Cranial sinuses. Medical search

Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of DURA MATER, the endosteal and the meningeal layers. They are devoid of valves and are parts of the venous system of dura mater. Major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital) and an antero-inferior group (such as cavernous, petrosal, and basilar plexus).

The air space located in the body of the MAXILLARY BONE near each cheek. Each maxillary sinus communicates with the middle passage (meatus) of the NASAL CAVITY on the same side.

Air-filled spaces located within the bones around the NASAL CAVITY. They are extensions of the nasal cavity and lined by the ciliated NASAL MUCOSA. Each sinus is named for the cranial bone in which it is located, such as the ETHMOID SINUS; the FRONTAL SINUS; the MAXILLARY SINUS; and the SPHENOID SINUS.

An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.

The dilatation of the aortic wall behind each of the cusps of the aortic valve.

The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure.

One of the paired, but seldom symmetrical, air spaces located between the inner and outer compact layers of the FRONTAL BONE in the forehead.

Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.

One of the paired air spaces located in the body of the SPHENOID BONE behind the ETHMOID BONE in the middle of the skull. Sphenoid sinus communicates with the posterosuperior part of NASAL CAVITY on the same side.

A short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous blood from the MYOCARDIUM and drains into the RIGHT ATRIUM. Coronary sinus, normally located between the LEFT ATRIUM and LEFT VENTRICLE on the posterior surface of the heart, can serve as an anatomical reference for cardiac procedures.

Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the CRANIAL SINUSES, large endothelium-lined venous channels situated within the SKULL. Intracranial sinuses, also called cranial venous sinuses, include the superior sagittal, cavernous, lateral, petrous sinuses, and many others. Cranial sinus thrombosis can lead to severe HEADACHE; SEIZURE; and other neurological defects.

A condition caused by dysfunctions related to the SINOATRIAL NODE including impulse generation (CARDIAC SINUS ARREST) and impulse conduction (SINOATRIAL EXIT BLOCK). It is characterized by persistent BRADYCARDIA, chronic ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and failure to resume sinus rhythm following CARDIOVERSION. This syndrome can be congenital or acquired, particularly after surgical correction for heart defects.

The numerous (6-12) small thin-walled spaces or air cells in the ETHMOID BONE located between the eyes. These air cells form an ethmoidal labyrinth.

Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.

Simple rapid heartbeats caused by rapid discharge of impulses from the SINOATRIAL NODE, usually between 100 and 180 beats/min in adults. It is characterized by a gradual onset and termination. Sinus tachycardia is common in infants, young children, and adults during strenuous physical activities.

Tumors or cancer of the MAXILLARY SINUS. They represent the majority of paranasal neoplasms.

A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region.

The two large endothelium-lined venous channels that begin at the internal occipital protuberance at the back and lower part of the CRANIUM and travels laterally and forward ending in the internal jugular vein (JUGULAR VEINS). One of the transverse sinuses, usually the right one, is the continuation of the SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS. The other transverse sinus is the continuation of the straight sinus.

The long large endothelium-lined venous channel on the top outer surface of the brain. It receives blood from a vein in the nasal cavity, runs backwards, and gradually increases in size as blood drains from veins of the brain and the DURA MATER. Near the lower back of the CRANIUM, the superior sagittal sinus deviates to one side (usually the right) and continues on as one of the TRANSVERSE SINUSES.

The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava (VENA CAVA, SUPERIOR) and right atrium. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium (HEART ATRIUM) and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle (BUNDLE OF HIS) to the ventricle (HEART VENTRICLE).

Multiple dural arteriovenous shunts in a 5-year-old boy. (1/170)

We describe a rare case of multiple dural arteriovenous shunts (DAVSs) in a 5-year-old boy. MR imaging performed at 1 year of age showed only a dilated anterior part of the superior sagittal sinus; however, angiography at 5 years of age revealed an infantile-type DAVS there and two other DAVSs of the adult type. The pathophysiological evolution of DAVSs in children and their treatment strategies are discussed. (+info)

Variant arteriovenous fistula of the superior sagittal sinus--case report. (2/170)

A 57-year-old male presented with a rare variant of dural arteriovenous fistula, located in the wall of an unobstructed superior sagittal sinus. Drainage occurred through a cortical vein no longer connected to its parent sinus, which filled up a cluster of transmedullary running veins, one of which was the presumed site of hemorrhage. Arterial blood was supplied via the external carotid artery branches. This type of fistula seriously increases the risk of hemorrhage in the patient and therefore requires complete obliteration. Attempts to embolize the fistula failed. The draining vein was isolated and coagulated resulting in permanent occlusion of the fistula. The fistula probably developed through a process of thrombophlebitis and revascularization via arterioles of the vein rather than previous occlusion of the sinus. (+info)

Cavernous sinus and inferior petrosal sinus flow signal on three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography. (3/170)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Venous flow signal in the cavernous sinus and inferior petrosal sinus has been shown on MR angiograms in patients with carotid cavernous fistula (CCF). We, however, identified flow signal in some patients without symptoms and signs of CCF. This review was performed to determine the frequency of such normal venous flow depiction at MR angiography. METHODS: Twenty-five 3D time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiograms obtained on two different imaging units (scanners A and B) were reviewed with attention to presence of venous flow signal in the cavernous sinus or inferior petrosal sinus or both. Twenty-five additional MR angiograms were reviewed in patients who had also had cerebral arteriography to document absence of CCF where venous MR angiographic signal was detected, as well as to gain insight into venous flow patterns that might contribute to MR angiographic venous flow signal. Differences in scanning technique parameters were reviewed. RESULTS: Nine (36%) of the 25 MR angiograms obtained on scanner A but only one (4%) of the 25 obtained on scanner B showed flow signal in the cavernous or inferior petrosal sinus or both in the absence of signs of CCF. On review of 25 patients who had both MR angiography and arteriography, three patients with venous signal at MR angiography failed to exhibit CCF at arteriography. CONCLUSION: Identification of normal cavernous sinus or inferior petrosal sinus venous signal on 3D TOF MR angiograms may occur frequently, and is probably dependent on technical factors that vary among scanners. The exact factors most responsible, however, were not elucidated by this preliminary review. (+info)

Regions of interest in the venous sinuses as input functions for quantitative PET. (4/170)

As clinical PET becomes increasingly available, quantitative methods that are feasible in busy clinical settings are becoming necessary. We investigated the use of intracranial blood pools as sources of an input function for quantitative PET. METHODS: We studied 25 patients after the intravenous injection of [18F]6-fluoro-L-m-tyrosine and compared sampled blood time-activity curves with those obtained in small regions of interest (ROIs) defined in the blood pools visible in the PET images. Because of the comparatively large dimensions of the blood pool at the confluence of the superior sagittal, straight and transverse sinuses, a venous ROI input function was chosen for further analysis. We applied simple corrections to the ROI-derived time-activity curves, deriving expressions for partial volume, spillover and partition of tracer between plasma and red blood cells. The results of graphic and compartmental analysis using both sampled [Cs(t)] and ROI [Cr(t)] venous input functions for each patient were compared. We also used an analytic approach to examine possible differences between venous and arterial input functions in the cerebral circulation. RESULTS: Cr(t) peaked significantly earlier and higher than Cs(t) in this patient population, although the total integral under the curves did not differ significantly. We report some apparent differences in the results of modeling using the two input functions; however, neither the graphically determined influx constant, Ki, nor the model parameter that reflects presynaptic dopaminergic metabolism, k3, differed significantly between the two methods. The analytic results suggest that the venous ROI input function may be closer to the arterial supply of radiotracer to the brain than arterialized venous blood, at least in some patient populations. CONCLUSION: We present a simple method of obtaining an input function for PET that is applicable to a wide range of tracers and quantitative methods and is feasible for diagnostic PET imaging. (+info)

Skull metastasis of Ewing's sarcoma--three case reports. (5/170)

Three cases of skull metastasis of Ewing's sarcoma were treated. The metastatic lesion was located at the midline of the skull above the superior sagittal sinus in all cases. Surgery was performed in two patients with solitary skull lesions involving short segments of the superior sagittal sinus without remarkable systemic metastasis, resulting in good outcome. The third patient had extensive, multiple tumors involving the superior sagittal sinus which could not be excised, and died due to intracranial hypertension. The surgical indication for skull metastasis of Ewing's sarcoma depends on the location and length of the involved superior sagittal sinus, and general condition. (+info)

