Absolute, comparative, or differential costs pertaining to services, institutions, resources, etc., or the analysis and study of these costs.
The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from HEALTH EXPENDITURES, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost.
A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.
The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (FEES, PHARMACEUTICAL or PRESCRIPTION FEES).
The personal cost of acute or chronic disease. The cost to the patient may be an economic, social, or psychological cost or personal loss to self, family, or immediate community. The cost of illness may be reflected in absenteeism, productivity, response to treatment, peace of mind, or QUALITY OF LIFE. It differs from HEALTH CARE COSTS, meaning the societal cost of providing services related to the delivery of health care, rather than personal impact on individuals.
The expenses incurred by a hospital in providing care. The hospital costs attributed to a particular patient care episode include the direct costs plus an appropriate proportion of the overhead for administration, personnel, building maintenance, equipment, etc. Hospital costs are one of the factors which determine HOSPITAL CHARGES (the price the hospital sets for its services).
Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer.
Statistical models of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, as well as of financial considerations. For the application of statistics to the testing and quantifying of economic theories MODELS, ECONOMETRIC is available.
Costs which are directly identifiable with a particular service.
The application of mathematical formulas and statistical techniques to the testing and quantifying of economic theories and the solution of economic problems.
The bones of the upper and lower LEG. They include the PELVIC BONES.
Apparatus, devices, or supplies intended for one-time or temporary use.
The room or rooms in which the physician and staff provide patient care. The offices include all rooms in the physician's office suite.
The containment, regulation, or restraint of costs. Costs are said to be contained when the value of resources committed to an activity is not considered excessive. This determination is frequently subjective and dependent upon the specific geographic area of the activity being measured. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Available manpower, facilities, revenue, equipment, and supplies to produce requisite health care and services.
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
A graphic device used in decision analysis, series of decision options are represented as branches (hierarchical).
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nebraska" is a state located in the central United States and does not have a medical definition. If you have any medical terms or concepts you would like defined, I would be happy to help!
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Provisions of an insurance policy that require the insured to pay some portion of covered expenses. Several forms of sharing are in use, e.g., deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments. Cost sharing does not refer to or include amounts paid in premiums for the coverage. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
The assignment, to each of several particular cost-centers, of an equitable proportion of the costs of activities that serve all of them. Cost-center usually refers to institutional departments or services.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
Hospitals maintained by a university for the teaching of medical students, postgraduate training programs, and clinical research.
The integration of epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services. Health services research is usually concerned with relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services. The aim of the research is evaluation, particularly in terms of structure, process, output, and outcome. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility.
Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.
A system for classifying patient care by relating common characteristics such as diagnosis, treatment, and age to an expected consumption of hospital resources and length of stay. Its purpose is to provide a framework for specifying case mix and to reduce hospital costs and reimbursements and it forms the cornerstone of the prospective payment system.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
Components of a national health care system which administer specific services, e.g., national health insurance.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.
Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.
That portion of total HEALTH CARE COSTS borne by an individual's or group's employing organization.
A measurement index derived from a modification of standard life-table procedures and designed to take account of the quality as well as the duration of survival. This index can be used in assessing the outcome of health care procedures or services. (BIOETHICS Thesaurus, 1994)

Evaluating cost-effectiveness of diagnostic equipment: the brain scanner case. (1/3118)

An approach to evaluating the cost-effectiveness of high-technology diagnostic equipment has been devised, using the introduction of computerised axial tomography (CAT) as a model. With the advent of CAT scanning, angiography and air encephalography have a reduced, though important, role in investigating intracranial disease, and the efficient use of conventional equipment requires the centralisation of neuroradiological services, which would result in major cash savings. In contrast, the pattern of demand for CAT scanning, in addition to the acknowledged clinical efficiency of the scanner and its unique role in the head-injured patient, ephasies the need for improved access to scanners. In the interest of the patients the pattern of service must change.  (+info)

The impact of a multidisciplinary approach on caring for ventilator-dependent patients. (2/3118)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and financial outcomes of a highly structured multidisciplinary care model for patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) who require prolonged mechanical ventilation. The structured model outcomes (protocol group) are compared with the preprotocol outcomes. DESIGN: Descriptive study with financial analysis. SETTING: A twelve-bed medical-surgical ICU in a non-teaching tertiary referral center in Ogden, Utah. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: During a 54 month period, 469 consecutive intensive care patients requiring mechanical ventilation for longer than 72 hours who did not meet exclusion criteria were studied. INTERVENTIONS: A multidisciplinary team was formed to coordinate the care of ventilator-dependent patients. Care was integrated by daily collaborative bedside rounds, monthly meetings, and implementation of numerous guidelines and protocols. Patients were followed from the time of ICU admission until the day of hospital discharge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients were assigned APACHE II scores on admission to the ICU, and were divided into eight diagnostic categories. ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, costs, charges, reimbursement, and in-hospital mortality were measured. RESULTS: Mortality in the preprotocol and protocol group, after adjustment for APACHE II scores, remained statistically unchanged (21-23%). After we implemented the new care model, we demonstrated significant decreases in the mean survivor's ICU length of stay (19.8 days to 14.7 days, P= 0.001), hospital length of stay (34.6 days to 25.9 days, P=0.001), charges (US$102500 to US$78500, P=0.001), and costs (US$71900 to US$58000, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a structured multidisciplinary care model to care for a heterogeneous population of ventilator-dependent ICU patients was associated with significant reductions in ICU and hospital lengths of stay, charges, and costs. Mortality rates were unaffected.  (+info)

The cost of a general practitioner in the national health service. (3/3118)

This paper estimates the cost to the National Health Service of decisions made by a trainee general practitioner during two consecutive weeks. By extrapolation of the cost of these actions (issuing prescriptions, issuing National Insurance certificates, requesting investigations, and initiating hospital referrals), the annual cost of a general practitioner in the National Health Service is at least pound43,000.  (+info)

Injection site survey in Canadian-fed cattle: spring 1997. (4/3118)

A 2nd injection site survey was conducted during the spring of 1997 in Canadian-fed beef. The prevalence of lesions was 13.3% in top butts, 23.1% in blades, 9.1% in eye of rounds, 7.5% in outside rounds, and 1.4% in inside rounds. Losses were $8.05/head processed or $17 million annually.  (+info)

The economic burden of asthma: direct and indirect costs in Switzerland. (5/3118)

Asthma mortality increased in Switzerland between 1980 and 1994. This study aimed to assess the economic burden of asthma in this country. Chart reviews were conducted for the last five patients seen for asthma in physician practices in 1996 and 1997. Direct expenditures and indirect costs for asthma-related morbidity were determined. A total of 589 patient charts were completely analysed, including 117 children's charts, obtained from 120 office-based physicians. The annual direct medical costs were CHF 1,778 and the mean annual indirect costs were CHF 1,019 per patient for all patients. The total estimated cost of asthma in Switzerland in 1997 was nearly CHF 1,252 million. Direct medical expenditures approached CHF 762 million, or 61% of the total. In 1997, the indirect costs for asthma were estimated to have exceeded CHF 490 million. Of these costs CHF 123 million (25%) was associated with morbidity and nearly CHF 368 million (75%) was associated with looking after asthmatic patients who had to be cared for at home. This study provides evidence that asthma is a major healthcare cost factor in Switzerland, amounting to approximately CHF 1,200 million per year. The data suggest that cost savings can be achieved by improving primary care for asthma in an ambulatory setting.  (+info)

The economic consequences of available diagnostic and prognostic strategies for the evaluation of stable angina patients: an observational assessment of the value of precatheterization ischemia. Economics of Noninvasive Diagnosis (END) Multicenter Study Group. (6/3118)

OBJECTIVES: The study aim was to determine observational differences in costs of care by the coronary disease diagnostic test modality. BACKGROUND: A number of diagnostic strategies are available with few data to compare the cost implications of the initial test choice. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 11,372 consecutive stable angina patients who were referred for stress myocardial perfusion tomography or cardiac catheterization. Stress imaging patients were matched by their pretest clinical risk of coronary disease to a series of patients referred to cardiac catheterization. Composite 3-year costs of care were compared for two patients management strategies: 1) direct cardiac catheterization (aggressive) and 2) initial stress myocardial perfusion tomography and selective catheterization of high risk patients (conservative). Analysis of variance techniques were used to compare costs, adjusting for treatment propensity and pretest risk. RESULTS: Observational comparisons of aggressive as compared with conservative testing strategies reveal that costs of care were higher for direct cardiac catheterization in all clinical risk subsets (range: $2,878 to $4,579), as compared with stress myocardial perfusion imaging plus selective catheterization (range: $2,387 to $3,010, p < 0.0001). Coronary revascularization rates were higher for low, intermediate and high risk direct catheterization patients as compared with the initial stress perfusion imaging cohort (13% to 50%, p < 0.0001); cardiac death or myocardial infarction rates were similar (p > 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Observational assessments reveal that stable chest pain patients who undergo a more aggressive diagnostic strategy have higher diagnostic costs and greater rates of intervention and follow-up costs. Cost differences may reflect a diminished necessity for resource consumption for patients with normal test results.  (+info)

The economic impact of Staphylococcus aureus infection in New York City hospitals. (7/3118)

We modeled estimates of the incidence, deaths, and direct medical costs of Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitalized patients in the New York City metropolitan area in 1995 by using hospital discharge data collected by the New York State Department of Health and standard sources for the costs of health care. We also examined the relative impact of methicillin-resistant versus -sensitive strains of S. aureus and of community-acquired versus nosocomial infections. S. aureus-associated hospitalizations resulted in approximately twice the length of stay, deaths, and medical costs of typical hospitalizations; methicillin-resistant and -sensitive infections had similar direct medical costs, but resistant infections caused more deaths (21% versus 8%). Community-acquired and nosocomial infections had similar death rates, but community-acquired infections appeared to have increased direct medical costs per patient ($35,300 versus $28,800). The results of our study indicate that reducing the incidence of methicillin-resistant and -sensitive nosocomial infections would reduce the societal costs of S. aureus infection.  (+info)

Health expenditure and finance: who gets what? (8/3118)

The methods used in South Africa's first comprehensive review of health finance and expenditure are outlined. Special measures were adopted to make the process acceptable to all concerned during a period of profound political transition. The estimation of indicators of access to public sector resources for districts sorted by per capita income allowed the health care problems of disadvantaged communities to be highlighted.  (+info)

Costs refer to the total amount of resources, such as money, time, and labor, that are expended in the provision of a medical service or treatment. Costs can be categorized into direct costs, which include expenses directly related to patient care, such as medication, supplies, and personnel; and indirect costs, which include overhead expenses, such as rent, utilities, and administrative salaries.

