behavior and clinical presentation can vary widely depending on the specific type and location of the tumor.
Some common types of neuroectodermal tumors include:
1. Medulloblastoma: This is a type of brain cancer that develops in the cerebellum, typically in children under the age of 10. It is the most common type of pediatric brain cancer and accounts for about 75% of all childhood brain tumors.
2. PNET (Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor): This is a type of brain tumor that can occur in various parts of the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. PNETs are rare and tend to affect older children and young adults.
3. AT/RT (Askin Tumor/Rhabdoid Tumor): This is a type of brain tumor that typically occurs in infants and young children. It is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that can arise in various parts of the central nervous system.
4. Craniopharyngioma: This is a type of benign tumor that develops near the pituitary gland in the brain. It is relatively rare and tends to affect children and young adults.
5. Ganglioglioma: This is a type of brain tumor that arises from the fusion of ganglion cells and glial cells. It is a rare and benign tumor that can occur in various parts of the central nervous system.
The clinical presentation of neuroectodermal tumors can vary depending on their location, size, and type. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, vomiting, and changes in behavior or cognitive function. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans) and tissue biopsy.
Treatment for neuroectodermal tumors depends on the specific type and location of the tumor, as well as the age and overall health of the patient. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be necessary to achieve the best possible outcome.
The prognosis for neuroectodermal tumors can vary depending on the specific type and location of the tumor, as well as the age and overall health of the patient. In general, the prognosis for these types of tumors is generally better for children than for adults. With prompt and appropriate treatment, many patients with neuroectodermal tumors can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.
Benign CNS neoplasms include:
1. Meningiomas: These are the most common type of benign CNS tumor, arising from the meninges (the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord).
2. Acoustic neuromas: These tumors arise from the nerve cells that connect the inner ear to the brain.
3. Pineal gland tumors: These are rare tumors that occur in the pineal gland, a small gland located in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are rare tumors that arise from the remnants of the embryonic pituitary gland and can cause a variety of symptoms including headaches, vision loss, and hormonal imbalances.
Malignant CNS neoplasms include:
1. Gliomas: These are the most common type of malignant CNS tumor and arise from the supporting cells of the brain called glial cells. Examples of gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and medulloblastomas.
2. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can occur in the CNS.
3. Melanomas: These are rare tumors that arise from the pigment-producing cells of the skin and can spread to other parts of the body, including the CNS.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the CNS from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or colon.
The diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. Treatment options can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
The prognosis for CNS neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, gliomas have a poorer prognosis than other types of CNS tumors, with five-year survival rates ranging from 30% to 60%. Lymphomas and melanomas have better prognoses, with five-year survival rates of up to 80%. Metastatic tumors have a more guarded prognosis, with five-year survival rates depending on the primary site of the cancer.
In summary, central nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths of tissue in the brain and spinal cord that can cause a variety of symptoms and can be benign or malignant. The diagnosis and treatment of these tumors depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. The prognosis for CNS neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the effectiveness of treatment, but in general, gliomas have a poorer prognosis than other types of CNS tumors.
There are several types of radiation injuries, including:
1. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS): This occurs when a person is exposed to a high dose of ionizing radiation over a short period of time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and damage to the bone marrow, lungs, and gastrointestinal system.
2. Chronic radiation syndrome: This occurs when a person is exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation over a longer period of time. Symptoms can include fatigue, skin changes, and an increased risk of cancer.
3. Radiation burns: These are similar to thermal burns, but are caused by the heat generated by ionizing radiation. They can cause skin damage, blistering, and scarring.
4. Ocular radiation injury: This occurs when the eyes are exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation, leading to damage to the retina and other parts of the eye.
5. Radiation-induced cancer: Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer, particularly leukemia and other types of cancer that affect the bone marrow.
Radiation injuries are diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination, medical imaging (such as X-rays or CT scans), and laboratory tests. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the injury, but may include supportive care, medication, and radiation therapy to prevent further damage.
Preventing radiation injuries is important, especially in situations where exposure to ionizing radiation is unavoidable, such as in medical imaging or nuclear accidents. This can be achieved through the use of protective shielding, personal protective equipment, and strict safety protocols.
Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells in the brain, including glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), neurons, and vascular tissues. The symptoms of brain neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and type, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and changes in personality or cognitive function.