Absent vestibulo-ocular reflexes and acute supratentorial lesions. (6/170)

Loss of vestibulo-ocular reflexes occurred in two patients with acute supratentorial lesions who received therapeutic doses of anticonvulsant drugs. There was no clinical or angiographic evidence of focal brain-stem damage. Absence of vestibulo-ocular reflexes is attributed to a combination of acute cerebral damage and anticonvulsant drugs. The loss of these reflexes in patients with acute cerebral lesions cannot be interpreted as evidence of irreversible brain-stem injury. (+info)

Scalp vein detected using internal carotid angiography that did not result in venous sinus compromise. (7/170)

We present an unusual case of a scalp vein detected by using angiography of the internal carotid artery. The vein arose from the superior sagittal sinus and drained into the deep posterior cervical vein via the parietal emissary vein. This scalp vein may be a collateral pathway for venous sinuses; however, the patient had no evidence of venous sinus occlusive disease or intracranial hypertension. (+info)

Sigmoid sinus thrombosis after mild closed head injury in an infant: diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging in the acute phase--case report. (8/170)

Intracranial sinus thrombosis following a mild closed head injury without a skull fracture or intracranial hematoma is extremely rare. A 23-month-old girl presented with vomiting and gait ataxia 1 day after occipital trauma. Computed tomography revealed a slightly increased density area in the region of the left sigmoid sinus. T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated an isointense area in the left sigmoid sinus and T2-weighted imaging showed a hyperintense area reflecting the characteristics of oxyhemoglobin. MR angiography and cerebral angiography indicated occlusion of the left sigmoid sinus. After 4 days of conservative treatment, her symptoms subsided completely. Follow-up MR angiography and cerebral angiography showed recanalization of the sigmoid sinus. The MR images and MR angiograms were useful for both early diagnosis and follow-up. Treatment should reflect the severity of individual cases, and early diagnosis will help achieve a good outcome. (+info)

The most common paranasal sinus diseases include:

1. Acute Sinusitis: This is an infection of the paranasal sinuses that can be caused by a virus or bacteria. Symptoms include fever, headache, and facial pain or pressure.
2. Chronic Sinusitis: This is a persistent infection of the paranasal sinuses that can last for more than 12 weeks. Symptoms are similar to acute sinusitis, but may be less severe.
3. Rhinosinusitis: This is an inflammation of the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses that can be caused by infection or allergies. Symptoms include nasal congestion, facial pain or pressure, and headache.
4. Nasal Polyps: These are growths that occur in the lining of the nasal passages or paranasal sinuses. They can cause blockage of the nasal passages and sinuses, leading to breathing difficulties and other symptoms.
5. Cerebral Abscess: This is a collection of pus in the brain that can be caused by an infection that spreads from the paranasal sinuses. Symptoms include fever, headache, and neurological problems such as confusion or seizures.
6. Meningitis: This is an infection of the protective membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria or viruses and can lead to serious complications if left untreated.
7. Osteomyelitis: This is an infection of the bones of the face, which can be caused by spread of infection from the paranasal sinuses. Symptoms include facial pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.
8. Orbital Cellulitis: This is an infection of the tissues surrounding the eye that can be caused by spread of infection from the paranasal sinuses. Symptoms include protrusion of the eye, swelling of the eyelid, and difficulty moving the affected eye.
9. Endophthalmitis: This is an infection of the interior of the eye that can be caused by spread of infection from the paranasal sinuses. Symptoms include sudden severe pain, redness, and vision loss.
10. Cranial Nerve Palsy: This is a condition where one or more of the cranial nerves are affected by an infection, leading to symptoms such as double vision, drooping eyelid, or weakness of the facial muscles.

It's important to note that these complications can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it's important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or reduce the risk of these complications.

Here are some possible clinical presentations and diagnostic procedures for intracranial sinus thrombosis:

Clinical Presentations:

* Headache (most common symptom)
* Fever
* Nasal congestion or swelling
* Pain in the face, particularly on one side
* Vision changes or blurriness
* Nausea and vomiting

Diagnostic Procedures:

1. Imaging studies (CT or MRI scans) to confirm the presence of a blood clot within a sinus and to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
2. Endoscopy, which involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera into the nasal cavity to visualize the inside of the sinuses and to collect tissue or fluid samples for further examination.
3. Blood tests to check for infection or inflammation.
4. Sinus aspiration, which involves draining fluid from the affected sinus to determine if there is a blood clot present.

Treatment options for intracranial sinus thrombosis depend on the severity of the condition and may include antibiotics, anticoagulation medications, or surgical drainage of the affected sinus. In some cases, the condition may be life-threatening and require emergency treatment.

There are several types of SSS, including:

1. Sinus bradycardia: a slow heart rate due to sinus node dysfunction.
2. Sinus pauses: periods of complete cessation of sinus node activity.
3. Sinus arrhythmias: irregular heart rhythms caused by sinus node dysfunction.
4. Atrioventricular (AV) block: a delay or blockage in the electrical signal passing from the atria to the ventricles due to sinus node dysfunction.

Symptoms of SSS can include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and fainting. In severe cases, SSS can lead to heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular tachycardia.

Diagnosis of SSS is typically made through a combination of physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), and echocardiography. Treatment options for SSS include medications to regulate the heart rhythm, cardioversion (electrical shock to restore a normal heart rhythm), and in some cases, implantation of a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).

Prognosis for SSS is generally good if the underlying cause is identified and treated appropriately. However, if left untreated, SSS can lead to serious complications, such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular tachycardia, which can be life-threatening.

In summary, sick sinus syndrome is a group of heart rhythm disorders that affect the sinus node and can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and fainting. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent serious complications and improve prognosis.

Paranasal sinus neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that occur within the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities within the skull that drain into the nasal passages. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant and can affect various structures in the head and neck, including the sinuses, nasal passages, eyes, and brain.

Types of Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms:

There are several types of paranasal sinus neoplasms, including:

1. Nasal cavity squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of paranasal sinus cancer and arises from the lining of the nasal cavity.
2. Maxillary sinus adenoid cystic carcinoma: This type of tumor is slow-growing and usually affects the maxillary sinus.
3. Esthesioneuroepithelioma: This rare type of tumor arises from the lining of the nasal cavity and is more common in women than men.
4. Sphenoid sinus mucocele: This type of tumor is usually benign and occurs in the sphenoid sinus.
5. Osteochondroma: This is a rare type of benign tumor that arises from the bone and cartilage of the paranasal sinuses.

Symptoms of Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms:

The symptoms of paranasal sinus neoplasms can vary depending on the size, location, and type of tumor. Common symptoms include:

1. Nasal congestion or blockage
2. Headaches
3. Pain or pressure in the face, especially in the cheeks, eyes, or forehead
4. Double vision or other vision problems
5. Numbness or weakness in the face
6. Discharge of fluid from the nose or eyes
7. Swelling of the eyelids or face
8. Coughing up blood

Diagnosis of Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms:

The diagnosis of paranasal sinus neoplasms is based on a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. The following tests may be used to help diagnose a paranasal sinus tumor:

1. Computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): These imaging tests can provide detailed pictures of the paranasal sinuses and any tumors that may be present.
2. Endoscopy: A thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end can be inserted through the nostrils to examine the inside of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
3. Biopsy: A sample of tissue from the suspected tumor site can be removed and examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.
4. Nasal endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera on the end can be inserted through the nostrils to examine the inside of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Treatment of Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms:

The treatment of paranasal sinus neoplasms depends on the type, location, size, and aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. The following are some of the treatment options for paranasal sinus neoplasms:

1. Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumor is often the first line of treatment for paranasal sinus neoplasms. The type of surgery used depends on the location and extent of the tumor.
2. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination with surgery to treat paranasal sinus neoplasms that are difficult to remove with surgery or have spread to other parts of the skull base.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with radiation therapy to treat paranasal sinus neoplasms that are aggressive and have spread to other parts of the body.
4. Endoscopic surgery: This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses an endoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) to remove the tumor through the nostrils or mouth.
5. Skull base surgery: This is a more invasive procedure that involves removing the tumor and any affected bone or tissue in the skull base.
6. Reconstruction: After removal of the tumor, reconstructive surgery may be necessary to restore the natural anatomy of the skull base and nasal cavity.
7. Observation: In some cases, small, benign tumors may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging studies to see if they grow or change over time.