Cost analysis is the process of estimating and evaluating the total cost of a medical service or treatment. This involves identifying and quantifying all direct and indirect costs associated with the provision of care, and analyzing how these costs may vary based on factors such as patient volume, resource utilization, and reimbursement rates.

Cost analysis is an important tool for healthcare organizations to understand the financial implications of their operations and make informed decisions about resource allocation, pricing strategies, and quality improvement initiatives. It can also help policymakers and payers evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different treatment options and develop evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice.

Health care costs refer to the expenses incurred for medical services, treatments, procedures, and products that are used to maintain or restore an individual's health. These costs can be categorized into several types:

1. Direct costs: These include payments made for doctor visits, hospital stays, medications, diagnostic tests, surgeries, and other medical treatments and services. Direct costs can be further divided into two subcategories:
* Out-of-pocket costs: Expenses paid directly by patients, such as co-payments, deductibles, coinsurance, and any uncovered medical services or products.
* Third-party payer costs: Expenses covered by insurance companies, government programs (like Medicare, Medicaid), or other entities that pay for health care services on behalf of patients.
2. Indirect costs: These are the expenses incurred as a result of illness or injury that indirectly impact an individual's ability to work and earn a living. Examples include lost productivity, absenteeism, reduced earning capacity, and disability benefits.
3. Non-medical costs: These are expenses related to caregiving, transportation, home modifications, assistive devices, and other non-medical services required for managing health conditions or disabilities.

Health care costs can vary significantly depending on factors such as the type of medical service, geographic location, insurance coverage, and individual health status. Understanding these costs is essential for patients, healthcare providers, policymakers, and researchers to make informed decisions about treatment options, resource allocation, and health system design.

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic process used to compare the costs and benefits of different options to determine which one provides the greatest net benefit. In a medical context, CBA can be used to evaluate the value of medical interventions, treatments, or policies by estimating and monetizing all the relevant costs and benefits associated with each option.

The costs included in a CBA may include direct costs such as the cost of the intervention or treatment itself, as well as indirect costs such as lost productivity or time away from work. Benefits may include improved health outcomes, reduced morbidity or mortality, and increased quality of life.

Once all the relevant costs and benefits have been identified and quantified, they are typically expressed in monetary terms to allow for a direct comparison. The option with the highest net benefit (i.e., the difference between total benefits and total costs) is considered the most cost-effective.

It's important to note that CBA has some limitations and can be subject to various biases and assumptions, so it should be used in conjunction with other evaluation methods to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the value of medical interventions or policies.

"Drug costs" refer to the amount of money that must be paid to acquire and use a particular medication. These costs can include the following:

1. The actual purchase price of the drug, which may vary depending on factors such as the dosage form, strength, and quantity of the medication, as well as whether it is obtained through a retail pharmacy, mail-order service, or other distribution channel.
2. Any additional fees or charges associated with obtaining the drug, such as shipping and handling costs, insurance copayments or coinsurance amounts, and deductibles.
3. The cost of any necessary medical services or supplies that are required to administer the drug, such as syringes, needles, or alcohol swabs for injectable medications, or nebulizers for inhaled drugs.
4. The cost of monitoring and managing any potential side effects or complications associated with the use of the drug, which may include additional medical appointments, laboratory tests, or other diagnostic procedures.

It is important to note that drug costs can vary widely depending on a variety of factors, including the patient's insurance coverage, the pharmacy where the drug is obtained, and any discounts or rebates that may be available. Patients are encouraged to shop around for the best prices and to explore all available options for reducing their out-of-pocket costs, such as using generic medications or participating in manufacturer savings programs.

"Cost of Illness" is a medical-economic concept that refers to the total societal cost associated with a specific disease or health condition. It includes both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs are those that can be directly attributed to the illness, such as medical expenses for diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and medications. Indirect costs include productivity losses due to morbidity (reduced efficiency while working) and mortality (lost earnings due to death). Other indirect costs may encompass expenses related to caregiving or special education needs. The Cost of Illness is often used in health policy decision-making, resource allocation, and evaluating the economic impact of diseases on society.

Hospital costs are the total amount of money that is expended by a hospital to provide medical and healthcare services to patients. These costs can include expenses related to:

* Hospital staff salaries and benefits
* Supplies, such as medications, medical devices, and surgical equipment
* Utilities, such as electricity, water, and heating
* Facility maintenance and renovation
* Equipment maintenance and purchase
* Administrative costs, such as billing and insurance processing

Hospital costs can also be classified into fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs are those that do not change with the volume of services provided, such as rent or depreciation of equipment. Variable costs are those that change with the volume of services provided, such as supplies and medications.

It's important to note that hospital costs can vary widely depending on factors such as the complexity of care provided, the geographic location of the hospital, and the patient population served. Additionally, hospital costs may not always align with charges or payments for healthcare services, which can be influenced by factors such as negotiated rates with insurance companies and government reimbursement policies.

Cost savings in a medical context generally refers to the reduction in expenses or resources expended in the delivery of healthcare services, treatments, or procedures. This can be achieved through various means such as implementing more efficient processes, utilizing less expensive treatment options when appropriate, preventing complications or readmissions, and negotiating better prices for drugs or supplies.

Cost savings can also result from comparative effectiveness research, which compares the relative benefits and harms of different medical interventions to help doctors and patients make informed decisions about which treatment is most appropriate and cost-effective for a given condition.

Ultimately, cost savings in healthcare aim to improve the overall value of care delivered by reducing unnecessary expenses while maintaining or improving quality outcomes for patients.

Economic models in the context of healthcare and medicine are theoretical frameworks used to analyze and predict the economic impact and cost-effectiveness of healthcare interventions, treatments, or policies. These models utilize clinical and epidemiological data, as well as information on resource use and costs, to estimate outcomes such as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), and budget impacts. The purpose of economic models is to inform decision-making and allocate resources in an efficient and evidence-based manner. Examples of economic models include decision tree analysis, Markov models, and simulation models.

Direct service costs are expenses that can be directly attributed to the delivery of a specific service or program. These costs are typically related to items such as personnel, supplies, and equipment that are used exclusively for the provision of that service. Direct service costs can be contrasted with indirect costs, which are expenses that are not easily linked to a particular service or program and may include things like administrative overhead, rent, and utilities.

Examples of direct service costs in a healthcare setting might include:

* Salaries and benefits for medical staff who provide patient care, such as doctors, nurses, and therapists
* Costs of medications and supplies used to treat patients
* Equipment and supplies needed to perform diagnostic tests or procedures, such as X-ray machines or surgical instruments
* Rent or lease payments for space that is dedicated to providing patient care services.

It's important to accurately track direct service costs in order to understand the true cost of delivering a particular service or program, and to make informed decisions about resource allocation and pricing.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Models, Econometric" is not a medical term. Econometric models are statistical tools used in the field of economics to estimate economic relationships and forecast future outcomes. They are based on economic theory and use historical data to estimate the parameters of mathematical equations that describe these relationships.

If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to try to help! Just let me know what you're looking for.

The lower extremity, also known as the lower limb, consists of the bones that make up the leg and foot. In humans, these bones include:

1. Femur: This is the thigh bone, and it is the longest and strongest bone in the human body.
2. Patella: Also known as the kneecap, this is a small triangular bone located at the front of the knee joint.
3. Tibia: This is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg, also known as the shin bone.
4. Fibula: This is the smaller of the two bones in the lower leg, located on the lateral side of the tibia.
5. Tarsal bones: These are seven small bones located in the foot, which articulate with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint.
6. Metatarsal bones: These are five long bones located in the midfoot, which connect to the phalanges (toes) at one end and the tarsal bones at the other.
7. Phalanges: These are fourteen small bones located in the toes, similar in structure to the phalanges in the fingers of the hand.

Together, these bones provide support, stability, and mobility to the lower extremity, allowing for activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

Disposable equipment in a medical context refers to items that are designed to be used once and then discarded. These items are often patient-care products that come into contact with patients or bodily fluids, and are meant to help reduce the risk of infection transmission. Examples of disposable medical equipment include gloves, gowns, face masks, syringes, and bandages.

Disposable equipment is intended for single use only and should not be reused or cleaned for reuse. This helps ensure that the equipment remains sterile and free from potential contaminants that could cause harm to patients or healthcare workers. Proper disposal of these items is also important to prevent the spread of infection and maintain a safe and clean environment.

"Physicians' Offices" is a general term that refers to the physical location where medical doctors or physicians practice their profession and provide healthcare services to patients. These offices can vary in size and setting, ranging from a single physician's small private practice to large, multi-specialty clinics.

In a physicians' office, medical professionals typically deliver outpatient care, which means that patients visit the office for appointments rather than staying overnight. The services provided may include routine check-ups, diagnosing and treating illnesses or injuries, prescribing medications, ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests, providing preventive care, and coordinating with other healthcare providers for specialist referrals or additional treatments.

The facilities in a physicians' office usually consist of examination rooms, a waiting area, nursing stations, and administrative support spaces. Some may also have on-site laboratory or diagnostic equipment, such as X-ray machines or ultrasound devices. The specific layout and amenities will depend on the size, specialty, and patient population of the practice.

Cost control in a medical context refers to the strategies and practices employed by healthcare organizations to manage and reduce the costs associated with providing patient care while maintaining quality and safety. The goal is to optimize resource allocation, increase efficiency, and contain expenses without compromising the standard of care. This may involve measures such as:

1. Utilization management: Reviewing and monitoring the use of medical services, tests, and treatments to ensure they are necessary, appropriate, and evidence-based.
2. Case management: Coordinating patient care across various healthcare providers and settings to improve outcomes, reduce unnecessary duplication of services, and control costs.
3. Negotiating contracts with suppliers and vendors to secure favorable pricing for medical equipment, supplies, and pharmaceuticals.
4. Implementing evidence-based clinical guidelines and pathways to standardize care processes and reduce unwarranted variations in practice that can drive up costs.
5. Using technology such as electronic health records (EHRs) and telemedicine to streamline operations, improve communication, and reduce errors.
6. Investing in preventive care and wellness programs to keep patients healthy and reduce the need for costly interventions and hospitalizations.
7. Continuously monitoring and analyzing cost data to identify trends, opportunities for improvement, and areas of potential waste or inefficiency.