There are several different types of brain neoplasms, including:
1. Meningiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
2. Gliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glial cells in the brain. The most common type of glioma is a glioblastoma, which is aggressive and hard to treat.
3. Pineal parenchymal tumors: These are rare tumors that arise in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the epithelial cells of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
5. Medulloblastomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the cerebellum, specifically in the medulla oblongata. They are most common in children.
6. Acoustic neurinomas: These are benign tumors that arise on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Oligodendrogliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the fatty substance called myelin that insulates nerve fibers.
8. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can arise in the brain and spinal cord. The most common type of lymphoma in the CNS is primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, which is usually a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
9. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the brain from another part of the body. The most common types of metastatic tumors in the CNS are breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma.
These are just a few examples of the many types of brain and spinal cord tumors that can occur. Each type of tumor has its own unique characteristics, such as its location, size, growth rate, and biological behavior. These factors can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.
Symptoms: The symptoms of neurocytoma can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor, but common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision, memory, or concentration.
Diagnosis: Neurocytomas are diagnosed through a combination of imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and tissue sampling through biopsy. The tumor is graded based on its aggressiveness, with grade I being the most benign and grade III being the most malignant.
Treatment: Treatment for neurocytoma usually involves surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for neurocytoma is generally good, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 70% - 80%.
Prognosis: The prognosis for neurocytoma is generally good, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 70% - 80%. However, the tumor's grade and location can affect the outcome. Grade III tumors have a lower survival rate than grade I or II tumors. Additionally, if the tumor is located in a sensitive area such as near a critical structure in the brain, the prognosis may be poorer.
Recurrence: Neurocytomas can recur after treatment, with a recurrence rate of approximately 20% - 30%. Recurrences are often detected through imaging studies and can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
In summary, neurocytoma is a rare type of brain tumor that originates from supporting cells in the brain called neurocytes. While the prognosis for neurocytoma is generally good, the tumor's grade and location can affect the outcome, and recurrences can occur. It is important for patients to receive prompt and appropriate treatment to maximize their chances of a successful outcome.
Supratentorial neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in personality or behavior. They can also cause hydrocephalus, a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
The diagnosis of supratentorial neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and tissue biopsy. Treatment options for supratentorial neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Some common types of supratentorial neoplasms include:
* Gliomas: These are the most common type of primary brain tumor, arising from the supporting cells of the brain called glial cells. Examples of gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and glioblastoma multiforme.
* Meningiomas: These are tumors that arise from the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas are usually benign but can occasionally be malignant.
* Acoustic neurinomas: These are slow-growing tumors that develop on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
* Pineal region tumors: These are tumors that arise in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located in the brain. Examples of pineal region tumors include pineal parenchymal tumors and pineal gland-derived tumors.
Overall, supratentorial neoplasms can be challenging to diagnose and treat, and may require a multidisciplinary approach involving neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists. Prognosis and treatment options vary depending on the specific type of tumor and its location in the brain.
Benign spinal cord neoplasms are typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in the early stages. However, as they grow, they can compress or damage the surrounding healthy tissue, leading to a range of symptoms such as pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis.
Malignant spinal cord neoplasms are more aggressive and can grow rapidly, invading surrounding tissues and spreading to other parts of the body. They can cause similar symptoms to benign tumors, as well as other symptoms such as fever, nausea, and weight loss.
The diagnosis of spinal cord neoplasms is based on a combination of clinical findings, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
The prognosis for spinal cord neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, benign tumors have a better prognosis than malignant tumors, and early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes. However, even with successful treatment, some patients may experience long-term neurological deficits or other complications.
The symptoms of meningeal neoplasms vary depending on the location, size, and type of tumor. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision, memory, or behavior. As the tumor grows, it can compress or displaces the brain tissue, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
There are several different types of meningeal neoplasms, including:
1. Meningioma: This is the most common type of meningeal neoplasm, accounting for about 75% of all cases. Meningiomas are usually benign and grow slowly, but they can sometimes be malignant.
2. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the meninges from another part of the body, such as the lung or breast.
3. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can spread to the meninges.
4. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumors (MNTs): These are rare, malignant tumors that usually occur in children and young adults.