It is important to note that the most appropriate treatment plan for a patient with a paranasal sinus neoplasm will depend on the specific characteristics of the tumor and the individual patient's needs and medical history. Patients should work closely with their healthcare team to determine the best course of treatment for their specific condition.

Note: Sinus tachycardia is different from atrial fibrillation, which is another type of arrhythmia that can also cause a rapid heart rate. In atrial fibrillation, the heart's upper chambers (atria) contract in a disorganized and irregular manner, rather than in a regular and coordinated pattern like in sinus tachycardia.

Benign maxillary sinus tumors may include:

* Papilloma: A benign growth that resembles a finger-like protrusion and is usually slow-growing and non-aggressive.
* Pyogenic granuloma: A type of benign bacterial infection that can cause localized tissue growth and inflammation.
* Osteoid osteoma: A rare, benign tumor that forms in the bone and can cause pain and swelling.

Malignant maxillary sinus tumors are more aggressive and can include:

* Squamous cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that can occur in the maxillary sinus and can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
* Adenoid cystic carcinoma: A rare, malignant tumor that can grow slowly over time and can be difficult to treat.
* Esthesioneuroblastoma: A rare, malignant tumor that originates in the nasal cavity and can extend into the maxillary sinus.

The symptoms of maxillary sinus neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor, but may include:

* Pain or swelling in the face or neck
* Difficulty breathing through the nose
* Nasal congestion or discharge
* Eye problems such as double vision or protrusion
* Headaches or facial pain

The diagnosis of maxillary sinus neoplasms is typically made using a combination of imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRI, and tissue biopsy. Treatment options can range from observation to surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the tumor.

Pilonidal sinuses are caused by an ingrown hair or other debris that becomes trapped in the skin and forms a sac-like structure. This can become infected, leading to pain, swelling, and discharge. In severe cases, pilonidal sinuses can lead to abscesses, which are pockets of pus that must be drained surgically.

Treatment for pilonidal sinuses usually involves draining the fluid from the sac and applying antibiotics to prevent infection. In some cases, the affected area may need to be surgically opened and cleaned to promote healing. Prevention is key to avoiding pilonidal sinuses, so good hygiene practices such as keeping the area clean and dry can help reduce the risk of developing this condition.

Symptoms of a pilonidal sinus can include:

* Redness and swelling in the affected area
* Pain or tenderness in the tailbone region
* A foul-smelling discharge from the sac
* Fever and chills if the infection is severe

If you suspect you have a pilonidal sinus, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. With proper treatment, most people with this condition can expect a full recovery.

Falk, D.; Conroy, G. C. (1983). "The cranial venous sinus system in Australopithecus afarensis". Nature. 306 (5945): 779-781. ... sinuses, completely supplanting the transverse and sigmoid sinuses. They suggested the setup would have increased blood flow to ... Regarding the dural venous sinuses, in 1983, Falk and anthropologist Glenn Conroy suggested that, unlike A. africanus or modern ... Falk, D. (1988). "Enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses and emissary foramina: Their significance in hominid evolution". In Grine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus

Damage to cranial nerves in the cavernous sinus leads to diplopia. Cranial nerve VI is often the first affected, leading to ... If cranial nerve V-1 is damaged, the patient will have pain and altered sensation over the front and top of the head. Horner's ... Of all cranial meningiomas, about 20% of them are in the sphenoid wing. In some cases, deletions involving chromosome 22 are ... Possible indications for intervention would be a rapid increase in growth or involvement of cranial nerves. Untreated, one ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenoid_wing_meningioma

... is a groove in the posterior cranial fossa. It starts at lateral parts of occipital bone, curves ... After that, groove for sigmoid sinus continues as groove for transverse sinus. Sigmoid sinus Cancer Web: Sigmoid Sulcus "Groove ... for sigmoid sinus". http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l22/os0808.htm v t e (Articles with TA98 identifiers, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_for_sigmoid_sinus

... is an uncommon form of cranial or spinal dysraphism. It occurs in 1 in 2500 live births. It occurs as a ... Congenital dermal sinus is a tract from the surface layer of the skin, through the deeper tissues into the cranial or spinal ... Congenital dermal sinus is often diagnosed in infants and children. Early diagnosis is important in congenital dermal sinus, so ... Congenital dermal sinus may form at any point along the midline of the neuraxis, however, the majority form in the lumbar and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_dermal_sinus

It pierces the cranial attachment of the trapezius and, dipping into the venous plexus of the suboccipital triangle, joins the ... Sagittal section of the skull, showing the sinuses of the dura. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page ... The parietal emissary vein connects it with the superior sagittal sinus. As the occipital vein passes across the mastoid ... doi:10.1016/B978-044306732-7.50008-8. ISBN 978-0-443-06732-7. Falk, Dean (1986). "Evolution of cranial blood drainage in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_vein

... the superior sagittal sinus runs in the cranial groove between the falx cerebri's two attachments. The (concave) inferior ... The inferior sagittal sinus is contained in the inferior free margin of the falx cerebri and arches over the corpus callosum, ... The superior sagittal sinus is contained in the superior margin of the falx cerebri and overlies the longitudinal fissure of ... The straight sinus courses along the juncture of the falx cerebri and cerebellar tentorium. Total or partial agenesis of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falx_cerebri

"Finite element comparison of cranial sinus function in the dinosaur Majungasaurus and head-clubbing giraffes". Summer ... The maxilla had excavations above the promaxillary fenestra, which would have been excavated by the antorbital air sinus (air ... Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Cisilino, Adrián P.; Blanco, R. Ernesto; Calvo, Néstor (2009). "Cranial mechanics and functional ... while the thickened skull roof and the ossification of several cranial joints suggest that the skull had no or only little ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnotaurus

Cranial sinuses may also be used to create the sounds, but again, researchers are currently unsure how. There are at least nine ... New cranial analysis using computed axial and single photon emission computed tomography scans in 2004 showed, at least in the ... cranial anatomy". Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (Pt 21): 3657-3665. doi:10.1242/jeb.01207. PMID 15371474. Dvorsky, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_vocalization

"Management of a Large Frontoethmoid Osteoma with Sinus Cranialization and Cranial Bone Graft Reconstruction". International ... Osteoma of the frontal sinus seen on x-ray Osteoma of the frontal sinus on CT Osteoma Osteosclerosis Familial adenomatous ... Osteoma represents the most common benign neoplasm of the nose and paranasal sinuses. The cause of osteomata is uncertain, but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoma

They pierce the arachnoid matter and the meningeal layer in the dura and drain into the cranial venous sinuses. Most conditions ... The superior sagittal sinus divides into two parts called the transverse sinuses where the falx cerebri meets the tentorium ... The sigmoid sinus, which continues the transverse sinus, empties into the jugular vein at the jugular foramen. The internal ... In its absence, the veins from the diencephalon and the basal ganglia drain laterally into the transverse sinus instead of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_cerebral_vein

Neurocranium Intracranial pressure Paranasal sinuses There are twelve cranial nerves that are responsible for controlling the ... The cranial cavity has a variety of spinal and cranial nerves residing in it. The cranial nerves are responsible for storing ... The cranial cavity includes eight cranial bones and they are collectively combined to form this area. A gland that is found in ... The ability to sleep and chew is also a part of one of the things the cranial cavities in charge of. In order for the cranial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_cavity

It allows many structures to pass, including the inferior petrosal sinus, three cranial nerves, the sigmoid sinus, and ... The posterior compartment transmits the sigmoid sinus (becoming the internal jugular vein), and some meningeal branches from ... The anterior compartment transmits the inferior petrosal sinus. The intermediate compartment transmits the glossopharyngeal ... and receives the venous return from inferior petrosal sinus. The larger, posterolateral, "pars vascularis" compartment contains ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_foramen

Zygomycosis of the sinuses can extend from the sinuses into the orbit and the cranial vault, leading to rhinocerebral ... Zygomycosis usually is a disease of the skin, but can also occur in the sinuses or gastrointestinal tract. In humans it is most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycomycosis

Sharpe, A. C.; Rich, T. H. (2016). "Cranial biomechanics, bite force and function of the endocranial sinuses in Diprotodon ... as well as the sinuses of the frontal bone. Like many other giant vombatiformes, the frontal sinuses are extensive; in a ... The expanded sinuses increase the surface area available for the temporalis muscle to attach (important for biting and chewing ... Sharp, A. C. (2016). "A quantitative comparative analysis of the size of the frontoparietal sinuses and brain in vombatiform ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotodon

Some things such as cranial base sclerosis and nasal sinuses obstruction can be seen during the beginning of the child's life. ... The condition is characterized abnormal facial features, impairment of cranial nerves, and malformation of the long bones in ... The only treatment for this disorder is surgery to reduce the compression of cranial nerves and spinal cord. However, bone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniometaphyseal_dysplasia

These typically arise (along with osteomyelitis of a cranial bone) from infections of the ear or paranasal sinuses. They rarely ... A cranial epidural abscess involves pus and granulation tissue accumulation in between the dura mater and cranial bone. ... Symptoms include pain at the forehead or ear, pus draining from the ear or sinuses, tenderness overlying the infectious site, ... can be caused by distant infection or an infected cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidural_abscess

... and subsequent paralysis of cranial nerves which course through the cavernous sinus. The pterygoid plexus of veins becomes the ... Due to its communication with the cavernous sinus, infection of the superficial face may spread to the cavernous sinus, causing ... it also communicates with the cavernous sinus, by branches through the foramen Vesalii, foramen ovale, and foramen lacerum. ... cavernous sinus thrombosis. Complications may include edema of the eyelids, conjunctivae of the eyes, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygoid_plexus

The cavernous sinus lies within the cranial cavity, between layers of the meninges and is a major conduit of venous drainage ... If the cavernous sinus is infected, it can cause the blood within the sinus to clot resulting in a cavernous sinus thrombosis. ... Inside the cavernous sinus, constriction of the following cranial nerves (CN) can be found: CN III (oculomotor nerve), CN IV ( ... In 1937, a study found that 61% of the cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis were the result of furuncles on the upper part of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_triangle_of_the_face

It surrounds and supports the dural sinuses (also called dural venous sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) and ... This depends upon the area of the cranial cavity: in the anterior cranial fossa the anterior meningeal artery (branch from the ... Where they separate, the gap between them is called a dural venous sinus. These sinuses drain blood and cerebrospinal fluid ( ... Cranial dura mater has two layers called lamellae, a superficial layer (also called the periosteal layer), which serves as the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura_mater

Cranial Nerves. Yale School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Portal: Anatomy (Wikipedia articles ... It carries impulses from the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus to the vasomotor center in the brainstem (to help maintain a ... The carotid branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (carotid sinus nerve or Hering's nerve) is a small branch of the ... and then divides in the angle of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery to innervate the carotid body and carotid sinus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_sinus_nerve

The dural venous sinuses (also called dural sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) are venous channels found between ... within the dural sinuses. Other common causes of dural sinus thrombosis include tracking of infection through the ophthalmic ... The sinuses at the base of the skull. Kiernan, John A. (2005). Barr's The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint. ... While rare, dural sinus thrombosis may lead to hemorrhagic infarction or cerebral oedema with serious consequences including ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dural_venous_sinuses

Cranial ultrasound can identify intracranial hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, large cerebral sinus venous thrombosis ... "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a case series including thrombolysis". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 94 (10): 790-794. ... cranial ultrasound is used as an alternative to magnetic resonance imaging. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal_stroke

... of a facial fracture tears the meninges and causes the venous sinuses to bleed into the arachnoid villi and the cranial sinuses ... They are most often associated with fractures of the anterior cranial fossa. Raccoon eyes may also be a sign of disseminated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon_eyes

... and the areas between the mastoid and dural sinuses in the posterior cranial fossa. Children with a simple skull fracture ... The middle cranial fossa, a depression at the base of the cranial cavity forms the thinnest part of the skull and is thus the ... A cranial burst skull fracture, usually occurring with severe injuries in infants less than 1 year of age, is a closed, ... A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the eight bones that form the cranial portion of the skull, usually occurring as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_fracture

... and cranial sinuses transporting blood away from the brain. In 2005, the researchers concluded that Ceratosaurus possessed a ... Rauhut, O.W.M.; Milner, A.C.; Moore-Fay, S. (2010). "Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur ... Holliday, C.M.; Witmer, L.M. (December 12, 2008). "Cranial kinesis in dinosaurs: intracranial joints, protractor muscles, and ... a condition termed cranial kinesis. Likewise, the bones of the lower jaw would have been able to move against each other, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosaurus

... cranial nerve X). Carotid sinus baroreceptors are responsive to both increases or decreases in arterial pressure, while aortic ... Signals from the carotid baroreceptors are sent via the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX). Signals from the aortic ... Baroreceptors (or archaically, pressoreceptors) are sensors located in the carotid sinus (at the bifurcation of external and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreceptor

They then enter the middle cranial fossa above foramen lacerum, travel through the cavernous sinus in the middle cranial fossa ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle

These include the extracranial arteries, middle meningeal artery, large veins, venous sinuses, cranial and spinal nerves, head ... Headaches caused by cranial or cervical vascular disorders such as ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack, non-traumatic ... The first four of these are classified as primary headaches, groups 5-12 as secondary headaches, cranial neuralgia, central and ... and dental or sinus issues (such as sinusitis). Treatment of a headache depends on the underlying cause, but commonly involves ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache

Chiasmatic groove Middle clinoid process Groove for sigmoid sinus Trigeminal ganglion Middle cranial fossa Anterior cranial ... The base of skull, also known as the cranial base or the cranial floor, is the most inferior area of the skull. It is composed ... bone Sphenoid bone Occipital bone Frontal bone Temporal bone Occipital sinus Superior sagittal sinus Superior petrosal sinus ... middle and posterior cranial fossa in different colors Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cranial base. (Articles with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_of_skull

"In addition to confirming that the vertebral venous plexus is a direct continuation of the cranial venous sinuses, our study ... the superior longitudinal sinus, transverse sinus as well as other dural and cerebral veins" following injection of radiopaque ... Eur Radiol, 2005 Arnautovic, K.I., et al., The suboccipital cavernous sinus. J Neurosurg, 1997. 86(2): p. 252-62 Batson, O.V., ... 112: p. 138-149 Anderson, R., Diodrast studies of the vertebral and cranial venous systems to show their probable role in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_venous_system

The pacarana has several small cavities (sinuses) in the ectotympanic, so it may be that in many eumegamyines, these cavities ... There is nearly complete fusion of several cranial bones, namely the nasal and frontal bones; they are poorly differentiated ... It is unclear if these sinuses serve a function. Eumegamyines additionally typically have a well developed stylomastoid foramen ... Cox, Philip G.; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Blanco, R. Ernesto (2015). "Predicting bite force and cranial biomechanics in the largest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephoartigasia

Also an inferior petrosal sinus enters the sigmoid sinus near the jugular foramen. The posterior cranial fossa is formed in the ... Animation Posterior cranial fossa at human fetus Base of skull Posterior cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa A tumor of the ... Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Wikimedia Commons has media related to Posterior cranial fossa. Anatomy photo:22:os ... Also visible in the posterior cranial fossa are depressions caused by the venous sinuses returning blood from the brain to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cranial_fossa

The trigeminal nerve (CNV) is one of the important cranial sensory nerves which innervates the scalp. From anterior to ... In addition, muscle or myocutaneous free flaps provide additional bulk that obliterates empty spaces (e.g. exposed sinuses) and ... exposed sinuses, dura or brain tissue, CSF leakage or radiation damage. This method is the most complex of the reconstructive ... artery The veins anastomose frequently with each other and enter the diploic veins of the skull bones and the dural sinuses. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalp_reconstruction

To avoid being picked up by the head or neck, a horned lizard ducks or elevates its head and orients its cranial horns straight ... While previous thought held that compounds were added to the blood from glands in the ocular sinus cavity, current research has ... Middendorf III, G.A.; Sherbrooke, W.C.; Braun, E.J. (2001). "Comparison of Blood Squirted from the Circumorbital Sinus and ... Sherbrooke, W. C. (2000). "Sceloporus jarrovii (Yarrow's spiny lizard) Ocular Sinus Bleeding". Herpetological Review. 31: 243. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_lizard