Health resources refer to the personnel, facilities, equipment, and supplies that are used in the delivery of healthcare services. This includes:

1. Human resources: Healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and allied health professionals.

2. Physical resources: Hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and other healthcare facilities.

3. Technological resources: Medical equipment and technology used for diagnosis and treatment, such as MRI machines, CT scanners, and electronic health records.

4. Financial resources: Funding for healthcare services, including public and private insurance, government funding, and out-of-pocket payments.

5. Informational resources: Research findings, evidence-based practices, and health education materials that inform healthcare decision-making.

The adequate availability, distribution, and utilization of these health resources are crucial for ensuring access to quality healthcare services and improving population health outcomes.

"Length of Stay" (LOS) is a term commonly used in healthcare to refer to the amount of time a patient spends receiving care in a hospital, clinic, or other healthcare facility. It is typically measured in hours, days, or weeks and can be used as a metric for various purposes such as resource planning, quality assessment, and reimbursement. The length of stay can vary depending on the type of illness or injury, the severity of the condition, the patient's response to treatment, and other factors. It is an important consideration in healthcare management and can have significant implications for both patients and providers.

A decision tree is a graphical representation of possible solutions to a decision based on certain conditions. It is a predictive modeling tool commonly used in statistics, data mining, and machine learning. In the medical field, decision trees can be used for clinical decision-making and predicting patient outcomes based on various factors such as symptoms, test results, or demographic information.

In a decision tree, each internal node represents a feature or attribute, and each branch represents a possible value or outcome of that feature. The leaves of the tree represent the final decisions or predictions. Decision trees are constructed by recursively partitioning the data into subsets based on the most significant attributes until a stopping criterion is met.

Decision trees can be used for both classification and regression tasks, making them versatile tools in medical research and practice. They can help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care, identify high-risk patients, and develop personalized treatment plans. However, it's important to note that decision trees are only as good as the data they are trained on, and their accuracy may be affected by biases or limitations in the data.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nebraska" is a state in the central United States and not a medical term. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help with those!

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Cost sharing in a medical or healthcare context refers to the portion of health care costs that are paid by the patient or health plan member, rather than by their insurance company. Cost sharing can take various forms, including deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments.

A deductible is the amount that a patient must pay out of pocket for medical services before their insurance coverage kicks in. For example, if a health plan has a $1,000 deductible, the patient must pay the first $1,000 of their medical expenses before their insurance starts covering costs.

Coinsurance is the percentage of medical costs that a patient is responsible for paying after they have met their deductible. For example, if a health plan has 20% coinsurance, the patient would pay 20% of the cost of medical services, and their insurance would cover the remaining 80%.

Copayments are fixed amounts that patients must pay for specific medical services, such as doctor visits or prescription medications. Copayments are typically paid at the time of service and do not count towards a patient's deductible.

Cost sharing is intended to encourage patients to be more cost-conscious in their use of healthcare services, as they have a financial incentive to seek out lower-cost options. However, high levels of cost sharing can also create barriers to accessing necessary medical care, particularly for low-income individuals and families.

Ambulatory surgical procedures, also known as outpatient or same-day surgery, refer to medical operations that do not require an overnight hospital stay. These procedures are typically performed in a specialized ambulatory surgery center (ASC) or in a hospital-based outpatient department. Patients undergoing ambulatory surgical procedures receive anesthesia, undergo the operation, and recover enough to be discharged home on the same day of the procedure.

Examples of common ambulatory surgical procedures include:

1. Arthroscopy (joint scope examination and repair)
2. Cataract surgery
3. Colonoscopy and upper endoscopy
4. Dental surgery, such as wisdom tooth extraction
5. Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy)
6. Hernia repair
7. Hysteroscopy (examination of the uterus)
8. Minor skin procedures, like biopsies and lesion removals
9. Orthopedic procedures, such as carpal tunnel release or joint injections
10. Pain management procedures, including epidural steroid injections and nerve blocks
11. Podiatric (foot and ankle) surgery
12. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

Advancements in medical technology, minimally invasive surgical techniques, and improved anesthesia methods have contributed to the growth of ambulatory surgical procedures, offering patients a more convenient and cost-effective alternative to traditional inpatient surgeries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Cost allocation is the process of distributing or assigning costs to different departments, projects, products, or services within an organization. The goal of cost allocation is to more accurately determine the true cost of producing a product or providing a service, taking into account all related expenses. This can help organizations make better decisions about pricing, resource allocation, and profitability analysis.

There are various methods for allocating costs, including activity-based costing (ABC), which assigns costs based on the activities required to produce a product or provide a service; traditional costing, which uses broad categories such as direct labor, direct materials, and overhead; and causal allocation, which assigns costs based on a specific cause-and-effect relationship.

In healthcare, cost allocation is particularly important for determining the true cost of patient care, including both direct and indirect costs. This can help hospitals and other healthcare organizations make informed decisions about resource allocation, pricing, and reimbursement strategies.

Hospitalization is the process of admitting a patient to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment, surgery, or other health care services. It involves staying in the hospital as an inpatient, typically under the care of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The length of stay can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and the type of treatment required. Hospitalization may be necessary for a variety of reasons, such as to receive intensive care, to undergo diagnostic tests or procedures, to recover from surgery, or to manage chronic illnesses or injuries.

A "University Hospital" is a type of hospital that is often affiliated with a medical school or university. These hospitals serve as major teaching institutions where medical students, residents, and fellows receive their training and education. They are equipped with advanced medical technology and resources to provide specialized and tertiary care services. University hospitals also conduct research and clinical trials to advance medical knowledge and practices. Additionally, they often treat complex and rare cases and provide a wide range of medical services to the community.

Health services research (HSR) is a multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviors affect access to healthcare, the quality and cost of care, and ultimately, our health and well-being. The goal of HSR is to inform policy and practice, improve system performance, and enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities. It involves the use of various research methods, including epidemiology, biostatistics, economics, sociology, management science, political science, and psychology, to answer questions about the healthcare system and how it can be improved.

Examples of HSR topics include:

* Evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and technologies
* Studying patient-centered care and patient experiences with the healthcare system
* Examining healthcare workforce issues, such as shortages of primary care providers or the impact of nurse-to-patient ratios on patient outcomes
* Investigating the impact of health insurance design and financing systems on access to care and health disparities
* Analyzing the organization and delivery of healthcare services in different settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities
* Identifying best practices for improving healthcare quality and safety, reducing medical errors, and eliminating wasteful or unnecessary care.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Ambulatory care is a type of health care service in which patients are treated on an outpatient basis, meaning they do not stay overnight at the medical facility. This can include a wide range of services such as diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care for various medical conditions. The goal of ambulatory care is to provide high-quality medical care that is convenient, accessible, and cost-effective for patients.

Examples of ambulatory care settings include physician offices, community health centers, urgent care centers, outpatient surgery centers, and diagnostic imaging facilities. Patients who receive ambulatory care may have a variety of medical needs, such as routine checkups, chronic disease management, minor procedures, or same-day surgeries.

Overall, ambulatory care is an essential component of modern healthcare systems, providing patients with timely and convenient access to medical services without the need for hospitalization.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Great Britain" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical and political term referring to the largest island in the British Isles, on which the majority of England, Scotland, and Wales are located. It's also used to refer to the political union of these three countries, which is called the United Kingdom. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs) are a system of classifying hospital patients based on their severity of illness, resource utilization, and other factors. DRGs were developed by the US federal government to determine the relative cost of providing inpatient care for various types of diagnoses and procedures.

The DRG system categorizes patients into one of several hundred groups based on their diagnosis, treatment, and other clinical characteristics. Each DRG has a corresponding payment weight that reflects the average resource utilization and costs associated with caring for patients in that group. Hospitals are then reimbursed for inpatient services based on the DRG payment weights, providing an incentive to provide more efficient and cost-effective care.

DRGs have been widely adopted as a tool for managing healthcare costs and improving quality of care. They are used by Medicare, Medicaid, and many private insurers to determine payments for inpatient hospital services. DRGs can also be used to compare the performance of hospitals and healthcare providers, identify best practices, and support quality improvement initiatives.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

National health programs are systematic, large-scale initiatives that are put in place by national governments to address specific health issues or improve the overall health of a population. These programs often involve coordinated efforts across various sectors, including healthcare, education, and social services. They may aim to increase access to care, improve the quality of care, prevent the spread of diseases, promote healthy behaviors, or reduce health disparities. Examples of national health programs include immunization campaigns, tobacco control initiatives, and efforts to address chronic diseases such as diabetes or heart disease. These programs are typically developed based on scientific research, evidence-based practices, and public health data, and they may be funded through a variety of sources, including government budgets, grants, and private donations.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Medical mass screening, also known as population screening, is a public health service that aims to identify and detect asymptomatic individuals in a given population who have or are at risk of a specific disease. The goal is to provide early treatment, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent the spread of diseases within the community.

A mass screening program typically involves offering a simple, quick, and non-invasive test to a large number of people in a defined population, regardless of their risk factors or symptoms. Those who test positive are then referred for further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical interventions. Examples of mass screening programs include mammography for breast cancer detection, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing for prostate cancer, and fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.

It is important to note that mass screening programs should be evidence-based, cost-effective, and ethically sound, with clear benefits outweighing potential harms. They should also consider factors such as the prevalence of the disease in the population, the accuracy and reliability of the screening test, and the availability and effectiveness of treatment options.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Program Evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment of a healthcare program's design, implementation, and outcomes. It is a medical term used to describe the process of determining the relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency of a program in achieving its goals and objectives. Program evaluation involves collecting and analyzing data related to various aspects of the program, such as its reach, impact, cost-effectiveness, and quality. The results of program evaluation can be used to improve the design and implementation of existing programs or to inform the development of new ones. It is a critical tool for ensuring that healthcare programs are meeting the needs of their intended audiences and delivering high-quality care in an efficient and effective manner.