5. Hemangiopericytic hyperplasia: This is a rare, benign condition characterized by an overgrowth of blood vessels in the meninges.
The diagnosis of meningeal neoplasms is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor.
Treatment options for meningeal neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, and may involve removing as much of the tumor as possible or using a laser to ablate (destroy) the tumor cells. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also be used in combination with surgery to treat malignant meningeal neoplasms.
Prognosis for meningeal neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the patient's overall health. In general, early diagnosis and treatment improve the prognosis, while later-stage tumors may have a poorer outcome.
Types of Spinal Neoplasms:
1. Benign tumors: Meningiomas, schwannomas, and osteochondromas are common types of benign spinal neoplasms. These tumors usually grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body.
2. Malignant tumors: Primary bone cancers (chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma) and metastatic cancers (cancers that have spread to the spine from another part of the body) are types of malignant spinal neoplasms. These tumors can grow rapidly and spread to other parts of the body.
Causes and Risk Factors:
1. Genetic mutations: Some genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex, increase the risk of developing spinal neoplasms.
2. Previous radiation exposure: People who have undergone radiation therapy in the past may have an increased risk of developing a spinal tumor.
3. Family history: A family history of spinal neoplasms can increase an individual's risk.
4. Age and gender: Spinal neoplasms are more common in older adults, and males are more likely to be affected than females.
Symptoms:
1. Back pain: Pain is the most common symptom of spinal neoplasms, which can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as numbness, weakness, or tingling in the arms or legs.
2. Neurological deficits: Depending on the location and size of the tumor, patients may experience neurological deficits such as paralysis, loss of sensation, or difficulty with balance and coordination.
3. Difficulty with urination or bowel movements: Patients may experience changes in their bladder or bowel habits due to the tumor pressing on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
4. Weakness or numbness: Patients may experience weakness or numbness in their arms or legs due to compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots by the tumor.
5. Fractures: Spinal neoplasms can cause fractures in the spine, which can lead to a loss of height, an abnormal curvature of the spine, or difficulty with movement and balance.
Diagnosis:
1. Medical history and physical examination: A thorough medical history and physical examination can help identify the presence of symptoms and determine the likelihood of a spinal neoplasm.
2. Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans may be ordered to visualize the spine and detect any abnormalities.
3. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor present.
4. Laboratory tests: Blood tests may be ordered to assess liver function, electrolyte levels, or other parameters that can help evaluate the patient's overall health.
Treatment:
1. Surgery: Surgical intervention is often necessary to remove the tumor and relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
2. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with radiation therapy or as a standalone treatment for patients who are not candidates for surgery.
4. Supportive care: Patients may require supportive care, such as physical therapy, pain management, and rehabilitation, to help them recover from the effects of the tumor and any treatment-related complications.
Prognosis:
The prognosis for patients with spinal neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and location of the tumor, the extent of the disease, and the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with slow-growing tumors that are confined to a specific area of the spine, as compared to those with more aggressive tumors that have spread to other parts of the body.
Survival rates:
The survival rates for patients with spinal neoplasms vary depending on the type of tumor and other factors. According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for primary spinal cord tumors is about 60%. However, this rate can be as high as 90% for patients with slow-growing tumors that are confined to a specific area of the spine.
Lifestyle modifications:
There are no specific lifestyle modifications that can cure spinal neoplasms, but certain changes may help improve the patient's quality of life and overall health. These may include:
1. Exercise: Gentle exercise, such as yoga or swimming, can help improve mobility and strength.
2. Diet: A balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help support overall health.
3. Rest: Getting enough rest and avoiding strenuous activities can help the patient recover from treatment-related fatigue.
4. Managing stress: Stress management techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises, can help reduce anxiety and improve overall well-being.
5. Follow-up care: Regular follow-up appointments with the healthcare provider are crucial to monitor the patient's condition and make any necessary adjustments to their treatment plan.
In conclusion, spinal neoplasms are rare tumors that can develop in the spine and can have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, and survival rates vary depending on the type of tumor and other factors. While there are no specific lifestyle modifications that can cure spinal neoplasms, certain changes may help improve the patient's overall health and well-being. It is important for patients to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan and follow-up care to ensure the best possible outcome.