Additional minor GVA input from the nasal cavity, soft palate and sinus cavities enters via the facial nerve. Neurons that ... Primary terminal nuclei of the afferent (sensory) cranial nerves schematically represented; lateral view. Solitary tract Duane ... doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05139-5. Dulak, Dominika; Naqvi, Imama A (2020). Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial). StatPearls. ... Cranial nerve nuclei, Medulla oblongata, Vagus nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve, Facial nerve). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_nucleus

The whale ear is acoustically isolated from the skull by air-filled sinus pockets, which allow for greater directional hearing ... Fahlke, Julia M.; Gingerich, Philip D.; Welsh, Robert C.; Wood, Aaron R. (2011). "Cranial asymmetry in Eocene archaeocete ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale

This species had a broad interorbital region and small frontoethmoidal sinuses. The maxillary sinus was restricted. This ... This species has a cranial capacity of 167 cm3 (10.2 cu in) and an encephalization quotient of 1.5. Based on the cranium, this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul_africanus

Brachial neuritis Cranial neuritis such as Bell's palsy Optic neuritis Vestibular neuritis Wartenberg's migratory sensory ... "A case of aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus". The Journal of Nihon University School of Dentistry. 29 (4): 298-302. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy

If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance that sinusitis may result. If the mucus backs up through the Eustachian ... A basilar skull fracture can result in a rupture of the barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the anterior cranial fossae or ... Air caught in nasal cavities, namely the sinus cavities, cannot be released and the resulting pressure may cause a headache or ... Though blowing may be a quick-fix solution, it would likely proliferate mucosal production in the sinuses, leading to frequent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrhea

Welles did not find evidence of cranial kinesis in the skull of Dilophosaurus, a feature that allows individual bones of the ... and were continuous with the sinus cavities in the front of the skull. The antorbital fenestra was continuous with the side of ... They suggested that the cranial crests of Cryolophosaurus and Sinosaurus had either evolved convergently, or were a feature ... Their analysis did not find support for Dilophosauridae, and they suggested cranial crests were a plesiomorphic (ancestral) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilophosaurus

However a new hypothesis suggests that cranial fusion occurs between two separate embryos before the end of the 4th week of ... During surgery, the doctors discovered that the twins shared the superior sagittal sinus, the canal that drains blood from the ... This can happen because the cranial neuropore is still open, which is responsible for the ultimate fusion and formation of the ... In the former, twins shared an "extensive surface area with widely connected cranial cavities", while in the latter, only a " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniopagus_twins

In the somewhat less common form of this rare disease the overgrowth of bone affects all the cranial bones as well as those of ... the nose and its accessory sinuses. Exophthalmos gradually develops, going on later to a complete loss of sight due to ... characterized by an overgrowth of the facial and cranial bones. It is not a disease in itself, but a symptom of other diseases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontiasis_ossea

... cerebral venous sinus thrombosis). Nonpenetrating and penetrating cranial trauma can also be common causes of intracerebral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraparenchymal_hemorrhage

D. Rex Mitchell (2019). "The anatomy of a crushing bite: The specialised cranial mechanics of a giant extinct kangaroo". PLOS ... sinuses and endocranial nerves and vessels of the periptychid Carsioptychus coarctatus is published by Cameron et al. (2019). ... Anneke H. van Heteren; Mikel Arlegi; Elena Santos; Juan-Luis Arsuaga; Asier Gómez-Olivencia (2019). "Cranial and mandibular ... Chris J. Law (2019). "Evolutionary shifts in extant mustelid (Mustelidae: Carnivora) cranial shape, body size and body shape ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_paleomammalogy

The relevant cranial nerves (specifically the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens), as in cavernous sinus syndrome or raised ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmoparesis

Bilateral 6th cranial nerve palsies may occur, causing abnormalities related to eye movement, but this is rare. 40% of people ... Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis or cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), is the ... "Efficacy of stenting in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis-related cerebral venous sinus stenosis". Journal of ... Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is more common in particular situations. 85% of people have at least one of these risk factors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_venous_sinus_thrombosis

During the following two decades, more research resulted in additional pakicetid cranial material and by 2001 postcranial ... bone makes contact with the periotic bone which is firmly attached to the skull leaving no space for isolating air sinuses, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakicetidae

This cavity formed sinuses that extended below the supraorbital bosses, which were therefore relatively thin internally, being ... Brink, K. S.; Zelenitsky, D. K.; Evans, D. C.; Horner, J. R.; Therrien, F. (2015), "Cranial Morphology and Variation in ... Wilson, J.P.; Scannella, J.B. (2016). "Comparative cranial osteology of subadult centrosaurine dinosaurs from the Two Medicine ... Wilson, J.P.; Scannella, J.B. (2021). "Comparative cranial osteology of subadult eucentrosauran ceratopsid dinosaurs from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achelousaurus

... congenital sinus of the lower lip, lip sinus, midline sinus of the upper lip) Congenital malformations of the dermatoglyphs ... cranial arteritis, Horton's disease) Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ( ... Cutaneous sinus of dental origin (dental sinus) Cyclic neutropenia Desquamative gingivitis Drug-induced ulcer of the lip ... Intraoral dental sinus Linea alba Leukoplakia Leukoplakia with tylosis and esophageal carcinoma Major aphthous ulcer ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

Posnick JC, Seagle MB, Armstrong D (1990). "Nasal reconstruction with full-thickness cranial bone grafts and rigid internal ... small frontal sinuses, mental retardation, encephalocele (protrusion of the brain), spina bifida (split spine), ... Multiple features are characteristic for CFND such as craniosynostosis of the coronal sutures (prematurely closed cranial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontonasal_dysplasia

In a systematic review of six uncontrolled, single-center trials, involving a total of 300 patients, of intra-cranial stenting ... Stam J (April 2005). "Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (17): 1791-8. doi ... Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Unusual causes such as gas embolism from rapid ascents in scuba diving. Even in cases where ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_infarction

The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve, cranial nerve III, or simply CN III, is a cranial nerve that ... It traverses the cavernous sinus, above the other orbital nerves receiving in its course one or two filaments from the ... Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are usually tested together as part of the cranial nerve examination. The examiner typically ... Cranial nerves IV and VI also participate in control of eye movement. The oculomotor nerve originates from the third nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve

The unique cranial anatomy of the tarsier results from the need to balance their large eyes and heavy head so they are able to ... Rae, T. C.; Hill, R. I.; Hamada, Y.; Koppe, T. (2003). "Clinal variation of maxillary sinus volume in Japanese macaques (Macaca ... For example, the colder climate at higher elevations can influence cranial morphology. Gestation takes about six months, and ... "Cranial remains of an Eocene tarsier" (PDF). PNAS. 103 (12): 4381-4385. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509424103. PMC 1450180. PMID 16537385 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsier

GNE Sick sinus syndrome 1; 608567; SCN5A Sick sinus syndrome 2; 163800; HCN4 Sickle cell anemia; 603903; HBB Silver spastic ... TNFRSF11A Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis; 300373; FAM123B Osteopetrosis, AD type I; 607634; LRP5 Osteopetrosis, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

... and the cranial nerves. Recent advancements in high-resolution MRIs allow for adenomas to be detected during the early stages ... and sampling of the inferior petrosal sinus have allowed physicians to pursue routes for Cushing's syndrome therapy prior to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson's_syndrome

Cavernous sinus and jugular thromboses, base of skull osteomyelitis and cranial nerve palsies: catastrophic complications of ... Cavernous sinus and jugular thromboses, base of skull osteomyelitis and cranial nerve palsies: catastrophic complications of ...

https://casereports.bmj.com/content/16/2/e253496.alerts

Brain CT; Cranial CT; CT scan - skull; CT scan - head; CT scan - orbits; CT scan - sinuses; Computed tomography - cranial; CAT ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003786.htm

Infective sinus thrombosis.. Subject(s):. Thrombosis of cranial sinuses. Journal Title Abbreviation:. Penn. M. J. ...

https://indexcat.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?&v:project=indexcat&v:sources=indexcat&binning-state=serieNumber%3d%3dSeries%203,%201918-1932%0alanguage%3d%3dGreek&