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a type of clinical study in which participants are randomly assigned to receive either the experimental intervention or the control condition, which may be a standard of care, placebo, or no treatment. The goal of an RCT is to minimize bias and ensure that the results are due to the intervention being tested rather than other factors. This design allows for a comparison between the two groups to determine if there is a significant difference in outcomes. RCTs are often considered the gold standard for evaluating the safety and efficacy of medical interventions, as they provide a high level of evidence for causal relationships between the intervention and health outcomes.

Employer health costs refer to the financial expenses incurred by employers for providing healthcare benefits to their employees. These costs can include premiums for group health insurance plans, payments towards self-insured health plans, and other out-of-pocket expenses related to employee healthcare. Employer health costs also encompass expenses related to workplace wellness programs, occupational health services, and any other initiatives aimed at improving the health and well-being of employees. These costs are a significant component of overall employee compensation packages and can have substantial impacts on both employer profitability and employee access to quality healthcare services.

Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) is a measure of health outcomes that combines both the quality and quantity of life lived in a single metric. It is often used in economic evaluations of healthcare interventions to estimate their value for money. QALYs are calculated by multiplying the number of years of life gained by a weighting factor that reflects the quality of life experienced during those years, typically on a scale from 0 (representing death) to 1 (representing perfect health). For example, if a healthcare intervention extends a person's life by an additional five years but they experience only 80% of full health during that time, the QALY gain would be 4 (5 x 0.8). This measure allows for comparisons to be made between different interventions and their impact on both length and quality of life.