Germinomas are rare and account for only about 1% to 3% of all germ cell tumors. They are more common in children and young adults, and the median age at diagnosis is around 10 to 20 years. These tumors tend to grow slowly and may not cause any symptoms in their early stages.
The signs and symptoms of germinoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. In general, they may include:
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Swelling or lump in the abdomen
* Vaginal bleeding or discharge in females
* Painful urination or scrotal swelling in males
* Fatigue or fever
If a germinoma is suspected, imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, or ultrasound may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis. A biopsy may also be performed to examine the tumor cells under a microscope.
Treatment for germinoma typically involves surgery to remove the tumor and any affected tissues. In some cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be recommended to ensure that all cancerous cells are eliminated. The prognosis for germinoma is generally good, with a five-year survival rate of around 90% for children and young adults. However, the tumor can recur in some cases, so follow-up care is important.
In summary, germinoma is a rare type of tumor that originates from germ cells in the reproductive system. It can be benign or malignant and tends to grow slowly, causing abdominal pain, swelling, or other symptoms. Treatment typically involves surgery and may include chemotherapy or radiation therapy, with a good prognosis for most patients.
AML is a fast-growing and aggressive form of leukemia that can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream. It is most commonly seen in adults over the age of 60, but it can also occur in children.
There are several subtypes of AML, including:
1. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): This is a subtype of AML that is characterized by the presence of a specific genetic abnormality called the PML-RARA fusion gene. It is usually responsive to treatment with chemotherapy and has a good prognosis.
2. Acute myeloid leukemia, not otherwise specified (NOS): This is the most common subtype of AML and does not have any specific genetic abnormalities. It can be more difficult to treat and has a poorer prognosis than other subtypes.
3. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML): This is a subtype of AML that is characterized by the presence of too many immature white blood cells called monocytes in the blood and bone marrow. It can progress slowly over time and may require ongoing treatment.
4. Juvenile myeloid leukemia (JMML): This is a rare subtype of AML that occurs in children under the age of 18. It is characterized by the presence of too many immature white blood cells called blasts in the blood and bone marrow.
The symptoms of AML can vary depending on the subtype and the severity of the disease, but they may include:
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Pale skin
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Swollen lymph nodes, liver, or spleen
* Bone pain
* Headache
* Confusion or seizures
AML is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:
1. Complete blood count (CBC): This test measures the number and types of cells in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Bone marrow biopsy: This test involves removing a small sample of bone marrow tissue from the hipbone or breastbone to examine under a microscope for signs of leukemia cells.
3. Genetic testing: This test can help identify specific genetic abnormalities that are associated with AML.
4. Immunophenotyping: This test uses antibodies to identify the surface proteins on leukemia cells, which can help diagnose the subtype of AML.
5. Cytogenetics: This test involves staining the bone marrow cells with dyes to look for specific changes in the chromosomes that are associated with AML.
Treatment for AML typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of AML, the patient's age and overall health, and other factors. Some common treatments for AML include:
1. Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells. The most commonly used chemotherapy drugs for AML are cytarabine (Ara-C) and anthracyclines such as daunorubicin (DaunoXome) and idarubicin (Idamycin).
2. Targeted therapy: This involves using drugs that specifically target the genetic abnormalities that are causing the cancer. Examples of targeted therapies used for AML include midostaurin (Rydapt) and gilteritinib (Xospata).
3. Bone marrow transplantation: This involves replacing the diseased bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor. This is typically done after high-dose chemotherapy to destroy the cancer cells.
4. Supportive care: This includes treatments to manage symptoms and side effects of the disease and its treatment, such as anemia, infection, and bleeding. Examples of supportive care for AML include blood transfusions, antibiotics, and platelet transfusions.
5. Clinical trials: These are research studies that involve testing new treatments for AML. Participating in a clinical trial may give patients access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available.
It's important to note that the treatment plan for AML is highly individualized, and the specific treatments used will depend on the patient's age, overall health, and other factors. Patients should work closely with their healthcare team to determine the best course of treatment for their specific needs.
Myeloid leukemia can be classified into several subtypes based on the type of cell involved and the degree of maturity of the abnormal cells. The most common types of myeloid leukemia include:
1. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): This is the most aggressive form of myeloid leukemia, characterized by a rapid progression of immature cells that do not mature or differentiate into normal cells. AML can be further divided into several subtypes based on the presence of certain genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities.
2. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): This is a slower-growing form of myeloid leukemia, characterized by the presence of a genetic abnormality known as the Philadelphia chromosome. CML is typically treated with targeted therapies or bone marrow transplantation.
3. Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): This is a group of disorders characterized by the impaired development of immature blood cells in the bone marrow. MDS can progress to AML if left untreated.
4. Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML): This is a rare form of myeloid leukemia that is characterized by the accumulation of immature monocytes in the blood and bone marrow. CMML can be treated with chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation.
The symptoms of myeloid leukemia can vary depending on the subtype and severity of the disease. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options for myeloid leukemia can include chemotherapy, targeted therapies, bone marrow transplantation, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. The prognosis for myeloid leukemia varies depending on the subtype of the disease and the patient's overall health. With current treatments, many patients with myeloid leukemia can achieve long-term remission or even be cured.
There are several different types of leukemia, including:
1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): This is the most common type of leukemia in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts.
2. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): This type of leukemia affects the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): This type of leukemia affects older adults and is characterized by the slow growth of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes.
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): This type of leukemia is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene called BCR-ABL. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
5. Hairy Cell Leukemia: This is a rare type of leukemia that affects older adults and is characterized by the presence of abnormal white blood cells called hairy cells.
6. Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): This is a group of disorders that occur when the bone marrow is unable to produce healthy blood cells. It can lead to leukemia if left untreated.
Treatment for leukemia depends on the type and severity of the disease, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplantation.
The BCR-ABL gene is a fusion gene that is present in the majority of cases of CML. It is created by the translocation of two genes, called BCR and ABL, which leads to the production of a constitutively active tyrosine kinase protein that promotes the growth and proliferation of abnormal white blood cells.
There are three main phases of CML, each with distinct clinical and laboratory features:
1. Chronic phase: This is the earliest phase of CML, where patients may be asymptomatic or have mild symptoms such as fatigue, night sweats, and splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen). The peripheral blood count typically shows a high number of blasts in the blood, but the bone marrow is still functional.
2. Accelerated phase: In this phase, the disease progresses to a higher number of blasts in the blood and bone marrow, with evidence of more aggressive disease. Patients may experience symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and pain in the joints or abdomen.
3. Blast phase: This is the most advanced phase of CML, where there is a high number of blasts in the blood and bone marrow, with significant loss of function of the bone marrow. Patients are often symptomatic and may have evidence of spread of the disease to other organs, such as the liver or spleen.
Treatment for CML typically involves targeted therapy with drugs that inhibit the activity of the BCR-ABL protein, such as imatinib (Gleevec), dasatinib (Sprycel), or nilotinib (Tasigna). These drugs can slow or stop the progression of the disease, and may also produce a complete cytogenetic response, which is defined as the absence of all Ph+ metaphases in the bone marrow. However, these drugs are not curative and may have significant side effects. Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is also a potential treatment option for CML, but it carries significant risks and is usually reserved for patients who are in the blast phase of the disease or have failed other treatments.
In summary, the clinical course of CML can be divided into three phases based on the number of blasts in the blood and bone marrow, and treatment options vary depending on the phase of the disease. It is important for patients with CML to receive regular monitoring and follow-up care to assess their response to treatment and detect any signs of disease progression.
Choroid plexus carcinoma
Renal medullary carcinoma
Ependymoma
Proton therapy
Adjuvant therapy
Choroid plexus papilloma
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Medulloblastoma in children: Prognostic factors and predictors of outcome Menon G, Nair S, Muthurethinam T, Krishnakumar K,...