Cranial dermal sinus: presentation, complications and management.. Naderi S; Nejat F; Shahjouei S; El Khashab M. Pediatr ... Cervical dermal sinus associated with dermoid cyst.. Lee JK; Kim JH; Kim JS; Kim TS; Jung S; Kim SH; Kang SS; Lee JH. Childs ... 1. [Dermal sinus and dermoid cyst revealed by abscess formation in posterior fossa. Report of 2 pediatric cases and review of ... Midline dermal sinuses and cysts and their relationship to the central nervous system.. Peter JC; Sinclair-Smith C; de Villiers ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=11404682&mod=related&page=1&outid=&proj=

Cranial nerve syndromes are seen with venous sinus thrombosis. These include the following:. * Vestibular neuronopathy ... Magnetic resonance venogram (MRV) - axial view; A = lateral (transverse) sinus; B = sigmoid sinus; C = confluence of sinuses; ... confluence of sinuses; D = superior sagittal sinus; and E = straight sinus. ... The authors found no association between headache location and the site of sinus thrombosis except in cases of sigmoid sinus ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1162804-41826/what-is-the-significance-of-headache-location-in-cerebral-venous-thrombosis-cvt

Gamma knife radiosurgery was found to be an effective low morbidity-related tool for the treatment of cavernous sinus ... The treatment appears to be an alternative to surgical removal of confined enclosed cavernous sinus meningioma and should be ... Between July 1992 and October 1998, 92 patients harboring benign cavernous sinus meningiomas underwent GKS. The present study ... The authors sought to assess the functional tolerance and tumor control rate of cavernous sinus meningiomas treated by gamma ...

https://thejns.org/abstract/journals/j-neurosurg/93/supplement_3/article-p68.xml?rskey=bLOCMe&result=1

Cranial Venous Sinuses Intracranial Sinuses NLM Classification #. WG 625.C7. Date Established. 1966/01/01. Date of Entry. 1999/ ... Cranial Sinuses Preferred Term Term UI T009877. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1966). ... Cranial Venous Sinuses Term UI T679523. Date08/11/2006. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2008). ... Cranial Sinuses Preferred Concept UI. M0005282. Scope Note. Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Cranial+Sinuses

Coronary Sinus A07.015.908.224 Cranial Sinuses A07.015.908.224.334 Cavernous Sinus A07.015.908.224.667 Superior Sagittal Sinus ... Paranasal Sinuses A04.531.621.267 Ethmoid Sinus A04.531.621.387 Frontal Sinus A04.531.621.578 Maxillary Sinus A04.531.621.827 ... Cranial Fossa, Anterior A01.456.830.165 Cranial Fossa, Middle A01.456.830.200 Cranial Fossa, Posterior A01.598 Neck A01.598.500 ... Cranial Fossa, Anterior A02.835.232.781.750.165 Cranial Fossa, Middle A02.835.232.781.750.400 Cranial Fossa, Posterior A02.835. ...

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/2019/download/2019New_Mesh_Tree_Hierarchy.txt

The frontal sinus (FS) is extremely resilient to injury. However, high-velocity impacts, such as motor vehicle accidents and ... as well as the relationship of the frontal sinus to the orbits, ethmoid sinuses, and anterior cranial fossa. View Media Gallery ... Sinus preservation management for frontal sinus fractures in the endoscopic sinus surgery era: a systematic review. ... as well as the relationship of the frontal sinus to the orbits, ethmoid sinuses, and anterior cranial fossa. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/869430-overview

Cognitive, cranial nerves may then to frontal sinuses appearing deceptively well to hospital inpatients. Once inflammation ...

http://reso-nation.org/product/prednisone/

... while the sinuses external to the cranial cavity (the frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, and maxillary) are hollow spaces in the ... Aldren Turner (The Accessory Sinuses of the Nose, 1901) gives the following measurements for a sinus of average size: height, 1 ... In front of the ethmoidal notch, on either side of the frontal spine, are the openings of the frontal air sinuses. These are ... The sinuses are of considerable size by the seventh or eighth year, but do not attain their full proportions until after ...

https://www.theodora.com/anatomy/the_frontal_bone.html

... thrombosis of the dural sinus, cerebral veins, or bot ... cavernous sinus syndrome with multiple cranial neuropathies.. A ... Arrows indicate named sinuses and veins. In this patient, the right transverse sinus is dominant. Asymmetric transverse sinuses ... The most prominent superficial sinus is the superior sagittal sinus, which drains into the transverse (lateral) sinuses and ... cavernous sinus syndrome with multiple cranial neuropathies.. 5. In ISCVT (International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus ...

https://journals.lww.com/continuum/Fulltext/2023/04000/Diagnosis_and_Treatment_of_Cerebral_Venous.10.aspx

Cranial Sinuses Entry term(s). Cranial Venous Sinuses Intracranial Sinuses Sinuses, Cranial Sinuses, Cranial Venous Sinuses, ... Cranial Venous Sinuses. Intracranial Sinuses. Sinuses, Cranial. Sinuses, Cranial Venous. Sinuses, Intracranial. Venous Sinuses ... Cranial Sinuses - Preferred Concept UI. M0005282. Scope note. Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two ... Major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=3408&filter=ths_exact_term&q=CAVIDADES+CRANIANAS

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003392

... cranial part,noun,E0630518,no intra,intracranial sinus thrombosis,noun,E0725028,cranial sinus thrombosis,noun,E0019570,no intra ... intra-sinus pressure,noun,E0604784,sinus pressure,noun,E0787338,no intra-,intra-sinusoid,adj,E0617946,sinusoid,noun,E0056070,no ... sinus pressure,noun,E0787338,no intra,intrasinusoidally,adv,E0599489,sinusoidally,adv,E0319849,no intra,intrasinusoid,adj, ...

https://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/LSG/Projects/lvg/current/docs/designDoc/UDF/derivations/PD-Exceptions/exception.76.txt

CFRCranial Facial ReleaseFacial BonesNasal CavityPineal GlandSanangaSinus CavatiesSinus Cleansing ... Cranial Facial Release For Sinus Cleansing Robert Cassar. February 26, 2019. Advanced, Ears, Nose and Throat, Workshops 4 ... will explain and demonstrate the sinus anatomy and specific treatments to stretch open the the 3 sinus, or air passage cavities ... This treatment is called "Cranial Facial Release", and is specifically designed to open up narrowed or obstructed … ...

https://eartheracademy.com/category/advanced/

Head, Sinuses Unknown author From Slide 2-11 - Arachnoid and Cranial Sinuses. ...

https://dspace2.creighton.edu/xmlui/handle/10504/136948

Pamela Josefina T. Fabie Cranial Nerve I  Component: Sensory  Function: Smell  Origin: Olfactory receptor nerve cells  ... Component: Sensory  Function:  Cornea  Skin of forehead  Scalp  Eyelids and nose  Mucuos membranes of paranasal sinuses ... Cranial Nerve I * Component: Sensory  Function: Smell  Origin: Olfactory receptor nerve cells  Opening to the Skull: ... Cranial Nerve VI * Component: Motor  Function: Lateral rectus muscle turns eyeball laterally  Origin: Anterior Surface of ...

https://www.slideshare.net/raniamansibang/12-cranial-nerves-10480158

... venous stenosis or sinus thrombosis. Cranial dAVFs most commonly occur by dural venous sinuses.1 2 ... Transvenous embolization for dural transverse sinus fistulas with occluded sigmoid sinus. Acta Neurochir 2007;149:929-36.doi: ... Significant reflux into a normal sinus can lead to pulmonary embolism or inadvertent sinus thrombosis. In these situations, the ... Percutaneous transvenous embolisation through the occluded sinus for transverse-sigmoid dural arteriovenous fistulas with sinus ...

https://svn.bmj.com/content/5/1/50

Chronic pachymenigitis with dural venous sinus thrombosis: An unusual presentation of cranial melioidosis. Nayak, R., Patel, B. ...

https://researcher.manipal.edu/en/publications/?ordering=title&descending=true&showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&publicationYear=2017&publicationYear=2018&publicationYear=2020&publicationYear=2021&author=5cf37437-a786-4c50-bab7-cf367f1e8b06&format=&nofollow=true&page=484

Heart surgery. Heart transplantation Classify works on surgery of coronary vessels in general, heart valves, myocardium, etc., here. Classify works on surgery of the aorta in WG 410. Classify works on surgery of a particular disorder with the disorder. Classify works on cardiac anesthesia in WG 460.. ...