... including explicit cost, implicit cost, delay cost, and opportunity cost. The accurate measurement of each of these costs is ... Finally, this analysis is used to evaluate performance and monitor future transactions. Transaction cost analysis aims to ... Transaction cost analysis (TCA), as used by institutional investors, is defined by the Financial Times as "the study of trade ... Sometimes, an opportunity cost of not transacting is factored in. After measurement, costs must be attributed to their ...
By fitting the distribution of individuals within this spectrum an average of the transport and opportunity costs of the time ... travel cost analysis, or Clawson method is a revealed preference method of economic valuation used in cost-benefit analysis to ... The travel cost method of economic valuation is a revealed preference method because it looks at actual human behavior to try ... Visit rate from given zone = f(cost from given zone) VR=a+b.C This curve can then be used to obtain estimates of visit rates ...
Value Analysis. It is not necessary to confuse method FСА as it takes place at some authors, to method Activity-based costing ( ... Function cost analysis (FСА) (sometimes called function value analysis (FVA)) is a method of technical and economic research of ... The cost analysis - definition of expenses for performance of functions and them v t e (Articles lacking sources from December ... The consumer aspires to reduce his expenses (cost or price of functions). Functions needed by consumer can be executed in the ...
The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) is the ratio between the difference in costs and the difference in benefits of ... Cost-utility analysis (CUA) is a form of economic analysis used to guide procurement decisions. The most common and well-known ... Cost-effectiveness Cost-benefit analysis Shah, K.K. "Is the aim of the health care system to maximise QALYs? An investigation ... CUA provides a more complete analysis of total benefits than simple cost-benefit analysis does. This is because CUA takes into ...
Add the cost of the target cell (or an average of the costs of the target and neighbor cells) to the neighbor accumulated cost ... In spatial analysis and geographic information systems, cost distance analysis or cost path analysis is a method for ... The primary data set used in cost distance analysis is the cost raster, sometimes called the cost-of-passage surface, the ... Dana Tomlin implemented cost distance analysis in his Map Analysis Package by 1986, and Ronald Eastman added it to IDRISI by ...
... (CEA) is a form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of ... Cost-utility analysis is similar to cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost-effectiveness analyses are often visualized on a plane ... Cost-effectiveness analysis is distinct from cost-benefit analysis, which assigns a monetary value to the measure of effect. ... Cost-effectiveness analysis focuses on maximising the average level of an outcome, distributional cost-effectiveness analysis ...
Both costs and benefits can be diverse. Costs tend to be most thoroughly represented in cost-benefit analyses due to relatively ... Other related techniques include cost-utility analysis, risk-benefit analysis, economic impact analysis, fiscal impact analysis ... Benefit-Cost Analysis Center at the University of Washington's Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs Benefit-Cost Analysis ... Cost-benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes also called benefit-cost analysis, is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths ...
Another method of breaking down costs is the tear down analysis. The difference to the cost breakdown analysis is, that tear ... In business economics cost breakdown analysis is a method of cost analysis, which itemizes the cost of a certain product or ... Cost Breakdown Analysis:The Final Frontier in Cost Cutting. White Paper. GEP Worldwide. Menard, Robert (2011). "Cost Analysis: ... Labor costs are direct costs, that is, they can be identified among the total cost and assigned to a certain cost objective. ...
When conducting a cost-minimization study, the author needs to measure all costs (resource expenditures) inherent to the ... The optimal choice is that which can be provided for the lowest cost. "Cost-Minimization Analysis - an overview , ScienceDirect ... Cost-minimization is a tool used in pharmacoeconomics to compare the cost per course of treatment when alternative therapies ... The author is not precluded from doing so through the use of "cost/cure" or "cost/year of life gained". If efficacy and ...
Total costs TFC = Total fixed costs V = Unit variable cost (variable cost per unit) X = Number of units TR = S = Total revenue ... The components of CVP analysis are: Level or volume of activity. Unit selling prices Variable cost per unit Total fixed costs ... A critical part of CVP analysis is the point where total revenues equal total costs (both fixed and variable costs). At this ... Costs and sales can be broken down, which provide further insight into operations. One can decompose total costs as fixed costs ...
DCEA includes Extended Cost Effectiveness Analysis, which in addition to standard CEA assesses the costs and effectiveness for ... Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA) is an extension of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) that incorporates ... Asaria, M; Griffin, S; Cookson, R; Whyte, S; Tappenden, P (June 2015). "Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis of health ... Verguet, Stéphane; Kim, Jane J.; Jamison, Dean T. (2016). "Extended Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Health Policy Assessment: A ...
In Green design Managers add their operating costs and capital to help decide the effect of an investment. The method also ... Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is an economic analysis tool to determine the most cost-effective option to purchase, run, ... The term differs slightly from Total cost of ownership analysis (TCOA). LCCA determines the most cost-effective option to ... Cost-benefit analysis Request for proposal Invitation to negotiate Bearfield, Domonic A.; Dubnick, Melvin J. (2016). ...
Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Public Transit Projects: A Guidebook for Practitioners, Transit Cooperative Research ... In cost-benefit analysis and social welfare economics, the term option value refers to the value that is placed on private ... This concept of "option value" in cost-benefit analysis is different from the concept used in finance, where the term refers to ... Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis II , Ch.5.9: Transportation Diversity Weisbrod, Burton. 1964. "Collective Consumption ...
Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) quantifies all the financial costs of a project alternative. The financial costs in LCCA ... TBL-CBA has its origins in cost-benefit analysis, the triple bottom line, and life-cycle cost analysis. Cost-benefit analysis ( ... Triple bottom line cost-benefit analysis (TBL-CBA) is an evidence-based economic method that combines cost-benefit analysis ( ... "The Stunning Triumph of Cost-Benefit Analysis". Bloomberg View. Retrieved 2017-04-28. "2016 TIGER Benefit-Cost Analysis ...
"Costs of War Funders , Costs of War". The Costs of War. Retrieved 2021-09-14. "Analysis , Trump claims the U.S. has spent $7 ... Official website Wikiquote has quotations related to Costs of War Project. Financial cost of the Iraq War Casualties of the ... Costs of War is the 2022 recipient of the US Peace Prize "For crucial research to shed light on the human, environmental, ... The Costs of War Project is a nonpartisan research project based at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs ...
... cost analysis/cost assessment, design-to-cost, schedule analysis/planning and risk assessment." The broad array of cost ... Cost engineers refer to these investments collectively as "costs". Cost engineering, then, can be considered an adjunct of ... cost control, cost forecasting, investment appraisal and risk analysis". "Cost Engineers budget, plan and monitor investment ... Dutch Association of Cost Engineers (DACE) Cost Engineering at Cranfield University, UK Cost Engineering at Cost Engineering ...
Higher operating costs: Harrington argued that poor quality affects costs. Counterintuitively, higher costs are attached to ... Bragg, Steven M. (2011). "5S ANALYSIS". The controller's function the work of the managerial accountant (4th ed.). Hoboken, N.J ... Depreciation costs Occupancy costs (e.g., property taxes and building insurance) Businesses desire to reduce costs to increase ... Cost reduction strategies include: Minimizing supplier costs Adopting lean manufacturing Eliminating waste Logistics are an ...
"Projected Costs of Generating Electricity 2020 - Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 29 October 2021. "Levelized Cost of Energy and ... 98 Costs of gas peakers are substantial, and include both the cost of fuel and external costs of its combustion. Costs of its ... Thus, a true cost accounting demands that the costs of both primary and secondary sources be included when the cost of storage ... While calculating costs, several internal cost factors have to be considered. Note the use of "costs," which is not the actual ...
... : A Legal and Economic Analysis by Guido Calabresi is a work in the law and economics tradition because ... Only few studies have accurately quantified the entire cost of accidents. The whole cost at a given level of precaution is the ... If the goal is to minimize the total costs of accidents, the costs of precaution should be included. Joris Aertsens; Bas de ... the costs of minor accidents". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 42: 2149-2157. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.07.008. PMID 20728675. v ...
A factory's costs are £10,600 during the busiest week, and £8,500 during the quietest week. The fixed cost is known to be £ ... Shim, J; Khan, M (2009). Modern cost management & analysis. New York: Barron's Educational Series. pp. 132-134. ISBN 978- ... the extra cost per hour (the variable cost) is £300. In this example, the weekly fixed cost ( a {\displaystyle a} ) is £5000, ... is the total cost, a {\displaystyle a} is the fixed cost, b {\displaystyle b} is the variable cost per unit, and X {\ ...
Trachtenberg, Marc (2012). "Audience Costs: An Historical Analysis". Security Studies. 21 (1): 3-42. doi:10.1080/09636412.2012. ... Kertzer, Joshua D.; Brutger, Ryan (2016). "Decomposing Audience Costs: Bringing the Audience Back into Audience Cost Theory". ... An audience cost, in international relations theory, is the domestic political cost that leaders incur from their constituency ... The implication of audience costs is that threats issued by leaders, who incur audience costs, against other states are more ...
... and opportunity costs. "Costs of poverty" can also refer to the costs to the broader society in which poverty exists. A ghetto ... The Army Corps of Engineers uses a cost-benefit analysis that favors protecting more expensive homes with flood control systems ... Industry Costs: In the US, medical tourism results in losses to the healthcare industry because the cost of receiving ... A cost of poverty, also known as a ghetto tax, a poverty premium, a cost of being poor, or the poor pay more, is the phenomenon ...
Benefit-Cost Analysis: In Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Harper Collins. "The social costs of carbon", Brookings ... Private costs refer to direct costs to the producer for producing the good or service. Social cost includes these private costs ... Thus, social costs are the costs pertaining to the transaction costs to the society as a whole. Generally, social costs are ... Social cost in neoclassical economics is the sum of the private costs resulting from a transaction and the costs imposed on the ...
Another potential limitation of LCOE is that some analyses may not adequately consider the indirect costs of generation. These ... fuel costs, fixed and variable operations and maintenance costs, financing costs, and an assumed utilization rate. The cost of ... Cost of electricity by source Levelized cost of water "2023 Levelized Cost Of Energy+". Lazard. 12 April 2023. p. 9. Archived ... The latter is also referred to as levelized cost of heat or levelized cost of heating (LCOH), or levelized cost of thermal ...
Direct costs are all of the costs which can be attributed directly to the project. Direct costs include costs for general ... the results of the risk analysis, and a conclusion about whether the cost estimate is reasonable. Therefore, a good cost ... cost Total delivery cost Software development cost Aerospace mission cost Resource exploration cost Facility operation cost ... Cost estimating is one of three activities performed in project cost management. In cost engineering, cost estimation is a ...
"Costs beyond measure". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014. "Chernobyl cost report" (PDF ... Security, IAGS, Institute for the Analysis of Global. "The Cost of September 11". www.iags.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ... This page lists the estimated economic costs of relatively recent disasters. The costs of disasters vary considerably depending ... "Province boosts cost of Alberta floods to $6 billion". "On This Day: The 1993 Storm of the Century". National Centers for ...
Cost of new equity should be the adjusted cost for any underwriting fees termed flotation costs (F): Ke = D1/P0(1-F) + g; where ... Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis. 15 (3): 719-730. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.455.6733. doi:10.2307/2330405. JSTOR 2330405 ... Marginal cost of capital (MCC) schedule or an investment opportunity curve is a graph that relates the firm's Weighted cost of ... is the cost of debt, and K e {\displaystyle K_{e}} is the cost of equity. The market values of debt and equity should be used ...
It does so by assessing the physical material flows in a company or a supply chain and assign adequate associated costs to ... In 2020 an analysis of 73 case studies was made about the experiences companies have made when applying MFCA including success ... Material flow cost accounting (MFCA) is a management tool that assists organizations in better understanding the potential ... The method was developed in Germany in the 1980s and is related to approaches such as eco balances, flow cost accounting and " ...
It is based on cost-benefit analysis. However, it is more comprehensive in that it looks at not only the total costs and total ... LCPM itself is generally more costly than cost-benefit analysis, because of the requirement to study objectively all potential ... Least-cost planning methodology (LCPM), also referred to as least-cost planning (LCP) is a relatively new technique used by ... doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1054-9_1. Least Cost Planning: A Tool for Metropolitan Transport Decision Making (Articles needing ...