Radiotherapy5
- Lee Y, Brooks C, Bedford J, Warrington A, Saran F. Development and Evaluation of Multiple Isocentric Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Technique for Craniospinal Axis Radiotherapy Planning. (ac.ir)
- Pediatric radiotherapy: Conformal therapy and dose reduction to non-target organs in pediatric patients, in particular those receiving cranial spinal axis irradiation. (mcgill.ca)
- W. Parker , C.R. Freeman, A simple technique for craniospinal radiotherapy in the supine position , Radiother. (mcgill.ca)
- W. Parker , M. Brodeur, D. Roberge, C.R. Freeman, Standard and nonstandard craniospinal radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy , Int. J. Radiat. (mcgill.ca)
- Patient received postoperative radiotherapy as craniospinal irradiation (CSI) 36 Gy in 20 fractions followed by local boost 18 Gy in 10 fractions in conventional fractionations by two-dimensional (2D) method. (internationaljneurooncology.com)
Proton1
- We conducted a Monte Carlo study to comprehensively investigate the fetal dose resulting from proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) craniospinal irradiation (CSI) during pregnancy. (nih.gov)
Pediatric2
- Genetic susceptibility to cognitive decline following craniospinal irradiation for pediatric central nervous system tumors. (cdc.gov)
- Changes in Peripheral Blood Regulatory T Cells and IL-6 and IL-10 Levels Predict Response of Pediatric Medulloblastoma and Germ Cell Tumors With Residual or Disseminated Disease to Craniospinal Irradiation. (duke.edu)
Spinal2
Toxicity1
- 19. [Efficacy and toxicity of preventive treatment with cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate on the central nervous system in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia]. (nih.gov)
Spine1
- The long and short term side effects are quite terrifying and as Eleanor would require full craniospinal treatment her entire brain and spine would be radiated. (tangledhope.com)
Brain2
- Radiation-induced Cataracts in Children With Brain Tumors Receiving Craniospinal Irradiation. (bvsalud.org)
- For children with brain tumors , craniospinal irradiation (CSI) would be expected to result in a significant risk of cataract development. (bvsalud.org)
Central nervou2
- 9. Effects of central-nervous-system irradiation on neuropsychologic functioning of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. (nih.gov)
- 12. Intelligence quotient in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia after prophylactic treatment in central nervous system with 18 Gy cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate. (nih.gov)
Dose2
- Sarkar B, Pradhan A. Choice of appropriate beam model and gantry rotational angle for low-dose gradient-based craniospinal irradiation using volumetric-modulated arc therapy. (ac.ir)
- 11. Comparison of intermediate-dose methotrexate with cranial irradiation for the post-induction treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children. (nih.gov)
Patients1
- Patients must not have received local palliative irradiation or craniospinal irradiation. (nih.gov)
Study2
Children2
- Effect of Testicular Boost in Children With Leukemia Receiving Total Body Irradiation and Stem Cell Transplant: A Single-Institution Experience. (stanfordchildrens.org)
- Children with leukemia who receive fractionated total body irradiation (fTBI) with 12 to 13.2 Gy as part of conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplant are frequently treated with an additional 4 Gy testicular boost to reduce the risk of testicular relapse. (stanfordchildrens.org)
Chemotherapy5
- The standard treatment for average-risk MB includes postoperative CSI with a dose of 23.4 Gy, irradiation of the anatomic posterior fossa (PF) to 55.8 Gy and 12 months of combination chemotherapy according to the Children's Oncology Group. (medscape.com)
- 3. Survival outcome following isolated central nervous system relapse treated with additional chemotherapy and craniospinal irradiation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (nih.gov)
- 16. A prospective neurocognitive evaluation of children treated with additional chemotherapy and craniospinal irradiation following isolated central nervous system relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (nih.gov)
- Results of COG ACNS0331: A Phase III Trial of Involved-Field Radiotherapy (IFRT) and Low Dose Craniospinal Irradiation (LD-CSI) with Chemotherapy in Average-Risk Medulloblastoma: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group. (medscape.com)
- With aggressive surgery, craniospinal radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, more than 50% of children with medulloblastoma can be expected to be free of disease 5 years later. (medscape.com)
Medulloblastoma1
- To assess the efficacy and safety in average-risk pediatric medulloblastoma (MB) receiving tumor bed boost irradiation compared to a posterior fossa (PF) boost. (medscape.com)
Diagnostic1
- Metastatic disease is commonly present at diagnosis (40%), and imaging of the entire craniospinal axis is an essential part of the initial diagnostic evaluation. (medscape.com)
Results2
- Irradiation of the tumor bed after 23.4 Gy craniospinal irradiation for average-risk MB results in similar disease control as a PF boost. (medscape.com)
- I. Results of craniospinal irradiation. (nih.gov)
Techniques1
- As a result, investigators have attempted to reduce the effects of irradiation by using new techniques to limit the boost volume to the tumor bed. (medscape.com)