https://classification.nlm.nih.gov/schedules/WG

Fluoroscopy identified flow from the sagittal sinus to the cranial base. We verify our previous identification of CSF channels ... Here we identify a new structure in the sagittal sinus of the human brain by anatomic cadaver dissection. The CSF canalicular ... Obstructed CSF drainage results in increased intra-cranial pressure and a predictable cascade of events including dilated ... in the neck that travel from the cranial base to the subclavian vein. Together, this information suggests a novel path for CSF ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/?lang=pt&q=au:Pessa,+Joel+E

Spine, vertebral venous plexus, cranial sinuses Artist Jacob, Nicolas Henri, 1781-1871 Part of Book Traité complet de ...

https://anatomia.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/search?page=1&type=dismax&f%5B0%5D=mods_subject_authority_mesh_topic_ms%3AVena%5C%20Cava%2C%5C%20Superior

A cranial computed tomographic (CT) scan showed thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus associated with 3 cerebral hematomas ... A) Noncontrast cranial computed tomographic (CT) scan of a 26-year-old immunocompetent man with influenza, showing diffuse ... A) Noncontrast cranial computed tomographic (CT) scan of a 26-year-old immunocompetent man with influenza, showing diffuse ... Thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus was caused by a platelet-fibrin thrombus. Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage was found ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/6/13-0062_article

Do not apply electrodes directly over the eyes or the carotid sinus area (upper side of the neck below the ear and behind the ... Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) Posted at Oct 04, 2012 , by phil , 7 Comments Cranial Electrical Stimulation (CES) for ... Cranial electrotherapy stimulators are generally limited to less than one milliampere (mA) of current. The Alpha-Stim 100 is an ... Method of Action: Cranial electrostimulation uses microcurrent pulsed high frequency carrier waves (15,000 Hz) which utilizes ...

https://elixa.com/cranial-electrical-stimulation-ces/

Cranial Sinuses. Cerebrovascular Circulation 5. Circulación arterial del cerebro: tésis para la oposición á la plaza de ... 4. Venous blood tumors of the cranium: in communication with the intra-cranial venous circulation, especially the sinuses of ... 3. Venous-blood tumors of the vault of the cranium communicating with the intra-cranial venous circulation: especially through ... the medium of the superior longitudinal sinus Author(s): Mastin, William McDowell, author Publication: St. Louis, Mo. : J.H. ...

https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Cerebrovascular+Circulation&per_page=50

Glomus jugulare tumors are rare, slow-growing, hypervascular tumors that arise within the jugular foramen of the temporal bone and frequently involve the lower cranial nerves. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] Jugular foramen syndrome, or paresis of cranial nerves IX to XI, is pathognomonic for these tumors. (medscape.com)
Although these lesions appear to be histologically benign, they clinically present with great morbidity, especially due to invasion of nearby structures such as lower cranial nerves. (medscape.com)
Surgical resection for type I tumors is relatively simple and complication free, but large tumors affecting the lower cranial nerves and extending beyond the petrous apex carry a significant risk of postoperative complications, especially in older patients. (medscape.com)
Another cause of acute-onset, constant diplopia is a pathology that affects the cavernous sinus and may involve multiple cranial nerves. (medscape.com)
The lateral walls of the cavernous sinuses carry the third and fourth cranial nerves and the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the fifth cranial nerve. (ophthalmologytraining.com)
The internal carotid arteries and sixth cranial nerves pass forward through the sinuses. (ophthalmologytraining.com)
It is one of the four cranial nerves that has sensory, motor, and parasympathetic functions. (statpearls.com)
Sphenoidal mucocele have varied presentations because of adjacent nonbony structures, namely first six cranial nerves, the carotid arteries, the cavernous sinuses and the pituitary gland. (dragarwal.com)
It is the involvement of the cranial nerves that brings the patient to the physician. (dragarwal.com)
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord , including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves . (lookformedical.com)

It sits above the pituitary gland and has the internal carotid arteries passing laterally on either side, the arteries having pierced the roof of the cavernous sinuses (which are positioned below the lateral edges of the chiasma). (ophthalmologytraining.com)
A coronal representation of the cavernous sinuses which are situated in the middle cranial fossa on each side of the body on the sphenoid bone. (ophthalmologytraining.com)
Fifty cavernous sinuses obtained from twenty-five cadaver heads were studied in detail using magnification. (turkishneurosurgery.org.tr)
Stepwise dissections of the cavernous sinuses performed to demonstrate the intradural and extradural routes, anatomy of the triangles and osseous relationships in the region. (turkishneurosurgery.org.tr)

The emissary veins draining blood from extracranial sites into the intracranial sinuses pierce a series of foramina present in the cranial bones. (ijpsr.com)
There are thirteen emissary veins connecting extracranial sites of the head with intracranial sinuses 2 , 3 . (ijpsr.com)

Isolated cranial nerve palsies often cause a sudden onset of diplopia that does not resolve. (medscape.com)

The sixth cranial may splite into rootlets as it passes lateral to the carotid artery. (turkishneurosurgery.org.tr)

Sinusitis can rarely spread beyond the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity into surrounding structures such as the central nervous system, orbit, or surrounding tissue. (cdc.gov)

The trigeminal cave (TC) is a special channel of dura mater, which extends from the posterior cranial fossa into the posteromedial portion of the middle cranial fossa at the skull base. (intjmorphol.com)

Diagram highlighting the anatomical relationship of the sphenoid sinuses, pituitary gland and optic chiasm. (ophthalmologytraining.com)

I'd like to welcome you to today's COCA Call: Johnson and Johnson Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine and Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia -- Update for Clinicians on Early Detection and Treatment. (cdc.gov)
Today I'll be discussing some background on the CVST situation and then move into a description of the reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia following the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. (cdc.gov)
OBJECTIVE Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), thrombosis of the dural sinus, cerebral veins, or both, is a rare cerebrovascular disease. (lww.com)
A) Noncontrast cranial computed tomographic (CT) scan of a 26-year-old immunocompetent man with influenza, showing diffuse cerebral edema (Ed) and bilateral parieto-occipital hematoma (H). B) Cranial CT scan with. (cdc.gov)
A cranial computed tomographic (CT) scan showed thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus associated with 3 cerebral hematomas (left frontal and bilateral parieto-occipital) and diffuse cerebral edema with signs of increased intracranial pressure ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)

Thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus was caused by a platelet-fibrin thrombus. (cdc.gov)
I was considered at high risk of developing cavernous sinus thrombosis , meningitis, intra-cranial infection or septicaemia, all potentially fatal conditions. (wordpress.com)

Do not apply electrodes directly over the eyes or the carotid sinus area (upper side of the neck below the ear and behind the jaw). (elixa.com)
Its branches consist of tympanic, tonsillar, stylopharyngeal, carotid sinus nerve, branches to the tongue, lingual branches, and a communicating branch to cranial nerve X (vagus nerve). (statpearls.com)
General visceral afferent fibers (visceral sensory) carry sensory information from the carotid sinus and carotid body. (statpearls.com)
After the jugular foramen are the superior and inferior ganglia, which house the cell bodies of the sensory fibers, and then the nerve descends the neck, where it provides innervation to the stylopharyngeus and sensation to the carotid sinus and body. (statpearls.com)

Excessive anterior cranial base length and enlarged frontal and maxillary sinus may be a contributing factor in the development of class IIdiv. (slideshare.net)
Mount Fuji sign is typical of tension pneumocephalus while herniation of extra-ocular muscles into the maxillary sinus is diagnostic of blowout orbit. (bvsalud.org)

We report a rare case of pupil sparing 3rd nerve palsy caused by mucocele of the sphenoid sinus. (dragarwal.com)
A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a homogenous cystic lesion in the left sphenoid sinus with expansion suggestive of a mucocele causing mild displacement and partial encasement of adjacent left Internal carotid artery (ICA). (dragarwal.com)

the sulcus lodges the superior sagittal sinus, while its margins and the crest afford attachment to the falx cerebri. (theodora.com)
when open, it transmits a vein from the nose to the superior sagittal sinus. (theodora.com)
Major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital) and an antero-inferior group (such as cavernous, petrosal, and basilar plexus). (bvsalud.org)
TC had relations with internal carotid artery, the cavernous sinus, the superior petrosal sinus, the apex of petrous temporal bone and the endosteal dura of middle cranial fossa. (intjmorphol.com)