"Levelized Cost of Energy Calculator - Energy Analysis". NREL. Retrieved 2019-09-21.. v t e (Articles needing additional ... Costs, Economic geology, Fuels, All stub articles, Economy stubs). ... The Cost competitiveness of fuel sources is a measure of whether or not particular fuel sources are cost competitive in the ... "Lazard's levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is the most commonly used metric for comparing cost competitiveness of fuel sources", ...
The conceptual and methodological basis of cost analysis is explor... ... Description of a planning cost model for estimating the comparable replication cost of an educational program for use in ... and on the cost consequences of changes in the resource utilization rate or in resource cost. Comparable replication costs for ... Haggart, Sue A., Program Cost Analysis in Educational Planning. RAND Corporation, P-4744, 1971. As of November 29, 2023: https ...
Learn about Cost-Benefit Analysis: How do costs compare to benefits? ... What is cost-benefit analysis?. Cost-benefit analysis is a way to compare the costs and benefits of an intervention, where both ... What output does a cost-benefit analysis provide?. CBA provides the net benefits (benefits minus costs) of an intervention. ... Cost-Benefit Analysis infographic text. 1-Monetary Valuation. The analysis estimates that the following benefits are worth $40 ...
This analysis assesses alternative approaches to ARIA syntax. ... Costs. colon. Consistency for page authors; Uniform DOM access ... 6. Cost-benefit analysis. On the basis of the above survey, there follows below an attempt at a cost-benefit analysis with ... This analysis is intended to be neutral with respect to ideology, history and constituency. For a useful overview of how we got ... In preparing this analysis, I have reviewed the available concrete evidence bearing on the matter, and have carried out a ...
Whats cheaper? The costs of implementing a multi-factor solution, or the cost of a breach? It seems like a no-brainer to me ... With that in mind, think about what would go into a proper risk analysis versus cost/benefit analysis of multi-factor ... Cost Analysis Of Multifactor Authentication. A recent article on integrating the YubiKey, a USB token that can provide one-time ... Your risk analysis would look at the probability of threats stealing your credentials, and the impact a compromise would have. ...
It provides details of the number of items and the Net Ingredient Cost (NIC) of all prescriptions dispensed in the community in ... Prescription Cost Analysis (PCA) is a National Statistic. ... Prescribing Costs in Hospitals and the Community - England * ... Prescription Cost Analysis - England * Prescription Cost Analysis - England 2019 * Prescription Cost Analysis - England 2020/21 ... Prescription Cost Analysis - England. Prescription Cost Analysis (PCA) is a National Statistic. It provides details of the ...
CRUs Cost Analysis Tool allows customers to access and analyse the data for up to 4,000 mining, metals and fertilizer assets ... With a sustainability driven future, costs and emissions analysis and strategy go hand in hand. CRUs Emissions Analysis Tool ... CRUs Cost Analysis Tool allows customers to access and analyse the data for up to 4,000 mining, metals and fertilizer assets ... CRUs Cost Analysis Tool helps market participants across the full value chain, from mining companies and producers to traders ...
Cost-Benefit Analysis is a pseudo-scientific approach to policy making that tried to compare the costs and benefits of any ... The main limitations of cost-benefit analysis are: * Determination of the items to include as costs and as benefits dependend ... As a result, cost-benefit analysis results in systemtic underregulation of harmful activity. ... Retrieved from "http://localhost../../../c/o/s/Cost-benefit_analysis.html". This page was last modified 15:14, 2 July 2006 by ...
CRUs Cost Analysis Tool allows customers to access and analyse the data for up to 4,000 mining, metals and fertilizer assets ... With a sustainability driven future, costs and emissions analysis and strategy go hand in hand. CRUs Emissions Analysis Tool ... CRUs Cost Analysis Tool allows customers to access and analyse the data for up to 4,000 mining, metals and fertilizer assets ... CRUs Cost Analysis Tool helps market participants across the full value chain, from mining companies and producers to traders ...
Summary Prescription Cost Analysis (PCA) provides details of the number of items and the Net Ingredient Cost (NIC) of all ... Prescribing Costs in Hospitals and the Community - England * Prescribing for diabetes - England ... Prescription Cost Analysis - England * Prescription Cost Analysis - England 2019 * Prescription Cost Analysis - England 2020/21 ... Prescription Cost Analysis for Scotland on the National Services Scotland website. *Prescription Cost Analysis for Wales on the ...
The predicted costs were substantial. An alternative solution was needed and it was proposed that a more cost-effective option ... "Arup did a cost-benefit analysis and it was on their recommendation that the decision was made not to rail in water." The RO ... The RO plant cost AU$4 million in total. To rail in the water was estimated to cost AU$3 million per month. ... Country Waters general manager of water, Brian Steffen, said the cost of transporting water to Broken Hill was the main ...
This book presents essential elements for understanding, … - Selection from Basic Cost Benefit Analysis for Assessing Local ... The cost benefit technique is so often referenced in government policy that a correct understanding is necessary for officials ... spreadsheets to build basic cost benefit models and an appendix on the step-by-step process of discounting future costs and ... Basic Cost Benefit Analysis for Assessing Local Public Projects, Second Edition. by Barry P. Keating, Maryann O. Keating ...
Whats the best way to update benefit-cost analysis to keep up with a dynamic and changing world? ... Since BCA presumes that all benefits and costs can be monetized, losses of the rich will almost always outweigh losses of the ... Rethinking Benefit-Cost Analysis. A DISCUSSION OF. New Ways to Get to High Ground. By Jennifer Helgeson, Jia Li ... Jennifer Helgeson and Jia Li do an excellent job laying out the need for benefit-cost analysis (BCA) to evolve. ...
... as they have significant costs aside from the obvious monetary costs. In this paper, John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart have done ... Cost/Benefit Analysis of NSAs 215 Metadata Collection Program. It has amazed me that the NSA doesnt seem to do any cost/ ... Tags: academic papers, cost-benefit analysis, metadata, NSA, privacy, surveillance Posted on January 3, 2014 at 6:10 AM • 36 ... A cost/benefit analysis is only important if you care about efficiency. Efficiency is only a factor if resources are scarce. $ ...
... including costs for medical and long-term care services and costs for shelter, food and other daily living expenses. The Basic ... 18,500 per client costs expected in the absence of Channeling. ... Case Management Model appeared to increase these costs by about ... The principal finding of this report is that Channeling led to an increase in total costs for clients, ... cost.pdf (pdf, 3.56 MB) Topics. Regulatory Impact Analysis , Program Evaluation , Economic Impact Analysis ...
... including explicit cost, implicit cost, delay cost, and opportunity cost. The accurate measurement of each of these costs is ... Finally, this analysis is used to evaluate performance and monitor future transactions. Transaction cost analysis aims to ... Transaction cost analysis (TCA), as used by institutional investors, is defined by the Financial Times as "the study of trade ... Sometimes, an opportunity cost of not transacting is factored in. After measurement, costs must be attributed to their ...
... sweeping reforms to the energy market to better protect electricity prices from gas market volatility and drive down the cost ... fresh analysis from Carbon Tracker has today highlighted how current approach to electricity pricing is costing UK energy ... Colder and poorer: Scrapping efficiency rules to cost renters in swing seat an extra £40m a year Almost 250,000 households in ... Enjoy exclusive news, insights and analysis from Europes leading source of information on the green economy and business. ...
Latest Transaction costs articles on risk management, derivatives and complex finance ... A principled approach to clean-up costs in algo trading The opportunity cost associated with the cancelled portion of an order ... Bilateral streams slash FX trading costs by 80%, dealers claim Risk Live: At some banks, 70% of spot is now traded via ... The effects of transaction costs and illiquidity on the prices of volatility derivatives This paper employs a PDE approach to ...
Department of Health and Human Services Longitudinal Analysis of High Cost Medicaid Children in California Marilyn Rymer ... TABLE 12: High Cost Child Cohort Percent of Children with Sustained High Costs by Institutional Status. ... persistently high cost to Medicaid. Table 12 shows the proportion of children in the 1983 high cost cohort who were high cost ... high cost. Only about 12% of noninstitucionalized had been high cost to Medicaid 3 years prior to the high cost episode and ...
The cost assumptions for new nuclear units are based on an analysis of recent cost estimates for nuclear designs available in ... The cost assumptions for the low nuclear cost case reflect a ten percent reduction in the capital and operating cost for the ... The high nuclear cost case assumes that capital costs for the advanced nuclear technology do not decline from 2006 levels ( ... US Dept of Energy analysis of central power costs. April 7, 2017. February 13, 2008. by Brian Wang ...
Carbon costs are introduced into the estimations to determine how an additional cost on carbon would impact the decision-making ... This paper uses life-cycle cost analysis and environmental life-cycle assessment with extensive building cost databases, whole ... Kneifel, J. (2010), Life-Cycle Carbon and Cost Analysis of Energy Efficiency Measures in New Commercial Buildings, Energy and ... Many energy efficiency measures are cost-effective without carbon costs, and should be implemented regardless of carbon ...
However, the costs and benefits of implementing blockchain technology in supply chain finance for involved parties are still ... Cost-benefit analysis of a blockchain-based supply chain finance solution. Author(s). Panuparb, Patara. ... A cost-benefit model and the operating processes of traditional and blockchain-based supply chain finance solutions are ... explores the net value of implementing blockchain technology in supply chain finance arrangement by using cost-benefit analysis ...
While initial construction cost considerations are important, future maintenance or repair costs can equal more than 50 percent ... Incorporating a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) provision into the Trump infrastructure bill can save taxpayers and state DOTs ... Trump Infrastructure: Potential Taxpayer Savings from the Use of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) ... Trump Infrastructure: Potential Taxpayer Savings from the Use of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) ...
MAXIMUM 150 WORDS: Remember: front load your paragraphs! This content should include a strong opening sentence describing the health topic in the Eastern Mediterranean (include key words "Eastern Mediterranean" and health topic name for search engine optimization). You should focus on the issue as it relates to the Region and the magnitude of problem in the region, as well as a brief mention of current situation/problem.. ...
Michael Wigler and Dan Levy develop a new fragmentation and sequencing method for CNV analysis that generates high-resolution ... Low-cost sequencing method for genomic copy number analysis on SFARI ... Detection of CNVs has been limited, in part due to the significant costs associated with both chromosomal microarray analyses ( ... Analyses of copy number variants (CNVs) have contributed significantly to our understanding of the genetic etiology of a ...
You can always expand the cost-benefit frame, make it sufficiently elastic to encompass all these costs and benefits across ... How Does Cost-Benefit Analysis Draw Lines in the Sand?. By Kenneth Anderson on December 31, 2009 5:09 pm in Cost-Benefit ... Many of us who write, read, and comment on this blog work frequently with cost-benefit analysis, perhaps typically through ... A second, closely related, puzzle for me about cost-benefit analysis, particularly in the context of security debates, is that ...
To assess the cost-effectiveness of sodium oxybate plus antidepressants and stimulants compared with the current standard ... Resource use and Costs. The resources and costs considered were the costs of sodium oxybate and the standard treatment of ... Sodium Oxybatefor Narcolepsy with Cataplexy- Cost-Effective Analysis. Lanting Lu1,2*, Chris Roome3, Lain Lang2,3 and Ken Stein1 ... Average monthly costs of sodium oxybate. £730. -. [6,19]. Average monthly costs of stimulants. £181.28. -. The same for both ...
Refinancing a No Closing Cost Mortgage - Zero Closing Costs - Analysis ... The no closing cost loan is not the same as a no out-of-pocket costs loan where the closing costs are simply wrapped into the ... Loan Costs Defined. No closing cost mortgage are also referred to as no point, no fees loans (a more accurate description) or ... Option A again has a 6.25% rate and is at no cost. Option C has a rate of 5.75% at 1 point plus base closing costs of $2,800. ...
And with regard to calculating the real-world costs Obama-era BLM rule, it is also worth noting that the RFF analysis does not ... Important Context on a New Oil and Natural Gas Regulatory Cost Analysis. BY Seth Whitehead Nov. 09, 2018 Leave a Comment Shares ... From RFFs April analysis of that rule:. "Using the domestic social cost of methane, net benefits to society of repealing the ... From RFFs BLM rule analysis released earlier this year:. "The authors find that, when using the global social cost of methane ...
  • The main outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in terms of costs per additional qualityadjusted life year (QALY) gained over 5 years of treatment. (omicsonline.org)
  • Outcome measures included symptom free days (SFD), quality adjusted life years (QALY), direct costs, productivity losses, and incremental cost effectiveness ratio (CER), measured from the employer and the societal perspectives. (bmj.com)
  • Cost-benefit analysis is a way to compare the costs and benefits of an intervention, where both are expressed in monetary units. (cdc.gov)
  • What output does a cost-benefit analysis provide? (cdc.gov)
  • With that in mind, think about what would go into a proper risk analysis versus cost/benefit analysis of multi-factor authentication. (darkreading.com)
  • Cost-Benefit Analysis is a pseudo-scientific approach to policy making that tried to compare the costs and benefits of any particular policy option, ideally in a quantitative way, such as by weighing costs and benefits in dollar terms. (dkosopedia.com)
  • As a result, cost-benefit analysis results in systemtic underregulation of harmful activity. (dkosopedia.com)
  • Arup did a cost-benefit analysis and it was on their recommendation that the decision was made not to rail in water. (arup.com)
  • Get full access to Basic Cost Benefit Analysis for Assessing Local Public Projects, Second Edition and 60K+ other titles, with a free 10-day trial of O'Reilly. (oreilly.com)
  • This book presents essential elements for understanding, interpreting, and conducting cost benefit analysis (CBA) in the context of local government. (oreilly.com)
  • This book is designed to teach the correct use and interpretation of cost benefit analysis, while advising you of CBA's limitations and pitfalls. (oreilly.com)
  • To assert that they don't do cost-benefit analysis is naive. (schneier.com)
  • This thesis explores the net value of implementing blockchain technology in supply chain finance arrangement by using cost-benefit analysis. (mit.edu)
  • How Does Cost-Benefit Analysis Draw Lines in the Sand? (volokh.com)
  • Many of us who write, read, and comment on this blog work frequently with cost-benefit analysis, perhaps typically through discipline specific tools, whether in economics or finance or business or engineering or other disciplines. (volokh.com)
  • But oddly, I don't think - despite reading a couple of textbooks and much besides on public (rather than private firm) finance theory - I really understand the "mid-tier" of cost-benefit analysis applied to public policy problems, in the way that, for example, Cass Sunstein writes about pretty much everything as a cost-benefit problem. (volokh.com)
  • A second, closely related, puzzle for me about cost-benefit analysis, particularly in the context of security debates, is that I do not understand how CBA is supposed to encompass the fundamentally strategic idea of "drawing a line in the sand. (volokh.com)
  • Implementation shortfall is a commonly targeted benchmark, which is the sum of all explicit and implicit costs. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, application of a transaction cost model helps split Implementation Shortfall into the parts resulting from the size of the order, volatility, or paying to cover the spread. (wikipedia.org)
  • And with regard to calculating the real-world costs Obama-era BLM rule, it is also worth noting that the RFF analysis does not take into account potential lost royalty payments from marginal wells being shut in as the result of implementation of a stringent and costly rule that would effectively ban flaring. (energyindepth.org)
  • In this study we investigate the potential for direct cost savings arising from the implementation of the DETECT surveillance system. (bvsalud.org)
  • Analysts systemically overestimate the cost of complying with regulation because they fail to account sufficiently for the ability of businesses to adapt to new regulations in an economic fashion, and systematically underestimate benefits in the interest of being conservative in the assumptions made by the analyst. (dkosopedia.com)
  • The cost assumptions for new nuclear units are based on an analysis of recent cost estimates for nuclear designs available in the United States and worldwide. (nextbigfuture.com)
  • The capital cost assumptions in the reference case represent the expense of building a new single unit nuclear plant of approximately 1,000 megawatts at a new "Greenfield" site. (nextbigfuture.com)
  • The cost assumptions for the low nuclear cost case reflect a ten percent reduction in the capital and operating cost for the advanced nuclear technology in 2030, relative to the reference case. (nextbigfuture.com)
  • The new calculations, which relied on many of the same assumptions that the Obama administration used when it wrote the rules, highlight how differently the Trump administration approaches the costs of new rules. (energyindepth.org)
  • Results were sensitive to assumptions about sensitisation rate, removal rates, and time to diagnosis, but not to assumptions about therapy costs and disability rates. (bmj.com)
  • These findings question currently accepted assumptions on costs of dementia. (lu.se)
  • Methods: Using administrative register data for people diagnosed with dementia (2010-2016) in southern Sweden (n = 21,184), and a comparison group without dementia, health-care costs over 17 years were examined using longitudinal regression analysis. (lu.se)
  • In " New Ways to Get to High Ground " ( Issues , Winter 2022), Jennifer Helgeson and Jia Li make a persuasive case for augmenting benefit-cost analysis (BCA) with multidisciplinary approaches when conducting resilience planning under climate change. (issues.org)
  • If you're charged with preparing numerical analyses to assess the worthiness of a specific policy proposal, you'll need this book to understand how costs and benefits are identified and analyzed in terms of economic efficiency and resource allocation. (oreilly.com)
  • yeah, to say nothing of the fact that this "analysis" (read: diatribe) utterly fails to rigorously assess the only cost that matters in this case, namely to what extent a 4th amendment interest is invoked in the collection and analysis of the data respectively. (schneier.com)
  • An earlier paper in this project analyzed four State Medicaid programs to assess the extent to which they served as a "safety net" for high cost children and youth, using cross-sectional Medicaid data for one year in each State (Burwell and Herz, 1990). (hhs.gov)
  • Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of sodium oxybate plus antidepressants and stimulants compared with the current standard treatment for narcolepsy with cataplexy in the UK. (omicsonline.org)
  • Methods: We developed a Markov model to assess the costs and benefits of sodium oxybate plus antidepressants and stimulants or current standard treatment based on their effects on the quality of life of patients. (omicsonline.org)
  • Federal law requires a Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) be conducted to determine whether the costs of proposed federal regulations would be excessive. (energyindepth.org)
  • Incorporating a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) provision into the Trump infrastructure bill can save taxpayers and state DOTs billions of dollars. (cement.org)
  • Incorporating cost and cost-effectiveness analysis into the development of safe motherhood programs / Larry Forgy, Diana M. Measham and Anne G. Tinker. (who.int)
  • Cite this: Untreated Mental Illness Cost a Single State $4.2 Billion - Medscape - Oct 24, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • Both CBA and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) include health outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • This paper uses life-cycle cost analysis and environmental life-cycle assessment with extensive building cost databases, whole building energy simulations, and state-level emissions and utility rates to estimate the relative cost-effectiveness of increasing building energy efficiency and lowering the carbon footprint in new commercial buildings. (nist.gov)
  • Results: The cost-effectiveness of sodium oxybate plus antidepressants and stimulants were very sensitive to the costs of sodium oxybate (price and dose) and differences in utilities between responders and non-responders. (omicsonline.org)
  • The analysis demonstrates the value of a model based approach to evaluate the cost effectiveness of surveillance programmes for isocyanate asthma, and to inform shared decision making among clinicians, patients, employers, and society. (bmj.com)
  • While the concept of such technologies is promising, their cost - effectiveness is not established for use in children . (bvsalud.org)
  • The result demonstrates that the average cost efficiency scores are 0.60 when measuring bank outputs as loan and deposit amounts and 0.77 when measuring bank outputs as interest and non-interest income. (go.jp)
  • By gathering insight on time from across all areas of your business, and your market, we put your performance and costs into context. (housemark.co.uk)
  • Using the example of isocyanate induced asthma, the most commonly reported immune mediated occupational asthma, the authors developed a model based approach to evaluate the costs and benefits of surveillance from both an employer and a societal perspective. (bmj.com)
  • 13.33/SFD) and was cost saving from the societal perspective. (bmj.com)
  • Costs from the societal and employer perspective differed substantially with a more attractive CER from the societal perspective, suggesting opportunities for employer/societal cost sharing. (bmj.com)
  • The estimate used for AEO2007 is an average of the construction costs incurred in completed advanced reactor builds in Asia, adjusting for expected learning from other units still under construction. (nextbigfuture.com)
  • All this noted, even the Obama administration acknowledged the costs of its version of the BLM venting and flaring rule would have far outweighed the benefits if not for its use of the highly speculative global "social cost of methane" estimate. (energyindepth.org)
  • Hospital reported costs and Health Related Group (HRG) National Costs were used to estimate overall expenditure associated with CDEs for both groups of patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • Background: When a new health programme is introduced, it is crucial to estimate the costs for rational health policy decision-making. (who.int)
  • The time horizon, building type and size, and local climate all impact the costs and benefits from both energy efficiency improvements and hypothetical carbon costs. (nist.gov)
  • That's true, even according to the previous administration's own analyses - unless the climate impacts of releasing methane into the atmosphere are taken into consideration. (energyindepth.org)
  • CBA is rooted in and has little or no value apart from the economic concepts of cost and resource efficiency. (oreilly.com)
  • Carbon costs are introduced into the estimations to determine how an additional cost on carbon would impact the decision-making process regarding these energy efficiency improvements. (nist.gov)
  • Many energy efficiency measures are cost-effective without carbon costs, and should be implemented regardless of carbon restrictions. (nist.gov)
  • The cost-effective energy efficiency improvements not only save money, but also significantly reduce a building's carbon footprint. (nist.gov)
  • A cost on carbon results in a greater rate of return on these energy efficiency investments, making many otherwise cost-ineffective energy efficiency projects economically feasible. (nist.gov)
  • However, diversification in bank business operations is negatively associated with the cost efficiency of Cambodian commercial banks. (go.jp)
  • Are there variations in the longitudinal experience of high cost Medicaid children by age, institutional status or eligibility group? (hhs.gov)
  • For example, if the combination of explicit and implicit costs, which represent the realized cost of transacting, is greater than the opportunity cost of not transacting, it suggests that trades may have been executed too quickly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that, at the current UK list price, sodium oxybate would not represent good value for money for the NHS. (omicsonline.org)
  • This finding suggests that given an efficient operation, banks could reduce costs by 40% and 23% in fund mobilization and profit making, respectively, and maintain the output level at the same time. (go.jp)
  • Description of a planning cost model for estimating the comparable replication cost of an educational program for use in evaluating alternative programs and planning future programs. (rand.org)
  • Comparable replication costs for several different programs are estimated to illustrate the use of the model. (rand.org)
  • Using data from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) , the researchers have demonstrated that this methodology generates high-resolution CNV data of comparable quality to that obtained by WGS analyses, but at a lower cost. (sfari.org)
  • However, CBA places a monetary value on health outcomes so that both costs and benefits are in monetary units (such as dollars). (cdc.gov)
  • The analysis did not include disorders or outcomes associated with substance use in the absence of SMI or other mental illnesses. (medscape.com)
  • Benefits including those resulting from an intervention, such as medical costs averted, productivity gains, and the monetized value of health improvements. (cdc.gov)
  • From high-level financial analysis to operational team productivity assessments, only with Housemark can you understand how effective your business and key services are. (housemark.co.uk)
  • Stay ahead of carbon market dynamics with accurate forecasts, in-depth analysis, and comprehensive data on carbon prices and forecasts of future carbon prices over the short to long term. (crugroup.com)
  • At CRU, we leverage our extensive data and industry expertise to provide in-depth analysis on the future of renewable energy, including wind, solar, green hydrogen, and energy storage. (crugroup.com)
  • CRU's Cost Analysis Tool allows customers to access and analyse the data for up to 4,000 mining, metals and fertilizer assets through new, easy-to-use web-based software. (crugroup.com)
  • Transaction cost analysis providers will often include regular consulting to help draw conclusions from the data, establish goals to improve performance, and monitor future trading to determine the impact of any changes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Seven years of Medicaid data were used to analyze the experience of high cost children. (hhs.gov)
  • Thus, the research file included a total of 7 years of data for this cohort of high cost children. (hhs.gov)
  • Taking your annual data analysis to the next level, we present tailor-made insights and data solutions that support the decisions you need to make. (housemark.co.uk)
  • Methods: We retrospectively analysed clinical and cost data that were collected routinely for a demonstration project for scaling up HCV screening and testing in Cambodia. (who.int)
  • It also involved using multiple data sources to tabulate direct non-healthcare costs of untreated mental illness, indirect costs (including costs related to reduced labor supply and premature mortality), and direct healthcare costs, while considering varying levels of illness prevalence and risks. (medscape.com)
  • Introduction: This study examines health-care costs attributed to dementia diseases in the 10 years prior to, during, and 6 years after diagnosis. (lu.se)
  • Discussion: Excess health-care cost arise as early as 10 years before a formal diagnosis of dementia, and while there is a spike in cost after diagnosis, health-care costs are no different 4 years after. (lu.se)
  • CBA provides the net benefits (benefits minus costs) of an intervention. (cdc.gov)
  • The analysis estimates that the following benefits are worth $40 billion: Direct medical costs averted. (cdc.gov)