Trans Cranial Routes means drugs are delivered to the brain through transcranial route, it was stated that the passage of an oil solubilized drug moiety across the skin of the scalp including appendages of the skin such as sebaceous glands, walls of the hair follicles and sweat glands, through the cranial bones along with the diploe, the cranial bone sutures, the meninges and specifically through the emissary veins into the brain. (ijpsr.com)
Scalp veins communicate with the sinuses of the brain via emissary veins. (ijpsr.com)

My ENT medical history includes recurrent sinus infections, chronic frontal sinus disease, MRSA infection, orbital cellulitis and osteomyelitis. (wordpress.com)
Mucocele of the frontal sinus is most common, followed by anterior ethmoidal sinus. (dragarwal.com)

Facial pain or numbness in addition to constant diplopia should increase suspicion of a cavernous sinus pathology. (medscape.com)

A tumor that originates in the paranasal sinus. (mcw.edu)
The authors sought to assess the functional tolerance and tumor control rate of cavernous sinus meningiomas treated by gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS). (thejns.org)

granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) presents similarly to Balamuthia mandrillaris ( B. mandrillaris) GAE with early personality and behavioral changes, depressed mental status, fever, photophobia, seizures, nonspecific cranial nerve dysfunction, and visual loss. (cdc.gov)
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis can include general symptoms and signs of encephalitis such as early personality and behavioral changes, depressed mental status, fever, photophobia, seizures, nonspecific cranial nerve dysfunction, and visual loss. (cdc.gov)

In this course Dr. Nick Tancheff, Medical Director at the Earther Academy Hawaiian Retreats, will explain and demonstrate the sinus anatomy and specific treatments to stretch open the the 3 sinus, or air passage cavities, using a pressurized "Balloon Technique" through the nose. (eartheracademy.com)
Acute bacterial sinusitis is often triggered by obstruction of orifices by viral infection, pollutants, or allergens in the atmosphere, together with fluid accumulation in paranasal sinus cavities. (cdc.gov)

3 Instead, rupture of a cavernous carotid aneurysm (CCA) usually causes a carotid-cavernous sinus fistula or, rarely, epistaxis. (bmj.com)

The aim of this article is to describe the microsurgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus, the triangles, and the osseous relationships in the region with special attention to the relationships important in surgical approaches on the intracavernous structures. (turkishneurosurgery.org.tr)
Aprecise understanding of the bony relationships, the anatomy of the triangels and neurovascular content of the cavernous sinus, together with the use of cranial base and microsurgical techniques are necessary for safer surgery. (turkishneurosurgery.org.tr)

A head computed tomography (CT) scan uses many x-rays to create pictures of the head, including the skull, brain, eye sockets, and sinuses. (medlineplus.gov)
Method of Action: Cranial electrostimulation uses microcurrent pulsed high frequency carrier waves (15,000 Hz) which utilizes the bulk capacitance of the body and a modulating bioactive frequency at low current levels to reestablish optimal neurotransmitter levels and functioning in the brain. (elixa.com)
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. (lookformedical.com)
The following lesions of traumatic brain injuries were pictorially depicted, namely Tension pneumocephalus, Blow out orbit, Bilateral subacute subdural haematomata, Acute-onchronic subdural haematoma, Middle cranial fossa acute epidural haematoma, Traumatic basal ganglial haematoma and Acute intra-ventricular haematoma. (bvsalud.org)

Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve , which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. (lookformedical.com)

Presentations of CVT can be roughly divided into four syndromes: (1) isolated headache or increased intracranial pressure, (2) focal neurologic presentations, (3) subacute encephalopathy, and (4) cavernous sinus syndrome with multiple cranial neuropathies. (lww.com)

Unlike like other deformities, where the whole cranial structure is affected, with arhinia only the nose and the sinuses are affected. (culturehook.com)

Between July 1992 and October 1998, 92 patients harboring benign cavernous sinus meningiomas underwent GKS. (thejns.org)

Mucocele is defined as the accumulation and retention of mucoid secretion within a paranasal sinus, leading to thinning and distension and erosion of one or several of its bony walls. (dragarwal.com)

Secondary mucoceles arise either from the obstruction of the sinus ostium or because of cystic degeneration of the polyps. (dragarwal.com)
While the pain is centered around the eye, it can radiate, thus causing confusion with secondary conditions such as dental disease, cranial neuralgias, or sinus disease. (medmastery.com)

My history of multiple sinus surgeries* provided the surgical team with an unusual challenge and the operation now planned, had the potential to become a valuable training resource. (wordpress.com)

Middle cranial fossa. (intjmorphol.com)

Closed NTDs are confined to the spine and include groups, parity, geographical areas and different seasons contribute to encephalocele, SB occulta and cranial dermal sinus. (who.int)

Skin lesions and sinus disease may also be seen. (cdc.gov)

To determine the long term visual and neurological outcome of patients diagnosed with cavernous sinus aneurysms (CCAs). (bmj.com)

Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)

Proptosis and dilated episcleral and conjunctival blood vessels are additional indicators of cavernous sinus abnormalities. (medscape.com)

Cranial nerve examination findings are normal bilaterally. (medscape.com)
Electrocardiography reveals normal sinus rhythm, with a prolonged PR interval of 280 msec. (medscape.com)

28 prominent ridges are, however, occasionally associated with small air sinuses. (theodora.com)

Anatomy13

Diseases7

Multiple dural arteriovenous shunts in a 5-year-old boy. (1/170)

Variant arteriovenous fistula of the superior sagittal sinus--case report. (2/170)

Cavernous sinus and inferior petrosal sinus flow signal on three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography. (3/170)

Regions of interest in the venous sinuses as input functions for quantitative PET. (4/170)

Skull metastasis of Ewing's sarcoma--three case reports. (5/170)

Absent vestibulo-ocular reflexes and acute supratentorial lesions. (6/170)

Scalp vein detected using internal carotid angiography that did not result in venous sinus compromise. (7/170)

Sigmoid sinus thrombosis after mild closed head injury in an infant: diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging in the acute phase--case report. (8/170)

Cranial Sinuses

Maxillary Sinus

Paranasal Sinuses

Cavernous Sinus

Sinus of Valsalva

Carotid Sinus

Frontal Sinus

Paranasal Sinus Diseases

Sphenoid Sinus

Coronary Sinus

Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial

Sick Sinus Syndrome

Ethmoid Sinus

Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms

Tachycardia, Sinus

Maxillary Sinus Neoplasms

Pilonidal Sinus

Transverse Sinuses

Superior Sagittal Sinus

Sinoatrial Node

Multiple dural arteriovenous shunts in a 5-year-old boy. (1/170)

Variant arteriovenous fistula of the superior sagittal sinus--case report. (2/170)

Cavernous sinus and inferior petrosal sinus flow signal on three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography. (3/170)

Regions of interest in the venous sinuses as input functions for quantitative PET. (4/170)

Skull metastasis of Ewing's sarcoma--three case reports. (5/170)

Absent vestibulo-ocular reflexes and acute supratentorial lesions. (6/170)

Scalp vein detected using internal carotid angiography that did not result in venous sinus compromise. (7/170)

Sigmoid sinus thrombosis after mild closed head injury in an infant: diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging in the acute phase--case report. (8/170)

Paranthropus robustus

Sphenoid wing meningioma

Groove for sigmoid sinus

Congenital dermal sinus

Occipital vein

Falx cerebri

Carnotaurus

Whale vocalization

Osteoma

Great cerebral vein

Cranial cavity

Jugular foramen

Phycomycosis

Diprotodon

Craniometaphyseal dysplasia

Epidural abscess

Pterygoid plexus

Danger triangle of the face

Dura mater

Carotid sinus nerve

Dural venous sinuses

Perinatal stroke

Raccoon eyes

Skull fracture

Ceratosaurus

Baroreceptor

Iris dilator muscle

Headache

Base of skull

Cerebrospinal venous system

Josephoartigasia

Posterior cranial fossa

Scalp reconstruction

Horned lizard

Solitary nucleus

Whale

Proconsul africanus

Peripheral neuropathy

Rhinorrhea

Dilophosaurus

Craniopagus twins

Leontiasis ossea

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

2019 in paleomammalogy

Ophthalmoparesis

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Pakicetidae

Achelousaurus

List of skin conditions

Frontonasal dysplasia

Cerebral infarction

Oculomotor nerve

$Skull fracture$ Skull fracture