  • 2- Calculation of Net Benefits - $140 billion in benefits minus $6 billion in costs equals $134 billion in net benefits. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, benefits minus costs equals net benefits. (cdc.gov)
  • Decision makers can also use CBA to compare health and non-health interventions because both costs and benefits are expressed in monetary units. (cdc.gov)
  • Determination of the items to include as costs and as benefits dependend to a great extent on the creativity of the analyst. (dkosopedia.com)
  • Since BCA presumes that all benefits and costs can be monetized, losses of the rich will almost always outweigh losses of the poor. (issues.org)
  • The book also includes instructions for using computer spreadsheets to build basic cost benefit models and an appendix on the step-by-step process of discounting future costs and benefits. (oreilly.com)
  • However, the costs and benefits of implementing blockchain technology in supply chain finance for involved parties are still unclear, since research on the topic is scarce. (mit.edu)
  • And of course I can make CBA embrace such thinking by inventing a special calculus of costs and benefits associated with clear signals and expectations - but that is the virtue and vice of CBA, in that it can always invent a special calculus of costs and benefits, and finally so what? (volokh.com)
  • A new analysis by researchers from environmental think tank Resources for the Future (RFF) finds the benefits of several oil and natural gas regulations - most notably the Obama-era Bureau of Land Management (BLM) venting and flaring rule and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methane rule - outweigh their costs by roughly $2 billion and therefore should not be targeted by the Trump administration for repeal or revision. (energyindepth.org)
  • U]sing net benefits as the criterion for whether a rule should be repealed or not, we found that for five out of the six rules analyzed, the benefits forgone outweigh the cost savings, so society would be worse off without those five rules. (energyindepth.org)
  • But this conclusion comes with one huge caveat: it is based on RFF weighing calculated global benefits of implementing the rules against the rules' domestic costs. (energyindepth.org)
  • Seeing as the costs of implementing these rules "would be private costs borne by the oil and gas industry"- to use RFF's own language - weighing domestic costs against domestic benefits seems a more rational approach in conducting an RIA, which is exactly what the Trump administration did, ultimately determining that the costs outweighed the benefits. (energyindepth.org)
  • Just as importantly, projected costs are far more certain than projected benefits. (energyindepth.org)
  • As E&E News recently pointed out, "To be sure, the benefits of regulations are spread across society and are essentially theoretical , while the industry costs are measured in hard dollars. (energyindepth.org)
  • Republicans in Congress and some members of the oil and gas industry fought the Obama rule, on the grounds that its costs outweigh the benefits. (energyindepth.org)
  • But when factoring in domestic benefits only, RFF finds the rule would yield millions in net costs. (energyindepth.org)
  • When using the Trump administration's domestic social cost, however, repealing the rule results in net benefits to society of $495 million to $860 million (in 2012$ at a 3 percent discount rate). (energyindepth.org)
  • Using the domestic social cost of methane, net benefits to society of repealing the rule are estimated at $285 million to $457 million. (energyindepth.org)
  • Because logistical and financial obstacles impede using large prospective cohort studies, surveillance decisions in occupational settings must often be made without evidence of relative benefits and costs. (bmj.com)
  • From helping you understand how these policies impact you, to emission benchmarking and monitoring carbon reduction technology, CRU Sustainability gives you valuable insights into emissions trends, with access to in-depth analysis of current industry and regional GHG emissions, and pathways to decarbonisation. (crugroup.com)
  • Understanding the future cost of carbon emissions and their drivers is a key part of making successful business decisions and exploring alternative scenarios. (crugroup.com)
  • The Obama administration estimated the 'social cost' of methane emissions far higher than the Trump administration, according to RFF's underlying paper on the BLM rule. (energyindepth.org)
  • The cost of prescription items dispensed in the community in England was £9.61 billion, a 3.49% increase of £324 million from £9.28 billion in 2019-20. (nhsbsa.nhs.uk)
  • Sertraline 100mg tablets was the presentation with the largest absolute increase in cost between 2019-20 and 2020-21 of £78.9 million, from £21.0 million to £99.9 million. (nhsbsa.nhs.uk)
  • The cost of untreated mental illness, including direct healthcare, non-healthcare, and indirect costs, cost the state of Indiana more than $4 billion in 2019, which represents 1.2% of the state's gross domestic product that year, new research shows. (medscape.com)
  • The authors estimated that the total economic burden of untreated mental illness in Indiana was $4.2 billion (range of uncertainty, $2.1 billion-$7.1 billion) in 2019 ($3.3 billion in indirect costs, $708.5 million in direct healthcare costs, and $185.4 million in non-healthcare costs), equivalent to 1.2% of the state's gross domestic product that year. (medscape.com)
  • Robert Almgren and Neil Chriss wrote their seminal paper on "Optimal execution of portfolio transactions", modelling the effect of transaction costs on the liquidation of an optimal portfolio. (wikipedia.org)
  • For nuclear power plants, two nuclear cost cases analyze the sensitivity of the projections to lower and higher costs for new plants. (nextbigfuture.com)
  • One-way, multi-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the impact of uncertainties on the findings. (omicsonline.org)
  • Next, the analysis estimates that costs to the industry and consumers are $6 billion. (cdc.gov)
  • The final stage of transaction cost analysis involves combining the results of the measurement and attribution to evaluate each agent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Costs and cost analysis. (who.int)
  • Even though cost reductions were identified in our sample, our results do not support the hypothesis that reducing CDEs using technology leads to a significant reduction on hospital costs . (bvsalud.org)
  • This study takes that analysis one step further, and examines the experience of a cohort of high cost Medicaid children over several years. (hhs.gov)
  • In a sense, this study examines the extent to which the safety net may be temporary for some high cost children, and permanent for others. (hhs.gov)
  • This paper employs a PDE approach to price several volatility derivatives under different transaction costs and illiquidity models. (risk.net)
  • Your risk analysis would look at the probability of threats stealing your credentials, and the impact a compromise would have. (darkreading.com)
  • This seems particularly important for bulk surveillance programs, as they have significant costs aside from the obvious monetary costs. (schneier.com)
  • In this situation, market impact cost is much greater than for trades that accept greater risk and are executed more slowly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Robert Almgren and Tianhui Li subsequently expanded this to a paper on "Option Hedging with Smooth Market Impact", extending the original analysis to derivative markets. (wikipedia.org)
  • If this sounds familiar, it's probably because the Obama administration used the same standards in its Regulator Impact Analysis for the rules. (energyindepth.org)
  • Contributions and costs of manpower development and training : a joint publication with the National Manpower Policy Task Force / Garth L. Mangum. (who.int)
  • Finally, this analysis is used to evaluate performance and monitor future transactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Do they have persistently high costs in the future? (hhs.gov)
  • While initial construction cost considerations are important, future maintenance or repair costs can equal more than 50 percent of the total cost of a project. (cement.org)
  • Transaction cost analysis aims to improve trading at the level of individual decisions. (wikipedia.org)
  • A variety of measures and benchmarks are used in transaction cost analysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • We present an approach for pricing European call options in the presence of proportional transaction costs, when the stock price follows a general exponential Lévy process. (risk.net)
  • To what extent do high cost children remain enrolled in Medicaid after their period of high expenditures? (hhs.gov)
  • Enjoy exclusive news, insights and analysis from Europe's leading source of information on the green economy and business. (businessgreen.com)
  • 005). Four to 6 years after diagnosis, there was no significant different in costs compared to comparators. (lu.se)
  • It has amazed me that the NSA doesn't seem to do any cost/benefit analyses on any of its surveillance programs. (schneier.com)
  • These comparisons allow costs to be split into several categories, including explicit cost, implicit cost, delay cost, and opportunity cost. (wikipedia.org)
  • Public finance is different, because the goods sought are both more heterogenous - national security and health - but also often necessary , in some amounts, ratios, and costs. (volokh.com)
  • As the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation at the Department of Health and Human Services explains, "the MMA tied reimbursement more closely to health care providers' acquisition costs by paying for a drug's market price . (phrma.org)
  • Payer, provider, consumer : industry confronts health care costs / [edited by] Diana Chapman Walsh, Richard H. Egdahl. (who.int)
  • Purchasing and providing cost-effective health care / edited by Michael F. Drummond, Alan Maynard. (who.int)
  • The incidence and economic costs of major health impairments : a comparative analysis of cancer, motor vehicle injuries, coronary heart disease, and stroke / Nelson S. Hartunian, Charles N. Smart, Mark S. Thompson. (who.int)
  • As there's insufficient evidence to show that mental health treatments are fully restorative, it's unlikely that treatment would reduce or avert all associated costs described in the study. (medscape.com)
  • What are the characteristics of high cost children who use Medicaid as a permanent safety net? (hhs.gov)
  • Cost and performance characteristics for all other technologies are as assumed in the reference case. (nextbigfuture.com)
  • Country Water's general manager of water, Brian Steffen, said the cost of transporting water to Broken Hill was the main decider. (arup.com)
  • Detection of CNVs has been limited, in part due to the significant costs associated with both chromosomal microarray analyses (CMA) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). (sfari.org)
  • Analyses of copy number variants (CNVs) have contributed significantly to our understanding of the genetic etiology of a variety of diseases, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). (sfari.org)
  • however, there are also schedule and performance incentives which can be applied instead or in combination with cost incentives. (brainmass.com)
  • Implications: The performance of a low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensor was evaluated in an urban residential area. (cdc.gov)
  • As the government's review of how to reform to the power market rumbles on, fresh analysis from Carbon Tracker has today highlighted how current approach to electricity pricing is costing UK energy consumers. (businessgreen.com)
  • The conceptual and methodological basis of cost analysis is explored, and the shortcomings of present methods for comparison and evaluation of educational programs are described. (rand.org)
  • We deliver independent market analysis on a comprehensive range of global commodities - our reputation with customers across mining, metals and fertilizers is for integrity, reliability, independence and authority. (crugroup.com)
  • CRU price assessments are supported by our deep understanding of commodity market fundamentals, the operation of entire supply chains and our broader market understanding and analysis capability. (crugroup.com)
  • CRU's Cost Analysis Tool helps market participants across the full value chain, from mining companies and producers to traders, consumers and financial institutions, with their assessment of individual assets, producers, regions and the wider sector. (crugroup.com)
  • It is not possible to reduce both projected risk and cost past a certain efficient frontier, since reducing risk tolerance requires limiting market exposure and thus trading faster. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the reference case assumes some learning occurs regardless of new orders and construction, the reference case already projects a 17 percent reduction in capital costs between 2006 and 2030. (nextbigfuture.com)
  • Recnet Sept 2007 report on rising utility construction costs. (nextbigfuture.com)
  • A cost-benefit model and the operating processes of traditional and blockchain-based supply chain finance solutions are proposed and applied to a real-world case study. (mit.edu)
  • Pre-trade analysis is the process of taking known parameters of a planned trade and determining an execution strategy that will minimize the cost of transacting for a given level of acceptable risk. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers estimated the individual, family, workplace, and community costs associated with untreated mental illness in Indiana using a comprehensive approach and framework that could be replicated in other states. (medscape.com)
  • Using technology to reduce critical deterioration (the DETECT study): a cost analysis of care costs at a tertiary children's hospital in the United Kingdom. (bvsalud.org)
  • The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. (rand.org)
  • The cost benefit technique is so often referenced in government policy that a correct understanding is necessary for officials entrusted with public decisions. (oreilly.com)
  • Since no new nuclear plants have been built in the US in many years, there is a great deal of uncertainty about the true costs of a new unit. (nextbigfuture.com)
  • The high nuclear cost case assumes that capital costs for the advanced nuclear technology do not decline from 2006 levels (Table 49). (nextbigfuture.com)
  • Interventions aimed at reducing emergency critical care admissions can be crucial to contribute to the reduction of these episodes' costs . (bvsalud.org)
  • Take spending on highway pavements for example (LCCA) evaluates the cost of a pavement over its full lifetime, thereby helping transportation planners and designers make more accurate cost decisions when spending taxpayer dollars on infrastructure. (cement.org)
  • The cost per detected viraemic case was US$ 194 for passive screening alone and US$ 283 for passive and active screening combined. (who.int)